普通语言学第二章

The manner of articulation 发音方式
Stops/plosives 闭塞音: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]; Fricatives 摩擦音: [ ], [v], [s], [z], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [h]; Affricates 塞擦音: [ ], [ ];
Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.发 元音的时候从肺部出来的气流没受到任何阻塞，在辅音的发音 过程中气流受到了这样或那样的阻塞。
[p] [b] [ ] [
[t] [d]
] [ s ] [ ] [ z ] [ ([ ]) ([ ]) [ [ ] ] ] ]
[k] [g]
[h]
[v] [
AffriAffricates
Nasals
[ ]
[n] [l],
[ ]
Classification of vowels 元音分类
---- English vowels can be divided into two large categories: Monophthongs or pure/single vowels 单元
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language
Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication. 语言首先通过声音被感知。语言学家只关注 那些人类通过他们的发音器官发出并在语言 交流中发挥一定作用的声音
Place Voic manner -ing Stops or plosives FricaFricatives VL VD VL VD VL VD VD
The description of English consonants
BilaBilabial
LabioLabioAlveoAlveoGlotta Dental Palatal Velar lar l dental
The place of articulation
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Bilabial; Labiodental; Dental or interdental; Alveolar; Palatoalveolar; Palatal; Velar; Uvular; Glottal.
2.2.1 Articulators and their functions
Pharynx咽 Velum/Soft Palate 软腭 Hard Palate 硬腭 Alveolar ridge/Alveolum 齿龈 Tongue Teeth Lips
Speech organs or articulators: three important areas
发音器官： 发音器官：三个重要区域 •Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat; •咽腔 咽腔——喉咙 咽腔 喉咙 •The oral cavity ---- the mouth; •口腔 口腔——嘴巴 口腔 嘴巴 •Nasal cavity ---- the nose. •鼻腔 鼻腔——鼻子 鼻腔 鼻子
10. 11. 12.
Orthographic representation of speech sounds 语音的正字法表征
A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. ——一套标准的在国际上接受的语音音标系统，基本原则是挑选出一个字母来代 表一个语音。
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
The diagram of speech organs Lips 唇
Teeth 齿 Teeth ridge (alveolar) 齿龈 Hard palate 硬腭 Soft palate (velum)软腭 Uvula 小舌 Tip of tongue 舌尖 Blade of tongue 舌面 Back of tongue 舌后 Vocal cords 声带 Pharyngeal cavity 咽 腔 Nasal cavity 鼻腔
2.2.2 Voiced and voiceless sounds
When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely.
Liquids 流音: [l](lateral), [ ]; Nasals 鼻音: [ ], [ ], [ ]; glides/semivowels 滑音: [w], [ ].
பைடு நூலகம்
The place of articulation 发音部位
Bilabial 双唇音: [p], [b], [ ], [w]; Labiodental 唇齿音: [ ], [v]; Dental 齿音: [ ], [ ]; Alveolar 齿龈音: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r]; Palatal 腭音: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]; Velar 软腭音: [k], [g], [ ]; Glottal 喉音: [h].
---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: Vowels 元音 Consonants 辅音
Classification of English speech sounds 英语语音的分类
2.2 Phonetics
----Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. ——语音学是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究， 语音学是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究， 语音学是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究 它关注语言世界中的所有语音。 它关注语言世界中的所有语音。 ----The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics. ——对人类语言中产生的语音的研究叫做语音 对人类语言中产生的语音的研究叫做语音 学。
Narrow transcription ---- used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ] 严式标音：用代表字母的符号和变音符共同标音。
语音学家在研究语音时需要使用它
Three branches of phonetics
Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” 发音 语音学：研究语音的产生 Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” 听觉语音学：和语音感 知有关 Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. 声学语音学：研究语音的物理特征
When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate.
Voiced
Can you tell the differences between the words below?
Classification of consonants 辅音的分类
---- English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions: The manner of articulation 发音方式 The place of articulation 发音部位
音
Diphthongs or gliding vowels 双元音
----According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:根据舌的哪一部位处于最 高位置 front vowels 前元音: [ central vowels 中元音: [ back vowels 后元音: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]