美国文学史及作品选读Unit 7
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解
20.1复习笔记 20.2考研真题与典型题详解
21.1复习笔记 21.2考研真题与典型题详解
22.1复习笔记 22.2考研真题与典型题详解
23.1复习笔记 23.2考研真题与典型题详解
24.1复习笔记 24.2考研真题与典型题详解
25.1复习笔记 25.2考研真题与典型题详解
0 1
第26章埃 兹拉·庞德
目录分析
第1章约翰·史密斯
第2章威廉·布拉德 福德和约翰·温思罗
普
第3章约翰·科顿和 罗杰·威廉姆斯
第4章安妮·布雷兹 特里特和爱德华·泰 勒
1.1复习笔记 1.2考研真题与典型题详解
2.1复习笔记 2.2考研真题与典型题详解
3.1复习笔记 3.2考研真题与典型题详解
4.1复习笔记 4.2考研真题与典型题详解
11.1复习笔记 11.2考研真题与典型题详解
12.1复习笔记 12.2考研真题与典型题详解
13.1复习笔记 13.2考研真题与典型题详解
14.1复习笔记 14.2考研真题与典型题详解
15.1复习笔记 15.2考研真题与典型题详解
16.1复习笔记 16.2考研真题与典型题详解
17.1复习笔记 17.2考研真题与典型题详解
第5章本杰明·富兰 克林
第6章托马斯·佩恩
第7章托马斯·杰斐 逊
第8章菲利普·弗瑞 诺
5.1复习笔记 5.2考研真题与典型题详解
6.1复习笔记 6.2考研真题与典型题详解
7.1复习笔记 7.2考研真题与典型题详解
8.1复习笔记 8.2考研真题与典型题详解
第9章华盛
1
顿·欧文
第10章詹姆
2
27.1复习笔记 27.2考研真题与典型题详解
美国文学选读第三版第七单元翻译
美国文学选读第三版第七单元翻译我儿:我一向爱好搜集有关祖上的一切珍闻轶事。
你也许还记得当你跟我同住在英国的时候我曾经为了那个缘故跋涉旅途，遍访家族中的老人。
目前我正在乡间休假，预料有整整一个星期的空闲，我想你也许同样地喜欢知道我一生的事迹(其中有许多你还没有听过)，因此我就坐了下来替你把这些事迹写出来。
除此以外，我还有一些别的动机。
我出身贫寒，幼年生长在穷苦卑贱的家庭中，后来居然生活优裕，在世界上稍有声誉，迄今为止我一生一帆风顺，遇事顺利，我的立身之道，得蒙上帝的祝福，获得巨大的成就，我的子孙或许愿意知道这些处世之道，其中一部分或许与他们的情况适合，因此他们可以仿效。
当我回顾我一生中幸运的时候，我有时候不禁这样说:如果有人提议我重新做人的话，我倒乐意把我的一生再从头重演一遍，我仅仅要求像作家那样，在再版时有改正初版某些缺陷的机会。
如若可能，除了改正错误以外，我也同样地要把某些不幸的遭遇变得更顺利些。
但是即使无法避免这些不幸的厄运，我还是愿意接受原议，重演生平。
但是由于这种重演是不可能的，那么最接近重演的似乎就是回忆了。
为了使回忆尽可能地保持久远，似乎就需要把它记下来。
因此我将顺从一种老人中常有的癖好来谈论自己和自己过去的作为。
但是我这样做，将不使听者感到厌倦。
他们或是因为敬老，觉得非听我的话不可，但是一经写下来，听与不听就可以悉听自便了。
最后(我还是自己承认了好，因为即使我否认，别人也不会相信)，写自传，或许还会大大地满足我的自负心。
说句老实话，我时常听见或在书上读到别人在刚说完了像“我可以毫不自夸地说……”这种开场白以后，接着就是一大篇自吹自擂的话。
大多数人不喜欢别人的虚夸，不管他们自己是多么自负。
但是无论在什么地方，我对这种自负心总是宽宥的。
因为我相信这种心理对自己和他四周的人都有好处。
所以，在许多情况下，一个人如果把自负心当作生命的慰藉而感谢上帝，这也不能算是怪诞悖理的。
自传既然我提到了上帝，我愿意十分谦恭地承认，上面提到的我过去一生中的幸福当归功于上帝仁慈的旨意，上帝使我找到了处世之道，并且使这些方法获得成功。
(0171)《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案
（0171）《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (15)Benjamin Franklin T. S. EliotJames Cooper Walt WhitmanJames Baldwell Ernest HemingwayJoseph Heller John SteinbeckWilliam Faulkner Mark TwainWashington Irving Ernest HemingwayRobert Frost Toni MorrisonRalph Ellison Eugene O’NeillJohn Steinbeck Allan PoeF. Scott Fitzgerald Tennessee WilliamsWashington Irving Robert FrostNathaniel Hawthorne Herman MelvilleEugen e O’Neill Mark TwainWilliam Faulkner Robert FrostArthur Miller James CooperH. D. Thoreau Henry JamesWhitman Jack LondonJack London O’NeillII. Define the following literary terms. (20)Beat generation:The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, AllenGinsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this group include Kerouac‟s On the Road and Ginsberg‟s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.”Protagonist: the principal character in a play or story; the central character who serves as a focus fo r the work‟s themes and incidents and as the principal rationale for its development; and one who is opposed to the antagonist. In the beginning of ancient Greek drama, there were only a chorus and one actor—the leader of the chorus. Thespis invented the first actor. Then Aeschylus and Sophocles added the second and third actors to the tragedy respectively. The three actors were names Protagonist, Deuteragonist and Tritagonist. In discussions of modern literature, the protagonist is sometimes referred to as the hero or anti-hero.Biography:an account of a person‟s life written by somebody else, or biographical writing as a form of literature.Novel: Generally speaking, it is an imaginative prose narrative of extended length dealing with fictional characters and events. The constituent elements of a novel include plot, character, conflict, and setting. But there can be exceptions. Some novels are short. Some novels are not fictional. Some novels are in verse. And some novels do not even tell a story. There have been many debates over the appropriate length of a novel. No established length for a novel has been agreed upon. It is generally held, however, that a full-length novel is longer than a novella or short novel, and a short novel is longer than a shot story. A novel should be long enough so as to appear in print in an independent volume. The great length of a novel makes it possible for the characters and themes in it to be developed more fully and subtly.Antihero: a main character in a story, novel, play or film who behaves in a completely different way from what people expect a hero to do. A non-hero is without the qualities and features of atraditional or old-fashioned hero. He is doomed to fail. Antiheroes of early days were Don Quixote, Macbeth, Rip V an Winkle, and Tristram Shandy. Examples of antiheroes in modern literature include Leopold Bloom, Jim Dixon, Jimmy Porter, Herzog, and Y assarian.Free verse:a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure. It depends on natural speech for rhythm. Robert Frost compared it to “playing tennis with the net down.” Though much simpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blank verse, free verse does no mean “formlessness.” T. S. Eliot once said that “no verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job.” Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson. It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse. Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression. According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity. Noting is better than simplic ity.”Drama: a form of literature written for actors to perform. A drama is divided into acts. An act can be subdivided into scenes. The constituent elements of a drama include dialogue, plot, characters, setting, stage direction, and others. A drama can be as long as three parts called trilogy, or as short as one act only. Greek drama originated in religious ceremonial in honor of Dionysus. Medieval drama developed out of rites celebrating the life events of Jesus Christ. Dramatists of great importance in literary history include Sophocles, Shakespeare, Ibsen, and Shaw. In America, the firs important dramatist was Eugene O‟Neill who wrote the first serious plays. Before O‟Neill, America had theatre. Starting from O‟Neill, it began to have drama.Jazz age: Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues. It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation. The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones. Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W. C. Handy. The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement. According to Malco lm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.” F. Scott Fitzgerald‟s Tales of the Jazz Age, like Mark Twain‟s The Gilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Autobiography: a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences. It is narrated fromthe first-person point of view. The term was probably first used by Southey. But the first important autobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo. Othe r examples include Franklin‟s Autobiography, Adams‟s The Education of Henry Adams, John Stuart Mill‟s Autobiography, Carlyle‟s Reminiscences, Henry David Thoreau‟s Walden, and so on. Sometimes, an autobiography can be fictionalized. An example of this kind is Rousseau‟s Confessions. Some novels and long poems are used for autobiography. Joyce‟s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Whitman‟s “Song of Myself” and Wordsworth‟s The Prelude fall in this category. Dickens‟s David Copperfield, Lawrence‟s Sons and Lovers and O‟Neill‟s Long Day’s Journey into Night have strong autobiographical elements in them.Blank verse: poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form. Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech. Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse. This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc. It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Y oung and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S. Eliot, Y eats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Black humor:a term frequently used in modern literary criticism. It is sometimes called …black comedy‟ or …tragic farce.‟ It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence. Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas. Examples are Franz Kafka‟s stories like “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle” and “The Trial”, Joseph Heller‟s novel Catch-22and Albee‟s The Zoo Story. Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, V onnegut, Pynchon and so on.Head rhyme: the use in verse or prose of several words close together which all begin with the same letter. It is done for special musical effect comparable to the effects of end rhyme. In mostcases, alliteration is the repetition of identical initial consonant sounds. Examples are Pope‟s “For fools rush in where angels fear to tread,” Poe‟s “The weary, wayworn wanderer bore,” and Coleridge‟s“Five miles meandering with a mazy motion.” Alliteration of initial vowels is quite limited in number. An example of vowel alliteration is “It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do.”Surprise Ending:Also called “O. Henry ending,” it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation of events at the conclusion of a story or play. An example is “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant. Another instance is O. Henry‟s story “The Gift of the Magi.”III. Give brief answers to the following questions. (15)1.Who is the father of American literature? (Consult your book)2.Who is the father of American poetry? (Consult your book)3.What is Poe‟s theory concerning poetry? (Consult your book)4.What is Poe‟s theory concerning the short story? (Consult your book)5.What are the major characteristics of Twain‟s writing style? (Consult your book)6.What are the major characteristics of Irving‟s writing style? (Consult your book)7.What is “black humor? (Consult your book)8.What is the Harlem Renaissance? (Consult your book)9.What is the New England Renaissance? (Consult your book)10.What are the major characteristics of colonial American literature? (See your book)11.What is the Lost Generation? (Consult your book)12.What are Benjamin Franklin‟s contributions to A merican culture? (See your book)13.Why is colonial American literature neither American nor literary? (See your book)14.What is the Jazz Age? (Consult your book)15.What is American transcendentalism? (Consult your book)16.What is imagism? (Consult your book)17.What is O. Henry Ending? (Consult your book)18.What is free verse? (Consult your book)IV. Read the following poem and try to understand and explain it.(20)FogTHE FOG comesOn little cat feet.It sits lookingOver harbor and cityOn silent haunchesAnd then moves on(An imagist poem by Carl Sandburg; depicting the fog and its movement; free verse written in the tradition of Whiman.)In a Station of the Metro(Ezra Pound)The Apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.( a poem of the Imagist school, written by Ezra Pound.)The Road Not T aken(By Robert Frost)TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair,Though as for that, the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Y et knowing how way leads to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.(A poem by Robert Frost. It is about the difficulty of making a choice.)Dreams(by Langston Hughes)Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot fly.Hold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snow.(Consult your book)。
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》章节题库(含考研真题)(理性时代和革命时期文学)【圣才出品】
第二章理性时代和革命时期文学填空题1. In Philadelphia, ______ edited the Pennsylvania Magazine, and contributed to the Pennsylvania Journal.【答案】Thomas Paine2. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet ______ appeared.【答案】Common Sense【解析】1776年美国独立的风潮开始，托马斯·潘恩支持美国独立，反对英国的殖民专政，撰写了他的成名小册子《常识》，为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。
3. Except Common Sense, Paine’s the other two famous works were______ and ______.【答案】The Rights of Man，The Age of Reason【解析】潘恩著名的作品包括，《常识》、《人的权利》、《理性的时代》。
4. Thomas Paine’s second most important work ______ was an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.【答案】The Rights of Man【解析】1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729-1797）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）（1790）。
《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。
美国文学史及选读
• 13.The National Day for Americans is ……？
• July 4th 1775 • June 4th 1775 • July 4th 1776 • June 4th 1776
• July 4th 1776
▪ 14.An important document was announced on that day. It is ……？
▪ 11.How did “ Thanksgiving Day” come into being?
▪ To memorize the helps given by Indianans.
The Last of the Mohicans
▪ 12.New England were ……？
▪ In the Southeast. Northwest. Northeast. Southwest.
• 16.The spirit highlighted in the Declaration of Independence is ?
• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
▪ 21.The full name of MIT ? ▪ Massachusetts Institute of Technology
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件美国文学Unit 7 O.Henry
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作品简介
《麦琪的礼物》选自他的短篇小说集《四百万》（1906），是各种欧 ·亨利 短篇小说集的必选作品，被称为“或许是文学里最佳的通俗故事”。
小说描写一对贫苦青年夫妻互赠圣诞礼物的故事。两人生活窘迫，但相亲相 爱。妻子黛拉的长长秀发，是她一直引以为豪的、唯一珍贵的东西。丈 夫吉姆有一件家传的怀表， 非常值得夸耀，但是由于表带陈旧，吉姆不 愿意在人前展示。圣诞前夜，黛拉发现自己千方百计节省的积蓄只有1美 元87美分，伤心之后，她来到理发店，将秀发卖了20美元， 为吉姆精心 挑选了一条“设计简洁，质量上乘”的铂金表链，好让吉姆可以“每天 看上金表一百遍”。吉姆准时回家。当她把表链送到吉姆面前时，丈夫 紧紧拥抱了她，送给她一套玳瑁做成的、镶有珠宝的梳子。这套梳子恰 恰是她梦寐以求的，好用它来梳理自己的秀发。两人发现，吉姆卖力自 己的金表为妻子的秀发买了梳子，而黛拉卖掉了自己的秀发为丈夫买了 表带。
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
properly proclaiming its value by substance alone and not by meretricious ornamentation 只以货色论长短，不以装潢来炫耀
（注解：proclaim 意思是“表明，显示”；meretricious 意思是“浮华的， 耀眼的”）
他的小说一般都是短篇故事，有近300 篇，大多构思奇妙，情节机智 有趣，充满幽默，结尾往往出人意料。他善于捕捉和把握生活中的典型场 面，在一个生活片段里集中刻画人物心理，在很短的篇幅里达到一种思想 和艺术的完美结合。与他所描写的人物和场景相配， 他常在小说中使用普 通人的口语和俚语，使他的作品带有地方特色。
触描写严冬的到来。）
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第二册)教学课件0 Part V-Introduction
Waste Land, the most significant American poem of the 20th century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
ICnhatprtoerd3uction
American society. Early in the century Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot published works that would change the nature of American poetry, but their impact (and that of other modernist writers) on the general reading public was slight. The genteel tradition and popular romanticism still dominated the nation’s literary tastes.
美国文学史及选读目录
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial AmericaHistorical IntroductionThe First American WriterEarly New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropPuritan ThoughtsJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorPartⅡThe Literature of Reason and RevolutionHistorical IntroductionBenjamin Franklin [From The Autobiography]Thomas Paine [From The American Crisis]Thomas Jefferson [The Declaration of Independence]Philip Freneau [The Wild Honey Suckle; The Indian Burying Ground; To a Caty-Did] PartⅢThe Literature of RomanticismHistorical IntroductionWashington Irving [The Author’s Account of Himself; The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]James Fenimore Cooper [The Last of the Mohicans; From The Last of the Mohicans:Chapter12]William Cullen Bryant [Thanatopsis; To a Waterfowl]Edgar Allan Poe [To Helen; The Raven; Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher]Ralph Waldo Emerson [From Nature: ChapterⅠ; From Self-Reliance]Henry David Thoreau [From Walden]Nathaniel Hawthorne [The Scarlet Letter; From The Scarlet Letter: Ⅴ. Hester at HerNeedle]Herman Melville [Moby Dick; From Moby Dick Chapter54: The Town-Ho’s Story]Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [A Psalm of Life: What the Heart of the Young ManSaid to the Psalmist; The Slave’s Dream; My LostYouth; The Song of Hiawatha]PartⅣThe Literature of RealismHistorical IntroductionWalt Whitman [Song of Myself (1&10); I Sit and Look Out; Beat! Beat! Drums!]Emily Dickinson [I taste a liquor never brewed; I felt a Funeral, in my Brain; A Birdcame down the Walk—; I died for Beauty—but was scarce; I hearda Fly buzz—when I died—; Because I could not stop for Death]Harriet Beecher Stowe [Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Chap. Ⅶ) TheMother’s Struggle]Mark Twain [The Adventure of Tom Sawyer; The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (Chaps.ⅩⅩⅠ，ⅩⅩⅠⅠ)]O. Henry [The Cop and Anthem]Henry James [The Portrait of A Lady; The Portrait of A Lady (Chaps. Ⅵ，Ⅶ)]Jack London [The Sea Wolf; The Sea Wolf (Chap. ⅩⅩⅠ); Martin Eden; (Chap. Ⅰ)]Theodore Dreiser [Sister Carrie; Sister Carrie (Chap. Ⅰ)]PartⅤTwentieth-Century LiteratureHistorical IntroductionEzra Pound [A Virginal; Salutation the Second; A Pact; In a Station of the Metro; TheRiver-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter]Edwin Arlington Robinson [The House on the Hill; Richard Cory; Miniver Cheevy]Robert Frost [After Apple-Picking; The Road Not Taken; Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening; Departmental; Design; The Most of It]Carl Sandburg [Chicago; The Harbor; Fog; Cool Tombs; Flash Crimson; The People,Yes]Wallace Stevens [Peter Quince at the Clavier; Anecdote of the Jar; The Emperor ofIce-cream]Thomas Stearns Eliot [The Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; PreludesⅠ—Ⅳ; Journey of theMagi; The Hollow Men]F. Scott Fitzgerald [The Great Gatsby; The Great Gatsby (Chap. Ⅲ)]Ernest Hemingway [A Farewell to Arms; A Farewell to Arms (Chap. XLI)]John Steinbeck [The Grapes of Wrath; The Grapes of Wrath (XXIII)]William Faulkner [A Rose for Emily]。
美国文学史及作品选读PPT7
◆ The profound portrait of Huck Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature. Huck’s inner struggle and growing opposition to slavery are the most interesting parts of the book. Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head, between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help salves escape. He is tortured between traditional values and his own sense of good and evil. With the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows.
● Life on the Mississippi (River) (1883), telling a story of Twain’s boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ● The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Twain’s masterwork, the milestone in American literature, marking the climax of Twain’s literary creativity, from which “all American literature comes” (Hemingway)
美国文学史Chapter 7
The Love ong of J. Alfred Prufrock
4. Allusion: --epigraph --Works and Days -- Shakespear's Twelfth Night and Hamlet --Bible 5. Irony: -- Title -- Point of View (stanza 6 & 8 ) --Forms : sonnet , heroic couplet
Realism Theoratical Base Function of Literature Subject Conception of Time &Space Forms and Techniques Tone Rational Philosophy Educate People and Criticize Social Evils Public, Exterior World Clock Time, Geographic space Hero, Plot Optimistic Modernism Irrational Philosophy Expression of "Self" Private, Interior World Psychological Time &Space Anti-hero, Anti-plot Pessimistic
T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)
On June 26 1915 Eliot married Haigh-Wood in a register office Eliot worked as a schoolteacher, most notably at Highgate School. To earn extra money, he wrote book reviews and lectured at evening extension courses. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 .Of his nationality and its role in his work, Eliot said: "[My poetry] wouldn't be what it is if I'd been born in England, and it wouldn't be what it is if I'd stayed in America. It's a combination of things. But in its sources, in its emotional springs, it comes from America." He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.
Unit_7_American_Literature
Literature of 18C
Poor Richard's Almanack《穷查理年鉴》 The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin《自传》 — addressed to his son William
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Hawthorne’s Works
The Scarlet Letter (1850) 《红字》 House of seven gables
Young Goodman Brown (1835) Hawthorne took a dark view of human nature
explore certain moral themes such as sin, pride and emotional repression
1.4 Reform and Liberation
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
2. Realism
Realism: a mode of writing that depicts the actual way of life faithfully, no more or no less; concern problems in society
＊Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), ＊主张作家从自己所熟悉的地区 开始，运用人民的语言，描写人 民的生活，刻画他们的性格和灵 魂
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835 –1910)
3. Modernism
Modern Poetry Modern Fiction Modernism Modern Drama
美国文学之爱伦坡 Unit 7 Allen Poe
2. controversial 3. a short life.
B) Major works and special features
1. “The Philosophy of Composition” “The Poetic Principle”; 2. “The Fall of the House of Usher” 《鄂榭府崩溃记》 “The Cask of Amontillado” 《一桶白葡萄酒》 “Ligeria” 《丽姬娅》 3. “The Raven” “Annabel Lee” “To Helen”
the idiom “Helen of Troy”
About Psyche
goddess in Greek mythology / a Hellenistic personification Keats’s “Ode to Psyche”
Psyche and Eros
Theme
The poem eulogizes the eternal and infinite beauty of Helen to express his Poe’s first purely ideal
love for Mrs. Jane Stanard.
Special features
1. It is famous for its rhyme scheme, its varied line lengths, its metaphor of a wanderer on the sea, and its oft-quoted lines “To the glory that was Greece,/ And the grandeur that was Rome. 2. It is a poem of quintet with a rhyme scheme of ababb ababa abbab. The classic restraint of this poem marks the turning point of Poe’s career in art.” 3. The use of classical allusions.
英美散文名篇选读上U7
Wilma HU
About the Author
John Boynton Priestley, OM (13 September 1894 – 14 August 1984) — known as J.B. Priestley — was an English novelist, playwright and broadcaster. He published more than 100 novels, notably The Good Companions (1929), as well as numerous dramas. His output included literary and social criticism.
Text Comprehension
Paragraph 3-5
Paraphrase
Their opinions, such as they are, seem to be those of most moderate sensible men, but even if they murmured that it was high time the Spanish Inquisition was established in this island, I should have to agree with them. (P.5) A long and intimate acquaintance with trousers has made him far more democratic and earthy. (P.5)
Text Comprehension
Paragraph 1-2
What is your dominant impression of the region of the tailors described by J. B. Priestly in the first paragraph of the essay? What kind of rhythm does the presence of long sentences, long sense groups and long words in this paragraph suggest? Does such a rhythm strengthen or weaken your dominant impression? Why does the author compare the tailors in the region to butlers? What do they have in common? Do the tailors’ in this district attract many customers? Does this region try every means possible to allure customers?
Unit 7 American Literature
Transcendentalists
• • • • Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882) ----Nature Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862) ----Walden
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Power of Imagination
• Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) • ----The Masque of Red Death;The Fall of the House of Usher • Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) • ----Twice-Told Tales;The Scarlet Letter • Herman Melville(1819-1891) • ----Moby-Dick
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Who won Nobel Prize?
• • • • • • • Sinclair Lewis Ernest Hemingway William Faulkner Eugene O’Neill Isaac Bashevis Singer Saul Bellow Toni Morrison
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Harlem Renaissance
• • • • • New poets Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen Zora Neale Hurston ----Their Eyes Were Watching God African-American culture
• Harriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896) • ----Uncle Tom’s Cabin • <汤姆叔叔的小屋>
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nalism
美国文学史Chapter Seven
• 5. Poe’s assumption seems to be that every mind is half mad or capable of slipping into insanity. As a result of this, his fictional characters are mostly neurotics. • 6. Poe’s heroes are mostly “isolatoes”, with no sense of identity, no names even, alienation from society. • 7. Poe was also a full rational human being with an intuitive faculty; he was immensely interested in deduction and induction. He wrote half a dozen detective stories on the ratiocinative basis. • 8. Poe’s style is too traditional to reflect the peculiarity of his theme, which is responsible for his difficult prose.
VI. Poe as a Poet
• • • • • His Poetry “A Dream Within A Dream” “Annabel Lee” “The Bells” "The City in the Sea" "The Conqueror Worm"
"Eldorado" "Lenore" "The Haunted Palace" “Sonnet – To Science” "The Raven" "Ulalume" “Israfel”
美国文学史第7部分
Backward
Forward
Chapter 7: the Era of Realism and Naturalism
Over 23 million foreigners -- German, Scandinavian, and Irish in the early years, and increasingly Central and Southern Europeans thereafter -- flowed into the United States between 1860 and 1910. Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino contract laborers were imported by Hawaiian plantation owners, railroad companies, and other American business interests on the West Coast. In 1860, most Americans lived on farms or in small villages, but by 1919 half of the population was concentrated in about 12 cities. Problems of urbanization and industrialization appeared: poor and overcrowded housing, unsanitary conditions, low pay (called "wage slavery"), difficult working conditions, and inadequate restraints on business. Labor unions grew, and strikes brought the plight of working people to national awareness. Farmers, too, saw themselves struggling against the "money interests" of the East, the so-called robber barons like J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller. Their eastern banks tightly controlled mortgages and credit so vital to western development and agriculture, while railroad companies charged high prices to transport farm products to the cities. The farmer gradually became an object of ridicule, lampooned as an unsophisticated "hick" or "rube." The ideal American of the post-Civil War period became the millionaire.
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American Naturalism: a new and harsher realism
Under the influence of European writers such as Emile Zola, Thomas Hardy and George Eliot, American literary naturalism emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism.
American Naturalism
Chang Yaoxin： To some young writers just emerging, Howellsian realism was now too restrained and genteel in tone to tell the truth of the harsher realities of American life. …In the 1890s, French naturalism, with its new technique and new way of writing, appealed to the imagination of the younger generation like Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser.
American Naturalism
Historical Background
man is not a creature of God but just a kind of animal which is not too different from “The world of jungle”; “the law of other animals; man’s fate is wholly the jungle,” the determined by survival of the fittest; environment and American Naturalism heredity inside himself
American Naturalism
American Naturalism: a new and harsher realism
the fictional world as a kind of laboratory; determined by heredity and environment; no freedom of choice; action as merely response to the environment according to their own nature;
American Naturalism
American Naturalism: a new and harsher realism
Naturalism vs. Realism
1. Both try to represent reality; views of reality are different: Realists would not regard man as beasts nor the world as the world of jungle, would not think that the weak should be sacrificed for the strong; Naturalists believe the realists are too “genteel” in their portrayal of reality and dare not reveal the real cruel nature, the true reality.
Unit 7 American Naturalism: Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser and others American Naturalism
American Naturalism: a new and harsher realism
美国文学史及ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้品选读
Historical Background
American Naturalism: a new and harsher realism
Historical Background
Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism Freud’s psychology: unconsciousness decides one’s fate, largely from the childhood experience Chang Yaoxin: “Living in a cold, indifferent, and essentially Godless world, man was no longer free in any sense of the word. He was completely thrown upon himself for survival.”
American Naturalism
Chang Yaoxin: Human beings battle hopelessly against overwhelming odds in a cold, harsh, and at best apathetic environment, driven as “a wisp of wind,” with their lives very much determined by forces they have no means whatever of manipulating. The whole picture is sombre and dark; and the general tone one of hopelessness and even despair.
American Naturalism
Chang Yaoxin: They tore the mask of gentility to pieces and wrote about the helplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity. They reported truthfully and objectively, with a passion for scientific accuracy and an overwhelming accumulation of factual detail. They painted life as it was lived in the slums, and were accused of telling just the hideous side of it and making “a god of the dull commonplace.”
Financial giants
Industrialism
industrial proletariat (at the mercy of external forces beyond their control);
slums
American Naturalism
city poor (a life of insecurity, suffering, and violence)
Naturalism vs. Realism
4. Strictly speaking, tragedy is not possible in naturalist works for tragedy must involve the protagonist’s own free will and own choice and own action to fight against his fate or else however miserable her/his fate is, it’s not a tragedy. Cf. pathetic vs. tragic. 5. In portraying the events and details, naturalists, having in mind “the world of jungle” and “human beast”, would not hesitate to represent any kind of horrible scenes which the realists would think of as immoral or improper. (Realists may suggest it, hint it but would not present it), e.g. cruel killing, dirty wound.
Naturalism in literature was based upon social Darwinism;
poor people esp. those in the slums most directly reveals the true nature of life/world
American Naturalism
American Naturalism: a new and harsher realism
Historical Background
Westward expansion (frontier; railroad, heavy freight rates)
Science: the 19th century, the century of scientific discovery; the most revolutionary progress concerning people’s beliefs was Charles Darwin’s evolution theory.