信息管理系统-英文文献完整版.docx
信息管理系统_英文文献
Information management system developmentManagement information system, its essence is the informatization implementation of various management thought, therefore, has different management thought, the corresponding is corresponding with the management information system, which makes the various types of management information system emerge in endlessly. Modern management is dependent on the information, with the coming of information age, information collection, transmission, processing has become a major social activities. In various areas of business and daily life, people have to spend a lot of time and energy to search, collect and organize information, the development of computer technology provides effective tools for information processing.Management Information System (Management Information System, MIS for short) is a people-oriented, using computer hardware, software, network communication equipment and other office equipment, Information collection, transmission, processing, storage, update and maintenance, to enterprise strategic competitive advantages and improve the effectiveness and efficiency, for the purpose of supporting enterprise high-level decision, middle control, basic operation of the integrated man-machine System.A complete management information system should include: the auxiliary decision system; Industrial control system (CCS), office automation system (OA) and database, model base, method base, knowledge base, and exchangeinformation with the organs at higher levels and external interfaces. Among them, especially the office automation system (OA) and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and outside is inseparable from the Intranet (Intranet) applications. It can be said that modern enterprise MIS can not live without Intranet, but the establishment of Intranet and must rely on the MIS system structure and the software and hardware environment. Management information system (MIS) mainly includes the information collection, entry, information storage, information transmission, information processing and output of information (information feedback) five functions. It put the modernization of information tools, electronic computer, the data communication equipment and technology management department, through the communication network, information processing center of different regions in sharing network of resources such as hardware, software, data and communications equipment, speed up the flow of information, decision making for managers in a timely manner to provide accurate and reliable basis. Management information system is the historical development of management information system in the early 70 s the product of "post-industrial economy", at the early stage of its development, enterprise management information system is a single man - machine system, the system function is simple, low efficiency, to the effect of management co., LTD. Enter in the late 1980 s, with the developing of computer network and communication technology, the development of the enterprise management information system into the network era. Worldadvanced developed countries has established a perfect system of management information system. They in the decades of practice has accumulated rich experience of management information system development, the enterprise management has formed a set of effective theory and specifications.The management information system of the great development of our country is in the late 80 s and early '90 s, countries have established a "gold card", "Jin Guan", "golden bridge" project, the majority of enterprises and institutions set up the management information system of LAN and wan. As the world economy and China's economy gradually moving towards the knowledge economy, whether it is a management information system based on industrial economy, there are a few experts and management oriented expert system (ES) or decision support system (SS), its processing object, service object, its system structure and processing power have further development.Management information system of network, globalization, specialization of scientific development, development of network management information system, on the one hand is the need of the development of management system itself, objectively, management information system requirements to achieve organic integration; On the other hand, the development of computer and communication technology, in particular, the combination of the development of the Internet network and management applications has created unprecedented conditions. Trend of network management information system and its importance is obvious. Today's successful companies are dependent onthe ability of the operation of the global network application and development of the enterprise's economic activity is likely to break through the boundaries and become a global activity. Relying on the management information system of the networked enterprise may establish a worldwide sales network, the multinational company, can track the order, delivery, settlement, participate in the competition of the world market. In haier group, for example, more than 10800 kinds of products in the market involve hundreds of countries, tens of thousands of dealers, 50000 outbound product every day, every day more than the average settlement funds of 276 million yuan. For such a complex system, if not for networked management, as long as the one over one thousand link error, can make the enterprise bankruptcy.Management information systems involve economics, management, operations research, statistics, computer science, such as different subjects, is closely related to the interdisciplinary comprehensive cross of a new discipline. Is a worldwide made remarkable development of the discipline. Research and teaching in the field of management information system in China is faced with accelerated development, and the urgent needs and challenges in line with international standards. The wide application of management information system to promote the professional development of management information system, this is the sign of the mature management information system course. Global information is causing profound changes in today's world, reshaping the world political, economic, social, cultural and military development new pattern. Accelerate thedevelopment of information technology, has become the common choice of the world. Informatization development cannot leave the construction of management information system, information only through for effective process management, build a management information system can play its role. The development of global informationization also reflects the globalization of management information system development.Enterprise information management system (EIMS) is the use of modern management ideas and methods, the adoption of the electronic computer, software and network communication technology, to the enterprise management decision in the process of information collection, storage, processing, analysis, to assist the enterprise daily business process until the formulation and optimization of decision scheme, and tracking, supervision, control, adjust the whole management process of the man-machine system.With the acceleration of economic development, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is becoming more and more competition is increasingly fierce. Due to the increasingly homogenized products, enterprise competition goal from pure product competition to supply chain competition, enterprise concern also from pure sales to expand into, sales and stock of each link. The application of network technology and e-commerce breakthrough the limitations of time and space, to the development of small and medium-sized enterprise to bring more opportunities, but also more increase the intensity of the competition between the enterprises. Using themodern computer information management technology, can improve the utilization rate of funds and settlement speed, reduce inventory, speed up the overall operating efficiency, so that enterprises in the fierce competition in the invincible position.Because enterprise is the profit maximization as the goal of economic organizations, the main purpose of the information resources management is to play to the information society benefit and potential value-added features, to complete the enterprise production, management, sales work, improve the economic benefits of enterprises, but also to improve the social benefits. In general, the main content of enterprise information resource management work include: (1) the management of information resources; (2) the management of the people; (3) the management of the information work.As the global economic integration and the establishment of market economic system and the rapid development of modern information technology, enterprise survival and the fundamental changes have taken place in the internal and external environment of competition, the enterprise information and information management and international standards. Enterprise informationization is, not only the extension of information technology, more important is the extension of enterprise management and organization. The essence of the enterprise information is supported by information technology, managers in time the use of information resources, grasp the market opportunities, to make decisions in a timely manner. Enterprise informatizationnot only should attach importance to technology research, therefore, more should attach great importance to the integration of information resources management, to avoid repetition of information resources, dispersed, waste and low efficiency, so as to realize the sharing of resources. Therefore, the enterprise information resources development and utilization is the core of the enterprise information construction, is also the starting point and the ultimate aim of the enterprise informatization.The role of information management system: 1. Knowledge, ensure that each member can be Shared within the organization. 2. Ensure the timeliness of knowledge acquisition. Information management system solved the cross-regional, across time, across units, access barriers between across different departments and employees, as long as it is on the premise of have permission, knowledge demanders can quickly find all kinds of knowledge they need through the system. 3. Improve organization or individual tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, and ensure the effective transformation between the two. The emergence of knowledge economy makes the management information system has quickly become the key strategic resource of the enterprise. We put a lot of knowledge, as it were, condensed into the management information system and decision support system. Revolutionary will rely on the management information system of business administration, business process reengineering, management, led by the centralized to decentralized leadership development, customer relationship management, supply chain management, e-commerce, etc.All with the application and development of management information system of the intimate contact. Should see the application of information technology, is essentially make information been fully made use of the information society the dominant resources. Say so: the promotion of information technology is a means, the use of information is the true goal.Conclusion: the management information system development is a high-risk and high-yield of engineering. Put forward rational unified direction is caused by the management information system development has been very low success rate. It is estimated that in the 80 s China enterprise information the success rate of only 20%, this means that a large number of waste and loss of money. For a long time, people from different aspects to solve these problems, mainly from the perfect management system, strengthen the management of data, implement head principle, strengthen personnel training and raise the scientific nature of the development method and so on. Management information system of network greatly increased the possibility of information resources sharing between enterprises and enterprises. It's on, in, the downstream enterprises to establish virtual enterprise to create the conditions. In order to quick response to customers personalized needs development, the enterprise can through the Internet, with the help of other enterprise resources around the world to realize the integrated management.。
管理信息系统(英文文献)
Decision models for information systems management Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson&Ojelanki NgwenyamaPublished online:1May2008#Springer Science+Business Media,LLC20081IntroductionIn the last two decades,information systems(IS)manage-ment decision making has become more complex.Every-day,IS managers in organizations of all over the world manage billions dollars of assets and must make complex decisions that involve information security,outsourcing, disaster recovery,software,hardware and vendor selection, investment strategies,timing the implementation of com-plex software systems(such as enterprise resource planning (ERP)).Inadequate understanding of these decision prob-lems,poor decision analysis,and bad judgment can result in catastrophic outcomes for companies.However,there has been limited research on decision models and frame-works that could assist information technology(IT) managers with these complex decision problems.While there are researchers working in these areas,much of their work appears in journals outside the field of IS.The primary objective of this special issue of Information Systems Frontiers is to focus on providing solutions to significant IS management problems and to provide strategic knowledge for practicing managers.A second objective of this special issue to give impetus to the development of a line of research that would continue to focus attention on providing solutions for the many emerging complex problems that IS managers may face. 2Information systems decision contextInformation systems management decision problems such as information security,outsourcing,disaster recovery, software,hardware and vendor selection,investment strat-egies,timing the implementation of complex software systems(such as ERP)are extremely complex and can adversely impact the performance of the firm.The complexity of these decision problems derive from organi-zation and environmental conditions that include(a) multiple stakeholders with different goals and risk prefer-ences(b)multiple objectives and value trade-offs;(c) competitive environments with risk and uncertainty;and (d)inter dependencies,indefinite time horizons and strategic impacts of decision.Under these conditions decision makers often have difficulties identifying decision alternatives and must be creative and careful in their analysis,as the consequences of poor IS decision making found in the literature show(Lyttinen and Robey1999;Yeo 2002;Ngwenyama et al.2007).When managers face complex IS problems,decision analysis frameworks and methods can be extremely useful when they assist:(1) interrogating the problem domain;(2)structuring decision problems and generating alternatives;(3)analyzing alter-natives and assessing their impacts;(4)determining the preferences of decision makers;(5)evaluating and com-paring decision alternatives,and,analysis of implications. However,while general theories and frameworks exists for decision analysis,the complexity and diversity of IS problems necessitate research and development of frame-Inf Syst Front(2008)10:277–279DOI10.1007/s10796-008-9082-7K.-M.Osei-Bryson(*)The Information Systems Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,V A23284,USAe-mail:KMOsei@O.NgwenyamaInstitute for Research on Technology Management, Ryerson University,Toronto,ON,Canadae-mail:Ojelanki@Ryerson.caworks and models specific to the class of decision problems that IS managers face.3The papersIn this special issue we present eight papers that present a range of approaches and address a wide range of IS decision problems.In general the papers can be classified into two categories,frameworks for decision analysis and decision models.One of the papers presents a conceptual framework;five of the papers present structured decision analysis frameworks,and three present decision-theoretic based models.While all the papers follow the design science paradigm of research,the decision framework papers present empirical cases,and the decision-theoretic papers present demonstrations of analysis using the models.The Samoilenko paper(Information Systems Fitness and Risk in IS Development:Insights and Implications from Chaos and Complex Systems Theories)outlines a framework and principles for analyzing IS fitness and risk based on chaos and complexity theory.Samoilenko approach is more in the tradition of appreciative decision making,where the focus is on ways of thinking to help the decision maker appreciate the problem situation.Aydin and Bakker(Analyzing IT Maintenance Outsourcing Decision from a Knowledge Management Perspective)also follow this tradition but from an empirically grounded perspective outlining a framework for decision analysis of knowledge management issues in IS outsourcing.They focus mainly on strategies for interrogating the problem domain and structur-ing the decision problem.Alaranta and Henningsson(An Approach to Analyzing and Planning Post-Merger IS Integration:Insights from Two Field Studies)outline a framework and approach for post-merger information sys-tems integration planning.Post-merger IS integration is a complex multidimensional problem that is challenging many IS managers.Alaranta and Henningsson discuss the key decisions of the planning process and suggest strategies for approaching them.An important feature of their approach is its grounding in empirical case studies of favorable and unfavorable strategies.The Scheepers and Scheepers(A Process-focused Decision Framework for Analyzing the Business Value Potential of IT Investments)framework focuses on analyzing IT investments from the perspective of business value creation.These authors develop a model for exploring the business value potential of IT at the business process level;a challenging undertaking necessary for cost-benefit analysis.The last of this category is that of Barclay(Towards An Integrated Measurement of IS Project Performance:The Project Performance Scorecard),who presents a framework and approach for evaluating project performance based on existing theoretical models of IS success and the Balanced Scorecard.She focuses on defining dimensions of project measurement that are of interest to different stakeholders and a process for eliciting preferences.The three decision-theoretic papers also vary in topics that they cover.Like Barclay,Plaza(Team Performance and Information System Implementation Application of the Progress Curve to the Earned Value Method in an Information System Project)is concerned with IS project performance but comes to the issue from a different perspective.Plaza is interested in predicting implementa-tion times(and cost)for large scale IS projects and proposes a decision model based on the earned value method and the learning curve.Rao and Osei-Bryson(An Approach for Incorporating Quality-Based Cost–Benefit Analysis in Data Warehouse Design)focus on an aspect of data warehouse design where the major concern is the determination of the data that are to be produced and stored in the data warehouse.They present a cost-benefit model that incorporates quality issues in data warehouse design. Finally Turetken(Is Your Back-Up IT Infrastructure in a Safe Location?)presents a multi-criteria decision model for location of the IT infrastructure for business continuity planning.4Contribution of this issueThis issue of ISF makes a contribution to theory and practice of IS management from the following perspectives:(1)The papers present frameworks and models that have immediate application to various classes of IS decision problems.(2) The papers present possibilities for further research into decision models for the problems that the authors have addressed.However,this research can evolve along different lines:(a)the development of decision support systems for the addressed problems;(b)other approaches or techniques that might be applicable for extending the breadth and depth of the current approaches;(c)alternative approaches can be proposed for the set of problems and comparative analysis can be conducted.We wish to express our appreciation to all the authors who submitted papers.We also wish to express our gratitude to all the reviewers who diligently reviewed the papers in order to ensure that that there was appropriate quality and fit. ReferencesLyytinen,K.,&Robey,D.(1999).Learning failure in information systems rmation Systems Journal,9,85–101. Ngwenyama,O.,Guergachi,A.,&McLaren,T.(2007).Using the learning curve to maximize IT productivity:A decision analysismodel for timing software upgrades.International Journal of Production Economics,1005,524–535.Yeo,K.(2002).Critical failure factors in information systems projects.International Journal of Project Management,20,241–246. Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson is Professor of Information Systems at Virginia Commonwealth University.He has also worked as an Information Systems practitioner in industry and government.He holds a Ph.D.in Applied Mathematics(Management Science& Information Systems)from the University of Maryland at College Park.His research areas include:Data Mining,Database Systems, Knowledge Management,IS Security,e-Commerce,Decision Support Systems,IT&Productivity,IS Outsourcing.He has published papers in various journals including:Journal of Database Management, Information Systems Frontiers,European Journal of Information Systems,Information&Management,Information Systems Journal, Journal of the Association for Information Systems,Expert Systems with Applications.He serves as an Associate Editor of the INFORMS Journal on Computing,on the Editorial Board of the Computers&Operations Research journal and the International Advisory Board of the Journal of the Operational Research Society.Ojelanki Ngwenyama,MS,(Roosevelt),MBA(Syracuse),Ph.D. (Computer Science,SUNYBinghamton),is Professor of Information Technology Management and Director of the Institute for Research on Technology Management and Organizational Learning at Ryerson University,Canada.Prior to joining Ryerson in2004,Ojelanki was Professor of Information Systems at Virginia Commonwealth Univer-sity.He is currently Visiting Research Professor at Aalborg University in Denmark,and University of Jyväskyläin Finland.Ojelanki’s current research focuses on ICT and productivity,IT management, software process improvement,non-traditional research methods in information systems and ICT and development.He was an Associate Editor for MISQ(2004-2001)and is a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Scandinavian Journal of Information System. He has also served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Information Technology and People and Journal of the Association of Information Systems and ICIS.。
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
外文文献--医院信息管理系统
1 DatabaseDatabases offer great opportunities for productivity. In fact, in corporate libraries，electronic databases are now considered more valuable than books and journals. However，maintaining databases means users must make constant efforts to keep them from being tampered with or misused。
1、Strategic usesDatabases help users to keep up to date and to plan for the future。
To support the needs of managers and other business professionals，many organizations collect data from a variety of internal and external databases。
This data is then stored in a special type of database called a data warehouse。
A technique called data mining is often used to search these databases to look for related information and patterns.There are hundreds of databases available to help users with both general and specific business purposes, including：Business directories providing addresses, financial and marketing information，products, and trade and brand names。
软件工程毕业论文外文文献—信息管理系统简介
外文原文The information management system brief introductionA．output background of the management information systemThe information is a kind of resources, in pass by of 30 years, the every trade usually all had not a few managers and administrations the mastermind treated the data processing and calculators isolatedly.Result in the reason of this kind of viewpoint is, the data processing( DP) and the information service( IS) the personnel does not wish to use easily drive the language that customer( namely the personnel of" usage" calculator) comprehend and customer carries on the exchanges.The manager lacks the interest and inabilities as dint to this kind of exchanges, cause defer the development of the calculator system, thus fostering to live in isolation in many other aspects and the phenomenon of the redundancy labor.Communicate with the information attendant in the customer aspect, there is no an unit hope can make perfect, but, have some units indeed to have already obtained the more very successful experience.The customer thinks with some units of the information attendant match tacit understanding:This kind of successful reason lie in, the customer has already controled basic knowledge of the calculator and the information resources management.It is thus clear that, customer the manager controls the knowledge of this aspect is very necessary.Perfectly right, the information serve what professional personnel is to have this aspect knowledge, but to use a manager to acquire these knowledges, must pass the regular study, reading and fulfillments.Together between the information attendant relation of appropriate processing customer, can strengthen the both parties to work in coordination.For building up and supporting an information system of high quantity, the everyone must respect the will of the other party.The good and bad of the system quantity is direct to become the direct proportion with customer and a quality for work in coordination of the information attendant.Every those customer managers who would not like to control the basic knowledge of relevant calculator and the information resources management aspects and administration mastermind, will become the behind the time necessarily, participate the development trends that the information system develops the process directly in current this kind of encouragementcustomer especially under.Recommend in the past, customer manager to a large extent is depend on the information attendant, the information system that development and realizations need of.Owing to the information service needs the continuous development variety, leaving the responsibility that discriminates and raises the system now to customer- this is also a reason should of.The customer participates the development of the information system morely, this kind of trend as early as 70's the middle started, and, from that time hereafter develop constantly, have already entered the information attendant now together ages of the customer cooperation.Because only have the customer to even understand that they want to get from the information system by themselves what.The customer participates the typical model case performance of the information resources management( IRM) in the distribute type data processing( DDP) aspect.In this aspect, the customer not only need to attend the development of the system, and but also need to be responsible for the hardware equipments that manage the system movement's demand and personnel.People did not know until most in the last few years:The information is a kind of resources, must take into the exploitation to this kind of worthy resources, don't make it the white white run to waste.In compete the environment of the vehemence, manager and administration the mastermind must make use of the information availably, otherwise hard have a foothold in the invincible position.In the past, manager only the calculator see is a saving money of tool, but now, the calculator is see is a tool that created the profits.Each companies have a great deal of of, didn't°yet discover of, can make use of the potential of the calculator and the information resources.Discover this kind of potential the knowledge level of the calculator and the information processing that demand have, is most managers and the administration mastermind's what lies in one's powers of.B．basic type of the information systemThe information system can be artificial or according to calculator of, independent or comprehensive of, become to criticize processing of or machine of.The usual information system is the combination of above-mentioned various type.Certainly it can't be independent again comprehensive,1.The independent system is for satisfying a certain and particular applied realm( such as, personal management) but design.The independent system contain itsown document, these documents take to have the certain redundancy by all means.2.The comprehensive information system passes the data that they use but drive comprehensive together.The system makes use of a database with commonly shared resources to attain the comprehensive purpose.For example, the wages system requests to find out the data from the human resource system and accountancy's systems in go order.3.Taking the artificial system as the foundation has already developped a calculator information system of various each kind.So far, while carry on the artificial" the calculator turn", still lack to design the experience and( or) the want for information attendants and exchanges between customers.Also is to say, drew lessons from the workflow of the artificial system directly according to the workflow of the system of the ually these systems are independent, and used to only the calculator to handle the machine for the data.While design these systems, few in consideration of end want intention that they synthesize.4.The information system also can press criticize processing, the machine processing or two combinationses to categorize.In become criticize handle system, divide business and datas to criticize a ground of processing or the creation statement.For example, the bank code a great deal of check, then at a day end, criticize the place check separately, row preface and carry on the processing.Again such as, for prevent°froming the airline pulling in the tower a sell the ticket to order with in Atlanta of another sell the last ticket that the ticket orders to sell some one service gone to San Francisco from Los Angeles at the same time, the airline system book the ticket to must be the machine of , with the current appearance of the reflection database.Most s machine information system also has results to show the request of criticize the processing.Even appeared the information resources management( IRM) system, and after the potential of the calculator information system got extensive acknowledgement, most systems are still independent criticize to handle the system.Now these system in the most has already lost the use value, and is re- designed comprehensive of, the system of the machine .Pass the definition can know,"ing comprehensive" to request the business realm manager and company the leadership cooperates closely.The information serve the professional personnel and can be the adviser, but relevant comprehensive information system and the business realm of conflict and difference then should be solve by the customer group.Environment that solves these differences to synthesizewith the real realization is the information attendant to customer the manager put forward of challenge.C．social influence of the information systemThe social influence of various company information system is the responsibility that the information serves the manager and professional realm managers.Should check all plans in of and existing information system, to distinguish whether these systems will bring the harmful society influence or not.Should check the existing system with regularity specially.The society influence may be internal, be also likely to be exterior or two and but have it.The serious degree of affect will involve from the officers and workers not like this kind of short date of a certain new method to affect because the calculator turns but makes some officers and workerses reduce such long-term influence.These circumstances explained the information system harmful internal society influence.If know that the particular and applied system that a certain calculator of realization( under the condition of some, only is design) turn will bring the harmful society influence in advance, so customer the manager should serve the manager and company management section with information to cooperate, responding this kind of influence to contract to minimum extent.The exterior society influence involves with those person who the company has the friendly intercourse.( customer, client, attendant, creditor etc.)The change of a certain procedure is also possible to bring important influence to the image of the companies, thus also affecting the profits of the company.For example, a very and greatly the nationwide public enterprise company decision repeal is in 12 service organizations of small town, then request the residents of these towns and will pay to mail the company originally department, that company did not estimate the influence that this kind of change on the policy bring.The residents are angry with can't directly hand over style give native organization.Unique result is the organization that the public enterprise company must re- set up those places, and examine from the beginning lately- install accept the debt system.D．the function and the responsibility of the customer and the information service departmentA quantity of information system and a benefits with future company, on the very big degree dependence hence denied to rule the function and the responsibility of the customer andthe information service department clearly.The function and responsibilities of the underneath are in keeping with to most units, however for ising suitable for own circumstance and shoulding still make a little amount of modification.The function and the responsibility of the customer:1.The information system policy committee( ISPC).The information serves the deluxe coordination commission, usually being leader by the high class of the customer to constitute.Therefore, the responsibility of that committee is the responsibility of the customer.ISPC approval to some gravenesses request that information serve, build up having the initiative the class system, solve the difference between each section and build up the first- degree information service counterplan of company.2.Accept the reform.The calculator turn, in regard to its essence, mean the reform.But the person does not wish to accept the reform essentially.The whole section brush-off of the some business realm carries out the circumstance of an information system not seldom seen.Even if to the personnel assurance of that section and they also believe that the end product will raise the rate of production that they work and make under personal satisfied circumstance, also still such.The manager of the customer has the responsibility creation the appropriate environment to accept the ineluctable reform- carry out a calculator information system in that company.Perform is one of the best paths that encouragement accepts to reform probably.Perform a successful information system( is the company inner part in spite of of or exterior of) needs to cost some time properly.Should encourage the people to carry on the exchanges with those persons who turns the aspect to be subjected to" frustrate" in the calculator.3.The system service claim.The plait writes the service claim and hands over is the responsibility of the end customer for the information service department.4.To the support of the information service item.Isn't the member of an item set even if, customer the manager still should participate the activity of the item, because the end product of the item set is end will to the method, work of the section and succeed to produce the important influence.Should request the customer manager is after each important stage complete" the signing approve".Some customer managers exist a kind of innocent viewpoint,they think that the normal progress of the item is a naturally of, but system will completely according to hope to was so complete, the procedure that signing approve is the responsibility of the customer, and for the success of the item is to go to pass important.This kind of signing not only mean the satisfied approval that designs to the basic system, and but also mean the approbation toward the detailed function manual.Manager and their employees of customers should meet the relevant item to constitute the member, comprehending and agreeing with the system suggest for them every way to carry on the pit actually.At the stage of Ⅱend can't still over-emphasize the importance of the signing approbation, because the that time system function a manual still" is freeze of".At the system of the modification ratio that stage of Ⅱdo realization after do the manpower that same modification need to want to be little and have to have another.For example, may need a person only to the modification of some document design to can complete no longer than a day in stage of Ⅱ , but after system carry out, do the same modification and may request several individuals to do a few months.The customer should find out the blemish as early as possible, and before understanding the system thoroughly, before use the section satisfaction, do not sign the approbation.cate.The manager of the customer and customer the personnel is responsible for the training that provides the business to the information attendant.( for example, stock method, the open account principle...etc.)According to the size of the item set, this kind of training can summit the form to carry on with the personal form or group.If customer the manager can recommend some informations sources( such as book, magazine, regular course...etc.) that can make use of also helpful to training.The customer also may need to be some to have something to do with training of calculator and the information system of knowledge.The information service department will be responsible for this kind of training.The customer just attends the training.The contents of this kind of training includes to be like how to use the calculator hardware, according to the work principle of the calculator system and involve the training of not deeply general calculator knowledge etc. topic.6.The data records to go into.According to the scope that the traditional information service working talent distribute, the customer group may participate almost all aspects of theinformation service.( include to record to go into the program design from the data)At least, the customer section wants to be responsible for the importation of the system.In the machine system, the data importation still include to is a readable form of machine the original data conversion that comes from the video frequency manifestation equipments.In become criticize handle system, the customer is responsible for completing accurate and legal original data.Then record these original datas criticize separately erupt the data of send to the information service into the section.This kind of a serious problem that becomes to criticize to turn to record the processing is many character lists are" illegal" in the original data, this will cause to usually make a phone call for the customer section or seek to come or saved into in the database bad or the data of the mistake.The manager of the customer should know the legitimacy and the accuracy equal importance of the character list.Should encourage the importance that clerk's personnel knows accurate and clean and neat twos.7.For provide of information service hand over the fee.According to the dissimilarity of each company policy, the service that the customer section may provide to the information service department pay all or parts of expenses or not pay, have already adopted a typical model to charge those companies of system and will consult with, analyze the member and program designs service, use the hardware machine and use to save the machine and materials to the inner part, charge to the customer open account. 8.The periodical evaluation information system.An information system( its ownership) from the customer section own, not from the information service department own.Therefore, carry on to their information system the regular commentary with regularity is the customer manager's responsibility.These comment on, will rise a kind of aggressive function for the improvement system.The function and the responsibility of the information service department:1.Keep advanced sex on the technique.Because the technique of the modern is in the variety everyday, the company can't neglect to decline low cost and suggest the opportunity of the high performance.For making use of the existing technique, the information attendant must be join force to keep advanced sex on the technique with one mind.The information service department and customers manage the technique invention that the section should notice to those to raise the rate of production and efficiency probably.2.Rise to promote the function.In the aspects of discovering the new information system and raising the existing information system, the information attendant should rise to promote the function.Any improvement data processing or management make policy the opportunities of the process and should cause concerning the business realm manager's attention.3.Provide to suggest the source.The information attendant is to provide the suggestion and advisory headsprings toward the customer group.The information service department should provide an organization( for example, customer contact section), for the purpose of customer can pass that organization request suggestion of the relevant calculator and the information processing.4.Help the customer in system develop process.The system development process press half to half of comparisons, from the expert of the business realm with( the information system aspect) technique the expert combine together, developping together a take calculator as the basal information system.By 1980, it is the responsibility of the information service department that popular viewpoint is the system development in customer and the information attendants.Today, the information system is own by customer, therefore, the system development is the responsibility of the customer.The responsibility of the information service department is an information system item that"s help" the customer to carry out them.5.Provide the movement ability for the information system.The information service department is responsible for a part that produces the system to have something to do with hardware.Certainly, this is is not suitable for in to distribute the data processing environment also.So-called have something to do with hardware the part includes the engine room, control, output's to send out to record to go into with data.( only rightness become criticize to handle the environment)The responsibility concerning database, sometimes will produce to confuse.The company database is saving saving equipments at the big capacity that be control by the information attendant and operate up.The managing person of the database is responsible for the physics and logical maintenances of the database.However, to any change of the database is to is carried on the push by the customer importation, therefore, the accuracy of the database is from the customer be responsible for, not database managing person is responsible of.6.Support the data of the information system.To the whichever and existing informationsystem, the complete set data includes the " circulate the order", the database data( may support one or several information systemses) and user's manuals of the system and program design data, the calculator operator.Must reflect to any improvement of the system in above- mentioned data, these datas are distribute by the information attendant and support.7.For the company whole turn to provide the help.The data becomes comprehensive( combination) tool of company.Each company, the education section and the government agency all exist the redundancy in the data and procedureses.The information service department contain responsibility provide the ability( hardware and expert) on the technique to remove this kind of phenomenon.8.Provide to educate the project( outline) toward the customer.Nowadays widespread viewpoint is, the customer handle the education of the aspect in the calculator and information, having the important influence successfully for an unit.The manager of the customer and deluxe administration leadership is making use of the professional public lecturer and facing to the book and the inner part colloquium of the customer well.The information service department be responsible for organize the customer manager of internal public lecturer.Handle the knowledge in the calculator and information, exist thus a kind of request, educate the reasonable charges to the customer namely, even in the small companyalso such.外文翻译信息管理系统简介一．管理信息系统产生的背景信息是一种资源,在过去的 30 年中，各行各业往往都有不少管理人员和行政首脑孤立地看待数据处理和计算机。
信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献一、引言在当今数字化和信息化的时代，信息管理与信息系统（Information Management and Information System，简称 IMIS）成为了企业和组织运营中至关重要的组成部分。
有效的信息管理能够帮助企业提高决策效率、优化业务流程、增强竞争力。
而信息系统则为信息的收集、存储、处理和传播提供了技术支持。
为了更深入地了解这一领域，我们对相关的外文文献进行了翻译和研究。
二、信息管理的概念与重要性信息管理是指对信息资源进行规划、组织、领导和控制的过程。
其目的是确保信息的准确性、完整性、及时性和可用性，以满足组织内部不同层次的需求。
在当今竞争激烈的市场环境中，信息已成为一种宝贵的资源，企业能否有效地管理和利用信息，直接关系到其生存和发展。
例如，一家制造企业通过对市场需求信息、生产过程信息和供应链信息的有效管理，可以实现精准的生产计划，降低库存成本，提高客户满意度。
同时，信息管理还能够帮助企业识别潜在的市场机会和风险，为战略决策提供有力支持。
三、信息系统的类型与功能信息系统主要包括事务处理系统（Transaction Processing System，TPS）、管理信息系统（Management Information System，MIS）、决策支持系统（Decision Support System，DSS）和企业资源规划系统（Enterprise Resource Planning，ERP）等。
事务处理系统主要用于处理日常的业务交易，如订单处理、库存管理等。
管理信息系统则提供了综合的信息报告，帮助管理人员进行监督和控制。
决策支持系统通过数据分析和模型构建，为管理层的决策提供支持。
企业资源规划系统则整合了企业的各种资源，实现了业务流程的集成和优化。
以一家跨国零售企业为例，其使用的企业资源规划系统能够实现全球范围内的库存实时监控、采购协同和财务统一管理，大大提高了运营效率和管理水平。
信息管理系统-英文文献
Information management system developmentManagement information system, its essence is the informatization implementation of various management thought, therefore, has different management thought, the corresponding is corresponding with the management information system, which makes the various types of management information system emerge in endlessly. Modern management is dependent on the information, with the coming of information age, information collection, transmission, processing has become a major social activities. In various areas of business and daily life, people have to spend a lot of time and energy to search, collect and organize information, the development of computer technology provides effective tools for information processing.Management Information System (Management Information System, MIS for short) is a people-oriented, using computer hardware, software, network communication equipment and other office equipment, Information collection, transmission, processing, storage, update and maintenance, to enterprise strategic competitive advantages and improve the effectiveness and efficiency, for the purpose of supporting enterprise high-level decision, middle control, basic operation of the integrated man-machine System.A complete management information system should include: the auxiliary decision system; Industrial control system (CCS), office automation system (OA) and database, model base, method base, knowledge base, and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and external interfaces. Among them, especially the office automation system (OA) and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and outside is inseparable from the Intranet (Intranet) applications. It can be said that modern enterprise MIS can not live without Intranet, but the establishment of Intranet and must rely on the MIS system structure and the softwareand hardware environment. Management information system (MIS) mainly includes the information collection, entry, information storage, information transmission, information processing and output of information (information feedback) five functions. It put the modernization of information tools, electronic computer, the data communication equipment and technology management department, through the communication network, information processing center of different regions in sharing network of resources such as hardware, software, data and communications equipment, speed up the flow of information, decision making for managers in a timely manner to provide accurate and reliable basis.Management information system is the historical development of management information system in the early 70 s the product of "post-industrial economy", at the early stage of its development, enterprise management information system is a single man - machine system, the system function is simple, low efficiency, to the effect of management co., LTD. Enter in the late 1980 s, with the developing of computer network and communication technology, the development of the enterprise management information system into the network era. World advanced developed countries has established a perfect system of management information system. They in the decades of practice has accumulated rich experience of management information system development, the enterprise management has formed a set of effective theory and specifications.The management information system of the great development of our country is in the late 80 s and early '90 s, countries have established a "gold card", "Jin Guan", "golden bridge" project, the majority of enterprises and institutions set up the management information system of LAN and wan. As the world economy and China's economy gradually moving towards the knowledge economy, whether it is a management information system basedon industrial economy, there are a few experts and management oriented expert system (ES) or decision support system (SS), its processing object, service object, its system structure and processing power have further development.Management information system of network, globalization, specialization of scientific development, development of network management information system, on the one hand is the need of the development of management system itself, objectively, management information system requirements to achieve organic integration; On the other hand, the development of computer and communication technology, in particular, the combination of the development of the Internet network and management applications has created unprecedented conditions. Trend of network management information system and its importance is obvious. Today's successful companies are dependent on the ability of the operation of the global network application and development of the enterprise's economic activity is likely to break through the boundaries and become a global activity. Relying on the management information system of the networked enterprise may establish a worldwide sales network, the multinational company, can track the order, delivery, settlement, participate in the competition of the world market. In haier group, for example, more than 10800 kinds of products in the market involve hundreds of countries, tens of thousands of dealers, 50000 outbound product every day, every day more than the average settlement funds of 276 million yuan. For such a complex system, if not for networked management, as long as the one over one thousand link error, can make the enterprise bankruptcy.Management information systems involve economics, management, operations research, statistics, computer science, such as different subjects, is closely related to the interdisciplinary comprehensive cross of a new discipline. Is a worldwide made remarkable development of the discipline.Research and teaching in the field of management information system in China is faced with accelerated development, and the urgent needs and challenges in line with international standards. The wide application of management information system to promote the professional development of management information system, this is the sign of the mature management information system course. Global information is causing profound changes in today's world, reshaping the world political, economic, social, cultural and military development new pattern. Accelerate the development of information technology, has become the common choice of the world. Informatization development cannot leave the construction of management information system, information only through for effective process management, build a management information system can play its role. The development of global informationization also reflects the globalization of management information system development.Enterprise information management system (EIMS) is the use of modern management ideas and methods, the adoption of the electronic computer, software and network communication technology, to the enterprise management decision in the process of information collection, storage, processing, analysis, to assist the enterprise daily business process until the formulation and optimization of decision scheme, and tracking, supervision, control, adjust the whole management process of the man-machine system.With the acceleration of economic development, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is becoming more and more competition is increasingly fierce. Due to the increasingly homogenized products, enterprise competition goal from pure product competition to supply chain competition, enterprise concern also from pure sales to expand into, sales and stock of each link. The application of network technology and e-commerce breakthrough the limitations of time and space,to the development of small and medium-sized enterprise to bring more opportunities, but also more increase the intensity of the competition between the enterprises. Using the modern computer information management technology, can improve the utilization rate of funds and settlement speed, reduce inventory, speed up the overall operating efficiency, so that enterprises in the fierce competition in the invincible position. Because enterprise is the profit maximization as the goal of economic organizations, the main purpose of the information resources management is to play to the information society benefit and potential value-added features, to complete the enterprise production, management, sales work, improve the economic benefits of enterprises, but also to improve the social benefits. In general, the main content of enterprise information resource management work include: (1) the management of information resources; (2) the management of the people; (3) the management of the information work.As the global economic integration and the establishment of market economic system and the rapid development of modern information technology, enterprise survival and the fundamental changes have taken place in the internal and external environment of competition, the enterprise information and information management and international standards. Enterprise informationization is, not only the extension of information technology, more important is the extension of enterprise management and organization. The essence of the enterprise information is supported by information technology, managers in time the use of information resources, grasp the market opportunities, to make decisions in a timely manner. Enterprise informatization not only should attach importance to technology research, therefore, more should attach great importance to the integration of information resources management, to avoid repetition of information resources, dispersed, waste and lowefficiency, so as to realize the sharing of resources. Therefore, the enterprise information resources development and utilization is the core of the enterprise information construction, is also the starting point and the ultimate aim of the enterprise informatization.The role of information management system: 1. Knowledge, ensure that each member can be Shared within the organization. 2. Ensure the timeliness of knowledge acquisition. Information management system solved the cross-regional, across time, across units, access barriers between across different departments and employees, as long as it is on the premise of have permission, knowledge demanders can quickly find all kinds of knowledge they need through the system. 3. Improve organization or individual tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, and ensure the effective transformation between the two. The emergence of knowledge economy makes the management information system has quickly become the key strategic resource of the enterprise. We put a lot of knowledge, as it were, condensed into the management information system and decision support system. Revolutionary will rely on the management information system of business administration, business process reengineering, management, led by the centralized to decentralized leadership development, customer relationship management, supply chain management, e-commerce, etc. All with the application and development of management information system of the intimate contact. Should see the application of information technology, is essentially make information been fully made use of the information society the dominant resources. Say so: the promotion of information technology is a means, the use of information is the true goal.Conclusion: the management information system development is a high-risk and high-yield of engineering. Put forward rational unified direction is caused by the management information system development has been very lowsuccess rate. It is estimated that in the 80 s China enterprise information the success rate of only 20%, this means that a large number of waste and loss of money. For a long time, people from different aspects to solve these problems, mainly from the perfect management system, strengthen the management of data, implement head principle, strengthen personnel training and raise the scientific nature of the development method and so on. Management information system of network greatly increased the possibility of information resources sharing between enterprises and enterprises. It's on, in, the downstream enterprises to establish virtual enterprise to create the conditions. In order to quick response to customers personalized needs development, the enterprise can through the Internet, with the help of other enterprise resources around the world to realize the integrated management.。
毕业生信息管理系统_外文翻译(范文)
外文文献资料Buses and InterfacesThe buses and interfaces are the fabric that connects the CPU to the peripherals that are part of the system. Each bus and interface has its own intricacies, and the level of support provided by Linux to the different buses and interfaces varies accordingly. The following is a rundown of the buses and interfaces found in embedded systems and a discussion of their support by Linux. Linux supports many other buses, such as SBus, NuBus, TurboChannel, and MCA, but these are workstation or server-centric.1. ISAThe Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus was designed for and occupied the core of PC-AT architecture. It was odd even for its time, as it did not provide many of the facilities other buses offered, including ease of mapping into normal processor physical address space. Its simplicity, however, favored the proliferation of many devices for the PC, which, in turn, favored the use of PCs in embedded applications.ISA devices are mostly accessed through the I/O port programming already available in the x86's instruction set. Therefore, the kernel does not need to do any work to enable device drivers to use the bus. Instead, the various device drivers access the appropriate I/O ports directly using the in/out assembly functions. Although the kernel provides support for Plug and Play (PNP) devices, this capability is of little use for embedded applications. Instead, embedded systems that do need to support hardware variations will be based on buses that support runtime hardware addition and removal, such as CompactPCI, PCMCIA, and USB. The kernel also supports Extended ISA (EISA) devices, but this bus has not been very popular and has been superseded by the PCI bus.2. PCIThe Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, managed by the PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG), is arguably the most popular bus currently available. Designed as a replacement for ISA, it is used in combination with many different architectures, including the PPC and the MIPS, to build different types of systems,including embedded devices.Unlike ISA, PCI requires software support to enable it to be used by device drivers. The first part of this support is required to initialize and configure the PCI devices upon bootup. On PC systems, this is traditionally done by the BIOS. However, the kernel is capable of carrying out this task itself. If the BIOS has carried out the initialization, the kernel will browse the BIOS's table to retrieve the PCI information. In both cases, the kernel provides device drivers with an API to access information regarding the devices on the PCI bus and act on these devices. There are also a number of user tools for manipulating PCI devices. In short, the level of support for PCI in Linux is fairly complete and mature.3.PCMCIAPersonal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) is both the common name of a bus and the name of the organization that promotes and maintains related standards. Since the publication of the initial standard, which supported only 16-bit cards, other standards have been published, including the 32-bit CardBus and the USB CardBay specifications. When part of an embedded system, PCMCIA renders it flexible and easy to extend. On the iPAQ, for instance, it enables users to connect to a LAN using a wireless networking card. In other systems, it makes large permanent storage space available through the use of CompactFlash cards.The extent of Linux support for PCMCIA can be confusing. First and foremost, there is the main Linux PCMCIA project, which is hosted on SourceForge at :/// and is maintained by David Hinds. The package made available by this project supports a large number of cards, Linux support for PCMCIA is quite mature for the i386 architecture and available in part for the PPC, but unfortunately, it's still in its infancy for other chips at the time of this writing. Apart from the package maintained by Hinds, the official kernel contains support for a portion of the PCMCIA cards supported by the Hinds' package. The developers' intent is to have the official kernel become the main source for PCMCIA support. Until then, the best choice is to use Hinds' distribution for production systems. It includes the necessary system tools to configure the automatic loading and unloading of the appropriate PCMCIA device drivers when a card is inserted or removed from a PCMCIA slot.4. PC/104Although simple, the ISA bus is not well adapted to the rugged environments where embedded systems are deployed. The PC/104 form factor was introduced toaddress the shortcomings of ISA's mechanical specification. PC/104 provides a bus whose electrical signals are identical to those of the ISA bus, but with a different mechanical specification that is more adapted to embedded system development by providing ease of extensibility and ruggedness. Instead of using slots where cards are inserted, as in a regular ISA setup, PC/104 specifies the use of pin connectors. When PCI became popular, the PC/104+ specification was introduced to provide a PCI-signal-compatible bus as an addition to the PC/104 specification. Both PC/104 and PC/104+ are managed by the PC/104 Consortium, which includes more than a 100 member companies.The PC/104 is identical to ISA and the PC/104+ is identical to both ISA and PCI from the signal perspective and, therefore, from the software's perspective. Therefore, Linux requires no special functionality to support these buses. However, this does not mean that Linux supports all PC/104 and PC/104+ devices. As with any other ISA or PCI device, you should seek exact information about Linux compatibility with the PC/104 device you are evaluating.5. VMEThe VME bus is largely based on Motorola's VERSA backplane bus, which was developed specifically for the 68000 in 1979. At the time, VERSA was competing with buses such as Multibus, STD, S-100, and Q-bus, although it is rarely used today. Striving to provide a new bus that would be microprocessor independent, Motorola, Mostek, and Signetics agreed that the three companies would support a new bus. This came to be the VME bus based on the VERSA's electrical signals and the Eurocard mechanical form factor. In the Eurocard form factor, VME boards are loaded vertically into a VME chassis and connected to its backplane using pin connectors, unlike common computer boards that use edge connectors inserted into slots. Since its introduction, the VME bus has become widely adopted as the preferred bus for building powerful and rugged computers. One factor that has helped the VME bus' popularity is that it is an open standard that isn't controlled by any single organization.As the VME bus can accommodate multiple VME boards, each with its own CPU and OS, no central OS controls the bus. Instead, arbitration is used to permit a board to become bus master momentarily to conduct its operations. The job of Linux on a VME board is therefore to interact properly with its VME hardware interface to obtain the appropriate functionality.pactPCIThe CompactPCI specification was initiated by Ziatech and was developed by members of the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturer's Group (PICMG), which oversees the specification and promotes the use of CompactPCI. The CompactPCI specification provides an open and versatile platform for high-performance, high-availability applications. Its success is largely based on the technical choices made by its designers. First, they chose to reuse the Eurocard form-factor popularized by VME. Second, they chose to make the bus PCI-compatible, hence enabling CompactPCI board manufacturers to reuse low-cost PCI chips already available in the mainstream market.Technically, the CompactPCI bus is electrically identical to the PCI bus. Instead of using slot connections, as found in most workstations and servers, pin connectors are used to connect the vertically loaded CompactPCI boards to the CompactPCI backplane, much like VME. As with PCI, CompactPCI requires a single bus master, in contrast with VME, which could tolerate multiple bus masters, as explained earlier. Consequently, CompactPCI requires the permanent presence of a board in the system slot. It is this board that arbitrates the CompactPCI backplane, just as a PCI chipset would arbitrate a PCI bus in a workstation or a server.In addition, the CompactPCI specification allows for the implementation of the Hot Swap specification, which describes methods and procedures for runtime insertion and removal of CompactPCI boards. This specification defines three levels of hot swapping. Each level implies a set of hardware and software capabilities. Here are the available levels and their requirements: Basic hot swapThis hot swap level involves console intervention by the system operator. When a new card is inserted, she must manually inform the OS to power it up and then configure and inform the software of its presence. To remove a card, she must tell the OS that the board is about to be removed. The OS must then stop the tasks that are interacting with the board and inform the board to shut down.Full hot swapIn contrast to basic hot swap, full hot swap does not require console intervention by the operator. Instead, the operator flips a microswitch attached to the card injector/ejector to notify the OS of the impending removal. The OS then performs the necessary operations to isolate the board and tell it to shut down. Finally, the OS lights an LED to notify the operator that the board can now be removed. On insertion, the OS carries out the inverse operations when it receives the appropriate insertion signal.High AvailabilityIn this level, CompactPCI boards are under complete software control. A hot swap controller software manages the state of all the boards in the system and can selectively reverse these individual boards according to the system's state. If a board fails, for example, the controller can shut it down and power up a duplicate board that is present within the same chassis for this very purpose. This hot swap level is called "High Availability," because it is mostly useful in what are known as high-availability applications，such as telecommunications, where downtime must be minimal.Linux accommodates the basic CompactPCI specification, through the PCI support it already provides. Support for dynamic insertion and removal of devices in Linux also exists in different forms. Primarily, Version 2.4 of the kernel includes the required kernel functionality.That said, this level of support is insufficient to accommodate all the complexities of CompactPCI systems. In addition, there are few drivers within the main kernel tree for mainstream CompactPCI boards, although CompactPCI board manufacturers may provide Linux drivers. This caveat has led to the emergence of a number of commercial solutions that provide high-availability Linux solutions on CompactPCI, including Availix's HA Cluster and MontaVista's High Availability Framework. The ongoing High-Availability Linux Project, found at :///, aims at providing the open source components needed to build high-availability solutions using Linux. The project isn't restricted to a specific hardware configuration and is, therefore, not centered around CompactPCI.In the future, we may see more open source software accommodating the various complexities of CompactPCI-based systems, both in terms of hot swap capabilities and in terms of software support for communication, resource monitoring, cluster management, and other software components found in high-availability systems. For now, however, if you want to use Linux for a CompactPCI-based high-availability application, you may need to work with one of the existing commercial solutions to obtain all the features described by the CompactPCI specification.7. Parallel PortAlthough not a bus in the traditional sense, the parallel port found in many computers can be used to connect a wide range of peripherals, including hard drives, scanners, and even network adapters. Linux support for parallel port devices is extensive, both in terms of the drivers found in the kernel and the ones providedby supporting projects. There is no central authority or project, however, that directs Linux's support for parallel port devices, since the parallel port is a ubiquitous component of computer systems. Instead, there are good resources that describe which devices are supported. These include the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO found at the LDP and the Linux Parallel Port Home Page found at :// /linux-pp.html. It is worth noting that Linux supports the IEEE1284 standard that defines how parallel port communication with external devices is carried out.As the parallel port can be used for many purposes besides attaching external devices, I will discuss parallel port programming when explaining the use of the parallel port as in an I/O interface in Section 3.3.8. SCSIThe Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) was introduced by Shugart Associates and eventually evolved into a series of standards developed and maintained by a series of standard bodies, including ANSI, ITIC, NCITS, and T10. Although mainly thought of as a high-throughput interface for hard drives for high-end workstations and servers, SCSI is a general interface that can be usedto connect various hardware peripherals. Only a small segment of embedded systems ever use SCSI devices, though. These systems are typically high-end embedded systems such as the CompactPCI-based high-availability systems discussed earlier.In those cases, a CompactPCI SCSI controller inserted in the CompactPCI backplane provides an interface to the SCSI devices.If you consider using SCSI in an embedded system, note that although Linux supports a wide range of SCSI controllers and devices, many prominent kernel developers believe that the kernel's SCSI code requires major work or even a complete rewrite. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't use SCSI devices with Linux.It is only a warning so that you plan your project's future updates in light of such possible modifications to the kernel's SCSI layer. At the time of this writing, work on the SCSI code has not yet started. It is expected that such work wouldbe undertaken during the 2.5 development series of the kernel. For now, the SCSI hardware supported by Linux can be found in the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO from the LDP. As with the parallel port, there is no single reference point containingall information regarding Linux's support for SCSI, since the SCSI interface isan established technology with a very large user base.Discussion of the kernel's SCSI device drivers architecture can be foundat :// /sg/, at :// /scsi.html, and in theLinux 2.4 SCSI subsystem HOWTO from the LDP. This should be the starting point for the development of any SCSI driver for Linux, along with the Linux Device Drivers book by O'Reilly. For a broad discussion about SCSI, The Book of SCSI: I/O For The Millennium by Gary Field and Peter Ridge (No Starch Press) is a good start. As with other standards, there are always official standards documents provided by the standard bodies, but again, such documentation often makes for dry reading material.9. USBThe Universal Serial Bus (USB) was developed and is maintained by a group of companies forming the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Initially developed to replace such fragmented and slow connection interfaces as the parallel and serial ports traditionally used to connect peripherals to PCs, USB has rapidly established itself as the interface of choice for peripherals by providing inexpensive ease of use and high-speed throughput. Although mainly a mainstream device-oriented bus, USB is increasingly appearing in hardware used in embedded systems, such as SBCs and SoCs from several manufacturers.USB devices are connected in a tree-like fashion. The root is called the root hub and is usually the main board to which all USB devices and nonroot hubs are connected. The root hub is in charge of all the devices connected to it, directly or through secondary hubs. A limitation of this is that computers cannot be linked in any form of networking using direct USB cabling.There are also USB network adapters, including Ethernet adapters, that can be used to connect the computers to a common network.Support within Linux for behaving as a USB root hubis quite mature and extensive, comparing positively to the commercial OSes that support USB. Although most hardware vendors don't ship Linux drivers with their USB peripherals, many have helped Linux developers create USB drivers by providing hardware specifications. Also, as with other hardware components, many Linux drivers have been developed in spite of their manufacturers' unwillingness to provide the relevant specifications. The main component of Linux's support for USB is provided by the USB stack in the kernel. The kernel also includes drivers for the USB devices supported by Linux. User tools are also available to manage USB devices. The user tools and the complete list of supported devices is available through the Linux USB project web site at :// /.Support within Linux for behaving as a USB device is limited in comparison to its support for behaving as a USB root hub. While some systems running Linux,such as the iPAQ, can already behave as devices, there is no general agreed-upon framework yet for adding USB device capabilities to the Linux kernel.Development of USB drivers is covered by the Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers by Detlef Fliegl, available through the Linux USB project web site. The Linux Device Drivers book also provides guidelines on how to write Linux USB drivers. There are a number of books that discuss USB, which you can find by looking at the various online bookstores. However, the consensus among developers and online book critics seems to indicate that the best place to start, as well as the best reference, is the original USB specification available online from the USB-IF.10. IEEE1394 (FireWire)FireWire is a trademark owned by Apple for a technology they designed in the late 80s/early 90s. They later submitted their work to the IEEE and it formed the basis of what eventually became IEEE standard 1394. Much like USB, IEEE1394 enables devices to be connected using simple and inexpensive hardware interfaces. Because of their similarities, IEEE1394 and USB are often considered together. In terms of speed, however, it is clear that IEEE1394's architecture is much more capable than USB of accommodating throughput-demanding devices, such as digital cameras and external hard drives. Recent updates to the USB standard have reduced the gap, but IEEE1394 still has a clear advantage in regards to currently existing high-throughput devices and future capabilities. Although only a small number of embedded systems actually use IEEE1394, it is likely that the need for such a technology will increase with the demand in throughput.In contrast to USB, IEEE1394 connections do not require a root node. Rather, connections can be made either in a daisy-chain fashion or using an IEEE1394 hub. Also, unlike SCSI, connections do not need any termination. It is also possible to connect two or more computers directly using an IEEE1394, which isn't possible with USB. To take advantage of this capability, there is even an RFC specifying how to implement IP over IEEE1394. This provides an inexpensive and high-speed network connection for IEEE1394-enabled computers.Linux's support for IEEE1394 isn't as extensive as that provided by some commercial OSes, but it is mature enough to enable the practical, every day use of quite a number of IEEE1394 hardware devices. The kernel sources contain the code required to support IEEE1394, but the most up-to-date code for the IEEE1394 subsystem and the relevant user utilities can be found at the IEEE1394 for Linux project web site at :// /. The list of supported devices canbe found in the compatibility section of the web site. The number and types of devices supported by Linux's IEEE1394 can only increase in the future.Support for running an IP network over IEEE1394 in Linux is currently in its infancy. In due time, this may become a very efficient way of debugging embedded Linux systems because of the quantity of data that can be exchanged between the host and the target.Documentation on how to use the IEEE1394 subsystem under Linux with supported hardware can be found on the IEEE1394 for Linux project web site. The web site also includes links to documentation regarding the various specifications surrounding IEEE1394. The main standard itself is available from the IEEE and is therefore expensive for a single individual to purchase. Although the standard will be a must for any extensive work on IEEE1394, the FireWire System Architecture book by Don Anderson (Addison Wesley) is a good place to start.11.GPIBThe General-Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) takes its roots in HP's HP-IB bus, which was born at the end of the 1960s and is still being used in engineering and scientific applications. In the process of maturing, GPIB became the IEEE488 standard and was revised as late as 1992. Many devices that are used for data acquisition and analysis are, in fact, equipped with a GPIB interface. With the advent of mainstream hardware in this field of application, many GPIB hardware adapters have been made available for such mainstream hardware and for PCs in particular.GPIB devices are connected together using a shielded cable that may have stackable connectors at both ends. Connectors are "stackable" in the sense that a connector on one end of a cable has the appropriate hardware interface to allow for another connector to be attached to it, which itself allows another connector to be attached. If, for instance, a cable is used to connect a computer to device A, the connector attached to A can be used to attach the connector of another cable going from A to device B.12. I2CInitially introduced by Philips to enable communication between components inside TV sets, the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus can be found in many embedded devices of all sizes and purposes. As with other similar small-scale buses such as SPI and MicroWire, I2C is a simple serial bus that enables the exchange of limited amounts of data among the IC components of an embedded system. There is a broad range of I2C -capable devices on the market, including LCD drivers, EEPROMs, DSPs, and so on. Because of its simplicity and its hardware requirements, I2C can beimplemented either in software or in hardware.Connecting devices using I2C requires only two wires, one with a clock signal, serial clock (SCL), and the other with the actual data, serial data (SDA). All devices on an I2C bus are connected using the same wire pair. The device initiating a transaction on the bus becomes the bus master and communicates with slaves using an addressing scheme. Although I2C supports multiple masters, most implementations have only one master.The main kernel tree includes support for I2C, a number of devices that use I2C, and the related System Management Bus (SMBus). Due to the heavy use of I2C by hardware monitoring sensor devices, the I2C support pages are hosted on the Linux hardware monitoring project web site at ://www2.lm-sensors.nu/~lm78/. The site includes a number of links, documentation, and the most recent I2C development code. Most importantly, it contains a list of the I2C devices supported along with the appropriate driver to use for each device.中文翻译稿应用技术学院06计算机（0616403062）管玲玲2010年2月总线和接口总线和接口是连接CPU到系统的部分外设的组织。
信息管理系统 management information system(第九版英文原版).
LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Managing the Digital FirmCase Study: DaimlerChrysler’s Agile Supply ChainSection 1.1: Why Information Systems?Why Information Systems MatterHow Much Does IT Matter?Why IT Now? Digital Convergence and the Changing Business EnvironmentSection 1.2: Perspectives on Information SystemsWhat Is an Information System?Window on Organizations:Cemex: A Digital Firm in the MakingWindow on Technology: UPS Competes Globally with Information TechnologyIt Isn’t Just Technology: A Business Perspective on Information SystemsDimensions of Information SystemsSection 1.3: Contemporary Approaches to Information SystemsTechnical ApproachBehavioral ApproachApproach of This Text: Sociotechnical SystemsSection 1.4: Learning to Use Information Systems: New Opportunities with TechnologyThe Challenge of Information Systems: Key Management IssuesIntegrating Text with Technology: New Opportunities for LearningLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Database Exercise: Adding Value to Information for ManagementDecision Making.Dirt Bikes U.S.A.: Preparing a Management Overview of the CompanyElectronic Commerce Project: Analyzing Shipping CostsGroup Project: Analyzing a Business SystemCase Study: Dollar General: Heavy on Organization, Light on SystemsLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upLearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Information Systems in the EnterpriseCase Study: Fast Fashion, Hot SystemsSection 2.1: Major Types of Systems in OrganizationsDifferent Kinds of SystemsFour Major Types of SystemsRelationship of Systems to One AnotherSection 2.2: Systems from a Functional PerspectiveSales and Marketing SystemsManufacturing and Production SystemsWindow on Organizations:Product Life Cycle Management Systems:Faster Products, Faster ProcessesFinance and Accounting SystemsHuman Resources SystemsSection 2.3: Integrating Functions and Business Processes: Introduction to Enterprise ApplicationsBusiness Processes and Information SystemsSystems for Enterprise-Wide Process IntegrationOverview of Enterprise ApplicationsWindow on Technology: Haworth Overhauls Supply Chain ManagementSection 2.4: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Improving Supply ChainManagementDirt Bikes U.S.A.: Analyzing Financial PerformanceElectronic Business Project: Planning Transportation LogisticsGroup Project: Describing Management Decisions and SystemsCase Study: Snyder’s of Hanover: New Systems for an Old Family CompanyLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and StrategyCase Study: Gallo Winery Leads by Blending Business with TechnologySection 3.1: Organizations and Information SystemsWhat Is an Organization?Common Features of OrganizationsUnique Features of OrganizationsWindow on Organizations:E-Commerce North and South of the BorderOrganizing the IT FunctionSection 3.2: How Information Systems Impact Organizations and Business Firms Economic ImpactsOrganizational and Behavioral ImpactsThe Internet and OrganizationsSection 3.3: The Impact of IT on Management Decision MakingHow IT Affects Management Decision MakingThe Role of Managers in OrganizationsModels of Decision MakingImplications for the Design and Understanding of Information SystemsSection 3.4: Information Systems and Business StrategyBusiness-Level Strategy: The Value Chain ModelWindow on Technology: Hotel Loyalty Programs Become CompetitiveWeaponsFirm-Level Strategy and Information TechnologyIndustry-Level Strategy and Information Systems: Competitive Forces andNetwork EconomicsSection 3.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Database Exercise: Using a Database for StrategicBusiness DevelopmentDirt Bikes U.S.A.: Performing a Competitive Analysis for Dirt BikesElectronic Commerce Project: Configuring and Pricing an AutomobileGroup Project: Identifying Opportunities for Strategic Information SystemsCase Study: Can Albertsons Trounce Wal-Mart with Advanced InformationTechnology?LearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up The Digital Firm: Electronic Business and Electronic CommerceCase Study: Corrugated Supplies: The Internet Helps a Small Company Act BigSection 4.1: Electronic Business, Electronic Commerce, and the Emerging Digital Firm Internet Technology and the Digital FirmNew Business Models and Value PropositionsSection 4.2: Electronic CommerceCategories of Electronic CommerceCustomer-Centered RetailingBusiness-to-Business Electronic Commerce: New Efficiencies andRelationshipsElectronic Commerce Payment SystemsWindow on Technology: Volkswagen Revs Up Its B2B NetworkSection 4.3: Electronic Business and the Digital FirmHow Intranets Support Electronic BusinessIntranet Applications for Electronic BusinessWindow on Organizations:CARE’s Humanitarian IntranetsBusiness Process IntegrationSection 4.4: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Analyzing a Dot-Com BusinessDirt Bikes U.S.A.: Developing an E-Commerce StrategyElectronic Commerce Project: Comparing Online Storefront Hosting ServicesGroup Project: Performing a Competitive Analysis of E-Commerce SitesCase Study: Can the Music Industry Change Its Tune?LearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Ethical and Social Issues in the Digital FirmCase Study: “Attention Shoppers: Background Checks for Sale”Section 5.1: Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to SystemsA Model for Thinking About Ethical, Social, and Political IssuesFive Moral Dimensions of the Information AgeKey Technology Trends That Raise Ethical IssuesSection 5.2: Ethics in an Information SocietyBasic Concepts: Responsibility, Accountability, and LiabilityEthical AnalysisProfessional Codes of ConductSome Real-World Ethical DilemmasSection 5.3: The Moral Dimensions of Information SystemsInformation Rights: Privacy and Freedom in the Internet AgeProperty Rights: Intellectual PropertyAccountability, Liability, and ControlSystem Quality: Data Quality and System ErrorsWindow on Technology: When Software Kills: What Happened atPanama’s National Cancer InstituteQuality of Life: Equity, Access, and BoundariesWindow on Management: Can the Spamming Monster Be Tamed?Section 5.4: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Word Processing and Web Page Development ToolExercise: Creating a Simple Web SiteDirt Bikes USA: Developing a Web Site Privacy PolicyElectronic Commerce Project: Using Internet Newsgroups for Online Market ResearchGroup Project: Developing a Corporate Ethics CodeCase Study: Security Versus Privacy: Does Terrorism Change the Debate?LearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up IT Infrastructure and PlatformsCase Study: Hong Kong’s New World Telecommunications Prospers with a New IT InfrastructureSection 6.1: IT InfrastructureDefining IT InfrastructureLevels of IT InfrastructureEvolution of IT Infrastructure: 1950–2005Technology Drivers of Infrastructure EvolutionSection 6.2: Infrastructure ComponentsComputer Hardware PlatformsOperating System PlatformsEnterprise Software ApplicationsData Management and StorageNetworking/Telecommunications PlatformsInternet PlatformsConsulting and System Integration ServicesSection 6.3: Contemporary Hardware Platform TrendsThe Integration of Computing and Telecommunications PlatformsGrid ComputingOn-Demand Computing (Utility Computing)Autonomic ComputingWindow on Management: On-Demand Computing at Qantas Airwaysand Ford Motor Company EuropeEdge ComputingSection 6.4: Contemporary Software Platform TrendsThe Rise of Linux and Open-Source SoftwareJava Is EverywhereWindow on Technology: Two Canadian Cities Go for LinuxSoftware for Enterprise IntegrationSoftware OutsourcingSection 6.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Evaluating Computer Hardwareand Software OptionsDirt Bikes USA: Analyzing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Desktop SoftwareAssetsElectronic Business Project: Planning and Budgeting for a Sales ConferenceGroup Project: Evaluating Server Operating SystemsCase Study: 99 Cents Only Stores: IT Infrastructure on a BudgetLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up IT Infrastructure and PlatformsCase Study: Better Data Help Virgin Mobile Australia Win the Customer WarsSection 7.1: Organizing Data in a Traditional File EnvironmentFile Organization Terms and ConceptsProblems with the Traditional File EnvironmentSection 7.2: The Database Approach to Data ManagementDatabase Management SystemsTypes of DatabasesWindow on Organizations: A Database Helps P&G Manage ProductInformationSection 7.3: Creating a Database EnvironmentDesigning DatabasesDistributing DatabasesEnsuring Data QualitySection 7.4: Database TrendsMultidimensional Data AnalysisData Warehouses and Data MiningWindow on Technology: Large Data Warehouses: When Bigger IsBetterDatabases and the WebSection 7.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Database Exercise: Building a Relational Database fora Small BusinessDirt Bikes U.S.A.: Redesigning the Customer DatabaseElectronic Commerce Project: Searching Online DatabasesGroup Project: Creating Company-Wide Data StandardsCase Study: Database Woes Plague Homeland Security and Law EnforcementLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-upTelecommunications, Networks, and the InternetCase Study: Okanagan-Skaha School District Does More with Less Using Networking and the InternetSection 8.1: Telecommunications and Networking in Today’s Business World The Business Telecommunications EnvironmentNetworking and Communications TrendsThe Business Value of Telecommunications and NetworkingSection 8.2: Contemporary Networking InfrastructureNetworks and Corporate InfrastructureKey Digital Networking TechnologiesPhysical Transmission MediaTypes of NetworksBroadband Network Services and TechnologiesSection 8.3: The InternetInternet Addressing, Architecture, and GovernanceInternet ServicesThe Internet and Business ValueThe World Wide webIntranets and ExtranetsNext-Generation Networks and Internet2Section 8.4: Technologies and Tools for Communication and E-BusinessE-Mail, Chat, Instant Messaging, and Electronic DiscussionsGroupware, Teamware, and Electronic ConferencingInternet TelephonyWindow on Organizations: Internet Telephones: Why Not?Virtual Private NetworksSection 8.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesWindow on Management: Monitoring Employees on Networks:Unethical or Good Business?Learning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Analyzing Web Site VisitorsDirt Bikes U.S.A.: Using Internet Tools to Increase Efficiency and ProductivityElectronic Commerce Project: Using Web Search Engines for Business ResearchGroup Project: Identifying Strategic Opportunities for Networking TechnologyCase Study: Can REI Climb Higher with Networking and the Internet?LearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up The Wireless RevolutionCase Study: The Boston Public Library Goes WirelessSection 9.1: The Wireless Computing LandscapeThe Wireless RevolutionBusiness Value of Wireless NetworkingWireless Transmission Media and DevicesCellular Network Standards and GenerationsMobile Wireless Standards for Web AccessSection 9.2: Wireless Computer Networks and Internet AccessBluetoothWi-FiWiMax and EV-DOWindow on Management: Wi-Fi: Starbuck’s Solution to GoSection 9.3: M-Commerce and Mobile ComputingM-Commerce Services and ApplicationsAccessing Information from the Wireless WebDigital Payment Systems and M-CommerceM-Commerce ChallengesSection 9.4: Wireless Technology in the EnterpriseWireless Applications for Customer Relationship ManagementWireless Supply Chain Management and Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)Wireless in Health CareWireless Sensor Networks and Pervasive ComputingWindow on Organizations: Does RFID Threaten Privacy?Section 9.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Comparing Wireless ServicesDirt Bikes U.S.A.: Determining the Cost of RFID SystemsElectronic Business Project: Identifying Wi-Fi Hotspots for Nomadic ComputingGroup Project: Comparing Mobile Internet Access SystemsCase Study: UPS versus FedEx: Two Competitors, Two Wireless StrategiesLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Security and ControlCase Study: Wesfarmers Outsources to a Managed Security ServiceSection 10.1: System Vulnerability and AbuseWhy Systems Are VulnerableMalicious Software: Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses, and SpywareHackers and CybervandalismComputer Crime and CyberterrorismInternal Threats: EmployeesSoftware VulnerabilitySection 10.2: Business Value of Security and ControlWindow on Technology: The Rush to PatchLegal and Regulatory Requirements for Electronic Records ManagementElectronic Evidence and Computer ForensicsSection 10.3: Establishing a Management Framework for Security and Control Types of Information Systems ControlsRisk AssessmentSecurity PolicyEnsuring Business ContinuityThe Role of Auditing in the Control ProcessSection 10.4: Technologies and Tools for Security and ControlWindow on Management: Deutsche Bank Ties Business ContinuityPlanning to the BusinessAccess ControlFirewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems, and Antivirus SoftwareSecuring Wireless NetworksEncryption and Public Key InfrastructureEnsuring Software ReliabilitySection 10.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Performing a Security RiskAssessmentDirt Bikes USA: Developing a Disaster Recovery PlanElectronic Business Project: Evaluating Security Outsourcing ServicesGroup Project: Analyzing Security VulnerabilitiesCase Study: Royal Bank of Canada’s Software WoesLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upLearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Enterprise Applications and Business Process IntegrationCase Study: PNC Bank on Enterprise ApplicationsSection 11.1: Enterprise SystemsWhat Are Enterprise Systems?How Enterprise Systems WorkBusiness Value of Enterprise SystemsSection 11.2: Supply Chain Management SystemsThe Supply ChainInformation and Supply Chain ManagementSupply Chain Management ApplicationsSupply Chain Management and the InternetBusiness Value of Supply Chain Management SystemsSection 11.3: Customer Relationship Management SystemsCustomer Relationship Management and Partner Relationship ManagementCustomer Relationship Management ApplicationsOperational and Analytical CRMBusiness Value of Customer Relationship Management SystemsSection 11.4: Enterprise Integration TrendsExtending Enterprise SoftwareWindow on Organizations: CRM Drives Sales at Mercedes and SaabService Platforms and Business Process ManagementSection 11.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesWindow on Management:Why Novartis Backed Off from EnterpriseSoftwareSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Database Exercise: Managing Customer ServiceRequestsDirt Bikes USA: Identifying Supply Chain Management SolutionsElectronic Business Project: Evaluating Supply Chain Management ServicesGroup Project: Analyzing Enterprise Process IntegrationCase Study: Can Information Systems Restore Profitability to Restoration Hardware?LearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Managing Knowledge in the Digital FirmCase Study: Cott Struggles to Manage Unstructured InformationSection 12.1: The Knowledge Management LandscapeImportant Dimensions of KnowledgeOrganizational Learning and Knowledge ManagementThe Knowledge Management Value ChainTypes of Knowledge Management SystemsSection 12.2: Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management SystemsStructured Knowledge SystemsSemistructured Knowledge SystemsKnowledge Network SystemsWindow on Management: An Enterprise-Wide Knowledge ManagementSystem Pays Off for CuatrecasasSupporting Technologies: Portals, Collaboration Tools, and LearningManagement SystemsSection 12.3: Knowledge Work SystemsKnowledge Workers and Knowledge WorkRequirements of Knowledge Work SystemsWindow on Organizations: The U.S. Navy Creates the World’s LargestClassroomExamples of Knowledge Work SystemsSection 12.4: Intelligent TechniquesCapturing Knowledge: Expert SystemsOrganizational Intelligence: Case-Based ReasoningFuzzy Logic SystemsNeural NetworksGenetic AlgorithmsHybrid AI SystemsIntelligent AgentsSection 12.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Expert System Exercise: Building a Simple ExpertSystem for Retirement PlanningDirt Bikes USA: Identifying Opportunities for Knowledge ManagementElectronic Commerce Project: Using Intelligent Agents for Comparison ShoppingGroup Project: Rating Knowledge Network SystemsCase Study: Can Knowledge Management Systems Help PfizerLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Enhancing Decision Making for the Digital FirmCase Study: Daimler’s Bremen Plant Optimizes Deliveries with a DSSSection 13.1: Decision Making and Decision-Support SystemsBusiness Intelligence and Decision SupportBusiness Value of Improved Decision MakingBusiness Decision Making and the Decision-Making ProcessTrends in Decision Support and Business IntelligenceSection 13.2: Systems for Decision SupportThe Difference between MIS and DSSTypes of Decision-Support SystemsWindow on Technology: Harrah’s Finds Diamonds in the Data MineComponents of DSSBusiness Value of DSSWeb-Based Customer Decision-Support SystemsWindow on Management: GIS Help the Elderly in SwedenSection 13.3: Group Decision-Support SystemsWhat Is a GDSS?Overview of a GDSS MeetingBusiness Value of GDSSSection 13.4: Executive Support in the EnterpriseThe Role of Executive Support Systems in the FirmBusiness Value of Executive Support SystemsExecutive Support Systems and the Digital FirmSection 13.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Performing Break-Even Analysisand Sensitivity AnalysisDirt Bikes USA: Analyzing the Impact of Component Price ChangesElectronic Commerce Project: Using a Web-Based DSS for Retirement PlanningGroup Project: Designing a University GDSSCase Study: Optimizing Operations at UPSLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Redesigning the Organization with Information SystemsCase Study: Australia’s Victoria Country Fire Authority Responds with New SystemsSection 14.1: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeLinking Information Systems to the Business PlanEstablishing Organizational Information RequirementsSystems Development and Organizational ChangeSection 14.2: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementBusiness Process ReengineeringSteps in Effective ReengineeringProcess Improvement: Business Process Management, Total QualityManagement, and Six SigmaSection 14.3: Overview of Systems DevelopmentSystems AnalysisSystems DesignCompleting the Systems Development ProcessModeling and Designing Systems: Structured and Object-OrientedMethodologiesSection 14.4: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesTraditional Systems Life CyclePrototypingEnd-User DevelopmentApplication Software Packages and OutsourcingWindow on Technology: New Systems Keep Elie Tahari a Top FashionInnovatorSection 14.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesWindow on Organizations: Wall Street Firms Grapple with Build VersusBuySolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Database Exercise: Designing a Customer System forAuto SalesDirt Bikes USA: Designing an Employee Training and Skills Tracking SystemElectronic Business Project: Redesigning Business Processes for Web ProcurementGroup Project: Preparing Web Site Design SpecificationsCase Study: Blue Rhino Slows Down to Get AheadLearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-upUnderstanding the Business Value of Systems and Managing Change Case Study: HSBC Malaysia: Master of Change ManagementSection 15.1: Understanding the Business Value of Information SystemsTraditional Capital Budgeting ModelsCase Example: Capital Budgeting for a New Supply Chain ManagementSystemStrategic ConsiderationsInformation Technology Investments and ProductivitySection 15.2: The Importance of Change Management in Information Systems Success and FailureInformation Systems Problem AreasWindow on Organizations: What’s Wrong with ?Change Management and the Concept of ImplementationCauses of Implementation Success and FailureWindow on Management: The Navy/Marine Corps Intranet Turns into aBattlegroundChange Management Challenges for Business Process Reengineering,Enterprise Applications, and Mergers and AcquisitionsSection 15.3: Managing ImplementationControlling Risk FactorsDesigning for the OrganizationSection 15.4: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesSolution GuidelinesLearning SupplementsMake IT Your BusinessSummaryKey TermsReview QuestionsDiscussion QuestionsApplication Software Exercise: Spreadsheet Exercise: Capital Budgeting for a NewCAD SystemDirt Bikes USA: Analyzing the Return on a New System InvestmentElectronic Business Project: Buying and Financing a HomeGroup Project: Identifying Implementation ProblemsCaseStudy: Can the IRS Modernize Its Systems?LearningObjectives Web Link Video Management Wrap-upPrentice Hall © 2006 | Azimuth Interactive Inc. © 2006LearningObjectives Web Link VideoManagementWrap-up Managing International Information SystemsCase Study: Dräger Safety Creates a Global Supply ChainSection 16.1: The Growth of International Information SystemsDeveloping an International Information Systems ArchitectureThe Global Environment: Business Drivers and ChallengesState of the ArtSection 16.2: Organizing International Information SystemsGlobal Strategies and Business OrganizationGlobal Systems to Fit the StrategyReorganizing the BusinessSection 16.3: Managing Global SystemsA Typical Scenario: Disorganization on a Global ScaleGlobal Systems StrategySection 16.4: Technology Issues and Opportunities for Global Value Chains Technology Challenges of Global SystemsManaging Global Software DevelopmentWindow on Management: Getting Systems to Work in China—SlowlySection 16.5: Management Opportunities, Challenges, and SolutionsOpportunitiesManagement ChallengesWindow on Organizatoins: Offshore Outsourcing: Good or Bad?Solution GuidelinesLearning Supplements。
信息系统与信息管理的参考文献
信息系统与信息管理的参考文献I. 信息系统与信息管理的概念和发展1. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.本书通过对信息系统的介绍和解释，帮助读者了解信息技术如何与组织中的各个层面相互作用，从而推动组织变革和创新。
2. McLeod, R., Schell, G. (2008). Management Information Systems (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.该书深入探讨了信息系统的概念和原理，以及信息系统如何影响管理和组织运作。
适用于希望深入了解信息系统的读者。
II. 信息系统与信息管理的技术和应用1. Turban, E., Leidner, D., McLean, E., Wetherbe, J. (2005). Information Technology for Management: Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.该书介绍了信息技术在现代组织中的应用，包括电子商务、企业资源规划系统、数据挖掘和知识管理等方面的技术和应用。
2. Davis, G. B., Olson, M. H. (1985). Management Information Systems: Conceptual Foundations, Structure, and Development (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.这本经典的著作介绍了管理信息系统的概念框架和结构，以及信息系统的发展和演变过程。
外文文献—管理信息系统
附录Ⅰ外文资料：Management Information SystemsWriter: Raymond McLeod, Jr·George Schell ，2007Information is one of the main resources available to the manager. Information can be managed just as any other resource, and interest in this topic stem from two influences. First, business has become more complex, and second, the computer has achieved improved capabilities.Computer information is used by managers, non-managers, and persons and organizations within the firm’s environment. Managers are found on all orga nizational levels of the firm and in all business areas. Managers perform functions and play roles; to be successful and they need skill in communication and problem solving. Managers should be computer literate, but, more important, they should be information literate.It is helpful if the manager has an ability to see his or her unit as a system composed of subsystems and existing within a larger super system. The firm is a physical system, but it is managed through a conceptual system. The conceptual system consists of an information processor that transforms data into information and represents the physical resources.The first major computer application was used to process accounting data. That application was followed by four others: management information systems, decision support system, the virtual office, and knowledge-based system. All five of these applications compose the computer-based information system.What are the information resources?The first efforts to engage in information management focused on data. These efforts occurred in conjunction with widespread adoption database management systems during the 1970s and 1980s. Firms reasoned that if they managed their data by implementing computer-based DBMSs, they would, in effect, manage their information.A broader view, however, is that you can manage information by managing the resources that produce the information. In other words, rather than concentrate on the input (the data)and the output (the information), attention should also be given to the information processor that transforms the input into the output. This processor includes the hardware and software, as well an the persons who develop, operate, and use the systems. Also included are the facilities that house the resources.Main Type of Resource sThe manager managers five main type of resources:●Personnel●Material●Machines(including facilities and energy)●Money●Information(including data)The task of the manager is to manage these resources in order to use them in themost effective way. The first four resource types are tangible; they exist physically and can be touched. We use the term physical resource to describe them. The fifth resource type, information, is not valuable form what it represents. That is we use the term conceptual resource to describe information and data. Managers use conceptual resources to manage physical resources.How Information is managedIt is easy to see how a manager managers physical resources, but management applies equally well to conceptual resources. The manager ensures that the necessary raw data is gathered and then processed into usable information. He or she then ensures that appropriate individuals receive the information in the proper form at the proper time so that it can be used. Finally, the manager discard information that has outlived its usefulness and replaces it with information that is current and accurate. All of this activity-acquiring information, using it in the most effective way, and discarding it at the proper time-is called information management.Increasing Complexity of Business ActivityBusiness has always been complex, but it is more so today than ever before. All firms are subject to international economic influences and compete in a worldwide marketplace, the technology of business is becoming more complex, the time frame for taking action is shrinking, and there are social constrains.International economic influences Firms of all size are subject to economic influences that can originate anywhere in the world. Such influence can be seen in the relative values of the currencies of each nation. Buyers make purchases in those countries where their currencies have the greatest value. For example, when Mexico devalued its peso during the late 1980s, tourists decided to take their vacations there, rather than in place like Hawaii.Worldwide competition Firms no longer compete in only their own geographic area. Rather, competition exists on a worldwide scale. The effects of this competition can be seen in the imports from foreign countries. The decision by General Motors in the early 1990s to close many of its plans indicates that even industry giants are not insulated from the effects of competition which can originate anywhere in the world.Increasing complexity technology We see example of technology in business every day-barcode scanners in supermarkets, computer-based airline reservation systems, automated teller technology that we do not see-factory robots and automated merchandise storage-and-handling equipment, for example. Firms invest in this technology to perform necessary operation. Just think what would happen if the L.L.Bean mail-order operation in Maine or Harrods’s department store in London could no longer use their computer!Shrinking time frames All phases of business operations are performed more rapidly than ever before. Sales representatives engage in telemarketing to contact their customers within seconds by telephone, sale orders are transmitted electronically from one computer to another, and manufacturers schedule raw material deliveries to arrive “just in time.”Social constraints Oddly enough, not all pressures favor production; some favor nonproduction. This is true in the case of products and services that society findsundesirable. Business decisions must be based on economic factors, but social costs and payoffs must be considered as well. Plant expansion, new products, new products, new sales outlets, and similar actions must all be weighed in term of their environmental impact.Each of these influences contributes to the complexity of business.Physical systems and conceptual systemsThe business firm is a physical system, composed of physical resources. A conceptual system, on the other hand, is a system that uses conceptual resources-information and data-to represent a physical system. A conceptual system exists, for example, as mental images in the manager’s mind, as figures or lines on a sheet of paper, or in the electronic form of the computer’s storage.The computer is a physical system, but the data and information stored in it can be viewed as a conceptual system. The date and information represent one or more physical system. How the date and information are stored is unimportant. What is important is what the data and information represent. The physical system is important for what it is; the conceptual system is important for its representation of the physical system.What stimulated end-user computing?End-user computing evolved because of four main influences.●An increase in computer literacy During the early 1980s, good computereducation programs at both the college and precollege level began to have an impact. Management ranks, especially on the lower levels, began to fill with computer-literate people.●The information services backing Information specialists have always had morework than they can handle. This situation became critical during the early 1980s, when users began making demands on information services for additional systems support. Information services could not respond quickly enough, and backlogs built up. Some users had to wait two or three year for their jobs to work their way through the backlog.●Low-cost hardware During this period, the market becomes flooded withlow-cost microcomputers. Users could obtain their own hardware by placing an order at the local computer store by telephone and making payment for the petty cash fund.●Prewritten software Both hardware and software firms produced software thatwould perform basic accounting tasks as well as provide information for decision making. This prewritten software offered enhanced support and ease of use, and it enabled firms and individual users with little or no computer expertise to implement computer-based system.The combination of these four influences accounted for the explosion of end-user computing.System ElementsNot all systems have the same combination of elements, but a basic configuration is illustrated in figure 1.5. Input resources are transformed into output resources. The resources flow from the input element, through the transformation element, and to theoutput element. A control mechanism monitors the transformation process to ensure that the system meets its objectives. The control mechanism is connected to the resource flow by means of a feedback loop, which obtains information from the system output and makes it available to the control mechanism. The control mechanism compares the feedback signals to the objectives and directs signals to the input element when it is necessary to change the system operation.When this arrangement of elements is used to explain a heating system, for example, the input represents the fuel, such as natural gas or coal. Combustion is the heating process that transforms the fuel into heat-the output. The control mechanism is the thermostat, the feedback loop is the wiring that connects the thermostat to the heater, and the objective is the temperature that is dialed into the thermostat.When the system elements represent a manufacturing firm, the input resources are the raw materials, which are transformed into finished products or services by the manufacturing process. The control mechanism is the firm’s management, the objectives are the goals that the firm seeks to achieve, and the feedback loop is the flow of information both to and from management.中文译文：管理信息系统作者：Raymond McLeod, Jr·George Schell 信息是管理者可以使用的主要资源之一。
信息管理组织系统英文文献
Information management system developmentManagement information system, its essence is the informatization implementation of various management thought, therefore, has different management thought, the corresponding is corresponding with the management information system, which makes the various types of management information system emerge in endlessly. Modern management is dependent on the information, with the coming of information age, information collection, transmission, processing has become a major social activities. In various areas of business and daily life, people have to spend a lot of time and energy to search, collect and organize information, the development of computer technology provides effective tools for information processing.Management Information System (Management Information System, MIS for short) is a people-oriented, using computer hardware, software, network communication equipment and other office equipment, Information collection, transmission, processing, storage, update and maintenance, to enterprise strategic competitive advantages and improve the effectiveness and efficiency, for the purpose of supporting enterprise high-level decision, middle control, basic operation of the integrated man-machine System.A complete management information system should include: the auxiliary decision system; Industrial control system (CCS), officeautomation system (OA) and database, model base, method base, knowledge base, and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and external interfaces. Among them, especially the office automation system (OA) and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and outside is inseparable from the Intranet (Intranet) applications. It can be said that modern enterprise MIS can not live without Intranet, but the establishment of Intranet and must rely on the MIS system structure and the software and hardware environment. Management information system (MIS) mainly includes the information collection, entry, information storage, information transmission, information processing and output of information (information feedback) five functions. It put the modernization of information tools, electronic computer, the data communication equipment and technology management department, through the communication network, information processing center of different regions in sharing network of resources such as hardware, software, data and communications equipment, speed up the flow of information, decision making for managers in a timely manner to provide accurate and reliable basis. Management information system is the historical development of management information system in the early 70 s the product of "post-industrial economy", at the early stage of its development, enterprise management information system is a single man - machine system, thesystem function is simple, low efficiency, to the effect of management co., LTD. Enter in the late 1980 s, with the developing of computer network and communication technology, the development of the enterprise management information system into the network era. World advanced developed countries has established a perfect system of management information system. They in the decades of practice has accumulated rich experience of management information system development, the enterprise management has formed a set of effective theory and specifications.The management information system of the great development of our country is in the late 80 s and early '90 s, countries have established a "gold card", "Jin Guan", "golden bridge" project, the majority of enterprises and institutions set up the management information system of LAN and wan. As the world economy and China's economy gradually moving towards the knowledge economy, whether it is a management information system based on industrial economy, there are a few experts and management oriented expert system (ES) or decision support system (SS), its processing object, service object, its system structure and processing power have further development.Management information system of network, globalization, specialization of scientific development, development of network management information system, on the one hand is the need of thedevelopment of management system itself, objectively, management information system requirements to achieve organic integration; On the other hand, the development of computer and communication technology, in particular, the combination of the development of the Internet network and management applications has created unprecedented conditions. Trend of network management information system and its importance is obvious. Today's successful companies are dependent on the ability of the operation of the global network application and development of the enterprise's economic activity is likely to break through the boundaries and become a global activity. Relying on the management information system of the networked enterprise may establish a worldwide sales network, the multinational company, can track the order, delivery, settlement, participate in the competition of the world market. In haier group, for example, more than 10800 kinds of products in the market involve hundreds of countries, tens of thousands of dealers, 50000 outbound product every day, every day more than the average settlement funds of 276 million yuan. For such a complex system, if not for networked management, as long as the one over one thousand link error, can make the enterprise bankruptcy.Management information systems involve economics, management, operations research, statistics, computer science, such as different subjects, is closely related to the interdisciplinary comprehensive cross ofa new discipline. Is a worldwide made remarkable development of the discipline. Research and teaching in the field of management information system in China is faced with accelerated development, and the urgent needs and challenges in line with international standards. The wide application of management information system to promote the professional development of management information system, this is the sign of the mature management information system course. Global information is causing profound changes in today's world, reshaping the world political, economic, social, cultural and military development new pattern. Accelerate the development of information technology, has become the common choice of the world. Informatization development cannot leave the construction of management information system, information only through for effective process management, build a management information system can play its role. The development of global informationization also reflects the globalization of management information system development.Enterprise information management system (EIMS) is the use of modern management ideas and methods, the adoption of the electronic computer, software and network communication technology, to the enterprise management decision in the process of information collection, storage, processing, analysis, to assist the enterprise daily business process until the formulation and optimization of decision scheme, andtracking, supervision, control, adjust the whole management process of the man-machine system.With the acceleration of economic development, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is becoming more and more competition is increasingly fierce. Due to the increasingly homogenized products, enterprise competition goal from pure product competition to supply chain competition, enterprise concern also from pure sales to expand into, sales and stock of each link. The application of network technology and e-commerce breakthrough the limitations of time and space, to the development of small and medium-sized enterprise to bring more opportunities, but also more increase the intensity of the competition between the enterprises. Using the modern computer information management technology, can improve the utilization rate of funds and settlement speed, reduce inventory, speed up the overall operating efficiency, so that enterprises in the fierce competition in the invincible position.Because enterprise is the profit maximization as the goal of economic organizations, the main purpose of the information resources management is to play to the information society benefit and potential value-added features, to complete the enterprise production, management, sales work, improve the economic benefits of enterprises, but also to improve the social benefits. In general, the main content ofenterprise information resource management work include: (1) the management of information resources; (2) the management of the people; (3) the management of the information work.As the global economic integration and the establishment of market economic system and the rapid development of modern information technology, enterprise survival and the fundamental changes have taken place in the internal and external environment of competition, the enterprise information and information management and international standards. Enterprise informationization is, not only the extension of information technology, more important is the extension of enterprise management and organization. The essence of the enterprise information is supported by information technology, managers in time the use of information resources, grasp the market opportunities, to make decisions in a timely manner. Enterprise informatization not only should attach importance to technology research, therefore, more should attach great importance to the integration of information resources management, to avoid repetition of information resources, dispersed, waste and low efficiency, so as to realize the sharing of resources. Therefore, the enterprise information resources development and utilization is the core of the enterprise information construction, is also the starting point and the ultimate aim of the enterprise informatization. The role of information management system: 1. Knowledge, ensure thateach member can be Shared within the organization. 2. Ensure the timeliness of knowledge acquisition. Information management system solved the cross-regional, across time, across units, access barriers between across different departments and employees, as long as it is on the premise of have permission, knowledge demanders can quickly find all kinds of knowledge they need through the system. 3. Improve organization or individual tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, and ensure the effective transformation between the two. The emergence of knowledge economy makes the management information system has quickly become the key strategic resource of the enterprise. We put a lot of knowledge, as it were, condensed into the management information system and decision support system. Revolutionary will rely on the management information system of business administration, business process reengineering, management, led by the centralized to decentralized leadership development, customer relationship management, supply chain management, e-commerce, etc. All with the application and development of management information system of the intimate contact. Should see the application of information technology, is essentially make information been fully made use of the information society the dominant resources. Say so: the promotion of information technology is a means, the use of information is the true goal. Conclusion: the management information system development is a high-risk and high-yield of engineering. Put forward rational unified direction is caused by the management information system development has been very low success rate. It is estimated that in the 80 s China enterprise information the success rate of only 20%, this means that a large number of waste and loss of money. For a long time, people from different aspects to solve these problems, mainly from the perfect management system, strengthen the management of data, implement head principle, strengthen personnel training and raise the scientific nature of the development method and so on. Management information system of network greatly increased the possibility of information resources sharing between enterprises and enterprises. It's on, in, the downstream enterprises to establish virtual enterprise to create the conditions. In order to quick response to customers personalized needs development, the enterprise can through the Internet, with the help of other enterprise resources around the world to realize the integrated management.。
管理信息系统大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：管理信息系统文献、资料英文题目：Management Information System 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14英文原文The Source Of Article：Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalManagement Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decisi on of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but alsomake known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. Thatsystem may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up a t the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merelybig-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-sizebusiness also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal datanetwork, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MISsupplied the well support environ ment to the application of Intranet’stechnique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past fewyears in the interest of the business.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to producethe term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.。
管理信息系统的外文原文
附件： 2.外文原文Our Work In Management Information SystemsINTRODUCTION TO MISWhat is "Management Information Systems (MIS)"?Field Began in Early 80s MIS bridges the gap between end-users and technical staffs (e.g. programmers) Consider the three key words (management, information, & systems) that have significant implications:Management:Managing resources that include people, machinery (technology and computers),money, and time, etc. You have to consider three managerial factors together in MIS: effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.Effectiveness – how well a firm is pursuing a goal or objective of its business; for instance, providing quality product/service can be a business goal that is usually stated in a firm's mission statement; Management by objective (MBO), etc.Efficiency – best use of resources, a synonym is productivity = output divided by input. Productivity is measured in general by a ratio of OUTPUT to INPUT. Here, output indicates revenue, market share, etc., while input indicates labor, raw materials, administrative costs, operations costs, and IT related costs.Profitability - The empirical studies in the IS literature have reported that on the contrary to the management's belief, there exists no significant difference in the profitability between before and after the new IS implementation. In other words, the new IS does not make significant profitability increase whatsoever. In general, the bottom line in any business is the profitability. If it does not enhance the profitability, then what is a point to go through all the trouble to develop/implement a new IS? Using IT is not the perfect solution for every business situation. Whenever a new IT or information systems (IS) are implemented, additional costs incur. They can be costs related to hardware, software, training, maintenance, etc. Therefore, the cost-benefit analysis should be conducted prior to a new systems implementation.InformationRelates to the computer; refers to knowledge. Data are a source for the information. If the data are processed in a meaningful way, they become "information." Here, IT can contribute. Information can be extracted easily through IT (e.g. computer) if data are properly processed. Therefore, the second word in M.I.S. indicates IT or computer. Of course, information can be obtained by a primitive way such as manual sorting, etc. by a clerk. Using IT definitely outperform any other means in history, in terms of processing data.SystemsIf a nice system is made, it is self-running which leads to reducing the people necessary to the business process. Systems Theory, Systems approach Systematically doing business Systems comes from systems theory that stresses the importance of systems approach to problem solving and a structured way to control and adjust automatically. Computer programmers and software engineers/developers realized it was only way to reduce a possibility of encountering errors later in the systems development process. When you construct a new/better system for the current business operations/decision-making process, you don't want to make a computer program based on the current business way. Instead, you develop a new model after serious analysis of the current system, so later can save resource in terms of time and money by avoiding a possible mistake/error. Therefore, business process reengineering (BPR) is unthinkable without a sound understanding of systems theory/concepts.MIS is a field of science that studies on (1) how better we can manage technologies (2) how better we can design information systems, in order to enhance a firm's effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.MIS is a new subject in the last ten to fifteen years. The idea is still being researched since the concept is being evolved. A teacher's bias has a large impact on this type of subject. Classification of Specialties in MIS∙Systems Planning∙Systems Development∙Systems Review and Enhancement∙Special Computer ApplicationsSystems Planning - facilities planning, distributed processing systems, systems organization, management and staff development and training, and application of new technologies.Systems Development - feasibility study and cost benefit analysis, development of detailed system specifications, equipment selection and configuration, software procurement / technical supervision of programming, implementation assistance, documentation and user training.Systems Review and Enhancement - re-evaluation of information processing requirements, complete information system productivity audits, hard-ware/software performance evaluation and fine tuning, assessment and improvement of application program efficiency, staff productivity, data processing operations, studies of system development and testing procedures, environment, security and reliability.Special Computer Applications - production planning and scheduling, inventory control,re-source allocation, transportation and distribution logistics, least-cost formulation, personnel planning and administration, project management/control, system simulation, corporate models, information retrieval and analysis, process control, scientific and engineering applications.Our Approach to MIS DesignAll modern organizations are characterized by the need for management information. However this need is met, from the simplest verbal reporting system to the most sophisticated computerized system, certain basic principles must be observed if the information provided is to contribute to effective management, at a reasonable cost. Management information must be timely, accurate and in a format that lends itself to decision making. The cost of obtaining it must not exceed its value in the decision making process.RMC believes that an information system must be designed to take account of the nature of the client's business, the structure of the organization and the managerial styles of the system users. Data to be processed should be captured once only - and preferably by those who originate it and are most familiar with it. This means that the information system must be geared for simple yet efficient use by operators with minimal system training, and must facilitate input error detection and correction. Our goals in information system design are to provide maximum flexibility and growth capacity for the system while minimizing operating costs and implementation disruptions.System Performance AuditOnce established, an information system must be audited periodically to ensure that it is performing all the tasks required of it as efficiently and effectively as possible. Growth of the organization, increased volume of business, changes in the business environment, technological changes and newly conceived information requirements all place increased demands on existing information systems and often cause them to be modified or extended on an ad hoc basis.Our staff has the specialized skills and experience to perform a thorough audit on existing information systems and to recommend changes in design, equipment, software and procedures, to bring them up-to-date and to peak performance.An information system audit should be performed every three years, or when processing capacity appears to be strained and upgrading of facilities is being considered.Typical AssignmentsAs part of the Guyana Health Sector Policy and Institutional Development Program funded by IADB, RMC designed a financial MIS/accounting system for health care delivery at the national/regional level and for the principal acute care facility in Georgetown.IS/IT Strategic Planning Review for the Trinidad & Tobago Ministry of Health. Assessment of the IS/IT requirements of the Directorate of Quality Management, and a recommended course of action with respect to the multi-year $135 million IADB funded Health Sector Reform Program leading to the establishment of a National Health Information Centre and the coordination of IS/IT upgrades for the principal medical sciences centre in the country.Secondment of a Senior Principal for a one year period to be the Director of the Project Management Office (PMO) of a Smart Systems for Health project of the Ontario Ministry of Health. The objectives for the PMO was to design infrastructure to deliver Smart System products and services; establish standards and policy for the future use of the technology; recommend governance, financing and security policies; coordinate efforts of health sector and technology partners; and raise health policy issues for determination by the Ministry of Health. About 80 professionals, including three from RMC were involved during the course of the project.In RMC's capacity as Advisors to the Estonia / World Bank Health Project, several information systems were developed and implemented for the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at the Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs. These included:a comprehensive project accounting system to address all of the financial reporting requirements.a project management system to facilitate the planning, scheduling and progress monitoring of project tasks. This system schedules and monitors project procurement activities for performance, scheduling and cost control.Corporate Subject Database Profiles to serve as the initial guide for developing a comprehensive information system to support the broad information requirements associated with Estonia's future health financing system.Similar to the Estonia project, an assignment was conducted for the Republic of Georgia World Band Health Project; and for the Albania World Bank Health Project.As part of RMC's work advising Poland on restructuring its health services, our professional staff assisted the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to develop an information systems strategy and determine appropriate computer hardware and software requirements. At the national and regional levels, the scope of our work included establishing MIS for planning andmonitoring the delivery of health services. At the institutional level, our work covered the development of a comprehensive program for the acquisition of computer systems.RMC designed a comprehensive portfolio of computerized health management information systems for the Ugandan Ministry of Health to support national and district health information needs. This included systems to gather and manage data resources; analyze the public's health status; plan the program, service and resource requirements; monitor the effectiveness, cost and efficiency of the health care delivery systems; and support research and development initiatives. Conceptual design of an integrated health care planning system and related planning models was also developed as a by-product of this project.RMC analyzed the existing accounting and management information system for the delivery of health care services in the Bahama s, then designed and initiated an implementation program of an improved, integrated, computerized accounting and management information system for the Ministry of Health and the two hospitals. RMC also developed productivity standards for the MIS based on the Canadian Health Association's MIS guidelines, modified to reflect the Bahamian environment.RMC worked jointly with the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia on computer assisted planning for Alberta Hospitals and Medical Care. The Phase 1 feasibility study assessed extent, costs and implications of developing a computer-based tool to facilitate all pre-design and functional planning. Phase 2 included development of software and hardware requirements.。
信息管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译信息管理系统对于“管理信息系统”并没有一致的定义。
一些作者喜欢用其他术语代替，例如：“信息处理系统”“信息与决策系统”“组织信息系统”，或者干脆将“信息系统”用组织内具有支持操作、管理、决策职能的计算机信息处理系统代替。
这篇文章使用“管理信息系统”一词，是因为它是通俗易懂的，当涉及组织信息系统时也常用“信息系统”代替“管理信息系统”。
一个管理信息系统的定义，通常被理解为：一种集成用户机器系统，为组织提供信息支持运作、管理、决策职能。
该信息系统利用计算机硬件和软件；手工处理程序；模拟分析法计划、控制和决策；和数据库。
事实上，它是一个集成系统并不意味着它是单一的，单块集成结构；相反，它意味着零件适合加入整体设计。
内容定义如下：计算机为主的用户机器系统理论上，管理信息系统可以脱离计算机上而存在，但是计算机的存在可以让管理信息系统可行。
问题不是计算机是否被使用在管理信息系统中，而是信息的使用被计算机化的程度。
用户机器系统的概念暗示了, 一些任务最好由人执行, 其他的最好由机器做。
MIS的使用者是那些负责输入输入数据、指示系统或运用系统信息产品的人。
因为许多问题，用户和计算机建立了一个联合系统，其结果通过一套在计算机和用户之间的相互作用得到。
用户机器的相互作用是由用户连接在计算机上的输入-输出设备（通常是一个视觉显示终端）推动的。
计算机可以使一台个人机器服务于一名用户或者一台大规模的机器为一定数量通过终端由通信线路连接的用户服务。
用户输入-输出设备允许直接输入数据和紧接着输出结果。
例如：一个人使用计算机交互的在金融理财上通过在终端键盘输入提交“如果什么，怎么办？”之类的问题，结果几秒钟后便被显示在屏幕上。
MIS的计算机为主的用户机器特征影响系统开发商和系统用户的知识要求。
“计算机为主”意味着管理信息系统的设计者必须拥有计算机和对处理有用的知识。
“用户机器”的概念意味着系统设计者也应该了解人作为系统组成部分（信息处理器）的能力和人作为信息使用者的行为。
信息管理系统_英文文献.doc
信息管理系统_英文文献。
信息管理系统开发管理信息系统,其实质是各种管理思想的信息化实施,因此,有不同的管理思想,相应的是与管理信息系统相对应的,这就使得各种类型的管理信息系统层出不穷。
现代管理依赖于信息,随着信息时代的到来,信息的收集、传递、处理已经成为一项重大的社会活动。
在商业和日常生活的各个领域,人们不得不花费大量的时间和精力来搜索、收集和组织信息,计算机技术的发展为信息处理提供了有效的工具。
管理信息系统(管理信息系统、简称管理信息系统)是一个以人为本,利用计算机硬件,软件,网络通讯设备等办公设备,对信息进行收集,传输,处理,存储,更新和维护,以企业战略竞争优势和提高效益和效率为目的,支持企业高层决策,中层控制,基本运作的综合性人机系统。
一个完整的管理信息系统应包括:辅助决策系统；工业控制系统、办公自动化系统和数据库、模型库、方法库、知识库和信息交换省略部分电子商务等。
一切都与管理信息系统的应用和发展密切相关。
应该看到信息技术的应用,实质上是使信息得到充分利用,成为信息社会的主导资源。
比如说,推广信息技术是一种手段,使用信息是真正的目标。
结论管理信息系统开发是一项高风险、高产出的工程。
提出合理的统一方向是造成管理信息系统开发成功率一直很低的原因。
据估计，80年代中国企业信息化的成功率只有20%，这意味着大量的资金浪费和损失。
长期以来,人们从不同方面解决这些问题,主要从完善管理制度、加强数据管理、贯彻一把手原则、加强人才培养和提高开发方法的科学性等方面入手。
网络管理信息系统大大增加了企业与企业之间信息资源共享的可能性。
这就为上、中、下游企业建立虚拟企业创造了条件。
为了快速响应客户个性化需求的发展,企业可以通过互联网,借助世界各地的其他企业资源来实现一体化管理范文。
外文文献—管理信息系统的起源与发展.doc
附录The Origin and Development of the Management Information System The history of the Management Information System are not long, has studied the time with more than 40 years about its system till now, as a new developing discipline, its development course has roughly gone through following several stages:The word of Management Information System (MIS) appeared in the 1960s first, university Professor, G.B.Davis of management college, Minnesota of U.S.A., lead colleague of him begin further investigation, the MIS of field. The appearance of the MIS, has brought the revolutionary change to management in the future, people can not imagine today's status and function in the business activities of all organizations of the MIS at all at that time, especially the development at full speed of the technology of the computer with science and technology, the MIS, this discipline, is being perfected constantly, occupy quite important position during nowadays fierce market competition.The use of information is not a patent of the modern society. The period of Three Kindoms Zhu Ge-liang " grass ship borrow arrow " that women and children know all, astronomy, geographical information model of magical effect. Such an example can be found everywhere at all times and in all lands, only the understanding of information was not far as the understanding of information of today at that time, it is incomparable too in information treatment technology, method and means. The development of any discipline is all closely linked to environment and condition of the society at that time, economic, technology. The MIS is the same too, after the mankind enters the industrial society, out of the requirements for survival and development, people begin to try to use more advanced equipment and technical treatment and use information. At the beginning of the 19th century at the end of the 18th century, the appearance of the card punch, people felt the revolutionary era of information processing has already comes, this is leap of information processing before a computer appears.Entering the fifties, the mankind invented the computer, though the computer at that time and our computer of today were unable to compare, but people have still seen its development potentiality in information processing, then try to make use of it to assist people to manage one's own business in conditional beginning, replace and deal with a large number of data artificially with the computer. It seems today that the MIS is from the life beginning to really come into people at this moment. It is earliest and using the best system of the result to be should be EDP to deserve to be called the MIS, namely we call that the electronic data handling system (Electronic Data Processing) now. EDP kept using until the 1990s, did not withdraw from the stage gradually until INTERNET is popularized. In middle period of the fifties, people began to realize it with the development of industrialized society, production scale and field are expanding constantly, the constant improvement of the production automation level, production and circulation grow with each passing day, make the information related to producing expand at double, therefore the management is more and more complicated. It is organizations' common expectation that the treatment to information is required in time, accurate. Then General Electric Co. Limited of U.S.A. used the computer to calculate and calculate with the cost accounting the earliest computer salary in 1954, this is an early shape of the MIS, and a masterpiece of EDP. U.S.A. use computer carry on pioneer of data processing, among computer of nearly 3,000 of U.S.A. will it be the end the fifties, nearly 80% is used in the work oftreatment of the data, its range of application is very extensive, include various large-scale enterprises, service trades, institutions, etc. SABRE of American Airlines is it book tickets system the typical representative, EDP of period, to make an appointment, than ahead salary and cost accounting system advanced system, the system can assign U.S.A. any airline any course plane seat of flight any. It consist of 1008 reservation order, assign 76000 seat, can deposit and withdraw 600000 passenger fly the record, but it can't tell people further detailed information, still belongs to primary stage of the MIS. Even so, the application in data processing of the computer, has promoted the development of computer hardware and software greatly, and then has promoted the development of industry of the whole computer. The first data processing language COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) in the world is the birth this period. From the sixties to the seventies, this was that the MIS developed the most important period. During the time in the past 20 years, the MIS is no matter from the theory, have all made the basic achievement from the respect of practising. Begin forming and application for the MIS of representatives with the real-time process system, the essential feature of this kind of system carries on comparatively comprehensive data processing to the information content of a certain limit, can offer information in good time, to such information as the picture, characters, sound, chart, etc., adopt the file or the text way to carry on inputting, processing, and transmitting of information. In the seventies, the western developed country represented by U.S.A. began extensive study and application to the MIS, as what has been studied is deepened constantly, people not merely expect to it that there is break-through of quantity in data processing, and expect even more in the respect of the quality, namely there is a new content in overall management of information. An overall but huge production status information is reported to systematic COPICS and developed successfully by IBM, this system is including designing and producing the data management subsystem, user's order subsystem, predict subsystem, main production schedule on system, cost, accounting subsystem, stock control subsystem and make activity program subsystem mean a lot of subsystems, distributed in each department of enterprises, information is collected in real time, offer decision and management data. The great majority in the 1980s of our country used the system to belong to this kind of basically, this kind of software realized the basic thought of the MIS basically. Combine the computer closely with management activity because of the preliminary application of the MIS in this period, make the whole enterprise form a height computerization, highly informationalized organization, have improve the operation efficiency of enterprises greatly, has improved work quality. But people still just realize the function that the computer is in managing tentatively, have just seen the speed of the computer, has not realized the real intension of the MIS. Then, on one hand the scholars carry on further research to the problem in practice of the MIS, have begun the exploration of the theory again on the other hand. Basic theories and basic conception of the MIS whom middle and later periods form in the 1970s mostly, especially the development and application of DSS (DSS), have opened up new world. People think, the new application mode in management of the computer, should pay attention to the support to decision, therefore developing direction of the MIS, should can offer decision, system with friendly user's interface that information support for policymaker that organize one. The thought of DSS has got the attention of the academia and must use the fast development quickly, this is exactly a marrow of the MIS, this kind of thought is still supporting the MIS of today.Entering the eighties, the software and hardware technology of the computer began its high-speed developing period. Because there is guarantee of technology, the thing that can only want to can't be donein a lot of befores can all be very easy to realize. The mankind has not only entered and managed times with no paper at all but also begin to enter the times of management based on artificial intelligence, people begin to study and apply the artificial intelligence theory to business administration and combine with DSS etc., the expert system used in management begins to appear too. This kind of system has offered a tool to the reasoning structure of the expert system and knowledge base editor besides offering user's enormous model storehouse, users can use knowledge base and reasoning organization in the system to carry on reasoning to the decision question, get relevant conclusions. The mid-or late-1980s, have presented the high level and in charge of the information system in succession (Executive Information Systems, EIS) and the strategic information system (Strategy Information Systems, SIS). The former is that one kind faces the top management team's DSS while organizing in fact, the latter is mainly the decision support to strategy and policy of organizing.In the 1990s, human entry reached information age. This period, people's understanding that information is new, and pay great attention. Information as basic resource of enterprise, become from one status of supporting role all enterprise produce and manage main role of course nowadays already. Nobody's enormous function on information has any suspicion in modern enterprises, people know clearly, has ignored the control over information, working efficiency and work quality are difficult to improve, it is difficult to keep unbeaten in the fierce market competition. The trend of the economic globalization has already been invented apparently, the rival from both home and abroad will be stronger and stronger, today of treatment technology high development of information, mean grasping the most advanced tool of production too after grasping the information resources, thus have the initiative in hands in keen competition. On the other hand, the development of information industrialization has advanced the process of industry's informationization too, the status in people's production, living of information industry represented by Internet is rising constantly, the information management has already become key technology of supporting enterprises. The 1990s were the times that the MIS was developed rapidly, such advanced persons as ERP, MRPII, JIT, OPT, etc. produced the office procedure to combine with the MIS closely, become ripe on behalf of modern enterprise gradually in management, modern the MIS whether concept of the MIS of information age take shape gradually. Since later stage of the 1990s, the concepts of knowledge economy and information management have already been accepted by people, and begin application in enterprises with better foundation. The MIS is being perfected with development constantly in the new social environment, economic environment, face the problem that a lot of are new at the same time. Enter 21st century, information become primary key element, enterprise of resource already, control over information and is it have new intension also to use. Get in touch closer in the MIS, other methods and technology of information age, the transformations of e- commerce, knowledge economy, modern enterprise's course, are all focuses in the 21st century. Internet and Intranet permeate through enterprises, present the MIS is not confined to the management respects of enterprises either, the reliance on information of enterprise of today was incomparable at any time in the past.The MIS is a developing concept, its development comes from the enterprise and the society to its demand. People proposed " information management and information system " in order to replace the MIS at the end of the 20th century, have contained five respects in the specialized catalogue in the past in our country: Namely the MIS, economic information management, scientific and technological information management, informatics and forestry's information management. The content that natural informationmanagement and information system study is far above these, but we can see clearly from it the MIS is no longer the simple concept in the past. Modern the formulation of the MIS can include two kinds of meaning: One kind is broadly-defined, namely the one that include with various kinds of shapes, various kinds of modes is used in the computer system of economy, management field. Because modern the application of the MIS is wider and wider, people have already generally used the information system now (Information Systems, IS) one word comes to point the system in this meaning; Another kind is narrowly-defined, namely mainly refer to the system offering information to the administrative staff at all levels of enterprises. It is usually that one is used in data processing, such information processing, integrated computer information system (L- P10-11) processed and conveyed inside enterprises as activity dealing with, information report, etc. ERP, BPR, INTERNET, E-COM give modern the MIS pour into vigor, it is no longer the question of surviving, but the problem of how to develop and improve.译文：管理信息系统的起源与发展管理信息系统的历史不长，到现在为止对其系统研究只有四十几年的时间，作为一个新兴学科，它的发展历程大致经历了以下几个阶段：管理信息系统（Management Information Systems, MIS）一词最早出现在六十年代，美国明尼苏达大学管理学院G.B.Davis 教授率领他的同仁们开始了管理信息系统领域的深入研究。
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Information management system developmentManagement information system, its essence is the informatization implementation of various management thought, therefore, has different management thought, the corresponding is corresponding with the management information system, which makes the various types of management information system emerge in endlessly. Modern management is dependent on the information, with the coming of information age, information collection, transmission, processing has become a major social activities. In various areas of business and daily life, people have to spend a lot of time and energy to search, collect and organize information, the development of computer technology provides effective tools for information processing.Management Information System (Management Information System, MIS for short) is a people-oriented, using computer hardware, software, network communication equipment and other office equipment, Information collection, transmission, processing, storage, update and maintenance, to enterprise strategic competitive advantages and improve the effectiveness and efficiency, for the purpose of supporting enterprise high-level decision, middle control, basic operation of the integrated man-machine System.A complete management information system should include: the auxiliary decision system; Industrial control system (CCS), office automation system (OA) and database, model base, method base, knowledge base, and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and external interfaces. Among them,especially the office automation system (OA) and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and outside is inseparable from the Intranet (Intranet) applications. It can be said that modern enterprise MIS can not live without Intranet, but the establishment of Intranet and must rely on the MIS system structure and the software and hardware environment. Management information system (MIS) mainly includes the information collection, entry, information storage, information transmission, information processing and output of information (information feedback) five functions. It put the modernization of information tools, electronic computer, the data communication equipment and technology management department, through the communication network, information processing center of different regions in sharing network of resources such as hardware, software, data and communications equipment, speed up the flow of information, decision making for managers in a timely manner to provide accurate and reliable basis.Management information system is the historical development of management information system in the early 70 s the product of "post-industrial economy", at the early stage of its development, enterprise management information system is a single man - machine system, the system function is simple, low efficiency, to the effect of management co., LTD. Enter in the late 1980 s, with the developing of computer network and communication technology, the development of the enterprise management information system into the network era. World advanced developed countries has established a perfect system of managementinformation system. They in the decades of practice has accumulated rich experience of management information system development, the enterprise management has formed a set of effective theory and specifications.The management information system of the great development of our country is in the late 80 s and early '90 s, countries have established a "gold card", "Jin Guan", "golden bridge" project, the majority of enterprises and institutions set up the management information system of LAN and wan. As the world economy and China's economy gradually moving towards the knowledge economy, whether it is a management information system based on industrial economy, there are a few experts and management oriented expert system (ES) or decision support system (SS), its processing object, service object, its system structure and processing power have further development.Management information system of network, globalization, specialization of scientific development, development of network management information system, on the one hand is the need of the development of management system itself, objectively, management information system requirements to achieve organic integration; On the other hand, the development of computer and communication technology, in particular, the combination of the development of the Internet network and management applications has created unprecedented conditions. Trend of network management information system and its importance is obvious. Today's successful companies are dependent on the ability of the operation of the global network application and development of the enterprise'seconomic activity is likely to break through the boundaries and become a global activity. Relying on the management information system of the networked enterprise may establish a worldwide sales network, the multinational company, can track the order, delivery, settlement, participate in the competition of the world market. In haier group, for example, more than 10800 kinds of products in the market involve hundreds of countries, tens of thousands of dealers, 50000 outbound product every day, every day more than the average settlement funds of 276 million yuan. For such a complex system, if not for networked management, as long as the one over one thousand link error, can make the enterprise bankruptcy.Management information systems involve economics, management, operations research, statistics, computer science, such as different subjects, is closely related to the interdisciplinary comprehensive cross of a new discipline. Is a worldwide made remarkable development of the discipline. Research and teaching in the field of management information system in China is faced with accelerated development, and the urgent needs and challenges in line with international standards. The wide application of management information system to promote the professional development of management information system, this is the sign of the mature management information system course. Global information is causing profound changes in today's world, reshaping the world political, economic, social, cultural and military development new pattern. Accelerate the development of information technology, has become the common choice of theworld. Informatization development cannot leave the construction of management information system, information only through for effective process management, build a management information system can play its role. The development of global informationization also reflects the globalization of management information system development.Enterprise information management system (EIMS) is the use of modern management ideas and methods, the adoption of the electronic computer, software and network communication technology, to the enterprise management decision in the process of information collection, storage, processing, analysis, to assist the enterprise daily business process until the formulation and optimization of decision scheme, and tracking, supervision, control, adjust the whole management process of the man-machine system.With the acceleration of economic development, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is becoming more and more competition is increasingly fierce. Due to the increasingly homogenized products, enterprise competition goal from pure product competition to supply chain competition, enterprise concern also from pure sales to expand into, sales and stock of each link. The application of network technology and e-commerce breakthrough the limitations of time and space, to the development of small and medium-sized enterprise to bring more opportunities, but also more increase the intensity of the competition between the enterprises. Using the modern computer information management technology, can improve the utilization rate of fundsand settlement speed, reduce inventory, speed up the overall operating efficiency, so that enterprises in the fierce competition in the invincible position.Because enterprise is the profit maximization as the goal of economic organizations, the main purpose of the information resources management is to play to the information society benefit and potential value-added features, to complete the enterprise production, management, sales work, improve the economic benefits of enterprises, but also to improve the social benefits. In general, the main content of enterprise information resource management work include: (1) the management of information resources; (2) the management of the people; (3) the management of the information work.As the global economic integration and the establishment of market economic system and the rapid development of modern information technology, enterprise survival and the fundamental changes have taken place in the internal and external environment of competition, the enterprise information and information management and international standards. Enterprise informationization is, not only the extension of information technology, more important is the extension of enterprise management and organization. The essence of the enterprise information is supported by information technology, managers in time the use of information resources, grasp the market opportunities, to make decisions in a timely manner. Enterprise informatization not only should attach importance to technology research, therefore, more should attach great importance to the integration of information resources management, to avoid repetition ofinformation resources, dispersed, waste and low efficiency, so as to realize the sharing of resources. Therefore, the enterprise information resources development and utilization is the core of the enterprise information construction, is also the starting point and the ultimate aim of the enterprise informatization. The role of information management system: 1. Knowledge, ensure that each member can be Shared within the organization. 2. Ensure the timeliness of knowledge acquisition. Information management system solved the cross-regional, across time, across units, access barriers between across different departments and employees, as long as it is on the premise of have permission, knowledge demanders can quickly find all kinds of knowledge they need through the system. 3. Improve organization or individual tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, and ensure the effective transformation between the two. The emergence of knowledge economy makes the management information system has quickly become the key strategic resource of the enterprise. We put a lot of knowledge, as it were, condensed into the management information system and decision support system. Revolutionary will rely on the management information system of business administration, business process reengineering, management, led by the centralized to decentralized leadership development, customer relationship management, supply chain management, e-commerce, etc. All with the application and development of management information system of the intimate contact. Should see the application of information technology, is essentially make information been fully made use of the information society thedominant resources. Say so: the promotion of information technology is a means, the use of information is the true goal.Conclusion: the management information system development is a high-risk and high-yield of engineering. Put forward rational unified direction is caused by the management information system development has been very low success rate. It is estimated that in the 80 s China enterprise information the success rate of only 20%, this means that a large number of waste and loss of money. For a long time, people from different aspects to solve these problems, mainly from the perfect management system, strengthen the management of data, implement head principle, strengthen personnel training and raise the scientific nature of the development method and so on. Management information system of network greatly increased the possibility of information resources sharing between enterprises and enterprises. It's on, in, the downstream enterprises to establish virtual enterprise to create the conditions. In order to quick response to customers personalized needs development, the enterprise can through the Internet, with the help of other enterprise resources around the world to realize the integrated management.。