转换生成语法

In his first revision of the Standard Theory, Chomsky moved part of semantic interpretation to the surface structure. Take the categories of the logical component for example, in the following two sentences, (1) Not many arrows hit the target. (2) Many arrows didn’t hit the target. their deep structure is “NOT [ many arrows hit the target]”. Through transformations, the two sentences differ semantically due to the logical
The Extended Standard Theory
In the extended standard theory, Chomsky revised his Standard Theory twice. The first revision is called the “Extended Standard Theory” (EST). The second revision is called the “Revised Extended Standard Theory” (REST).
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A. N. Chomsky’s TransformationalTransformationalgenerative (TG) Grammar experienced the following four stages. The Classical Theory The Standard Theory The Extended Theory The Minimalist Program
《句法理论要略》(Chomsky 1965) 勾画了 “标准理论”。这个模式区分出句子的 “深层结构”(Deep Structure) 和“表层 结构” ( Surface Structure) 。两个结构由 转换规则加以连接。该模式还使用了两个 重要概念, 即“语言能力”(Language Competence) 和“语言行动”(Language Performance) 。“语言能力”指人们头脑 中关于母语的语法知识; “语言行为”指人 们使用语言的具体情况(Chomsky 1965: 4) 。
be called the base component, which component, consist of re-writing rules and the lexicon. reIt is the re-writing rules that generate the redeep structure of the sentence, and the transformational rules, in turn, transform the deep structure into surface structure. The semantic component makes semantic interpretations on the deep structure, and the phonological component makes phonological on the surface structure.
This main idea can be found in Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures (1957) 该模式出现在《句法结构》(Chomsky 1957)一书中, 主要由短语结构规则( Phrase Structure Rules) 和转换规则 (Transformation) 构成。短语结构规则生成 (Generate) 句子的基础结构(Basic Structure) , 而转换规则把基础结构转化为 不同的句式。例如, 把基础结构转换为被动 结构。所以, 乔姆斯基理论又被称为“转换 生成语法理论”。
Hence, semantics was left out of the domain of syntax.
The Minimalist Program
Chomsky’s The Minimalist Program (1995) marked a new stage of his generative theory. In this book, Chomsky puts forward the strongest minimalist thesis: linguistic mechanism is the ideal solution to the problem of legibility conditions.
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The Classical Theory
In the classical theory, Chomsky’s aim is theory, to make linguistics a science. This theory is characterized by three features: (1) emphasis on generative ability of language; (2) introduction of transformational rules; (3) grammar description regardless of meaning.
The Standard Theory
The standard theory is marked by Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Chomsky, 1965). In this book, Chomsky made a remarkable change by including a semantic component in his grammatical model. He says that a generative grammar should consist of three components: syntactic, phonological and semantic. The syntactic component can
component NOT. This shows that semantic interpretation does play certain roles in the surface structure, but Chomsky still believed that semantics is determined by the deep structure. In Chomsky’s second revision, the most remarkable change is that Chomsky now completely puts semantic interpretation in the surface structure. And, accordingly, from semantic interpretative rules is derived logical form representation.