川农2010级英语专业本科生毕业论文样本四川农业大学文法学院英语系毕业论文各组成部分写作规范

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英语专业毕业论文范文

英语专业毕业论文范文AbstractThis paper aims to explore the importance of English language education in today's globalized world. The research was conducted by reviewing literature on the subject and analyzing the current state of English language education in both developed and developing countries. The findings indicate that English language education plays a crucial role in promoting communication, fostering cultural understanding, and enhancing international cooperation. However, there are challenges that need to be addressed, such as the lack of qualified teachers and resources, as well as the unequal distribution of educational opportunities. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for concerted efforts from both policymakers and educators to promote English language education and ensure equal access to quality education for all.IntroductionAs the world becomes increasingly interconnected, proficiency in English has become a key asset for individuals and societies. English is considered the lingua franca of the modern world, with more than 1.5 billion people speaking it as a second language (Crystal, 2018). Therefore, English language education plays a crucial role in facilitating cross-cultural communication and promoting international cooperation. This paper aims to examine the importance of English language education in today's globalized world and discuss the challenges and strategies for its effective implementation.Importance of English Language EducationEnglish language education is instrumental in promoting communication and understanding among individuals from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In a globalized world, effective communication is essential for personal, academic, and professional growth. English enables individuals to access a wealth of knowledge, literature, and information that is predominantly available in English. Moreover, English language education helps develop critical thinking, analytical, and problem-solving skills, which are essential for success in the 21st-century job market (McKay, 2018).Furthermore, English language education fosters cultural understanding and appreciation. It exposes learners to different cultures, traditions, and perspectives, thereby promoting tolerance and respect for diversity. In today's multicultural societies, the ability to understand and embrace cultural differences is crucial for social cohesion and peaceful coexistence. English language education also acts as a bridge between communities and nations, facilitating international cooperation in various fields, such as trade, science, and diplomacy.Challenges and Strategies for Effective English Language EducationDespite the numerous benefits of English language education, there are several challenges that need to be addressed. One major challenge is the lack of qualified English language teachers andresources, particularly in developing countries. Inadequate teacher training and limited access to teaching materials hinder the quality of language instruction. To overcome this challenge, governments and educational institutions should invest more in training and professional development programs for English language teachers. Additionally, the availability of appropriate teaching materials, such as textbooks, audiovisual resources, and digital tools, should be ensured to enhance the learning experience.Another challenge is the unequal distribution of educational opportunities. In many countries, English language education is primarily available to urban, privileged students, while those in rural or marginalized areas have limited access. This exacerbates social inequalities and hampers national development. To address this issue, governments should focus on providing equal educational opportunities to all learners, regardless of their socio-economic background. This includes expanding English language education in rural areas, providing scholarships to underprivileged students, and adopting inclusive teaching methods that cater to diverse learning needs.ConclusionEnglish language education plays a vital role in today's globalized world. It promotes communication, fosters cultural understanding, and enhances international cooperation. However, there are challenges that need to be tackled, such as the shortage of qualified teachers and resources, as well as the unequal distribution of educational opportunities. To ensure the effective implementation of English language education, policymakers and educators mustwork together to invest in teacher training, provide adequate teaching materials, and ensure equal access to quality education for all. Only through such efforts can societies fully harness the benefits of English language education and thrive in an increasingly connected world.ReferencesCrystal, D. (2018). English as a global language. Cambridge University Press.McKay, S. L. (2018). Teaching English as an international language: Paradigm shifts and pedagogical implications. Routledge.。

英语专业毕业论文范文模板(完整版)

Contrastive Study of Chinese and Western Cultures from the Perspective ofDocumentaries themed in "China'sDevelopment"Wang WeiqianA Thesis Submitted asa Partial Fulfillment for the Degree ofB.A. in EnglishCollege of Foreign LanguagesHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyMay 19th, 2016摘要改革开放以来，中国经济的突飞猛进，一路高歌吸引了世界的眼光。

"中国题材"的纪录片成为世界各国感兴趣的主题。

中国和外国都各自推出了记录中国近些年发展的纪录片。

目前国内外对纪录片的研究，几乎都限于纪录片的理论研究与创作研究，而研究中西纪录片展现的文化差异非常少见。

本文从叙事方法、叙事关注点、叙述者口吻表现出的差异性入手，对比中西方“中国发展”题材纪录片以探究差异的文化渊源。

通过对比发现: 西方“中国发展”题材纪录片叙事方法角度更广泛；叙事更关注于个体情况；叙事口吻平等化。

主要原因在于中西方文化价值观的差异。

中国农耕文化基础上的集中制导致中国人思想具有一元性特征，儒家思想使国人更追求集体主义价值取向。

相反，西方文化属于多元文化，受古希腊文明和两次思想解放运动深刻影响的西方个人主义则根植于西方人头脑中，他们更关注个人思想，注重个人独立。

关键词：中国发展；纪录片；文化差异AbstractSince the reform and opening up, the economy in China develops so quickly that it draws the eyes of the world. And documentaries themed in China have become very popular. China and the West both have launched the documentaries which narrate and elaborate the development of China because of the great achievement China made recent years .At present, domestic and foreign researches on documentary are almost about the theory of documentary and creation research while the contrastive studies of the Western and Chinese cultures from the perspective of documentary are relatively rare. This thesis intends to compare the western documentaries themed in "China's Development" to Chinese ones to analyze the culture diversity between the West and China from the aspect of narrative method, narrative focus and narrative tone. Based on contrastive study, it can be found that the western ones are more diverse in narrative method; they stress individualism and their narrative tones are equality-based while that of Chinese are authority-based. That can be accounted for the differences of Chinese and Western cultures. Chinese centralism based on the farming culture leads to monism in Chinese mind, and due to ancient clan and Confucianism, people pursue collectivism. On the contrary, the Western culture is characterized by multiculturalism, and individualism influenced by the ancient Greece thoughts and two ideological liberation movements is deeply rooted in westerners' minds. They attach importance to personal ideas and individual's independence.Key words:China's development; documentary; culture differenceTable of ContentsAbstract in Chinese (i)Abstract in English (ii)I Introduction (1)1.1 Statement of the problem (1)1.2 Significance of the study (1)1.3 Outline of the thesis (2)II Literature Review (3)2.1 Researches abroad (3)2.1.1 Definition of culture (3)2.1.2 Studies of cultural values (3)2.2 Researches in China (4)2.2.1 The studies of Chinese and Western cultures (4)2.2.2 Studies of documentary from the perspective of culture (5)III Contrastive Study of Chinese and Western Documentaries (7)3.1 Narrative method (7)3.1.1 Mono-angle (7)3.1.2 Multi-angle (8)3.2 Narrative focus (9)3.2.1 Social group (9)3.2.2 Personal situation (9)3.3 Narrative tone (10)3.3.1 Authority-based (10)3.3.2 Equality-based (11)IV Cultural Analysis of Chinese and Western Documentaries (12)4.1 Monocuturalism/ multiculturalism (12)4.1.1 Monoculturalism (12)4.1.2 Multiculturalism (13)4.2Collectivism/ Individualism (13)4.2.1 Collectivism (14)4.2.2 Individualism (14)V Conclusion (16)Bibliography (18)Acknowledgements (19)Chapter One Introduction1.1 Statement of the problemDocumentary is not only a kind of television art form which records the rich and splendid culture, but also regarded as a part of human culture. Scholars have made a lot of contributions to the researches on documentary, and promoted the further prosperity of the documentary during the process of its naissance, development and evolution. However, the researches on the influence of cultural backgrounds and the national culture on the documentary are not sufficient, and even less concerning the contractive study of the Western and Chinese documentary culture.Nowadays, with the rapid development of economy, China stands in the eyes of the world with the image of a giant, and a number of documentaries that themed in China's development are made. For the differences of the values and diverse culture patterns, there are great differences between Western and Chinese documentaries. That provides the question for this thesis: What are the distinctive culture differences from the perspective of Western and Chinese documentaries? The thesis takes two Chinese documentaries and two Western documentaries as examples to explore the cultural differences in aspects of narrative method, narrative focus and narrative tone.1.2 Significance of the studyThe contrast between Chinese and Western culture has always been the problems for scholars to study, while it is original to explore the contrast from the angel of the documentary. Chinese mainstream media records and praises every aspect of the development in contemporary China. Meanwhile the West also shows an increasingly powerful China from its own perspective. And viewers can know the image of China in eyes of the Westerns, and have a preliminary understanding of the influence brought by cultural values on documentary. They can acquire a better understanding of differences Chinese and Western culture.1.3 Outline of the thesisThis thesis intends to study the Western and Chinese documentary from the perspective of cultural values. The whole passage can be divided in to five parts: The first chapter is the introduction, which involves the statement of the problem, the significance of the study and the outline of the thesis.In chapter two, it is the literature review which elaborates the studies on the value orientations, the contrastive researches on Western and Chinese culture and values and some cultural studies on documentary.Chapter three is to study the differences of Chinese and Western documentaries themed in "China Development" from the perspective of narrative method, narrative focus and narrative tone.In the fourth chapter, the author explores the cultural reasons of Chinese and Western documentaries.The fifth chapter is the conclusion of the whole thesis, which involves the main findings and some questions requiring further studies.Chapter Two Literature ReviewThis chapter gives a general overview of the studies of Western and Chinese cultures and documentaries. It begins with western scholars' studies of culture. Then, it shows Chinese scholars' studies of the differences between Western and Chinese culture patterns and some cultural studies on the documentary.2.1 Researches abroadThe connotation and function of culture is the focus of culture studies. And this is a proposition in the face of all the comparative cultural studies. What is more, for Chinese and Western scholars, value dimensions are used to measure the differences when comparing the Western and Chinese cultures.2.1.1 Definition of cultureEdward. B. Taylor, Britain's famous anthropologist, is the first scholar to summarize and epitome the cultural phenomena from the angle of anthropology. In his Primitive Culture, he (1871) defines culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"(qtd in Xu, 2009:17). Taylor's definition of culture is of great significance in the academic field, which opens up a broader field of vision for the study of culture.2.1.2 Studies of cultural valuesValues are closely related to culture. Therefore, unique values and orientations can be explored from different cultures. The study of values began in 1930s. So far, the research on the values of foreign scholars has been very rich. One classification of cultural patterns which has been very influential, is that of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's.Kluckhohn and Strodbeck singled out five values orientation from different cultures: Human Nature (people are regarded as basically good, evil, or mixed); Relationship to Nature (the relationship can be classified into three kind that humans over nature, nature over human, or harmony with nature); Sense of Time(primary value placed on past/tradition, present/enjoyment, or future/posterity/delayed gratification); Activity (being, becoming/inner development, or doing/striving/industriousness); and Social Relationships (hierarchical, collateral/collective-egalitarian, or individualistic) (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961). In Annals of Tourism Research, Leah Watkins & Juergen Gnoth (2011) presents explanation about the five values orientations: "Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's five cultural assumptions together constitute a framework for understanding world-views. A world-view is a culture's orientation towards humanity, nature, the universe, life, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how we see the World."(p.1293).When comparing Chinese and western value orientations, it is generally considered that "the traditional Western belief about Social Relationship is each person is seen as autonomous and separate" and "Members of individualist cultures value self-reliance" (Davis, 2006:191-192).2.2 Researches in ChinaMany Chinese scholars trend to directly apply the Kluckhohn and Strodbeck's Social Relationship value orientations to cross-cultural studies. Some studies investigate the diverse values in the contrast of Chinese and Western cultures. People who study the documentary gradually shift their attention from pure history and creation skills to the cultural elements contained in documentaries.2.2.1 The studies of Chinese and Western culturesAccording to Professor Xu Xingyan, on the cultural form, Chinese culture is unified while western culture is diversified. China has been a strong independent agricultural nation from ancient times. Although there was nomadic culture at the same times, however, "It is only one side of the Chinese culture which can not change the basic nature of the Chinese culture based on farming". And ancient authoritarian rule was based on this kind of economy. Under the kind of economy and the ancient despotism, the unity of ideology is deeply rooted in the minds of people (Xu, 2009: 36-37).The western culture origins from ancient Greek and Roman culture, concentrated in the Mediterranean. And the territories of them are composed ofmany isolated islands. Agriculture in the islands is not as developed as the East River Basin, because of the lack of food, people need to buy from the coast of Egypt and the Black Sea, so the western commercial civilization developed. And the non slavery democratic politics was formed under this geographical conditions (ibid, :40) .According to Zhu Zhixian (1989) in Psychology Dictionary, values is defined as logic, science, art, moral, aesthetic, religious principles, beliefs and standard which promote and guide a person to take decisions and actions, and the core of a personal ideology (qtd. in Du, 2009:2). Professor Xu compares different concepts about human between Chinese and western cultures: Chinese culture adds importance to the social values of people and regards human as a member of a group. Whereas, the wills and value of the individual are emphasized in western culture. Jia Yuxin compares Chinese and Western values from the perspective of intercultural communication: "The unity of heaven and man is bound to lead to the group orientation as Dividedness Between Man and Nature definitely results in the orientation of individualism" (Jia, 1997:61)2.2.2 Studies of documentary from the perspective of cultureSome scholars such as Hou Hong (2006) and Zhu Jinghe (2002) study the production or content of documentary. Differing from them, Zhang Hongjun (2006) discusses the documentary in point of culture. As a special cultural phenomenon, the image recording contains the material level, theoretical system and spiritual core. People determine their own pursuit, faith, and ideals with certain values, and judge their own behaviors with these values to determine their relationship with the world. So value orientation is an important standard to explore the culture of documentary.The documentary, which is dominated by the official consciousness and elite consciousness, is still a major part of China's image recording. And Zhang (2006) tries to give the cultural explanation to that phenomenon: The elite and privileged person are valued, whereas the commonage and the populace are not put stress on because of the sense of hierarchy rooted in patriarchal clan system of traditional society, which has influenced Chinese society for a long time. What is more, the authoritarian nature of the social structure in ancient China brought about the political paradigm of Chinese culture. The elite and the privilege awareness of traditional consciousness affect mentality of Chinese butalso the characteristics of the Chinese documentary (p. 93). As for the implication of kindheartedness to Chinese documentary, the author regards humanism as the basic spirit of Chinese culture. But differing from Western humanism which emphasizes the individuals, Chinese humanism "To put people in the state of harmony between man and nature... and to attach importance to the spiritual world of people" (ibid.:102)Chapter Three Contrastive Study of Chinese and WesternDocumentariesThis chapter chooses two Chinese documentaries The Great Course and The Road to Revival and two Western documentaries China, A New Super Power and China on Four Wheels as the research subjects to study the differences of Western and Chinese documentaries from the points of narrative method, narrative focus and narrative tone.3.1 Narrative methodThe Chinese documentaries promote the image of China by displaying China's achievements, taking a sense of social responsibility and promotion of the theme as the main guiding ideology. Because of the impact of this concept, the Chinese documentaries which the thesis studies record the theme from a unitary perspective. On the contrary, the western documentaries themed in "China's development" are relatively concerned about more extensive perspectives and pay more specific attention to the content, so diverse ideas can be seen in the documentaries.3.1.1 Mono-angleThe Chinese documentaries themed in "China's development" are in keynote of praise. As national spokespeople, they usually use the magnificent frame, exciting events in China and infectious music to show the hardships of the development process and the splendid state of contemporary China from the view of the country. The main theme documentaries usually bear the responsibility of publicizing the achievement of the government to encourage people to contribute to the country. For example, The Great Course is connected with a voiceover commentary spoken by one person and several interviews, showing few different ideas from common people. It introduces how the whole country took actions when China encountered SARS epidemic: "Facing the sudden outbreak of SARS, under leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, the whole Party and the people unite as one, win the fight against SARS." That commentary intends to showfirm and great confidence of the whole country to fight with the disease. But it does not dig out from more angles such as doctors' efforts or people's recovery. Actually, in most part of the two documentaries, general state of national development is introduced, showing the theme: "China's prosperity".3.1.2 Multi-angleThe western documentaries, differing from the Chinese ones, choose richer angle of views and themes. With a similar theme, voiceover and site soundbite intersperses with each other in the documentary China: A New Super Power.In addition to the collection of literature, this German documentary also interviews Chinese people from all walks of life, asking economists, military experts, political commentators, sociologists, writers, journalists, artists, engineers, businessmen and workers and so on about some of the issues in China's development. It affirms China's rapid economic growth: "China has become a recognized power" and "being the second largest economy in the world". Meanwhile, it points out some problems in the development: The modernization of rural area construction lags behind the city. And the protection of rights and interests of migrant workers are still needed to improved, and Guo Yuhua, a socialist, expresses her worries about this phenomenon in the documentary.The documentary also points out that China has made a huge effort to enhance education and scientific research: "China is becoming one of the world's leading think-tank step by step. Though education level is improved, the children of migrant workers do not enjoy equal right to receive education." In summary, the Western documentaries not only explain the development from the aspect of economy, but also from aspects of politics, military, education, science and technology and so on. What's more, both documentaries --- China,A New Super Power and China on Four Wheels choose to interview many Chinese to realize the sate of China and describe the development with diverse angles to show the objectivity. In this way, the subject is enriched with plentiful materials, so the objectivity and diversity of perspectives increase. Indeed, there are some unjust comments and prejudice in the whole video, but they are not discussed in this thesis.3.2 Narrative focusThe two Chinese documentaries are also distinct from the western one in terms of the narrative focus. The Chinese ones trends to show the concern to the whole society while the Western ones tend to focus on personal situation. "Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings" according to Wiki, and generally, it emphasizes people's dignity, encourages liberal views and advocates the equality. Blue ocean civilization gives birth to the Western independence, equality, individual spirit, while the farming civilization has made the Chinese people form a collective ideology of unity and struggle.3.2.1 Social groupIn terms of value orientation, China, as an eastern country, belongs to collectivism which pays attention to the interests of the group and individual social value. Clan, country, the thought of collectivism affects the creation of documentary in the country. In terms of the theme of "China's development", the Chinese documentaries stress on social responsibility, the sense of belonging to the organization and the spirit of collectivism. There are only a few interviews of the common people in the documentaries. And when one is interviewed, he is not the representative of himself but the spokesman of his group. Taking an example, when talking about developing rural area, a farmer Hua Fangping in Pinghu Village being interviewed in The Great Course said: "Now the urban and rural areas are integrating, I think we live in the same level as citizens, and we have been able to catch up with them". What he said is not only about the life of himself, but also represents the entire villager of Pinghu. And it even indicates that many rural areas are showing a new look. This is a typical "group" value: To show a group through the individuals.3.2.2 Personal situationWestern directors focus on the personal liberal spirit, emphasizing the ideas of the individuals. In the Western documentaries, people from all walks of life are interviewed, and each is the representative of himself. In the British documentary China on Four Wheels,the situation after the earthquake in Sichuan is recorded. It focuses on the living situation and emotional state of Mrs. Li andher students after the earthquake in Wenchuan, paying attention to the change of their feelings to show their personal situations. There is neither evaluation of post disaster reconstruction nor the life state of the whole victims after Wenchuan earthquake. China, A New Super Power comprises a series of interviews with more than 20 Chinese people. It is the personal ideas but not the mass views that occupy an important position. These examples show the narrative focus of the Western documentaries trend to single person instead of a group.3.3 Narrative toneThe Chinese documentaries recording the development are also distinct from the western ones in terms of tone of the narrator. The Chinese narrator is in an authoritative tone while the Western one is based on equality.3.3.1 Authority-basedIt is easy to find out that when narrating the serious theme of the development of contemporary China, the Chinese narrators maintain an official, authoritative image in the documentary. And the documentary publicizes its mainstream ideology and manages to educate the audience. There is part of the reason that documentary is influenced by a concept named "Visual Politics" which derives from the Soviet Union. Besides, Chinese collectivism which attaches importance to authority, can also account for the authority-based tone. On study of the two Chinese documentaries The Road to Revival and The Great Course, the producers describe the development of China with a convincing and earnest attitude in an authoritative tone, especially in The Great Course. When it introduces the accomplishments of China's aerospace industry, the narrator says: "‘Shenzhou' and ‘Chang E' symbolize the new state of the Chinese nation on the way to the revival; It shows the world that the independent innovation is the soul of the national progress in a convincing way; Science and technology progress is the powerful engine to promote the country to take off." This truth is told to the audience directly by the narrator rather than found by the audience. Therefore, the audience is placed in the position of listeners. Based on the tone of authority, both documentaries manage to mould their audience with the patriotism feelings and social responsibility.3.3.2 Equality-basedAudience and narrator usually have equal status in western documentaries. The Western documentary producers usually regard themselves as participants in the event during the process of shooting. They are more like explorers and discoverers, intending to explore the secrets and let the life speak itself naturally and sincerely. So western documentaries are closer to audience and appeal to them to show their respect for the viewers. The China on Four Wheels is a typical western documentary which is very different from the Chinese one. In the lens of the documentary, the narrators do not take an official view to observe China. Justin and Anita, the presenters, drive themselves throughout China in order to experience the great changes China has made. Anita walks along the eastern part of China to observe the prosperous side of China while Justin walks along the western to experience the poor side. They attempt to talk with native people to realize the current situation of their lives. Justin goes around ancient Feng Huang Town to capture what Miao, a minority nationality's life is like. In his lens, Feng Huang has been a tourist resort where many tourists flood in for its characteristic culture. According to his native tour guide, tourism improves Miao People's lives' level here: "We are much better now". But he wonders what life is like in remote neither interviews any officials nor uses official literature but just record what they see and experience. In this way, the documentary satisfies the audience's curiosity with an equality-based tone. And the audience can see a real China through the recorders' eyes.Chapter Four Cultural Analysis of Chinese and WesternDocumentariesIn this chapter, the author analyzes the culture origins that lead to the differences of the Chinese and Western documentaries themed in "China's Development".4.1 Monocuturalism/ multiculturalismChina culture is unified, while western culture is diversified (Xu, 2009). Monoculturalism is the practice of actively preserving a national culture via the exclusion of external influences while Multiculturalism describes the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction according to Wiki. These two different forms of culture lead to different narrative methods.4.1.1 MonoculturalismChinese civilization was originated from the Yongzi River and Huanghe River. In the vast land, "the river crisscross, the climate is damp and warm, the product is abundant..." (Xu, 2009:34). It provides great soil to develop agriculture which dominated the ancient Chinese economy. What is more, there is extensive desert in the northern frontier, high mountain chains and forest in the southwest being the obstruction which made it difficult to contact with other countries in ancient time. What is more, the ancient rulers advocated physiocracy, which led to the poor exchanges between our country and other countries. Therefore, traditional culture develops along the direction of its own, having a style of its own. China is basically in a unified and centralized state since it entered the civilized society, and the period was very short when there was a split. Under the despotism, the thinking "The land belongs to the king, people all over the word are the king's servants" rooted in people's minds and the Confucianism which advocated the authority dominated people's thought. Generally speaking, monoculturalism is formed because of the monism of economy, politics and thinking in ancient China. So in the Chinese documentaries, the current development is introduced from a general view,introducing the prosperous or positive aspects. As is recorded in Road to the Revival,the commentary makes a general introduction to the fight with the SARS without details from other angles. Both Chinese documentaries publicize one theme: China's power and prosperity.4.1.2 MulticulturalismWestern civilization is different from Chinese civilization. Xu says: "ship of the Western culture was born in the blue sea." The main representative of Western civilization, Roman and Greece are located in Mediterranean, and their territories were dotted with Islands. The narrow land, poor soil and the dry and hot climate in the summer form the environment which is not suitable for growing grain, so the food production are not even self-sufficient. Some densely populated cities such as Athens, purchased grain from the Black Sea coast and Egypt. Thus, business culture was developed in the West. Due to the geographical and economic features of the place, the West formed democracy which was applied to citizens. Owing to the commercial foundation and democratic political conditions, cultural diversity came into being. The world is divided, showing plural patterns to the islands residents. The influence of the multiculturalism can be found in the Western documentaries: They collect the views of Chinese people from all walks of life in order to show a current situation of China. They manage to record China's development from richer angles: economy, politics and so on. It is no doubt that the massive materials and the various perspectives are influenced by the cultural diversity in the West.4.2Collectivism/ IndividualismDocumentary, as a kind of image culture, is bound to imply some values. Kluckhohn (1961) defined value as: "A conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action. People's attitudes are based on the relatively few, stable values they hold". Kluchohn and Stodtbeck advanced five values orientations. In aspect of social relationship, they classify it into three types: Hierarchy, Group and Individual. "Generally speaking, the most apparent difference between Western and Eastern。

四川农业大学学位英语作文

四川农业大学学位英语作文Sichuan Agricultural University has long been recognized as one of the leading institutions for agricultural education and research in China. As a student at this prestigious university, I have had the privilege of immersing myself in a rich academic environment that has not only broadened my knowledge but also shaped my personal and professional aspirations.The curriculum at Sichuan Agricultural University is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various aspects of modern agriculture. From the fundamental principles of agronomy and soil science to the cutting-edge technologies in precision farming and sustainable resource management, the coursework covers a wide range of topics that are crucial for addressing the complex challenges facing the agricultural sector.One of the standout features of the university's academic program is the strong emphasis on practical application. Through hands-on laboratory sessions, field trips, and internships, students are given the opportunity to apply the theoretical knowledge they have gainedin the classroom to real-world scenarios. This practical approach not only enhances our understanding of the subject matter but also develops essential skills in problem-solving, critical thinking, and decision-making.Moreover, Sichuan Agricultural University has established strong partnerships with leading agricultural research institutions and industry players, both domestically and internationally. These collaborations provide students with access to the latest research, cutting-edge technologies, and industry best practices, further enriching our educational experience.Beyond the academic realm, the university also fosters a vibrant campus life that encourages students to engage in extracurricular activities and develop well-rounded personalities. From student-led clubs and organizations to sports teams and cultural events, there are numerous opportunities for us to explore our interests, hone our leadership abilities, and build meaningful connections with our peers.One of the most impactful experiences I have had as a student at Sichuan Agricultural University is the chance to participate in various research projects and field studies. These opportunities have not only deepened my understanding of specific agricultural topics but have also instilled in me a passion for scientific inquiry and a desire to contribute to the advancement of the field.For instance, I had the privilege of working on a project that explored the use of precision irrigation techniques to optimize water usage and improve crop yields in arid regions. Through this experience, I gained valuable insights into the complex interplay between water management, soil characteristics, and plant physiology, and I developed a newfound appreciation for the role of technology in sustainable agriculture.Another notable aspect of my time at Sichuan Agricultural University has been the exposure to diverse perspectives and cultural exchange. The university attracts students from all over China, as well as international scholars and researchers, creating a vibrant and inclusive learning environment. This diversity has enriched my understanding of different agricultural practices, sociocultural contexts, and global perspectives, ultimately broadening my horizons and preparing me to navigate the increasingly interconnected world of agriculture.As I near the completion of my studies, I am filled with a deep sense of gratitude and excitement for the future. The knowledge and skills I have acquired at Sichuan Agricultural University have not only equipped me with the technical expertise required for a successful career in the agricultural sector but have also instilled in me a strong sense of social responsibility and a commitment to sustainabledevelopment.Looking ahead, I am eager to apply the lessons I have learned at the university to make a tangible impact on the lives of farmers and communities around the world. Whether it is through innovative research, the development of cutting-edge technologies, or the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, I am determined to leverage my education to contribute to the global effort in ensuring food security, environmental preservation, and the overall well-being of our planet.In conclusion, my experience at Sichuan Agricultural University has been truly transformative. The rigorous academic curriculum, the emphasis on practical application, the exposure to cutting-edge research, and the vibrant campus life have all played a crucial role in shaping my personal and professional growth. As I embark on the next chapter of my journey, I am confident that the foundation I have built at this esteemed institution will continue to serve me well and enable me to make a meaningful difference in the field of agriculture.。

四川农业大学本科生毕业论文

基于BSC建立的销售团队绩效评价指标体中的客户维度和知识共享与成长维度的评价,是对财务维度的平衡,它可以引导销售团队适度分散专注于财务维度的注意力，使其意识到非财务维度对团队绩效提高及可持续性发展的重要性。
（4）促进销售团队成员理解行动方向
绩效评价指标体系建立的过程是对各层级、部门目标的细分并制定相应标准。在明确、具体的目标指引下,配合管理人员对绩效实施过程的控制和指导，销售团队的每一位成员都将清楚地了解工作任务和目标，采取正确的行动，有利于组织整体绩效目标的实现。
[9］顾英伟、李颖、贾玉杰。BSC在销售团队绩效考评中的运用［J].现代管理科学,2006，11
[10]张春霞.KPI与团队绩效测评[J]。上海商业,2005，4
[11]史蒂夫。沃特豪斯.团队销售[M]。机械工业出版社，2004
[12] Robert S.Kaplan and David P。Norton，Balanced Scoredcard-Measures That Drive Performance，Boston: Harvard Business School Press，1991。
三、研究方法
（一）文献综述法
在考查前人对团队、团队绩效、销售团队、销售团队绩效评价、平衡计分卡(BSC）等方面的研究中，采用文献综述法。通过了解前人的研究内容及结论，归纳总结出前人研究的不足与值得借鉴之处,确定本文研究的方向及内容。
通过查阅相关文献资料，并结合所学知识，对销售团队绩效评价指标体系进行研究，最终得出如何建立一套可被广大企业销售团队采用和借鉴的、科学完善的绩效评价指标体系的方法，以及一套可供企业参考借鉴的销售团队绩效评价指标体系模板。
（三)现状分析
现有对团队工作绩效的研究，较多的理论是定性方面的。从国外看，主要侧重从定性的团队管理技巧等角度对团队工作加以分析，很少从定量的角度对团队工作绩效进行衡量.同时，对销售团队工作绩效考核的战略性导向不足，忽视了团队工作绩效与组织、个人绩效的相互作用。

2010届英语专业本科毕业论文答辩稿

第七方面我国的研究概况
[1] 语言与交际
[2] 非语言交际 [3] 中西对比（哲学对比、语言对比、习俗对
比、经营管理模式对比） [4] 国民性研究 [5] 理论与研究方法（较弱）
二跨文化交际方面的论文
1 关于跨文化研究，国外学者研究的内容基
本集中在以下几个方面，包括 1)词汇、 2)语用、 3)非语言交际、 4)交往习俗、 5)社会心理 6)价值观念(教育、宗教、企业文化等）。
二.2 举例
1）词汇 --Analysis on animal words in English and Chinese culture 汉英词汇文化内涵对比 2）语用 --Cross-cultural communication A Comparison of Chinese and American Journalism --从比喻语言看汉英两个民族的差异 --从习语看汉英两个民族的差异
要求

感兴趣有这方面的知识
交叉方向

1) 跨文化与国际商务谈判 2) 商务英语的词汇特征与翻译
商务英语导师

1) 有多年论文指导经验 2) 有很丰富的国内\国外实践经验 3) 不仅指导论文, 也可作为同学们走上社会的参谋.
Thank You !
跨文化交际方向的本科论文写作简介
参考论文话题

Task-based English teaching Vocabulary learning Grammar teaching—how? How much? The teaching of reading 中学生口语教学课堂教学中的教师语言时间

英语系毕业论文范文参考(2011版)【最新范本模板】

宁德师范学院毕业论文专业应用英语指导教师王某某学生张三思学号2005021142题目建构有中国特色的外语教育体系２０11年５月20日论文题目张三思摘要：本文通过对我国外语教育发展及基础教育、高等教育改革（如大学英语教学、英语专业教学改革等)的讨论,阐明了建构具有中国特色的外语教育体系的重要性.同时针对理论研究、师资教育、人才培养等方面所存在的问题，尝试创设立足我国国情、为我国教育发展服务的外语教育体系。

该体系以本土性、多元性、发展性为原则，涵盖外语教育研究、外语教师教育和外语人才培养等三个维面。

关键词：建构；中国特色；外语教育；体系Abstract：This paper illustrates the importance of establishing the foreign language education system with Chinese characteristics through the discussion of the development and reform of foreign language education at different levels in China．Based upon the current situations，the paper also attempts to develop a foreign language education system to solve problems in theoretical research，teacher education and talents cultivation．Key words:construction；Chinese characteristics；foreign language education;system1．引言随着21世纪知识经济的迅猛发展和我国改革开放的不断深化,对外语人才的需求量越来越大,对我国外语教育的要求也越来越高.在教育部领导下,我国实施了基础教育新课程改革、大学英语教学改革、英语专业本科教学评估等一系列措施,极大地推动了我国外语教育的发展。

四川农业大学本科生毕业论文(设计)开题报告 - 修改

个人收集了温度哦精品文档供大家学习 ==============================专业收集精品文档============================= ===========================================================================
藏飞蝗长期以来能够适应高海拔、高紫外辐射、低氧及低气压的生活环境。
国内对西藏飞蝗的研究仅限于其形态特征、分布及其发生动态等。西藏飞蝗的发生规律因地域的差别而有所差异，西藏飞蝗在西藏地区一年发生l代,以卵在土壤中越冬[5］。李庆等
人在20０7年报道了对西藏飞蝗的生物学特性的研究，西藏飞蝗蝗蝻喜欢在阳光充足、温度较
[13］李庆,吴蕾,杨刚,等.温度和紫外辐射胁迫对西藏飞蝗抗氧化系统的影响.生态学报，2 012，３2（10) : ３１89-3１97． [14] 李周直,沈惠娟，蒋巧根,等.几种昆虫体内保护酶系统活力的研究．昆虫学报,1９94,3 ７( 4):３９９-403. [1５] 孙亚真.乌骨鸡黑色素的测定及其理化性质研究.南昌大学硕士学位论文,200８.
有进化上的重要性，因为它们是保守的，特别是那些亲核性的基团，如巯基（－S~)和氨基（－Ｎ~2)，使其获得抗生素特性。其三，黑色素光吸收和光衍射的特性，被利用在光受体的屏蔽上并且被认为对爬行动物体温调节起到一定的作用。据报道鱿鱼墨黑色素具有体外清除自由基螯合金属离子的特性[９］,鱿鱼墨黑色素还可以保护动物的血清和肝脏中的ＳOＤ和CＳＨ-PX 活性,使动物血清和肝脏中的MＡD和脑脂褐质含量显著降低,起到防止自由基对集体脂质的氧化和对细胞膜的破坏，从而抑制D－半乳糖所致的衰老，有效地清除体内堆积的自由基，使体内自由基防护体系的功能得以恢复[10]。同时鱿鱼墨黑色素对皮肤细胞的生长和代谢具有一定的促进作用，胸腺是T淋巴细胞分化成熟的中枢免疫器官,而在衰老中胸腺衰老较早,T细胞增殖更新减慢，数量下降，免疫功能降低[11]。鱿鱼墨黑色素能有效防止免疫器官的萎缩，达到延缓衰老的目的[1２]。

毕业论文开题模板(英语专业)

四川农业大学本科生毕业论文开题报告
毕业论文（设计）题目
An Empirical Study into Lexical Inference and Strategy Use into EFL Reading
EFL阅读中的词义推测及策略运用实证研究
选题类型
XXX
课题来源
XXX
学院
语言学院
专业
英语
指导教师
Based on the previous studies, this study goes a step further and attempts to investigate the influence of gender, major and language proficiency in a narrowsense,i.e.at tertiary level, on the lexical strategy use and inferential success based on the previous categorization of various lexical inference strategies.Answers to these questions are of great importance to both thepedagogyand language research, which can shed light on and guide the teaching and learning and make the processes more fulfilling and easier. These answerscan alsohelp practitioners tofind some respective methods tocombinethe two processestogetherand make them harmonious in the long run.

四川农业大学本科生论文格式

本科毕业论文写作格式要求（模版）1. 基本要求科学实验论文和毕业设计一般不少于5000字，调研报告一般不少于7000字。

参考文献不少于15篇，其中，生物科学和化学生物学专业至少引用1篇英文文献。

2. 打印要求论文一律用A4(210 mm×297 mm)标准大小的白纸打印并装订（左装订）成册。

版面页边距上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm。

页码位于页面底端（页脚），居中对齐，首页显示页码。

行距为1.5倍行距，字符间距为标准。

3. 计量单位使用要求须采用1984年2月27日国务院发布的《中华人民共和国法定计量单位》。

4．写作格式要求各专业英文翻译：生物科学专业Biological Science化学生物学Chemical Biology信息与计算科学专业Information and Computational Science （见后范例）三份野生荞麦POD、CAT、EST的同工酶谱分析（黑体三号、居中）生物科学2002级张明坤（宋体小四号、居中）指导教师吴琦副教授（宋体小四号、居中）摘要（宋体小四号、加粗、顶格）：采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）对三份野生荞麦根、茎和叶的过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和酯酶（EST）的同工酶进行了酶谱分析。

结果显示，POD和EST都检测到5条谱带，包括POD-1、POD-2、POD-3、POD-4及POD-5，其中POD-3及POD-4在所有组织中都存在，但在苦荞麦1号中的带最强；POD-1只在金荞麦叶片及金荞麦1号茎中出现；POD-2在茎组织及苦荞麦1号根中存在，但在金荞麦及苦荞麦中的位置不同；POD-5存在于叶片及苦荞麦1号茎中，在苦荞麦的带较强。

EST-1及EST-2只出现在金荞麦2号茎和叶中，EST-3和EST-5只存在于叶片中，并且在金荞麦1号中的带最强，EST-4存在于茎和叶片，在金荞麦1号最强；CAT只有3条带，其中CAT-1出现在叶片中，在苦荞麦1号及金荞麦1号表达较强；CAT-2出在现在茎和叶片，并且茎、叶位置不同；CAT-3只存在于叶片中，非常微弱。

四川农业大学法学院本科毕业论文(设计)撰写规范2018

法学院本科毕业论文（设计）撰写规范二零一八年目录1.各专业论文选题要求 (1)2.开题报告正文结构与写作要求 (2)3.开题报告书写及打印要求 (4)4.毕业论文结构与写作要求 (8)5.本科毕业论文书写与排版要求 (11)6.本科毕业论文（设计）装订顺序 (18)7.相关表格 (19)各专业论文选题要求法学选题符合本专业培养目标，体现法学专业教学的内容，选题应具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。

选题时应当依据所学宪法与行政法、民法、刑法、国际法、诉讼法、法理学、中国法制史等本科课程，结合国内外法治发展的背景、我国司法实践，运用法学专业本科教育学习的理论与实践知识，对法治发展的热点问题进行研究。

鼓励选取应用性强，或当前司法实践亟待解决的实际问题作为毕业论文的主要方向和主要内容。

社会工作选题符合本专业培养目标，符合社会发展的需要，具有一定的创新性或较强的应用价值。

研究类论文要求针对具体的社会问题，采用社会工作的理论和方法，开展实践研究。

调研报告类论文要求围绕社区服务与社会治理、农村社会工作、灾害社会工作等领域展开调研。

综述报告不能作为本专业的毕业论文。

政治学与行政学选题符合本专业培养目标，具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。

选题主要集中于基层治理理论与实践、地方政府与政治、政治制度设计与运行、公共政策、公共行政、电子政务、国际政治等学科相关研究领域，采取文献阅读、田野调查等方法，形成研究论文。

鼓励选取应用性强，或当前政治生活、民生领域等实际问题作为毕业论文的主要方向和主要内容。

开题报告正文结构与写作要求开题报告正文主要由以下几部分组成：毕业论文（设计）题目、立题依据、研究的主要内容及预期目标、研究的方法与步骤、研究进度安排、参考文献等。

各部分具体要求如下：1.论文（设计）题目论文题目要体现研究的侧重点，要能呈现研究对象、研究内容以及要解决的问题，要求新颖、简洁，字数最好不超过20个字，必要时可加副标题。

每位导师所指导的毕业论文（设计）题目原则上不得雷同。

四川农业大学本科生毕业论文(设计)撰写规范-推荐下载

封面格式
编号：四川Βιβλιοθήκη 业大学本科毕业论文（设计）（届）
题目：
院别：专业：姓名：指导教师：
完成日期：
年月日
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术通关，1系电过，力管根保线据护敷生高设产中技工资术艺料0不高试仅中卷可资配以料置解试技决卷术吊要是顶求指层，机配对组置电在不气进规设行范备继高进电中行保资空护料载高试与中卷带资问负料题荷试2下卷2，高总而中体且资配可料置保试时障卷，各调需类控要管试在路验最习；大题对限到设度位备内。进来在行确管调保路整机敷使组设其高过在中程正资1常料中工试，况卷要下安加与全强过，看度并22工且22作尽22下可22都能22可地护以缩1关正小于常故管工障路作高高；中中对资资于料料继试试电卷卷保破连护坏接进范管行围口整，处核或理对者高定对中值某资，些料审异试核常卷与高弯校中扁对资度图料固纸试定，卷盒编工位写况置复进.杂行保设自护备动层与处防装理腐置，跨高尤接中其地资要线料避弯试免曲卷错半调误径试高标方中高案资等，料，编试要5写、卷求重电保技要气护术设设装交备备置底4高调、动。中试电作管资高气，线料中课并敷3试资件且、设卷料中拒管技试试调绝路术验卷试动敷中方技作设包案术，技含以来术线及避槽系免、统不管启必架动要等方高多案中项；资方对料式整试，套卷为启突解动然决过停高程机中中。语高因文中此电资，气料电课试力件卷高中电中管气资壁设料薄备试、进卷接行保口调护不试装严工置等作调问并试题且技，进术合行，理过要利关求用运电管行力线高保敷中护设资装技料置术试做。卷到线技准缆术确敷指灵设导活原。。则对对：于于在调差分试动线过保盒程护处中装，高置当中高不资中同料资电试料压卷试回技卷路术调交问试叉题技时，术，作是应为指采调发用试电金人机属员一隔，变板需压进要器行在组隔事在开前发处掌生理握内；图部同纸故一资障线料时槽、，内设需，备要强制进电造行回厂外路家部须出电同具源时高高切中中断资资习料料题试试电卷卷源试切，验除线报从缆告而敷与采设相用完关高毕技中，术资要资料进料试行，卷检并主查且要和了保检解护测现装处场置理设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。

川农学位英语作文

川农学位英语作文的深度探索In the realm of academic writing, the degree English essay at Sichuan Agricultural University holds asignificant position. This essay not only reflects the student's proficiency in the language but also demonstrates their understanding of the subject matter and critical thinking skills. Given its importance, it's crucial to approach this task with utmost dedication and care.The foundation stone of any essay is the choice of topic. At Sichuan Agricultural University, students are often encouraged to delve into topics that align with their field of study, allowing them to explore and express their knowledge effectively. The essay should commence with a captivating introduction that sets the tone for the entire piece, piquing the reader's interest.The body of the essay is where the meat of the argument lies. Here, students are expected to present their ideas and arguments in a clear and coherent manner. Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence followed by evidence and examples to support the claim. The languageused should be precise and avoid colloquialisms or informal expressions.The conclusion is where the essay comes to a satisfying closure. It should sum up the main points discussed in the body and leave a lasting impression on the reader. The conclusion should not introduce new ideas but rather tie up loose ends and leave the reader with a sense of closure.In addition to the content, the formatting and presentation of the essay are also crucial. The essay should adhere to the specified guidelines, such as font size, spacing, and margins. The use of headings and subheadings can help organize the content and make it easier for the reader to follow.To ensure the essay is top-notch, students should proofread and edit their work thoroughly. This involves checking for grammar errors, typos, and inconsistencies in the text. They can also ask their peers or mentors to review their work and provide feedback.In conclusion, writing a degree English essay at Sichuan Agricultural University is not just about demonstrating language proficiency but also aboutshowcasing one's academic abilities and critical thinking skills. By following the guidelines mentioned above, students can craft an essay that is both engaging and effective.**川农学位英语作文的深度探索**在学术写作领域，四川农业大学的学位英语作文占有重要地位。

外语系本科毕业论文模板

分类号：密级：题目: 从目的论视角看中式菜名的英译系别: 外语系专业年级: 英语2011级（专升本）姓名: 王某某/王某学号: 20091603133 指导教师: x x x 副教授2015年05月20日LULIANG UNIVERSITY职称与姓名之间空一格姓名为两字的中间空一个汉字位置严格按照模版上的回车空格。

学号填写以完整学号为准。

From the Perspective of Skopos TheoryZhang YuanqiIn Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsForThe Degree of Bachelor of Arts In the Subject of English LinguisticsToOfSupervisor:May, 20, 2015原创性声明本人郑重声明：本人所呈交的毕业论文，是在指导老师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果。

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英语专业毕业论文范本

毕业论文组成部分之青柳念文创作第一部分：论文封面页（Cover Page）第二部分：论文题目与摘要页（Title Page）第三部分：论文致谢页（Acknowledgements）第四部分：论文目次页（Contents Page）第五部分：论文正文（Body）第六部分：论文尾注（Endnotes）第七部分：论文参考文献（Bibliography）四川外语学院外语专业毕业论文范本本科毕业论文中文题目：从功能对等看英语广告的翻译外文题目: On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of FunctionalEquivalence系别×××专业×××年级2004级学生姓名×××指导教员×××结稿日期2008年5月10日四川外语学院教务处制2008年 5月10 日填On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of Functional Equivalence（空一行）Abstract （空一行） The theories which proposed by Eugene A. Nida have affected many Chinese and foreign translators for a long time, especially the theory of functional equivalence. Functional equivalence refers to the equivalence on the functions but not on the forms and structures.In our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to express the ideas of the original works and realize the goal for sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with the concept of functional equivalence and its aims and principles. The main aim of functional equivalence is to represent the information of the original work in the target language and achieve the equivalence of functions of languages. In order to make this concept clear, the author gives a brief introduction of different functions. Although different languages have different characteristics, their functions are nearly the same. That is to name the reality and to communicate with the people. The second part deals with the target, principles, requirements and cultural elements of advertisement translation. The third part, the most important part, points out the three main aspects of functional equivalence, semantic equivalence, social-cultural equivalence and stylistic equivalence. At the meantime, the equivalence on different levels and how to achieve functional equivalence in advertisement translation are also systematically illustrated.（空一行）Key words: functional equivalence; advertisement translation; cultural elements四号，加粗，居小四号，加粗，居加粗，3-5个关键词，各关键词之间用分号隔开论文摘要页，页码采取小写罗马字母编排Acknowledgements（空一行）First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor X, both for his intellectual guidance and for his warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis. With patience and prudence, he labored through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing. Therefore, Iowe all the merits in this thesis, if any, to him, though I am fully aware that the thesis mightstill contain some mistakes, for which I bear the whole responsibility.My cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in Applied Foreign Language Department, whose interesting and informative courses have benefited me a lot during my college years. The profit that I gained from their profound knowledge, remarkable expertise页码对齐C. Cultural Elements in Advertisement Translation (11)A. The Differences Between Two Languages (15)B. Functional Equivalence in English Advertisement Translation (17)Conclusion (19)Notes (20)Bibliography (22)On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light ofFunctional Equivalence（空一行） Introduction（空一行） always used as the way to promote the sales of goods. The excellent advertisement is not only understandable for everyone, but also has an elegant style. It can easily encourage people to buy the goods. Therefore, a good translation of an advertisement is also important to promote the sales of the goods in the country of the target language.Most translators may be familiar with the theory of functional equivalence which is systematically illustrated by Eugene A. Nida. It is stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text.1 That is to say, the adequacy of translations is judged on the basis of the correspondence in lexicon and grammar between the source and target languages.Functional equivalence is a powerful weapon for information exchange. The translation workwhich follows the principles of functional equivalence is much easier to 四号，加粗，居中四号，加粗，居中注释用上标，文末用尾注形式标长度understand.However, functional equivalence is very abstract to most people. In order to make it clear, this paper chooses advertisement translation to analyze its every aspect. Due to the differences between English and Chinese, the advertisement translation from English to Chinese should be undertaken in different translation techniques with the guidance of functional equivalence.正文首页不显示页码I. A Brief Review of Functional Equivalence（空一行） The similarity of the thoughts of human beings determines that the similarities aremore than the differences between English and Chinese. The equivalence of languages makes it possible to convert the source language into the target language. However, the convert is not just a process to translate the words from one language to another language. Translation should be a task to recur the information of the original work in a most natural way. That is to say, translation should rebuild the surficial forms of the original information, convert the views of expression and WordStr the meaning of the original work with the meaning of the translated work. Therefore, equivalence is the most important basis for translation. The translated work can be of higher quality if it achieves more equivalence with the original work.Functional equivalence is originally termed as dynamic equivalence, which is to be defined by the degree where the receptor of the source language message should respond in substantially the same way as the target language receptor to the translated version. It is very important to all kinds of translation. The reason is that English and Chinese have many differences in their forms, grammars, sentence structures and so on. Therefore, in the process of translation, to convey the information of the original work is the focus and the most difficult part. After all, the receptors of the translated work expect to know the content of the original work.Functional equivalence also emphasizes the cultural elements. If a translated work does not reflect the cultural elements of the original work, it must be a failure. Therefore, the translator should be bilingual and bicultural.Nida always holds a view that syntax and lexeme are the biggest barriers for the translators.2 The translators devoted to English-Chinese translation may agree with him. Most of them have learned English through the grammar, so their translation concept isoften affected by the grammar and sentence structure. Functional equivalence is a powerfulweapon for the translators to overcome these barriers. Functional equivalence can fall into three parts. First, the word classes WordStr the traditional parts of speech to describe the每章单独起页，四号，加粗，居中正文页码从第二页开端打印（首页不显示），采取“页面底端居中”的格式semantic relations of the words. Second, the concept of kernel sentence and the concept of sentence transformation can overcome the restriction of syntax to a translator. Third, isomorphism can overcome the barriers caused by the social and cultural differences.3（空一行）A. Definition of Functional Equivalence（空一行） A maximal, ideal definition could be stated as “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readersdid.”4 A minimal, realistic definition of functional equivalen ce could be stated as “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it.”5“Poets,” according to Shelley, “are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.”6In the 1950s, for example, while Ellington was still alive, Raymond Horricks compared him with Ravel, Delius, and Debussy:（空一行） The continually enquiring mind of Ellington…has sought to extend steadilythe imaginative boundaries of the musical form on which it sub sists….Ellington since the mid-1930s has been engaged upon extending both theimagery and the formal construction of written jazz.6（空一行） Ellington ’s earliest attempt to move beyond the three-minute limit rece ived…Figures in literature are either flat characters （one dimensional figures, figures with 直接引用不超出4行（含4行）的短引文，用引号引所用文字，如引文未间断，引号前不加标点通过阐释、描绘或转述的方式间接引用他人的观点，不必引号，在间接引用竣事后用数字编序的方式停止注解直接短引文若被断开，则前后用逗号隔开只有一段的长引文，左边空10字符，不必引号长引文时用冒号分隔，上下各空一行章内题目左起顶格，前后各空一行，四号，加粗I graduated from New Haven in 1915, just a quarter of a century after myfather, and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migrationknown as the Great War. 7（空一行）However, F. Scott Fitzgerald succeeds in changing these flat figures into round ones through his master-hand writing skills and in-depth characterization.B. Different FunctionsThe theory of functional equivalence involves nine functions: expressive, cognitive, interpersonal, informative……Conclusion（空一行） With the rapid development of the international trade, advertisement has become an indispensable part in our life. To some extent, it has become our guide in the aspect of consuming. No doubt, we are now living in the age of advertisement. Therefore, to translate a good and effective advertisement is increasingly important for attracting the potential customers and promoting the sale of the products in the international market.Since Chinese and English are two quite different languages, the translation from English to Chinese is not an easy task. The translator should learn well the cultural and social background of the original work, the differences of their sentence structures and also their habits of expression. Although there are so many differences between the two languages, the functions of all the languages are the same. That is to name the reality and to communicative with the people. It is just the basis for the translation from English to Chinese.…, …Through a relative thorough analysis of functional equivalence and advertisement translation, the readers of the essay may have a clear understanding of the details and aspects of advertisement translation. The readers may appreciate the advantages of functional equivalence in the process of advertisement translation. Functional equivalence 每章单独起页，四号，加粗，居中helps the translators overcome the barrier of translation. That is the forms and structures of the language of the original work. Advertisement translation has its special aims. It is not only for information exchange, but also for encouraging the customers to buy the products. This is the ultimate aim of advertisement translation. Therefore, the translators should not only express the accurate meaning of the original work, but also pay attention to the diction of words and the cultural elements. The translation work will fail to realize its aims if it neglects the cultural elements such as the tradition, customs and habits of the target country. The analysis of these aspects in this essay may give the readers a little enlightenment. 1 EugeneANida, Language, Culture and Translating (Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 1993), 116. 2转引自叶子南著，《高级英汉翻译实际与实践》，北京：清华大学出版社，2001年，第164页. 3 叶子南,第164页. 4Eugene A. Nida, 117. 5 Ibid., 118.……11Eugene A. Nida,Toward a Science of Translating (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964),166. 12 Larry A. Samovar,Richard E. Porterand Lisa A. Stefani. Communication between Cultures (Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press, 2000), 60.13转引自靳涵身编著,《诗型广告翻译研究》，成都：四川大学出版社，2004年, 第228页.14靳涵身, 第229页.15靳涵身, 第228页.16靳涵身, 第228页. 17贾德江,《英汉语对比研究与翻译》，长沙：国防科技大学出版社，2002年，第117页.18转引自贾德江,《英汉语对比研究与翻译》，长沙：国防科技大学出版社，2002年，第130页.19 Eugene A. Nida, Translation: Applications and Research (New York: Gardner Press, 尾注，单独起页，四号，加粗，居中尾注用上标形式，数字后空1字符尾注以全文为单位拉通编序，序号应该与正文中注释的最初编号一致. 尾注中作者的编排方式采取名前姓后（First Name First ）的原则尾注中汉语注释的格式尾注中书名用斜体英文注释与上一注释同书分歧页中文注释与上一注释同书分歧页1976), 48.20Ibid., 50.Bibliography （空一行） Davis, NicolasE., and Gregory Crane, ed. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change . Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1979. （空1行）Powell, Welter W.. “The Health-Science Information Struggle: The Private Information Industry versusThe National Library of Medicine.”New England Journal of Medicine 307 （15 July 1982）, 201-223. Shatzkin, Leonard. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis . Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1982.Starr, Paul. “The Electronic Reader.” In Reading in the 1980s . Ed. Stephen Braubard. New York:Bowker, 1983. 桂诗春、宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》，北京：外语讲授与研究出版社，1997. 廖七一 “庞德与胡适诗歌翻译的文化思考，”《外国语》2003（6），第54－59页. 《语言文化与翻译》，呼和浩特：内蒙古大学出版， 1998. 中国对外翻译出版公司《诗词翻译的艺术》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1987.参考文献单独起页，四号，加粗，居中，每篇论文不得少于4本（部、篇）参考文献析出顺序，先外文后中文出版信息不必括号各意义单位之间用实心点隔开期刊文章附起止页码分歧参考书目之间空1行著者为公司或机构按英文首字母顺序拉通编序参考书目标行文采取悬挂缩进的方式，每书目悬挂缩进5字符. 尾注行文采取首行缩进的方式，每注释首行缩进5字符.。