给排水专业英语翻译

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给排水专业英语翻译考点

(conventional)废水处理生物处理。

然而,二级处理厂的出水里仍然会含有大量的各种污染物质。

除了对生化需氧量(BOD)产生影响外，悬浮固体(suspended solid)会在河流里沉积下来，形成难看的淤泥堆(mud banks)。

如果这种生化需氧量排入流速缓慢的河流中，则仍会减少溶解氧浓度(DO)而有害于水生生物。

无论一级处理还是二级处理都无法有效地清除磷(phosphorus)和其他营养物或有害物质。

通过一种砾石过滤器(pebble filter)的简单设备就可以有效的清除悬浮固体物质。

该设备是一个装满砾石的箱子，安装在二次澄清池的边沿，这样所有的废水都必须流经滤床(filter bed)。

砾石是如何截留絮状体的实际机理还不清楚，而只知道污水流过砾石过滤器就清洁了。

另一种复杂的多，且销路不错的精巧装置称为微滤器(microstrainer)。

微滤器是一只大圆筒，外面包着一层上面有小孔的不锈钢薄板。

用泵把污水注入圆筒(drum)，清洁水就从小孔中滤出。

当圆筒转动时，那些小孔通过喷淋得到清洗。

至今为止，去除有机物最常用的先进处理法是洁净塘，又称氧化塘(oxidation pond)。

这实际上是地面上的一个坑，即是一个大池塘，用来盛放排放前的工厂污水(effluent)。

这样的池塘是需氧(aerobic)的，因为阳光穿透对藻类的生长十分重要，故池塘表面积要大。

氧化塘里发生的反应情况见图13.1。

如果废水流量小且氧化塘池面大，废水有时只需经过氧化塘的一段处原生动物可以很容易在100-200放大倍数的光学显微镜下被观察到。

轮虫(Rotifer)也可以被在活性污泥和生物膜中被发现，还有线虫和其他多细胞微生物。

这些微生物出现需要较长的生物停留时间(biomass retention times)，并且他们的重要性还没有得到很好的体现。

好氧附着生长(aerobic attached growth)过程取决于生物膜厚度。

各种职位英语翻译

医疗/护理Medicine / Nursing 医生（中、西医）Medical Doctor医学管理人员Healthcare / Medical Management 医药技术人员Medical Technician 药库主任/药剂师Pharmacist 护士/护理人员Nurse / Nursing Personnel临床协调员Clinical Coordinator 临床研究员Clinical Researcher麻醉师Anesthesiologist 心理医生Psychologist/Psychiatrist医药学检验Clinical Laboratory 咨询/顾问Consultant专业顾问Senior Consultant 咨询总监Consulting Director / Partner咨询经理Consulting Manager 咨询员Consultant公务员Official 应届毕业生Graduating Student实习生Intern/Trainee 培训生Trainee/Intern美容/健身顾问Exercise Coach/Fitness Trainer餐饮/娱乐经理Banquet Services Manager宾馆/酒店经理Reception Manager领班Supervisor 服务员Service Staff营业员/收银员/理货员Shop Clerk/Salesperson厨师Chief/Cook 导游Tour Guide司机Chauffeur/Driver 保安Security寻呼员/话务员Paging Operator 建筑/房地产Construction/Real Estate建筑工程师Architect结构/土建工程师Structural Engineer电气工程师Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程师Drainage/HV AC Engineer工程造价师/预结算Budgeting Specialist建筑工程管理Construction Management工程监理Engineering Project Supervisor室内外装潢设计Decorator城市规划与设计Urban Design/Planning建筑制图CAD Drafter施工员Construction Crew房地产开发/策划Real Estate Development/Planning房地产评估Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易Real Estate Agent/Broker物业管理Property Management翻译Translator英语翻译English Translation日语翻译Japanese Translator德语翻译German Translator法语翻译French Translator俄语翻译Russian Translator西班牙语翻译Spanish Translator朝鲜语翻译Korean Translator其他语种翻译Other Language Translator。

建筑工程及给排水专业中英文对照翻译

Laminar and Turbulent FlowObservation shows that two entirely different types of fluid flow exist. This was demon- strated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883 through an experiment in which water was discharged from a tank through a glass tube. The rate of flow could be controlled by a valve at the outlet, and a fine filament of dye injected at the entrance to the tube. At low velocities, it was found that the dye filament remained intact throughout the length of the tube, showing that the particles of water moved in parallel lines. This type of flow is known as laminar, viscous or streamline, the particles of fluid moving in an orderly manner and retaining the same relative positions in successive cross- sections.As the velocity in the tube was increased by opening the outlet valve, a point was eventually reached at which the dye filament at first began to oscillate and then broke up so that the colour was diffused over the whole cross-section, showing that the particles of fluid no longer moved in an orderly manner but occupied different relative position in successive cross-sections. This type of flow is known as turbulent and is characterized by continuous small fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the fluid particles, which are accompanied by corresponding small fluctuations of pressure.When the motion of a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertiawill tend to carry it on in the new direction, but the viscous forces due to the surrounding fluid will tend to make it conform to the motion of the rest of the stream. In viscous flow, the viscous shear stresses are sufficient to eliminate the effects of any deviation, but in turbulent flow they are inadequate. The criterion which determines whether flow will be viscous of turbulent is therefore the ratio of the inertial force to the viscous force acting on the particle. The ratioμρvl const force Viscous force Inertial ⨯= Thus, the criterion which determines whether flow is viscous or turbulent is the quantity ρvl /μ, known as the Reynolds number. It is a ratio of forces and, therefore, a pure number and may also be written as ul /v where is the kinematic viscosity (v=μ/ρ).Experiments carried out with a number of different fluids in straight pipes of different diameters have established that if the Reynolds number is calculated by making 1 equal to the pipe diameter and using the mean velocity v , then, below a critical value of ρvd /μ = 2000, flow will normally be laminar (viscous), any tendency to turbulence being damped out by viscous friction. This value of the Reynolds number applies only to flow in pipes, but critical values of the Reynolds number can be established for other types of flow, choosing a suitable characteristic length such as the chord of an aerofoil in place of the pipe diameter. For agiven fluid flowing in a pipe of a given diameter, there will be a critical velocity of flow corresponding to the critical value of the Reynolds number, below which flow will be viscous.In pipes, at values of the Reynolds number > 2000, flow will not necessarily be turbulent. Laminar flow has been maintained up to Re = 50,000, but conditions are unstable and any disturbance will cause reversion to normal turbulent flow. In straight pipes of constant diameter, flow can be assumed to be turbulent if the Reynolds number exceeds 4000.Pipe NetworksAn extension of compound pipes in parallel is a case frequently encountered in municipal distribution system, in which the pipes are interconnected so that the flow to a given outlet may come by several different paths. Indeed, it is frequently impossible to tell by inspection which way the flow travels. Nevertheless, the flow in any networks, however complicated, must satisfy the basic relations of continuity and energy as follows:1. The flow into any junction must equal the flow out of it.2. The flow in each pipe must satisfy the pipe-friction laws for flow in a single pipe.3. The algebraic sum of the head losses around any closed circuit must be zero.Pipe networks are generally too complicated to solve analytically, as was possible in the simpler cases of parallel pipes. A practical procedure is the method of successive approximations, introduced by Cross. It consists of the following elements, in order:1. By careful inspection assume the most reasonable distribution of flows that satisfies condition 1.2. Write condition 2 for each pipe in the formh L = KQ n(7.5) where K is a constant for each pipe. For example, the standard pipe-friction equation would yield K= 1/C2and n= 2 for constant f. Minor losses within any circuit may be included, but minor losses at the junction points are neglected.3. To investigate condition 3, compute the algebraic sum of the head losses around each elementary circuit. ∑h L= ∑KQ n. Consider losses from clockwise flows as positive, counterclockwise negative. Only by good luck will these add to zero on the first trial.4. Adjust the flow in each circuit by a correction, ΔQ , to balance the head in that circuit and give ∑KQ n = 0. The heart of this method lies in the determination of ΔQ . For any pipe we may writeQ = Q 0 ＋ΔQwhere Q is the correct discharge and Q 0 is the assumed discharge. Then, for a circuit100/Q h n h Q Kn Q K Q L L n n ∑∑∑∑∆-=-=- (7.6) It must be emphasized again that the numerator of Eq. (7.6) is to be summed algebraically, with due account of sign, while the denominator is summed arithmetically. The negative sign in Eq. (7.6) indicates that when there is an excess of head loss around a loop in the clockwise direction, the ΔQ must be subtracted from clockwise Q 0’s and added to counterclockwise ones. The reverse is true if there is a deficiency of head loss around a loop in the clockwise direction.5. After each circuit is given a first correction, the losses will still not balance because of the interaction of one circuit upon another (pipes which are common to two circuits receive two independent corrections, one for each circuit). The procedure is repeated, arriving at a second correction, and so on, until the corrections become negligible.Either form of Eq. (7.6) may be used to find ΔQ . As values of K appear in both numerator and denominator of the first form, values proportional to the actual K may be used to find the distribution. Thesecond form will be found most convenient for use with pipe-friction diagrams for water pipes.An attractive feature of the approximation method is that errors in computation have the same effect as errors in judgment and will eventually be corrected by the process.The pipe-networks problem lends itself well to solution by use of a digital computer. Programming takes time and care, but once set up, there is great flexibility and many man-hours of labor can be saved.The Future of Plastic Pipe at Higher PressuresParticipants in an AGA meeting panel on plastic pipe discussed the possibility of using polyethylene gas pipe at higher pressures. Topics included the design equation, including work being done by ISO on an updated version, and the evaluation of rapid crack propagation in a PE pipe resin. This is of critical importance because as pipe is used at higher pressure and in larger diameters, the possibility of RCP increases.Several years ago, AGA’s Plastic Pipe Design Equation Task Group reviewed the design equation to determine if higher operating pressurescould be used in plastic piping systems. Members felt the performance of our pipe resins was not truly reflected by the design equation. It was generally accepted that the long-term properties of modern resins far surpassed those of older resins. Major considerations were new equations being developed and selection of an appropriate design factor.Improved pipe performanceMany utilities monitored the performance of plastic pipe resins. Here are some of the long-term tests used and the kinds of performance change they have shown for typical gas pipe resins.Elevated temperature burst testThey used tests like the Elevated Temperature Burst Test, in which the long-term performance of the pipe is checked by measuring the time required for formation of brittle cracks in the pipe wall under high temperatures and pressures (often 80 degrees C and around 4 to 5-MPa hoop stress). At Consumers Gas we expected early resins to last at least 170 hrs. at 80 degrees C and a hoop stress of 3 MPa. Extrapolation showed that resins passing these limits should have a life expectancy of more than 50 yrs. Quality control testing on shipments of pipe made fromthese resins sometimes resulted in product rejection for failure to meet this criterion.At the same temperature, today’s resins last thousands of hours at hoop stresses of 4.6 MPa. Tests performed on pipe made from new resins have been terminated with no failure at times exceeding 5,700 hrs. These results were performed on samples that were squeezed off before testing. Such stresses were never applied in early testing. When extrapolated to operating conditions, this difference in test performance is equivalent to an increase in lifetime of hundreds (and in some cases even thousands) of years.Environmental stress crack resistance testSome companies also used the Environmental Stress Crack Resistance test which measured brittle crack formation in pipes but which used stress cracking agents to shorten test times.This test has also shown dramatic improvement in resistance brittle failure. For example, at my company a test time of more than 20 hrs. at 50 degrees C was required on our early resins. Today’s resins last well above 1,000 hrs. with no failure.Notch testsNotch tests, which are quickly run, measure brittle crack formation in notched pipe or molded coupon samples. This is important for the newer resins since some other tests to failure can take very long times. Notch test results show that while early resins lasted for test times ranging between 1,000 to 10,000 min., current resins usually last for longer than 200,000 min.All of our tests demonstrated the same thing. Newer resins are much more resistant to the growth of brittle crack than their predecessors. Since brittle failure is considered to be the ultimate failure mechanism in polyethylene pipes, we know that new materials will last much longer than the old. This is especially reassuring to the gas industry since many of these older resins have performed very well in the field for the past 25 yrs. with minimal detectable change in properties.While the tests showed greatly improved performance, the equation used to establish the pressure rating of the pipe is still identical to the original except for a change in 1978 to a single design factor for all class locations.To many it seemed that the methods used to pressure rate our pipe were now unduly conservative and that a new design equation was needed. At this time we became aware of a new equation being balloted atISO. The methodology being used seemed to be a more technically correct method of analyzing the data and offered a number of advantages.Thermal Expansion of Piping and Its CompensationA very relevant consideration requiring careful attention is the fact that with temperature of a length of pipe raised or lowered, there is a corresponding increase or decrease in its length and cross-sectional area because of the inherent coefficient of thermal expansion for the particular pipe material. The coefficient of expansion for carbon steel is 0.012 mm/m˚C and for copper 0.0168mm/m˚C. Respective module of elasticity are for steel E = 207×1.06kN/m2 and for copper E = 103×106 kN/m2. As an example, assuming a base temperature for water conducting piping at 0˚C, a steel pipe of any diameter if heated to 120˚C would experience a linear extension of 1.4 mm and a similarly if heated to copper pipe would extend by 2.016 mm for each meter of their respective lengths. The unit axial force in the steel pipe however would be 39% greater than for copper. The change in pipe diameter is of no practical consequence to linear extension but the axial forces created by expansion or contractionare con- siderable and capable of fracturing any fitments which may tend to impose a restraint;the magnitude of such forces is related to pipe size. As an example,in straight pipes of same length but different diameters, rigidly held at both ends and with temperature raised by say 100˚C, total magnitude of linear forces against fixed points would be near enough proportionate to the respective diameters.It is therefore essential that design of any piping layout makes adequate com- pensatory provision for such thermal influence by relieving the system of linear stresses which would be directly related to length of pipework between fixed points and the range of operational temperatures.Compensation for forces due to thermal expansion. The ideal pipework as far as expansion is concerned, is one where maximum free movement with the minimum of restraint is possible. Hence the simplest and most economical way to ensure com- pensation and relief of forces is to take advantage of changes in direction, or where this is not part of the layout and long straight runs are involved it may be feasible to introduce deliberate dog-leg offset changes in direction at suitable intervals.As an alternative,at calculated intervals in a straight pipe run specially designed expansion loops or “U” bends should be inserted. Depending upon design and space availability, expansion bends within a straight pipe run can feature the so called double offset “U” band or thehorseshoe type or “lyre” loop.The last named are seldom used for large heating networks; they can be supplied in manufacturers’ standard units but require elaborate constructional works for underground installation.Anchored thermal movement in underground piping would normally be absorbed by three basic types of expansion bends and these include the “U”bend, the “L”bend and the “Z”bend.In cases of 90 changes indirection the “L” and “Z”bends are used.Principles involved in the design of provision for expansion between anchor points are virtually the same for all three types of compensator. The offset “U” bend is usually made up from four 90° elbows and straight pipes; it permits good thermal displacement and imposes smaller anchor loads than the other type of loop. This shape of expansion bend is the standardised pattern for prefabricated pipe-in-pipe systems.All thermal compensators are installed to accommodate an equal amount of expansion or contraction; therefore to obtain full advantage of the length of thermal movement it is necessary to extend the unit during installation thus opening up the loop by an extent roughly equal the half the overall calculated thermal movement.This is done by “cold-pull” or other mechanical means. The total amount of extension between two fixed points has to be calculated on basis of ambient temperature prevailing and operational design temperatures so that distribution of stresses and reactions at lower and higher temperatures are controlledwithin permissible limits. Pre-stressing does not affect the fatigue life of piping therefore it does not feature in calculation of pipework stresses .There are numerous specialist publication dealing with design and stressing calculations for piping and especially for proprietary piping and expansion units; comprehensive experience back design data as well as charts and graphs may be obtained in manufacturers’publications, offering solutions for every kind of pipe stressing problem.As an alternative to above mentioned methods of compensation for thermal expansion and useable in places where space is restricted, is the more expensive bellows or telescopic type mechanical compensator. There are many proprietary types and models on the market and the following types of compensators are generally used.The bellows type expansion unit in form of an axial compensator provides for expansion movement in a pipe along its axis; motion in this bellows is due to tension or compression only.There are also articulated bellows units restrained which combine angular and lateral movement; they consist of double compensator units restrained by straps pinned over the center of each bellowsor double tied thus being restrained over its length.Such compensators are suitable for accommodating very pipeline expansion and also for combinations of angular and lateral movements.层流与紊流有两种完全不同的流体流动形式存在，这一点在1883年就由Osborne Reynolds 用试验演示证明。

给排水专业英文文献翻译

with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
Key words: Sewage treatment, fixed-film and suspended-growth, Activated sludge Origins of sewage Sewage is created by residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial
stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf
course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for
waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or
reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated
Conventional sewage treatment may involve three stages, called primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding
(effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to

给排水专业外文翻译

History of Water SupplyMan’s search for pure water began in prehistoric times. Much of his earliest activity is subject to speculation. Some individuals might have led water where they wanted it through trenches dug in the earth, a hollow log was perhaps used as the first water pipe.Thousands of years must have passed before our more recent ancestors learned to build cities and enjoy the convenience of water pipes to the home and drains for water-carried wastes. Our earliest archeological records of central water supply and wastewater disposal date back about 5000 years, to Nippur of Sumeria. In the ruins of Nippur there is an arched drain with the stones set in full "voussoir" position, each stone being a wedge tapering downward into place. Water was drawn from wells and cisterns.An extensive system of drainage conveyed the wastes from the palaces and residential districts of the city.The earliest recorded knowledge of water treatment is in the Sanskrit medical lore and Egyptian Wall inscri ptions. Sanskrit writings dating about 2000 B.C. tell how to purify foul water by boiling in copper vessels,exposing to sunlight, filtering through charcoal, and cooling in an earthen vessel.The earliest known apparatus for clarifying liquids was pictureed on Egyptian walls in the fifteenth and thirteenth centuries B.C. The first picture represents the siphoning of either water of settled wine. A second picture shows the use of wick siphons in an Egyptian kitchen.The first engineering report on water supply and treatment was made in A.D. 98 by Sextus Julius Frontinus, water-commissioner of Rome. He produced two books on the water supply of Rome. In these he described a settling reservoir at the head of one of the aqueducts. His writings were first translated into English by the noted hydraulic engineer Clemens Herschel in 1899.In the eight century A.D. an Arabian alchemist,Geber,wrote a rather specialized treatise on distillation that included various stills for water and other liquids.The English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon wrote of his experiments on the purification of water by filtration, boiling, distillation and clarification by coagulation. This was published in 1627, one year after his death. Bacon also noted that clarifying water trends to improve health and increase the "pleasure of the eye".The first known illutrated descri ption of sand filters was published in 1685 by LucAntonio Porzio, an Italian physician. He wrote a book on conserving the health of soldier in camps, based on his experience in the Austro-Turkish War. This was probably the earliest published work on mass sanitation.He described and illustrated the use of sand filters and sedimentation. Porzio also stated that his filtration was the same as "by those who built the wells in the Palace of the Doges in Venice and in the palace of Cardinal Sachett,at Rome."The oldest known archeological examples of water filtration are in Venice and the colonies she occupied. The ornate heads on the cisterns bear dates,but it is not known when the filters were placed.Venice,Built on a Series of islands, depended on catching and storing rainwater for its principal freshwater supply for over 1300 years. Cisterns were built and many were connected in stone-grated catch basins and then filtered through sand into cisterns.A comprehensive article on the water supply of Venice appeared in the Practical Mechanics Journal in 1863.The land area of Venice was 12.85 acres and the average yearly rainfall was 32 inches(in). Nearly all of this rainfall was collected in 177 public and 1900 private cisterns. Thesecisterns provided a daily average supply of about 4.2 gallons per capita per day(gpcd).This low consumption was due in part to the absence of sewers, the practice of washing clothes in the lagoon,and the universal drinking of wine. These cisterns continued to be the principal water supply of Venice until about the sixteenth century.Many experiments were conducted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in England,France Germany,and Russia.Henry Darcy patented filters in france and England in 1865 and anticipated all aspects of the American rapid sand filter except coagulatin.He appears to be the first to apply the law of hydraulics to filter design.The first filter to supply water to a whole town was completed at Paisley,Scotland,in 1804,but this water was carted to consumers. In Glasgow, Scotland,in 1807 filtered water was piped to consumers.In the United States little attention was given to water treatment until after the Civil War. Turbidity was not as urgent a problem as in Europe. The first filters were of the slow sandtype,similar to British design. About 1890 rapid sand filters were developed in the United States and coagulants were introduced to increase their efficency. These filters soon evolved to our present rapid sand filters with slight modification.历史上的水供应人类对纯净水的搜寻开始于史前时代。

HR系列-HR专业术语中英文对照

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Supervisor售前/售后技术服务经理Technical Service Manager售前/售后技术服务主管Technical Service Supervisor售前/售后技术服务工程师Technical Service Engineer售后/客户服务（非技术）经理Customer Service Manager 售后/客户服务（非技术）主管Customer Service Supervisor 售后/客户服务（非技术）专员Customer Service Executive 经销商Distributor市场/公关/广告Marketing/PR/Advertising市场/广告总监Marketing/Advertising Director/VP市场/营销经理Marketing Manager市场/营销主管Marketing Supervisor市场/营销专员Marketing Executive/Communication市场助理Marketing Assistant / Trainee产品/品牌经理Product/Brand Manager产品/品牌主管Product/Brand Supervisor市场通路经理Trade Marketing Manager市场通路主管Trade Marketing Supervisor促销经理Promotions Manager促销主管Promotions Supervisor促销员Promotions Specialist市场分析/调研人员Market Analyst/ Research Analyst公关/会务经理Public Relations Manager公关/会务主管Public Relations Supervisor公关/会务专员Public Relations Executive媒介经理Media Manager媒介人员Media Specialist企业/业务发展经理Business Development Manager企业策划人员Corporate Planning广告策划/设计/文案Advertising Creative/Design/Copy writer财务/审计/统计/金融Finance/Accounting/Banking财务总监CFO/Finance Director/VP财务经理Finance Manager财务主管/总帐主管Finance Supervisor会计经理/会计主管Accounting Manager/Supervisor会计Accountant / Accounting Trainee出纳员Cashier财务/会计助理Finance/Accounting Assistant财务分析经理/主管Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor 财务分析员Financial Analyst成本经理/成本主管Cost Accounting Manager/Supervisor成本管理员Cost Accounting Specialist审计经理/主管Audit Manager/Supervisor审计专员/助理Audit Executive/Assistant税务经理/税务主管Tax Manager/Supervisor税务专员Tax Executive证券经纪人Stock Broker投资顾问Investment Advisor注册分析师Certified Investment/Financial Analyst投资/基金项目经理Investment Manager融资经理/融资主管Treasury Manager/Supervisor融资专员Treasury Specialist行长/副行长President/Vice-President/Branch Manager风险控制Risk Management进出口/信用证结算Trading / LC Officer清算人员Settlement Officer外汇主管Foreign Exchange Supervisor高级客户经理/客户经理Senior Relationship Manager客户主管/专员Relationship?Supervisor/Executive信贷/信用调查/分析人员Loan/Credit Officer银行柜台出纳Bank Teller统计员Statistician生产/营运/工程Manufacturing/Operations/Engineering工厂经理/厂长Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师Chief Engineer项目经理/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师Project Engineer营运经理Operations Manager营运主管Operations Supervisor生产经理/车间主任Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor生产计划协调员Production Planning Executive/Officer生产主管/督导/领班Production Supervisor/Team Leader技术/工艺设计经理/主管Technical/Industrial Design Mgr./Spvr.技术/工艺设计工程师Technical/Industrial Design Engineer实验室负责人/工程师Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备经理Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程/设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer电气/电子工程师Electrical/Electronics Engineer机械工程师Mechanical Engineer机电工程师Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师Maintenance Engineer质量经理QA Manager质量主管QA Supervisor质量工程师QA Engineer质量检验员/测试员QA Inspector认证工程师Certification Engineer安全/健康/环境经理/主管Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全/健康/环境工程师Safety/Health/Environment Engineer工程绘图员Project Drafting Specialist机械制图员Drafting Specialist化验员Laboratory Technician技工Technician / Engineer Trainee电工Electrician服装打样/制版Clothing/Apparel Sample Production行政/人事/后勤Admin./HR/Support Services行政/人事总监Admin/Human Resources Director人事经理Human Resources Manager人事主管Human Resources Supervisor人事专员Human Resources Specialist人事助理Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管Recruiting Manager/Supervisor薪资福利经理/主管Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理Training Specialist/Assistant行政经理/主管/办公室主任Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager 行政专员/助理Admin Staff/Assistant经理助理/秘书Executive Assistant/Secretary前台接待/总机Receptionist后勤Office Support资料管理员Information / Data Management Specialist电脑操作员/打字员Computer Operator/Typist高级管理Senior Management首席执行官/总经理CEO/GM/President副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee总监Director合伙人Partner总裁/总经理助理CEO/GM/President物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager物流主管Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant物料经理Materials Manager物料主管Materials Supervisor采购经理Purchasing Manager采购主管Purchasing Supervisor采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易经理/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser业务跟单Merchandiser助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser仓库经理/主管Warehouse Manager仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist运输经理/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor报关员Customs Specialist单证员Documentation Specialist船务人员Shipping Specialist快递员Courier理货员Warehouse Stock Management文字/艺术/设计Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer 编辑/作家/撰稿人Editor/Writer记者Journalist / Reporter校对/录入Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计Layout Designer艺术/设计总监Creative/Design Director影视策划/制作人员Entertainment Planning / Production 导演Director摄影师Photographer音效师Recording / Sounds Specialist演员/模特/主持人Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计/美术设计Graphic Artist/Designer纺织/服装设计Clothing / Apparel Designer工业/产品设计Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计Artwork/Jewelry Designer科研人员Research Specialist Staff科研管理人员Research Management科研人员Research Specialist Staff律师/法务Legal律师Lawyer法务人员Legal Personnel律师助理Paralegal/Legal Assistant书记员Court Clerk教师Professor/Teacher教师ProfessorTeacher教学/教务管理人员Education/School Administrator助教Teaching Assistant讲师Lecturer家教Tutor医疗/护理Medicine / Nursing医生（中、西医）Medical Doctor医学管理人员Healthcare / Medical Management 医药技术人员Medical Technician药库主任/药剂师Pharmacist护士/护理人员Nurse / Nursing Personnel临床协调员Clinical Coodinator临床研究员Clinical Researcher麻醉师Anesthesiologist心理医生Psychologist/Psychiatrist医药学检验Clinical Laboratory咨询/顾问Consultant专业顾问Senior Consultant咨询总监Consulting Director / Partner咨询经理Consulting Manager咨询员Consultant公务员Official在校学生Student应届毕业生Graduating Student实习生Intern/Trainee培训生Trainee服务Service美容/健身顾问Exercise Coach/Fitness Trainer餐饮/娱乐经理Banquet Services Manager宾馆/酒店经理Reception Manager领班Supervisor服务员Service Staff营业员/收银员/理货员Shop Clerk/Salesperson厨师Chief/Cook导游Tour Guide司机Chauffeur/Driver保安Security寻呼员/话务员Paging Operator建筑/房地产Construction/Real Estate建筑工程师Architect结构/土建工程师Structural Engineer电气工程师Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程师Drainage/HVAC Engineer工程造价师/预结算Budgeting Specialist建筑工程管理Construction Management工程监理Engineering Project Supervisor室内外装潢设计Decorator城市规划与设计Urban Design/Planning建筑制图CAD Drafter施工员Construction Crew房地产开发/策划Real Estate Development/Planning 房地产评估Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易Real Estate Agent/Broker物业管理Property Management翻译Translator英语翻译English Translation日语翻译Japanese Translator德语翻译German Translator法语翻译French Translator俄语翻译Russian Translator西班牙语翻译Spanish Translator朝鲜语翻译Korean Translator其他语种翻译Other Language Translator兼职Part Time人力资源管理Human Resource Management ,HRM) 人力资源经理human resource manager)高级管理人员executive)职业profession)道德标准ethics)操作工operative employees)专家specialist)人力资源认证协会the Human Resource Certification Institute,HRCI)外部环境external environment)内部环境internal environment)政策policy)企业文化corporate culture)目标mission)股东shareholders)非正式组织informal organization)跨国公司multinational corporation,MNC)管理多样性managing diversity)工作job)职位posting)工作分析job analysis)工作说明job description)工作规范job specification)工作分析计划表job analysis schedule,JAS)职位分析问卷调查法Management Position Description Questionnaire,MPDQ) 行政秘书executive secretary)地区服务经理助理assistant district service manager)人力资源计划Human Resource Planning,HRP)战略规划strategic planning)长期趋势long term trend)要求预测requirement forecast)供给预测availability forecast)管理人力储备management inventory)裁减downsizing)人力资源信息系统Human Resource Information System,HRIS)招聘recruitment)员工申请表employee requisition)招聘方法recruitment methods)内部提升Promotion From Within ,PFW)工作公告job posting)广告advertising)职业介绍所employment agency)特殊事件special events)实习internship)选择selection)选择率selection rate)简历resume)标准化standardization)有效性validity)客观性objectivity)规范norm)录用分数线cutoff score)准确度aiming)业务知识测试job knowledge tests)求职面试employment interview)非结构化面试unstructured interview)结构化面试structured interview)小组面试group interview)职业兴趣测试vocational interest tests)会议型面试board interview)人力资源开发Human Resource Development,HRD) 培训training)开发development)定位orientation)训练coaching)辅导mentoring)经营管理策略business games)案例研究case study)会议方法conference method)角色扮演role playing)工作轮换job rotating)在职培训on-the-job training ,OJT)媒介media)企业文化corporate culture)组织发展organization development,OD)调查反馈survey feedback)质量圈quality circles)目标管理management by objective,MBO)全面质量管理Total Quality Management,TQM) 团队建设team building)职业career)职业计划career planning)职业道路career path)职业发展career development)自我评价self-assessment)职业动机career anchors)绩效评价Performance Appraisal,PA)小组评价group appraisal)业绩评定表rating scales method)关键事件法critical incident method)排列法ranking method)平行比较法paired comparison)硬性分布法forced distribution method)晕圈错误halo error)宽松leniency)严格strictness)3600反馈360-degree feedback)叙述法essay method)集中趋势central tendency)报酬compensation)直接经济报酬direct financial compensation) 间接经济报酬indirect financial compensation) 非经济报酬no financial compensation)公平equity)外部公平external equity)内部公平internal equity)员工公平employee equity)小组公平team equity)工资水平领先者pay leaders)现行工资率going rate)工资水平居后者pay followers)劳动力市场labor market)工作评价job evaluation)排列法ranking method)分类法classification method)因素比较法factor comparison method)评分法point method)海氏指示图表个人能力分析法Hay Guide Chart-profile Method) 工作定价job pricing)工资等级pay grade)工资曲线wage curve)工资幅度pay range)员工股权计划employee stock ownership plan,ESOP)值班津贴shift differential)奖金incentive compensation)分红制profit sharing)安全safety)健康health)频率frequency rate)紧张stress)角色冲突role conflict)催眠法hypnosis)酗酒alcoholism)工会union)地方工会local union)行业工会craft union)产业工会industrial union)全国工会national union)谈判组bargaining union)劳资谈判collective bargaining)仲裁arbitration)罢工strike)内部员工关系internal employee relations)纪律discipline)纪律处分disciplinary action)申诉grievance)降职demotion)调动transfer)晋升promotion)1 Acceptability 可接受性2 Achievement tests 成就测试3 Action plan 行动计划4 Action steps 行动步骤5 Adventure learning 探险学习法6 Adverse impact 负面影响7 Agency shop 工会代理制8 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 建设性争议解决方法9 Analytic approach 分析法10 Appraisal politics 评价政治学11 Apprenticeship 学徒制12 Arbitrary 仲裁13 Assessment 评价14 Assessment center 评价中心15 Attitude awareness and change program 态度认知与改变计划16 Attitudinal structuring 态度构建17 Audiovisual instruction 视听教学18 Audit approach 审计法19 Balanced scorecard 综合评价卡20 Basic skills 基本技能21 Behavior-based program 行为改变计划22 Behavior modeling 行为模拟23 Benchmarks 基准24 Benchmarking 评判25 Benefits 收益26 Bonus 奖金27 Boycott 联合抵制28 Career 职业29 Career counseling 职业咨询30 Career curves (maturity curves) 职业曲线（成熟曲线）31 Career management system 职业管理系统32 Career support 职业支持33 Centralization 集权化34 Coach 教练35 Cognitive ability 认知能力36 Cognitive outcomes 认知性结果37 Collective bargaining process 劳资谈判过程38 Community of practice 演练小组39 Compa-ratio 比较比率40 Compensable factors 报酬要素41 Competency assessment 能力评估42 Competitive advantage 竞争优势43 Concentration strategy 集中战略44 Concurrent validation 同时效度45 Consumer price index, CPI 消费者价格指数46 Content validation 内容效度47 Continuous learning 持续学习48 Contributory plan 投入计划49 Coordination training 合作培训50 Core competencies 核心竞争力51 Criterion-related validity 效标关联效度52 Critical incident 关键事件53 Critical incident method 关键事件法54 Cross-cultural preparation 跨文化准备55 Cross-training 交叉培训56 Cultural environment 文化环境57 Cultural shock 文化冲击58 Customer appraisal 顾客评估59 Data flow diagram 数据流程图60 Database 数据库61 Decentralization 分散化62 Decision support systems 决策支持系统63 Defined-benefit plan 养老金福利计划64 Defined-contribution plan 资方养老金投入计划65 Delayering 扁平化66 Depression 沮丧67 Development planning system 开发规划系统68 Differential piece rate 差额计件工资69 Direct costs 直接成本70 Discipline 纪律71 Disparate impact 差别性影响72 Disparate treatment 差别性对待73 Diversity training 多元化培训74 Downsizing 精简75 Downward move 降级76 Efficiency wage theory 效率工资理论77 Electronic performance support system (EPSS) 电子绩效支持系统78 Employee empowerment 员工授权79 Employee leasing 员工租借80 Employee survey research 雇员调查与研究81 Employee wellness programs (EWPs) 雇员健康修炼计划82 Entrepreneur 企业家83 Equal employment opportunity (EEO) 公平就业机会84 Essay method 书面方式85 Ethics 道德86 Expatriate 外派雇员87 Expert systems 专家系统88 External analysis 外部分析89 External growth strategy 外边成长战略90 External labor market 外部劳动力市场91 Factor comparison system 因素比较法92 Feedback 反馈93 Flexible benefits plans (cafeteria plans) 灵活的福利计划（自助福利方案）94 Flextime 灵活的时间95 Forecasting （劳动力供求）预测96 Formal education programs 正规教育计划97 Frame of reference 参照系98 Functional job analysis, FJA 职能工作分析99 Gain sharing plans 收益分享计划100 Globalization 全球化101 Goals 目标102 Goals and timetables 目标和时间表103 Graphic rating-scale method 图式评估法104 Group-building methods 团队建设法105 Group mentoring program 群体指导计划106 Hay profile method 海氏剖析法107 High-leverage training 高层次培训108 High-performance work systems 高绩效工作系统109 Hourly work 计时工资制110 Human capital 人力资本111 Human resource information system (HRIS) 人力资源信息系统112 Human resource management 人力资源管理113 Human resources planning, HRP 人力资源计划114 Indirect costs 间接成本115 Individualism/collectivism 个人主义/集体主义116 Input 投入117 Instructional design process 指导性设计过程118 Internal analysis 内部分析119 Internal growth strategy 内部成长战略120 Internal labor force 内部劳动力121 Internet 互联网122 Internship programs 实习计划123 Interview 面试124 Intraorganizational bargaining 组织内谈判125 Job analysis 工作分析126 Job classification system 工作分类法127 Job description 工作描述128 Job design 工作设计129 Job enlargement 工作扩大化130 Job enrichment 工作丰富化131 Job evaluation 工作评价132 Job experiences 工作经验133 Job involvement 工作认同134 Job posting and bidding 工作张贴和申请135 Job progressions 工作提升136 Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法137 Job rotation 工作轮换138 Job satisfaction 工作满意度139 Job specification 工作规范140 Job structure 工作结构141 Key jobs 关键工作142 Labor market 劳动力市场143 Labor relations process 劳动关系进程144 Leaderless group discussion 无领导小组讨论法145 Learning organization 学习型组织146 Long-term-short-term orientation 长期-短期导向147 Maintenance of membership 会员资格维持148 Management by objectives, MBO 目标管理149 Management forecasts 管理预测150 Management prerogatives 管理特权151 Manager and / or supervisor appraisal 经理和/或上司评估152 Managing diversity 管理多元化153 Markov analysis 马克夫分析法154 Mediation 调解155 Mentor 导师156 Merit guideline 绩效指南157 Minimum wage 最低工资158 Motivation to learn 学习的动机159 Needs assessment （培训）需要评价160 Negligence 疏忽161 Nepotism 裙带关系162 Ombudsman 调查专员163 On-the-job training, OJT 在职培训164 Opportunity to perform 实践的机会165 Organizational analysis 组织分析166 Organizational capability 组织能力167 Orientation 导向培训168 Outplacement counseling 重新谋职咨询169 Output 产出170 Outsourcing 外包171 Panel interview 小组面试172 Pay-for-performance standard 按绩效的报酬标准173 Pay grade 工资等级174 Pay level 工资水平175 Pay-policy line 工资政策线176 Pay structure 工资结构177 Peer appraisal 同事评估178 Performance appraisal 绩效评价179 Performance feedback 绩效反馈180 Performance management 绩效管理181 Performance planning and evaluation (PPE) 绩效规划与评价系统182 Perquisites 津贴183 Person analysis 个人分析184 Person characteristics 个人特征185 Personnel selection 人员甄选186 Point system 积分法187 Position analysis questionnaire, PAQ 职位分析问卷调查188 Power distance 权力差距189 Predictive validation 预测效度190 Profit sharing 利润分享191 Promotion 晋升192 Protean career 多变的职业193 Psychological contract 心理契约194 Psychological support 心理支持195 Range spread 工资范围跨度196 Readability 易读性197 Readiness for training 培训准备198 Reasoning ability 推理能力199 Recruitment 招募200 Reengineering 流程再造201 Relational database 关联数据库202 Reliability 信度203 Repatriation 归国准备204 Replacement charts 替换表205 Request for proposal (REP) （培训）招标书206 Return on investment (ROI) 投资回报207 Role ambiguity 角色模糊208 Role analysis technique 角色分析技术209 Role play 角色扮演210 School-to-work 从学校到工作211 Selection 甄选212 Self-appraisal 自我评估213 Self-efficacy 自信心214 Situational interview 情景面试215 Skill-based pay 技能工资216 Skill inventories 技能量表217 Specificity 明确性218 Spot bonus 即时奖金219 Staffing tables 人员配置表220 Strategic choice 战略选择221 Strategic congruence 战略一致性222 Strategic human resource management (SHRM) 战略性人力资源管理223 Strategy formulation 战略形成224 Strategy implementation 战略执行225 Task analysis 任务分析226 Team leader training 团队领导培训227 360-degree feedback process 360度反馈过程228 Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理229 Training 培训230 Training administration 培训管理231 Training outcomes 培训结果232 Transaction processing 事务处理233 Trend analysis 趋势分析234 Utility 效用235 Utility analysis 效用分析236 Validity 效度237 Verbal comprehension 语言理解能力238 Vesting 既得利益239 Virtual reality 现实虚拟240 V oicing 发言241 Wage and salary survey 薪资调查242 Wage-rate compression 工资压缩243 Web-based training 网上培训244 Work permit/ work certificate 就业许可证245 World Wide Web 万维网246 Yield ratio 成功率1.人力资源管理：(Human Resource Management ，HRM)人力资源经理：( human resource manager)高级管理人员：(executive)职业：(profession)道德标准：(ethics)操作工：(operative employees)专家：(specialist)人力资源认证协会：(the Human Resource Certification Institute，HRCI) 2. 外部环境：(external environment)内部环境：(internal environment)政策：(policy)企业文化：(corporate culture)目标：(mission)股东：(shareholders)非正式组织：(informal organization)跨国公司：(multinational corporation，MNC)管理多样性：(managing diversity)3. 工作：(job)职位：(posting)工作分析：(job analysis)工作说明：(job description)工作规范：(job specification)工作分析计划表：(job analysis schedule，JAS)职位分析问卷调查法：(Management Position Description Questionnaire，MPDQ)行政秘书：(executive secretary)地区服务经理助理：(assistant district service manager)4. 人力资源计划：(Human Resource Planning，HRP)战略规划：(strategic planning)长期趋势：(long term trend)要求预测：(requirement forecast)供给预测：(availability forecast)管理人力储备：(management inventory)裁减：(downsizing)人力资源信息系统：(Human Resource Information System，HRIS)5. 招聘：(recruitment)员工申请表：(employee requisition)招聘方法：(recruitment methods)内部提升：(Promotion From Within ，PFW) 工作公告：(job posting)广告：(advertising)职业介绍所：(employment agency)特殊事件：(special events)实习：(internship)6. 选择：(selection)选择率：(selection rate)简历：(resume)标准化：(standardization)有效性：(validity)客观性：(objectivity)规范：(norm)录用分数线：(cutoff score)准确度：(aiming)业务知识测试：(job knowledge tests) 求职面试：(employment interview)非结构化面试：(unstructured interview)结构化面试：(structured interview)小组面试：(group interview)职业兴趣测试：(vocational interest tests)会议型面试：(board interview)7. 组织变化与人力资源开发人力资源开发：(Human Resource Development，HRD) 培训：(training)开发：(development)定位：(orientation)训练：(coaching)辅导：(mentoring)经营管理策略：(business games)案例研究：(case study)会议方法：(conference method)角色扮演：(role playing)工作轮换：(job rotating)在职培训：(on-the-job training ，OJT) 媒介：(media)8. 企业文化与组织发展企业文化：(corporate culture)组织发展：(organization development，OD)调查反馈：(survey feedback)质量圈：(quality circles)目标管理：(management by objective，MBO)全面质量管理：(Total Quality Management，TQM) 团队建设：(team building)9. 职业计划与发展职业：(career)职业计划：(career planning)职业道路：(career path)职业发展：(career development)自我评价：(self-assessment)职业动机：(career anchors)10. 绩效评价绩效评价：(Performance Appraisal，PA)小组评价：(group appraisal)业绩评定表：(rating scales method)关键事件法：(critical incident method) 排列法：(ranking method)平行比较法：(paired comparison)硬性分布法：(forced distribution method)晕圈错误：(halo error)宽松：(leniency)严格：(strictness)3600反馈：(360-degree feedback)叙述法：(essay method)集中趋势：(central tendency)11. 报酬与福利报酬：(compensation)直接经济报酬：(direct financial compensation) 间接经济报酬：(indirect financial compensation)非经济报酬：(no financial compensation) 公平：(equity)外部公平：(external equity)内部公平：(internal equity)员工公平：(employee equity)小组公平：(team equity)工资水平领先者：(pay leaders)现行工资率：(going rate)工资水平居后者：(pay followers)劳动力市场：(labor market)工作评价：(job evaluation)排列法：(ranking method)分类法：(classification method)因素比较法：(factor comparison method)评分法：(point method)海氏指示图表个人能力分析法：(Hay Guide Chart-profile Method) 工作定价：(job pricing)工资等级：(pay grade)工资曲线：(wage curve)工资幅度：(pay range)12. 福利和其它报酬问题福利(间接经济补偿)员工股权计划：(employee stock ownership plan，ESOP) 值班津贴：(shift differential)奖金：(incentive compensation)分红制：(profit sharing)13. 安全与健康的工作环境安全：(safety)健康：(health)频率：(frequency rate)紧张：(stress)角色冲突：(role conflict)催眠法：(hypnosis)酗酒：(alcoholism)14. 员工和劳动关系工会：(union)地方工会：(local union)行业工会：(craft union)产业工会：(industrial union)全国工会：(national union)谈判组：(bargaining union)劳资谈判：(collective bargaining)仲裁：(arbitration)罢工：(strike)内部员工关系：(internal employee relations) 纪律：(discipline)纪律处分：(disciplinary action)申诉：(grievance)降职：(demotion)调动：(transfer) 晋升：(promotion)。

History of Water Supply专业给排水外文翻译

History of Water SupplyMan’s search for pure water began in prehistoric times. Much of his earliest activity is subject to speculation. Some individuals might have led water where they wanted it through trenches dug in the earth, a hollow log was perhaps used as the first water pipe. Thousands of years must have passed before our more recent ancestors learned to build cities and enjoy the convenience of water pipes to the home and drains for water-carried wastes. Our earliest archeological records of central water supply and wastewater disposal date back about 5000 years, to Nippur of Sumeria. In the ruins of Nippur there is an arched drain with the stones set in full "voussoir" position, each stone being a wedge tapering downward into place. Water was drawn from wells and cisterns.An extensive system of drainage conveyed the wastes from the palaces and residential districts of the city.The earliest recorded knowledge of water treatment is in the Sanskrit medical lore and Egyptian Wall inscri ptions. Sanskrit writings dating about 2000 B.C. tell how to purify foul water by boiling in copper vessels,exposing to sunlight, filtering through charcoal, and cooling in an earthen vessel.The earliest known apparatus for clarifying liquids was pictureed on Egyptian walls in the fifteenth and thirteenth centuries B.C. The first picture represents the siphoning of either water of settled wine. A second picture shows the use of wick siphons in an Egyptian kitchen.The first engineering report on water supply and treatment was made in A.D. 98 by Sextus Julius Frontinus, water-commissioner of Rome. He produced two books on the water supply of Rome. In these he described a settling reservoir at the head of one of the aqueducts. His writings were first translated into English by the noted hydraulic engineer Clemens Herschel in 1899.In the eight century A.D. an Arabian alchemist,Geber,wrote a rather specialized treatise on distillation that included various stills for water and other liquids.The English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon wrote of his experiments on the purification of water by filtration, boiling, distillation and clarification by coagulation. This was published in 1627, one year after his death. Bacon also noted that clarifying water trends to improve health and increase the "pleasure of the eye".The first known illutrated descri ption of sand filters was published in 1685 by Luc Antonio Porzio, an Italian physician. He wrote a book on conserving the health of soldier in camps, based on his experience in the Austro-Turkish War. This was probably the earliest published work on mass sanitation.He described and illustrated the use of sand filters and sedimentation. Porzio also stated that his filtration was the same as "by those who built the wells in the Palace of the Doges in Venice and in the palace of Cardinal Sachett,at Rome."The oldest known archeological examples of water filtration are in Venice and the colonies she occupied. The ornate heads on the cisterns bear dates,but it is not known when the filters were placed.Venice,Built on a Series of islands, depended on catching and storing rainwater for its principal freshwater supply for over 1300 years. Cisterns were built andmany were connected in stone-grated catch basins and then filtered through sand into cisterns.A comprehensive article on the water supply of Venice appeared in the Practical Mechanics Journal in 1863.The land area of Venice was 12.85 acres and the average yearly rainfall was 32 inches(in). Nearly all of this rainfall was collected in 177 public and 1900 private cisterns. These cisterns provided a daily average supply of about 4.2 gallons per capita per day(gpcd).This low consumption was due in part to the absence of sewers, the practice of washing clothes in the lagoon,and the universal drinking of wine. These cisterns continued to be the principal water supply of Venice until about the sixteenth century.Many experiments were conducted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in England,France Germany,and Russia.Henry Darcy patented filters in france and England in 1865 and anticipated all aspects of the American rapid sand filter except coagulatin.He appears to be the first to apply the law of hydraulics to filter design.The first filter to supply water to a whole town was completed at Paisley,Scotland,in 1804,but this water was carted to consumers. In Glasgow, Scotland,in 1807 filtered water was piped to consumers.In the United States little attention was given to water treatment until after the Civil War. Turbidity was not as urgent a problem as in Europe. The first filters were of the slow sand type,similar to British design. About 1890 rapid sand filters were developed in the United States and coagulants were introduced to increase their efficency. These filters soon evolved to our present rapid sand filters with slight modification.历史上的水供应人类对纯净水的搜寻开始于史前时代。

土木工程给排水环境工程专业英语翻译题库

2.翻译句子：Lesson 1.土木工程Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end.这一领域的工程师要监督一个项目从开始到结束的整个施工过程。

Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop communities within a city, or entire cities.该领域的工程师从事规划小区或者一个完整的城市。

These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and wastewater-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.规划工程师协调公共工程和私有设施的发展。

他们评估各种设施的需求，包括街道和公路、公共运输系统，机场、港口、供水排水系统，公共建筑，公园、娱乐设施等，以保证社会、经济和环境的协调发展。

The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money.管理工程师将技术和组织协调劳动力、材料、机械设备、资金的能力结合起来。

给排水英文翻译

Removal of inorganic anions from drinking water suppliesby membrane bio/processesSvetlozar Velizarov*,Joa˜o G.Crespo & Maria A.ReisCQFB/REQUIMTE,Department of Chemistry,FCT,Universidade Nova deLisboa,P-2829-516 Caparica,Portugal (*author for correspondence,e-mail: velizarov@dq.fct.unl.pt)Received 29 June 2004; accepted 8 October 2004Key words: Donnan dialysis,drinking water,electrodialysis,inorganic anionic pollutants,integrated processes,membranebioreactors,nanofiltration,ultrafiltration,reverse osmosisAbstractThis paper is designed to provide an overview of the main membrane-assisted processes that can be used for the removal of toxic inorganic anions from drinking water supplies.The emphasis has been placed on integrated process solutions,including the emerging issue of membrane bioreactors.An attempt is made to compare critically recently reported results,reveal the best existing membrane technologies and identify the most promising integrated membrane bio/processes currently being under investigation.Selected examples are discussed in each case with respect to their advantages and limitations compared to conventional methods for removal of anionic pollutants.The use of membranes is particularly attractive for separating ions between two liquid phases (purified and concentrated water streams) because many of the difficulties associated with precipitation,coagulation or adsorption and phase separation can be avoided.Therefore,membrane technologies are already successfully used on large-scale for removal of inorganic anions such as nitrate,fluoride,arsenic species,etc.The concentrated brine discharge and/or treatment,however,can be problematic in many cases.Membrane bioreactors allow for complete depollution but water quality,insufficiently stable process operation,and economical reasons still limit their wider application in drinking water treatment.The development of more efficient membranes,the design of cost-effective operating conditions,especially long-term operations without or with minimal membrane inorganic and/or biological fouling,and reduction of the specific energy consumption requirements are the major challenges.Abbreviations: D – dialysis; DD – Donnan dialysis; DMB – dialysis membrane bioreactor; ED – electrodialysis;IEMB – ion exchange membrane bioreactor; MCL – maximum contaminant level; MF – microfiltration;NF – nanofiltration; RO –reverse osmosis; TOC – total organic carbon; UF – ultrafiltration; USEPA –United States Environmental Protection Agency; WHO – World Health Organization1.IntroductionA number of inorganic anions have been found in potentially harmful concentrations in numerous drinking water sources (DeZuane 1997; Smith et al.2002; Petrovic′ et al.2003).The maximum allowed concentrations of these compounds are generally set by the drinking water quality regulatory standards in the relatively low lg/l)1–mg/l)1 range; therefore,the majority of them can be referred to as micropollutants.The internationally accepted standards and guidelines,regarding the maximum allowed levels of these compounds,are proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO).In addition,the European Union and the US Environmental Protection Agency have issued similar health and environmental standards and a considerable number of regulatory methods have been published worldwide for the analysis of inorganic anions in drinking water (US EPA 1998; Jackson 2001).Table 1 lists the current status for potentially toxic inorganic anions along with some information about the main sources of pollution and the potential healthrisks,associated with their ingestion in drinking water Since there are usually no organoleptic changes in drinking water that can be attributed to the presence of toxic inorganic anions in trace levels,it is rather possible that some of them may remain undetected,thus increasing the possible health risks.An example of such recently found compound is perchlorate,an important ingredient of solid rocket propellants,which may interfere with the ability of the thyroid gland to utilize iodine in hormones production (Richardson 2003; Min etal.2004).Since perchlorate is a serious problem in some US regions,a provisional drinking water goal of 1 lg/l has been suggested (US EPA 2002).A number of inorganic anionic contaminants can be present at the same time in rather different levels (e.g.nitrate and perchlorate),thusleading to the emerging issue of their control and simultaneous removal from drinking water supplies.Finally,water of defined ion composition is required in the manufacturing of a number of foodproducts,pharmaceuticals and in the fresh water fisheries and sea aquariums.Several common treatment technologies are nowadays used for removal of inorganic contaminants from water rge-scale plants usually apply coagulation with aluminium or iron salts followed by filtration but a number of anions (e.g.nitrate) have very little tendency to coordinate with metal ions and low potential for co-precipitation (Duan & Gregory 2003).Smallscale treatment facilities often use ion exchange and/or adsorption due to their ease of handling and compactness;however,regeneration and additional costs,associated with the disposal of the regenerants used,represent serious problems.Moreover,release of undesirable organics (such asstyrene,divinylbenzene,trimethylamine,etc.) from some synthetic resins to the treated water still hinders a larger application of ion exchange for drinking water production (Kapoor & Viraraghavan1997).Membrane separation processes such as reverse osmosis(RO),nanofiltration (NF),ultrafiltration(UF),microfiltration (MF),dialysis (D),Donnan dialysis (DD) and electrodialysis (ED),if properly selected,offer the advantage of producing high quality drinking water.In many cases,one membrane process can be integrated with another to produce water of even higher quality.In these processes,the membrane can be viewed as a barrier between contaminated and purified water streams.The separation of the two streams often allows for operation with no or minimal chemical water pre-treatment,which otherwise can form deleterious by-products (Bergman 1995; Jacangelo et al.1997).However,in physical membrane processes,inorganic anions are not destroyed but normally concentrated and the concentrate disposal can be costly and difficult to permit in many cases; therefore,post-treatment of the concentrate stream or hybrid membrane-assisted technologies capable of converting anionic contaminants to harmless products are highly desirable.Chemical,electrochemical or biochemical treatment processes are able to deal efficiently with anions (Daub et al.1999; Carraro et al.2000;Centi & Perathoner 2003).Among them,biological reduction is especially appropriate since it offers selective removal of the target anion from water due to anoxic bacteria,which under appropriate conditions (pH,oxidation–reduction potential,temperature,etc.) can use anions as electron acceptors and organic (heterotrophic microorganisms) or inorganic (autotrophic microogranisms) compounds as electron donors for their growth.However,the main concern of using bioprocesses is the risk of secondary water pollution by cells,incompletely degraded nutrients and metabolic by-products,which can promote microbial growth in water distribution systems,thus requiring extensive post-treatment in order to produce safe and biologically stable water.These problems can be overcome,or at least reduced,by introducing a membrane unit as a pre- or posttreatment stage in the water production process.When membrane(s) are integrated with an appropriate bioprocess in a single process,the configuration is generally referred to as ‘‘membrane bioreactor’’.In this paper,discussion on useful applications of membrane processes for removal of inorganic anionic contaminants from drinking water,with a special emphasis on the emerging issue of membrane bioreactors,is presented.Since it is rather difficult to select which membrane applications might be referred as specifically anion removal ones (other water constituents are often also removed),the authors’ opinion,in some instances might be subjective.In most cases,only recentexamples are referred to since the articles selected often familiarize the interested reader with the general history of a specific problem.Where it is appropriate,the discussion starts with a given membrane separation used as a single process and then moves on to its integration in membrane bioprocesses.An attempt is made to identify the advantages,limitations and future research needs in each case.Some of the processes discussed at the present time could be considered still far from practical implementation,but nevertheless,they might provide useful information,on which future developments could be based.2.Pressure-driven membrane processes and membrane bioreactorsPressure-driven membrane processes use pressure difference between the water to be treated and a permeate side as the driving force to transport water across the membrane.These membrane processes include RO,NF,UF and MF.The operating trans-membrane pressure ranges vary significantly but are usually: 20–100 bar for RO,5–20 bar for NF,2–5 bar for UF,and 0.1–2 bar for MF.It has to be mentioned that while MF and UF membranes have well-defined porous structure,for RO and NF membranes the term ‘‘pores’’may be better associated with the intramolecular voids within the polymeric matrix. Another possible classification can be based on the molecular mass of the solute to be separated by a given membrane process that is usually of up to 100 Da (RO),100–500 Da (NF) and 500– 10,0000 Da (UF).Obviously,UF and MF are not suitable for the direct removal of inorganic anions from solution; however they can be implemented in hybrid processes,which produce larger aggregates (subsequently filtered) (Han et al.2002; Yoon et al.2003) or in bioprocesses with the purpose to retain microbial cells,using anions as electron acceptors.On the other hand, RO and NF can be used for removal of inorganic anions as single processes.The advantages and limitations of each process will be discussed in the following sections.2.1.Reverse osmosisReverse osmosis is a well-established technology used for many years in water desalination.Reverse osmosis membranes areasymmetric,i.e.,consist of a thin polymer (nowadays,mostly polyamide) layer combined with a porous support to guarantee the membrane mechanical stability.The RO membranes discriminate on the basis of molecular size and due to the dense properties of the separating layer very high (often close to 100%) retention of low-molecular mass compounds and ions (total desalination) can be achieved.Moreover, the process can be easily automated and controlled.The treated water stream,however,may lack the right balance of minerals and has unpleasing taste because of the retention of all ions (Nicoll 2001).Another disadvantage of RO is the high energy consumptionneeded to maintain the required pressure difference.Reverse osmosis membranes are very sensitive to polarization phenomena (ions accumulation) at the membrane surface contacting the concentrate (retentate) side.In addition,the solubility products of some salts in the retentate can be exceeded,forming precipitates(mineral fouling) besides possible biological fouling due to natural organic matter and microogranisms present.The presence of non-toxic components,such as hardness (Ca2+,Mg2+) 2-anions,can interfere with the separation of toxic anionic species and SO4due to problems that these components may cause with water recovery and ionic strength (osmotic pressure) (Ritchie & Bhattacharyya 2002). Therefore,the contaminated water usually requires pre-treatment (other membrane processes like MF and/or UF are nowadays more and more used) before entering the RO modules.Concerning the RO applications in the case of toxic inorganic anions,few studies have been recently performed mostly aiming at the removal of arsenic species and nitrate (Table 2).Brandhuber and Amy (1998) showed that if the main arsenic species are present as As(III) only RO membranes would be effective.In a pilot-scale study,removal efficiencies between 96–99% for As(V) and 46–84% for As (III) have been reported (Ning 2002).Pre-oxidation of As(III) to As(V) could guarantee better removal.It was demonstrated that RO could be effectively applied for removal of nitrate along with water desalination in a rural area (Schoeman &Steyn 2003).The nitrate removal efficiency was close to 98% and,although the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the treated water stream were strongly reduced (from 1292 mg/l in the source water to 24 mg/l in the RO permeate),the authors suggested that the water could be used directly for potable purposes.Preliminary estimates showed that for an approximately 2 m3/h output plant,the capital and operating cost were about USD 29,900 and 0.50/m3,respectively.It can be concluded that RO is a highly efficient process for removal of inorganic anions from drinking water,which guarantees a secure detoxification of the water supply.However,total desalination is undesired due to possible corrosive problems if water hardness is reduced to very low levels.Water with hardness values under 50 mg/l is expectedto be corrosive (lead,copper,iron,zinc,etc.) (DeZuane1997).Therefore,modifications, allowing for selective toxic anions removal along with a sufficient retention of water salinity are required.2.2.NanofiltrationNanofiltration (NF) uses membranes,which can provide selective desalination,and is usually applied to separate multi-valent ions from monovalent ones; however,it is also possible to achieve a certain separation of ions of the same valence by selecting the proper membrane and operating conditions (Lhassani et al.2001).NF membranes are sometimes designated as ‘‘loose’’ RO membranes (Ho & Sirkar 1992),since they provide higher water fluxes at lower trans-membrane pressures.These membranes are usually asymmetric and negatively charged at neutral and alkaline drinking water pH.Therefore,separation of anions is based not only on different rates of their diffusion through the membrane (at low pressure),convection (at high pressure),but also on repulsion (Donnan exclusion) between anions in solution and the surface groups,which is obviously higher for multi-valent anions (Levenstein et al.1996).The advantage of introducing this additional mechanism of ion exclusion (in addition to the size-based exclusion) is that high ion separation degrees (ion rejections) similar to those in RO can be achieved but at higher water fluxes through the membrane.On the other hand,the NF process is much more sensitive than RO to the ionic strength and pH of source water.The membrane surface charge is mainly due to anion adsorption from water rather than to fixed charged groups (as in the case of ion exchange membranes), therefore it depends strongly on bulk anion concentration (Hagmeyer & Gimbel 1998).Furthermore,it changes from negative to zero net charge at the membrane isoelectric point and then to positive at lower pH values (usually <4) due to cation adsorption.This pH dependence can strongly affect the target anion separation. Therefore,the selection of adequate operating conditions is more critical for NF applications. Despite these challenges,a number of studies dealing with the removal of toxic anions from drinking water have been performed (Table 2) and most of them have showed promising results.Experiments with groundwater,to which arsenate As(V) and arseniteAs(III) were added,were performed by Urase et al.(1998),who showed that the As(V) rejection between 90 and 97% from the negatively charged NF membrane used was almost not influenced by water pH; however,the As(III) rejection increased with pH,being 50% at pH 3 and 89% at pH 10.At pH 10,most of arsenite is in a mono-valent anion form,while at low pH the neutral form dominates because the pKa value of arsenite is 9.1.For the same reasons,As(III) was not effectively removed in two other studies (Vrijenhoek & Waypa 2000; Sato et al.2002) while As (V) removal reached 90 and 95%,respectively.It was found that the rejection of As(III) decreased with increasing bulk concentration,an effect that was attributed to its enhanced diffusion and convection through the membrane under such conditions (Vrijenhoek & Waypa 2000).Fluoride removal by NF has also been tested for model water (Lhassani et al.2001) and contaminated groundwater (Cohen & Conrad 1998). In a model study,NF showed potential to selectively separate the following single halide salts: NaF,NaCl,NaI,LiF and LiCl (Diawara et al. 2003).The fluoride selectivity was higher at low fluxes,where the chemical parameters (e.g. hydration energy,partition coefficient) are predominant and larger ions were less retained. Therefore,fluoride,with a hydration energy higher than those of chloride and iodide,was better retained despite the fact that it is the smallest anion.Nitrate removal from drinking water by NF has been the subject of several studies (Table 2). A reasonably high nitrate rejection of 76% was observed by Van der Bruggen et al.(2001),who also performed preliminary cost analysis,showing that for a water treatment capacity of 2000 m3/h the operating cost would be approximately 0.13/m3.However,the hardness rejection was very high,up to 95%,therefore the treated water should be re-mineralised to obtain a hardness of approximately 2 mmol/l.It was suggested that the development of new membranes with the same rejection for neutral molecules but with lower rejection for charged compounds would allow to obtain a permeate with hardness ready for distribution. Nanofiltration is rapidly becoming more and more attractive alternative to the traditional RO water treatment.To a great extent,this is due to the introduction of highly efficient NF membranes and moduleconfigurations,which allow lower investment and operatingcosts.Nowadays,the world’s largest NF plant treating surface water (from the river Oise) is located in France and comprises over 9000 Filmtec NF200 membrane modules able to produce 140,000 m3 of drinking water per day (Nicoll 2001).2.3.Pressure-driven membrane bioreactorsThe concept of integration of biological treatment (aerobic or anoxic) of polluted water with its filtration across a porous membrane,driven by a pressure difference was first applied for the separation of activated sludge by an UF membrane and its recycling to the aeration tank (Smith et al. 1969),and since that time has been exploited extensively in urban and industrial wastewater treatment (Bouillot et al.1990; Brindle & Stephenson 1996; Gander et al.2000; Ben Aim & Semmens 2002; Cicek 2003; Wintgens et al.2003). The polluted water and microbial culture are in the direct contact,while the product water is ‘‘forced’’ through the membrane due to pressure difference (Figure 1).The main advantage is the possibility of achieving high biomass concentrations within the bioreactor; therefore,the plant size can be reduced.As a result of membrane separation,the biomass retention time is independent from the hydraulic retention time,thus allowing slowgrowing microorganisms to be maintained in the bioreactor.This feature is of particular importance for toxic compounds and/or micropollutants, which usually need long periods for their complete biological degradation/transformation to harmless products.Previous articles dealing with pressuredriven membrane bioreactors categorized such systems in terms of the manner in which the membrane module is integrated (e.g.an external membrane module,or membranes directly immersed in the culture medium,a configuration known as an ‘‘submerged membrane bioreactor’’). The latter configuration appears to be less energy consuming and less detrimental for the biomass (Ben Aim & Semmens 2002).Following the successful application of pressure-driven membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment,the first attempts to extend this approach to the production of drinking water were done in the 1990s (Table 3).Chang et al.(1993) studied denitrification of tap water supplementedwith nitrate salts,which was continuously pumped to an agitated anoxic bioreactor coupled to an external hollow fibre UF membrane (a nominal porosity of 0.01 lm) module,through which the culture medium was recycled.The carbon and phosphorus needed for bacterial growth were provided by ethanol and phosphoric acid,respectively. Efficient denitrification (NO3) and NO2) concentration bellow the respective MCLs) was achieved at a maximum permeate flow rate of more than 100 l/(m2 h) and nitrate removal rate of 11 g/(m2 h).The most serious detected problem was related to the strong decrease of water filtration rate from 120 to 45 l/(m2 h) after 10 days of operation because of membranefouling.Therefore, a backwashing procedure (for 12 seconds every 12 min) had to be implemented,thus increasing the process complexity and energy demands. Furthermore,a secondary pollution of the treated water by 1.5–2.1 mg C/l (as total organic carbon) was found.While this TOC level was much lower than the one in the bioreactor (40–50 mg/l),it was still high enough to promote secondary microbial growth in the distribution systems.Using the same concept but with a plane UF membrane module (cut-off diameter of 200 kDa), Delanghe et al.(1994) also obtained a highly efficient denitrification of tap water,supplemented with nitrate salts,and reached a maximum permeate flow rate of about 21 l/(m2 h) and nitrate removal rate of 3 g/(m2 h).They dealt with the fouling problem by washing weekly the membranes with 3% NaClO solution pumped through the modules.However,the TOC concentrations in the treated water varied between 5–10 mg C/l. Since no ethanol was found,this TOC increase was attributed to low-molecular mass organic compounds, lower than the membrane cut-off diameter. The authors concluded that whatever its origin,this TOC level made the water unsuitable for drinking and needs further treatment.Barreiros et al.(1998),using acetate as the carbon source and electron donor,succeeded to denitrify efficiently naturally contaminated groundwater.They used a hollow fibre polysulfone UF membrane module with a cut-off of 500 kDa and obtained reasonably high water permeate flow rate of about 30 l/(m2 h) at a nitrate removal rate of 4.5 g/(m2 h).TOC values of 1.5–2.0 mg C/l were determined in the treated water,which were similarto those measured by Chang et al.(1993).The dosage of electron donor to the contaminated water has to be carefully controlled in response to the electron acceptor (anion) concentration. On-line monitoring of the target anion concentration in the feed water and adding the carbon source as a function of that concentration by means of an adaptive control system could solve this problem.Such control is important since electron donor limitation would lead to incomplete anion reduction,while overdosing could promote microbial growth in water distribution systems.However,the capability of a pressure-driven membrane bioreactor to provide TOC free water would be still questionable because of possible transport through the membrane of low-molecular organic compounds (other that the carbon source) as noted by Delanghe et al. (1994).Recently,the removal of nitrate from synthetic feed water using a sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification in a pressure-driven membrane bioreactor utilizing a rotating UF membrane disks with a cut-off of 750 kDa was tested (Kimura et al. 2002).While the obtained water permeate flow rate of about 20 l/(m2 h) is within the expected range,this study is interesting due to the use of membranes directly immersed in the bioreactor. Membrane fouling was not severe and cleaning by increasing the disk rotation velocity from 200 to 400 rpm for 15 min every 3 days allowed for a stable process operation for more than 3 months. However,assimilable organic carbon was still detected in the treated water.Fluorescence spectroscopy data showed differences between feed water and filtrate,however,the authors could not identify or characterize the organic matter from the contour plots obtained.Besides their direct application for drinking water production,as discussed above,pressuredriven membrane bioreactors have been occasionally used to treat concentrated water streams, obtained after applying other processes.An advantage of such ‘‘associations’’ is that biological treatment can be applied to solutions whose compositions and temperature can be controlled and is independent of possible changes in the characteristics of water to be treated.Forexample,nitrate-containing brine,obtained after an electrodialysistreatment of groundwater,contaminated by agricultural and farm activities,was studied (Wisniewski et al.2002).A ceramic membrane with an average pore size of 0.05 lm,periodically regenerated by chemical means,was used. An almost total removal of nitrates (99%) was achieved by the mixed culture despite the presence of other ions in relatively high concentrations.The drinking water quality is determined by the process used (electrodialysis in the case studied).Overall,in pressure-driven membrane bioreactors, fouling was found to affect the process performance either due to the deposit of a layer at the membrane surface and/or by partial or complete blockage of the pores.However,fairly efficient solutions (e.g.,periodic membrane backwashing) can be implemented so that relatively high amounts of water may be treated per unit area of membrane.With the reduction of the price of commercial membranes,the process energy consumption is usually the most important economic factor.A general limitation of the pressure-driven membrane bioreactors studied until now is the treated water quality.While contamination of water with microbial cells and biopolymers can be avoided,the retention of ions and low molecular mass compounds (such as some metabolicby-products) by porous membranes is generally insufficient to meet the stringent drinking water criteria; therefore either process modifications or water post-treatment are necessary.3.Dialytic membrane bio/processesDialysis uses a semi-permeable membrane to separatecompounds due to their different rates ofdiffusion in the membrane.Since the dialysis processdriving force is the chemical potential difference(in opposition to pressure difference for RO,NF,UF and MF),one of the main differencesbetween pressure-driven membrane processes anddialyitic processes is that the solvent (water) passesthrough the membrane with more or less selectivesolutes (ions) retention in pressure-drivenprocesses,while the solutes pass through themembrane with more or less selective transfer in dialysis.In practice,dialysis is used for separationof compounds,which differ significantly in size inorder to guarantee a large difference in diffusion rates; the classical example is hemodialysis (artificial kidney) for purifying human blood byremoving small solutes such as urea,chloride,etc.,while retaining large proteins and other componentsin the blood.Therefore,the ability of dialysisto discriminate between different ions in water is limited.Furthermore,the flux of a given compound depends on its concentration gradientthrough the membrane,thus dialysis is characterizedby considerably lower flux rates in comparisonto pressure-driven membrane separations.Therefore,despite its great pharmaceuticalimportance,dialyisis has not been applied as asingle process in drinking water treatment.On theother hand,attempts have been made to separateanaerobic mixed microbial culture from water tobe treated using microporous hydrophobic membranes, based on a dialysis mode of operation,aconfiguration,which might be designated as adialysis membrane bioreactor.Besides the chemical potential (instead of pressure) difference usedas the driving force,another important difference between this type of bioreactor and the pressuredriven membrane bioreactor is that the water to betreated and the microbial culture are separated bythe membrane in different compartments(Figure 1).3.1.Dialysis membrane bioreactorsNitrate removal was studied in a system,in whichmodel water and denitrifying microorganisms were。

给排水专业英语李康

给排水专业英语李康
给排水专业英语翻译为"Plumbing and Drainage Engineering"。

在给排水专业中，有一些常用的英语词汇和短语，如下所示：
1. Plumbing - 管道安装
2. Drainage - 排水系统
3. Piping - 管道
4. Sewer - 下水道
5. Water supply - 供水系统
6. Water distribution - 配水系统
7. Plumbing fixtures - 卫浴设备
8. Sanitary fittings - 卫生设备
9. Ventilation - 通风系统
10. Pumping station - 泵站
11. Sewage treatment - 污水处理
12. Stormwater management - 雨水管理
13. Plumbing code - 管道安装规范
14. Plumbing design - 管道设计
15. Plumbing installation - 管道安装
16. Plumbing maintenance - 管道维护
17. Plumbing repair - 管道维修
18. Plumbing inspection - 管道检查
19. Water conservation - 节水
20. Backflow prevention - 防止倒流
以上是一些常见的给排水专业英语词汇和短语，希望对你有帮助！。

蓝梅主编给排水科学与工程专业英语部分课文翻译中文版

第四单元给水系统一般来说，供水系统可划分为四个主要组成部分:（1）水源和取水工程（2）水处理和存储（3）输水干管和配水管网。

常见的未处理的水或者说是原水的来源是像河流、湖泊、泉水、人造水库之类的地表水源以及像岩洞和水井之类的地下水源。

修建取水构筑物和泵站是为了从这些水源中取水。

原水通过输水干管输送到自来水厂进行处理并且处理后的出水储存到清水池。

处理的程度取决于原水的水质和出水水质要求。

有时候，地下水的水质是如此的好以至于在供给给用户之前只需消毒即可。

由于自来水厂一般是根据平均日需求流量设计的，所以，清水池为水需求日变化量提供了一个缓冲区。

水通过输水干管长距离输送。

如果输水干管中的水流是通过泵所产生的压力水头维持的，那么我们称这个干管为增压管。

另外，如果输水干管中的水流是靠由于高差产生的可获得的重力势能维持的，那么我们称这个干管为重力管。

在输水干管中没有中间取水。

与输水干管类似，在配水管网中水流的维持要么靠泵增压，要么靠重力势能。

一般来说，在平坦地区，大的配水管网中的水压是靠泵提供的，然而，在不平坦的地区，配水管网中的压力水头是靠重力势能维持的。

一个配水管网通过引入管连接配水给用户。

这样的配水管网可能有不同的形状，并且这些形状取决于这个地区的布局。

一般地，配水管网有环状或枝状的管道结构，但是，根据当地城市道路和街区总体布局计划，有时候环状和枝状结构合用。

城市配水管网大多上是环状形式，然而，乡村地区的管网是枝状形式。

由于供水服务可靠性要求高，环状管网优于枝状管网。

配水管网的成本取决于对管网的几何形状合适的选择。

城市计划采用的街道布局的选择对提供一个最小成本的供水系统来说是重要的。

环状管网最常见的两个供水结构是方格状、环状和辐射状；然而，我们不可能找到一个最佳的几何形状而使得成本最低。

一般地，城镇供水系统是单入口环状管系统。

如上所说，环状系统有一些通过系统相互连接的管道使得通过这些连接接的管道，可以供水到同一个需水点。

给排水专业英语课文翻译

There are several species of bacteria that are widely found in the aquatic environment but so not normally cause illness in the immuno-competent. They are not therefore particularly associated with health problems from drinking-water. It is important to be aware of them nevertheless, as they have occasionally been associated with disease where people may already be ill with other conditions or their immune system is reduced and unable to cope (Dufour 1990).They are usually known as environmental bacteria, but I have also come across the terms adventitious or heterotrophic in this context (although heterotrophic strictly means they get their source of energy and cellular carbon from the oxidation of organic material, that is, by feeding on plants or animals-rather than photosvnchesis). Where laboratories carry out plare counts, it is often these bacteria that are cultured. There will be many different types of environmental bacturia but the imporiant ones for drinking-water safety are listed here.AeromonasAeromonas are commonly found in both fresh and salt waters. There are several species, each one favouring a particular environmental niche. Aeromonas bydropbila is found mainly in clean river water, Aeromonas sobria in stagnant water and Aeromonas caviae in marine water. They are so common that people have tried to use them in rivers as indicators of pollution. They are known to cause diarrhoea and infection in soft tissue where damaged skin comes into contact with contaminated river or lake water.Aeromonas caviae is the one most commonly associated with diarrhoea. Diarrhoeal infection is usually mild, although more severe symptoms have occasionally been known, including bloody diarrhoea and chronic colitis (inflammation of the colon).Aeromonas have been found in treated chlorinated water and sometimes, there is re-growth in the distribution pipes. Chlorine only appears to have a temporary effect on them and this may mean that it stops them from reproducing but does not kill them. If left (presumably so they can get their breath back and have a bit of a rest after the chlorine attack) they can continue as normal.有一些种类的细菌在水生环境中被发现,但通常不引起疾病immuno-competent。

给排水外文翻译

给排水外文翻译【概述】外文名称：Water Supply and Drainage【引言】给排水是指人类为了满足生活、生产和环境需求，采集、利用和排放水资源的活动和系统。

随着城市化进程的加速和人们对舒适生活品质的要求不断提高，给排水工程在城市规划和建设中起到至关重要的作用。

本文将介绍给排水外文翻译的重要性、翻译技巧和注意事项，为给排水工程相关专业人员提供参考。

【翻译重要性】给排水工程涉及大量外文文献和技术资料，而国内外水利工程界的发展迅猛，相关外文文献的翻译对于我国的给排水工程建设具有重要意义。

通过翻译，我们可以了解国外先进的给排水技术和管理经验，为我国的工程建设提供参考和借鉴。

同时，翻译还有助于加强国际间的交流合作，促进我国在给排水领域的影响力和地位的进一步提升。

【翻译技巧】1. 理解专业术语：给排水领域涉及大量专业术语，翻译者应对这些术语进行准确理解。

可以通过查阅外文词典或专业词汇表对其进行翻译，避免出现术语误译的情况。

2. 深入研究上下文：在翻译过程中，翻译者应该深入研究原文上下文，理解全文的语境和主旨，以确保翻译结果的准确性和一致性。

3.注意句子结构：外文论文的句子结构和汉语差异较大，翻译者应根据汉语表达习惯进行适当调整，保证译文通顺。

【注意事项】1. 外文翻译要准确传达论文内容，不得随意增删原文内容。

2. 翻译过程中应注意句子结构的转换，确保译文的准确性和流畅性。

3. 注意专业术语翻译的准确性，可以参考国内外相关词汇表和标准进行翻译。

4. 翻译过程中应注意时间和质量的把握，提前制定翻译计划，并进行分段、分步翻译，以确保高质量的翻译成果。

【结论】给排水外文翻译对于我国给排水工程建设和国际交流具有重要意义。

翻译者需要具备扎实的专业知识和翻译技巧，通过深入研究与准确翻译，为我国的工程建设和国际交流贡献力量。

同时，加强对外文文献和技术的翻译工作，不断提高我国在给排水领域的创新能力和核心竞争力，助力我国以科技创新引领未来社会发展的目标实现。

西安建筑给排水专业英语词汇汇总1

wastewater 污废水
Floating materials漂浮物
suspended materials悬浮物
Colloidal materials 胶体物质
colloidal particles 胶体微粒
Dissolved materials 溶解物质
Dissolved gases 溶解气体
boiler water supply锅炉给水
demineralize 去除矿物质
scale deposit 水垢，积垢
Outfall 出水口，排水口
chemical clarification 化学（法）澄清
coagulation 混凝
coagulant 混凝剂
sedimentation 沉淀
gravity thickener重力浓缩池
sludge scraper 刮泥器
Sludge digestion 污泥消化
methane-forming bacteria产甲烷菌
给排水专业英语采集
一、通用术语
给水排水工程的通用术语及其涵义应符合下列规定：
1、给水工程 water supply engineering 原水的取集和处理以及成品水输配的工程。
filtration 过滤
disinfection 消毒
synthetic polymer 合成聚合物
Activated carbon 活性炭
Chlorine 氯
sedimentation basin 沉淀池
oxidize 使氧化，使生锈
soften 软化
settle-able 会沉淀的
Saturation 饱和状态

合肥工业大学各学院、专业名称及其英文翻译

合肥工业大学各学院、专业名称及其英文翻译仪器科学与光电工程学院 School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronic Engineering1、测控技术与仪器 Measurement & Control Technology and Instrument2、光信息科学与技术 Optic Information Science & Technology机械与汽车工程学院 School of Machinery and Automobile Engineering3、车辆工程 Vehicles Engineering4、工业工程 Industrial Engineering5、工业设计 Industry Design6、过程装备与控制工程 Process Equipment & Control Engineering7、机械设计制造及其自动化 Machine Design & Manufacture & Its Automation8、交通工程 Transportation Engineering9、热能与动力工程 Thermal Energy & Power Engineering材料科学与工程学院 School of Material Science and Engineering10、金属材料工程 Metal Materials Engineering11、材料物理 Materials Physics12、无机非金属材料工程 Inorganic Non-metallic Materials Engineering13、材料成型及控制工程 Material Forming & Control Engineering电气与自动化工程学院 School of Electric Engineering and Automation14、电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and Automation15、生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering16、自动化 Automation计算机与信息学院 School of Computer and Information17、计算机科学与技术 Computer Science & Technology18、电子信息工程 Electronic Information Engineering19、电子信息科学与技术 Electronic Information Science & Technology20、通信工程 Communications Engineering21、信息安全Information Security化学工程学院 School of Chemical Engineering22、高分子材料与工程 Macromolecule Material and Engineering23、化学工程与工艺 Chemical Engineering and Technics24、制药工程 Pharmacy Engineering25、应用化学 Applied Chemistry土木建筑工程学院 School of Civil Engineering26、给排水工程 Water Supply & Drainage Engineering27、工程力学 Engineering Mechanics28、水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering29、土木工程 Civil Engineering30、建筑环境与设备工程 Architectural Environment & Equipment Engineering建筑与艺术学院 School of Architecture and Arts31、城市规划 Urban Planning32、建筑学 Architecture33、艺术设计 Artistic Design资源与环境学院 School of Resources and Environment34、地理信息系统 Geographic Information System35、环境工程 Environment Engineering36、勘查技术与工程 Exploration Technology & Engineering37、资源勘查工程 Resources Exploration Engineering理学院 School of Sciences38、电子科学与技术 Electronic Science & Technology39、数学与应用数学 Applied Mathematics40、微电子学 Microelectronics41、信息与计算科学 Science of Information & Computation42、应用物理学 Applied Physics管理学院 School of Management43、电子商务 Electronic Commerce44、会计学 Accounting45、工商管理 Business Management46、劳动与社会保障 Labour and Social Security47、信息管理与信息系统 Information Management & System48、旅游管理 Tourism Management49、市场营销 Marketing人文经济学院 School of Humanities and Economics50、财政学 Finance51、广告学 Advertisement52、国际经济与贸易 International Economy & Trade53、经济学 Economics54、思想政治教育 Education in Ideology and Politics55、英语 English56、法学 Law57、社会工作 Social Work生物与食品工程学院 School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering58、生物工程 Bioengineering59、生物技术 Biotechnology60、食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering。

给排水专业英语蓝梅课文翻译第七单元

给排水专业英语蓝梅课文翻译第七单元【原创实用版】目录1.课文概述2.翻译过程3.课文内容详解4.总结正文一、课文概述本篇课文是给排水专业英语蓝梅课文翻译的第七单元，主要介绍了给排水专业的一些基本知识和相关术语。

通过本单元的学习，可以提高学生在专业英语方面的阅读和翻译能力，更好地理解和掌握给排水专业的知识。

二、翻译过程在翻译过程中，我们首先需要对课文中的专业词汇进行了解和整理。

例如，给排水专业中的“water supply”（供水）、“wastewater disposal”（排水）等。

然后，对句子结构进行分析，确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。

最后，对翻译结果进行校对和修改，确保翻译质量。

三、课文内容详解本篇课文主要分为以下几个部分：1.供水系统（water supply system）：课文介绍了供水系统的基本组成和功能，包括水源、水处理设施、输水管道和配水设施等。

供水系统的目标是向用户提供符合标准的生活用水和工业用水。

2.排水系统（wastewater disposal system）：课文阐述了排水系统的概念、组成部分及其功能。

排水系统主要包括污水管道、泵站、污水处理厂和出水口等，其主要任务是将生活、工业和雨水等污水收集、处理和排放，以保护环境和人类健康。

3.给排水工程（water supply and drainage engineering）：课文描述了给排水工程的概念、分类和主要任务。

给排水工程包括水源工程、供水工程、排水工程和污水处理工程等，其目标是合理开发和利用水资源，提高水资源的利用效率，保障水资源的可持续利用。

4.给排水专业英语（water supply and drainage professional English）：课文介绍了给排水专业英语的重要性和基本要求。

学习给排水专业英语有助于提高学生在国际交流和合作中的沟通能力，促进我国给排水事业的发展。

四、总结通过对本单元课文的翻译和学习，我们不仅提高了专业英语阅读和翻译能力，还加深了对给排水专业知识的理解。

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Following the washing process, water should be filtred go waste until the turbidity drops to an acceptable value. Filter-to-waste outlets should be through an air-gap-to-waste drain, which may require from 2 to 20 mimutes, depending on pretreatment and type of filter. This practice was discontinued for many years, but modern recording turbidimeters have shown that this operation is valuable in the production of a high-quality water. Operating the washed filter at a slow rate at the start of a filter run may accomplish the same purpose. A recording turbidimeter for continues monitoring of the effluent from each individual filter unit is of great value in controlling this operation at the start of a run, as well as in predicting or detecting filter breakthrough at the end of a run.
随着反冲洗得进行，冲洗水应当排入废水中，直到浊度下降到一个可接受的值为止。

过滤器对废物网点应通过气隙至废物排放，这可能需要2到20 mimutes，取决于预处理和滤波器的类型。

这种做法已经停产多年，但现代录音浊度仪已经表明，这种操作是有价值的生产高品质的水。

操作清洗过滤器以缓慢的速度在过滤器运行开始可以达到相同的目的。

一种记录浊度仪用于继续监视从每个过滤单元出水是很有价值的控制
此操作在运行开始时，以及在在运行结束预测或检测过滤器的突破。

The time from start to full backwash flow should be at least 30 seconds and perhaps longer, and should be restricted by devices biut into the plant. This is frequently done by means of an automatically regulated master wash valve, controlled hydraulically and designed so that it cannot open too fast. Alternatively,a speed controller could be installed on the operator of each washwater valve.
从开始时间到全反洗流量应该是至少30秒或更长，并且应该由内置于设备的植物受到限制。

这是经常由一个自动调节主洗阀来完成的，液压控制和设计，以便它不能打开过快。

或者，速度控制器可以安装在每个清洗水阀门的操作者。

给排水专业英语翻译