日本第三版胃癌指南
第3版日本胃癌治疗指南
胃癌治疗指南 修订第 3 版
(日本)第 82 回胃癌学会共识会议专用资料 2010 年 3 月 3 日
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胃癌治疗指南 修订前言
本次之修订,结合胃癌规约的修订,为使两者的分工更加明确而进行了大幅 更改。最大的特点就是,在此之前一直包括在胃癌规约中的有关治疗的内容部分, 全部且从形式上做了大幅更改后纳入本指南中。
想达到根治手术时,从肿瘤的边缘开始要尽量保留足够的断端距离,从而确定切除范围。 T2 以上时,术中要确保局限性肿瘤保留 3cm 以上,浸润型保留 5cm 以上的断端距离(食道 浸润癌非此标准)。比上述断端距离短时,要对肿瘤侧的断端全层行快速病理诊断进行无瘤 确认。
定型手术中常遇到胃全切还是幽门侧胃切除术的选择问题。胃全切术适用于食道胃接合 部到肿瘤近心端距离 5cm 以内的 T2 以上的肿瘤及 3cm 以下的 T1 肿瘤。而即使是胃体部的
对于本次的胃癌规约修订,我们废除了解剖学上的淋巴结分类,采用了与 TNM 分类相关的转移个数的淋巴结分类。这是因为转移个数的分类比解剖学上 的分类能更好的反映预后的,这一观点是基于国内外越来越多的研究证据,及对 国际普遍性、客观性的重视。据此,以往的“第 1 组淋巴结”,“第 2 组淋巴结” 的名称也不复存在。随着此次更改,有关淋巴结清扫范围,本指南也规定了更加 简明的术式类别 D1/D2。
在第 13 版之前的胃癌规约中,根据原发病灶在胃内的所在部位不同而进行 淋巴结的分组,这种解剖学的分类被用于转移程度(N1-N3,M1)和 Stage 的确 定及规定清扫的淋巴结范围(D1-D3)。这虽然是长年大量数据积累和详细统计 分析而得出的合理方法,但因其复杂性而使很多的普通外科医生或国外的专科医 生难以完全理解,同时,对于原发病灶的所在部位或转移淋巴结部位的判断也缺 乏客观性。
胃癌手术指南
近端胃切除术淋巴
第 组 淋 巴 结 左 膈 下 动 脉 的 食 管 贲 门 支
2
含贲门的胃切除,保留幽门
D1:(第一站淋巴结)黑色;D2:(第二站淋巴结)蓝色
全胃切除术淋巴结清扫范围
含贲门和幽门的全胃切除术
D1:(第一站淋巴结)黑色;D2:(第二站淋巴结)蓝色
保留幽门胃切除术淋巴结清扫范围
NO.4-胃大弯淋巴结。沿胃网膜左、右动脉走行的大弯淋巴结, 分为以下3组。 NO.4sa-胃短血管淋巴结。 NO.4sb-胃网膜左血管淋巴结。 NO.4d-胃网膜右血管淋巴结。 NO.5-幽门上淋巴结。胃右动脉根部的淋巴结。 NO.6-幽门下淋巴结。在幽门下大网膜内,常分为3部分:a.狭义的幽门下淋巴
胃癌的淋巴结分组:(日本胃癌 学会JGCA)
NO.13-胰头后淋巴结。
位于胰头后部。将十二指肠向内侧游离松动提起后, 附于胰头后Treitz筋膜的脏层正面分布于胰十二指肠后动脉弓附近。
NO.14-肠系膜根部淋巴结。 分为以下两组。 NO.14v-肠系膜上静脉淋巴结。 NO.14a-肠系膜上动脉淋巴结。 NO.15-结肠中血管淋巴结。 NO.16-腹主动脉周围淋巴结。 位于胰腺上下腹主动脉周围。分为以下四组。 NO.16a1-主动脉裂孔淋巴结。 NO.16a2-腹腔干上缘至左肾静脉下缘之间腹主动周围脉淋巴 结。 NO.16b1-左肾静脉下缘至肠系膜下动脉上缘之间腹主动脉周 围淋巴结。 NO.16b2-肠系膜下动脉上缘至腹主动脉分叉之间腹主动脉周 围淋巴结。
远端胃切除术 近端胃切除术 全胃切除术 保留幽门胃切 除术
D1
1、3、4sb、 4d、5、6、7
1、2、3、4sa、1---7 4sb、7
胃癌临床处理流程
胃癌临床处理流程(根据2010第三版日本规约)一检查常规检查:血常规,肝功能,生化,凝血功能,心功能,心电图,彩超等特殊检查:胃镜,病理,上腹部CT,上消化道钡餐胃镜:上腹部CT平扫+增强:CT术前10min,口服1500ml水,使胃壁充分张开。
上消化道钡餐:胃角处及上胃部肿物,均需要上消化道钡餐,判断切除范围。
二诊断:1)判断合并症:Bleeding和block。
Bleeding,均需要短期手术处理,Bleeding是否需要输血治疗,block需要禁食处理,洗胃等。
2)主要诊断,包括部位与分期。
手术时机:术前营养支持及护胃治疗。
输血10g/L,白蛋白35g/L以上,心功能正常。
三根据胃镜与CT选择适当的治疗方案:cT1 期肿瘤发生淋巴结转移的可能性较低,故而其清扫范围原则上为D1 清扫术,T2 以上肿瘤则原则上应行D2 清扫术。
早期:T1a,粘膜内M,T1b粘膜下SM,需要超声内镜诊断,尤其是反复深溃疡。
N0可以行EMR,或胃大部切切除术+D1组淋巴结清扫术。
进展期:全胃或远端胃切除+D2,胃食管结合部:全胃切除+D2(D1+No.8a,9,10,11,12a),另外对于食道浸润癌,D1 需追加清扫No.110 组淋巴结,D2 需追加清扫No.19,20,No.110,111 组淋巴结。
对于食管浸润3cm 以内的病例,经膈肌手术已成为标准术式(JCOG9502)。
如存在上述范围以上的食管浸润,如可能达到根治性切除则应考虑开胸手术。
胃体:胃大部切切除术或全胃+D1胃窦部:胃大部切切除术D2+(D1_1+7+8+9+11P+12a+14v)晚期:包括腹膜转移,化疗,如果有合并症需要姑息手术。
四、术后治疗术后第1天常规复发血常规,大生化,重视炎症反应,sisr,心率〉90次,体温大于38度。
寻找原因。
术后2、3天确保引流管畅通,(术前留置双套管)术后第4天,排气后拨除胃管,进食,腹腔引流管再拨除。
如果发生吻合漏时24小时引流管持续吸引+冲洗,需要肠内营养,肠外营养结合。
基于日本胃癌治疗指南T分类的胃癌外科治疗
基于日本胃癌治疗指南T分类的胃癌外科治疗【摘要】日本胃癌治疗指南(以下简称指南)作为目前治疗胃癌的指导性文件,受到各国的广泛深关注。
在“指南”中对于胃癌治疗方案的选择均是以t分类作为根本而制定的。
对于t1类的治疗主要分为腹腔镜下手术以及内镜下手,而对于t2-4进展期胃癌的治疗主要是以标准d2手术作为基本选择而制定治疗方针,对于高度进展期胃癌的治疗则是通过术前化疗辅助剂扩大手术而展开。
本文基于日本《胃癌治疗指南》探讨了t分类胃癌患者的治疗方法,以期为临床治疗及研究提供参考。
【关键词】胃癌;指南;手术;化疗doi:103969/jissn1004-7484(x)201309070文章编号:1004-7484(2013)-09-4913-01大量临床研究表明,t(浸润深度)以及n(淋巴结转移)是胃癌临床分期的重要分期因子以及预后因子,对胃癌的外科治疗具有重要指导意义。
随着影像学诊断技术的发展,临床日常诊断能够高精度地诊断出胃癌的浸润程度以及其波及范围,为临床治疗提供了重要参考依据。
日本《胃癌治疗指南》(2010年第3版)中推荐了日常诊疗方法选择的程度,并针对t分期的治疗方法进行了详细的阐述,为临床胃癌治疗的标准化和规范化奠定了理论基础。
本文在日本《胃癌治疗指南》的基础上探讨了t分期胃癌的治疗,以飨读者。
1胃癌t1分期的治疗日本《胃癌处理规约》(2010年第14版)中,将胃癌t1分期又分为t1a和t1b分期。
目前,对于t1分期的治疗原则是在确保不失去根治性效果的前提下,充分考虑患者的生活质量以及侵袭性等因素而合理地选择治疗方案。
通常早期胃癌可取得良好的预后效果,患者的5年生存率可达到90%以上。
近年来,胃镜治疗胃癌的比例在逐渐上升,相关研究发现,日本对早期胃癌患者实施外科切除手术的比例约为678%,而实施内镜黏膜下切除术以及内镜黏膜剥离术的比例约为322%。
后两种术式的目的是局部切除病灶,根据浸润深度计算手术切除范围,仅切除黏膜以及黏膜下层,这与胃切除手术存在本质上的差异,难以彻底清除淋巴结。
(整理)日本第三版胃癌指南
日本胃癌分类英文第三版日本胃癌协会2011日本胃癌协会与国际胃癌协会1总则用大写T、H等字母表示胃癌分类和记录。
字母后面的阿拉伯数字代表每个参数的疾病的范围(如T3,H1)。
疾病范围不清楚时,用X表示。
临床分类与病理分类依据来源于诸多的临床、影像及病理资源。
(见表1)。
临床分类(c),是基于治疗前的评估,即关于合理手术方式的决定之前。
临床分类对指导治疗方式选择及治疗方案评估是极其重要。
病理分类是在临床分类的基础上,通过来源于病理检查证据的补充或修改。
病理分类告知了其他治疗的制定及预后信息。
对TNM分期有怀疑的地方,应该需要更先进的分类。
按照以下顺序记录肿瘤组织:肿瘤定位、宏观分型、大小、组织学类型、侵犯深度、癌--基质关系渗透模式2胃癌的解剖范围与分期2.1.原发肿瘤的描述2.1.病变的范围及数目每一个病变需记录最大的长宽尺寸。
对于多个病变,记录病变侵犯最深的T分期(或最大病变的T分期)2.1.2肿瘤定位2.1.2.1胃的三个区域及胃食管联合部胃的解剖:通过平分胃小弯及胃大弯三点的连线把胃分为上、中、下三个部位。
对所在部位的胃癌的描述。
病变超过一个部位,则以肿瘤侵犯的程度的降序并以相应字母记录,如LM或UML。
如果肿瘤侵犯食管或十二胃与食管联合处上下2.0cm被定义为胃食管联合区域。
此区域胃食管联合腺癌有其特有的特征,无论其组织学类型。
胃食管联合部腺癌的位置用E(近端2.0cm部分)或G(远端2.0cm部分)描述,并记录被侵犯的首要部位,例如E(病变全在食管)、EG(食管与胃被侵犯的范围相等)、G。
记录肿瘤中心与胃食管联合处的距离。
EGJ被定义为食管和胃肌肉的边界。
临床上,可由一个以下内容之一来确定:(a)内镜下显示食管下端纵向栅栏状排列的末端;(b)通过钡餐显示的His角水平线;(c)胃镜或钡餐研究中显示的纵向的近端褶皱的胃大曲线的末端;(d)切除的胃和食管的宏观caliber改变水平。
需要重点指出的是鳞-柱状细胞交界(SCJ)并不总是与EGJ相符合。
日本《胃癌治疗指南》(第 3 版)读后感
日本《胃癌治疗指南》(第 3 版)读后感詹友庆孙晓卫日本胃癌学会是日本具有世界领先水平的最权威的胃癌研究机构,它具备完整的临床、科研以及继续教育能力,是一个日趋完善的循证医学体系。
《胃癌处理规约》(下简称规约)和《胃癌治疗指南》(下简称指南)是日本胃癌学会的主要产品。
1962 年 6 月日本胃癌研究会编辑的第 1 版《胃癌处理规约》发行,使胃癌的诊治有了共同的基准和规则。
2001 年 3 月发行的第 1 版日本《胃癌治疗指南》,是针对消化系统癌症的最早治疗指南,其初衷是为医生和病人提供可选择的适宜的治疗方针和方法。
由于指南在日常诊疗中的重要作用和价值,2004 年进行了第 2 版修订,有效地贯彻落实了全日本范围内胃癌诊治的标准化、规范化。
2010 年 10 月,第 3 版指南与第 14 版约规同时诞生。
第 3 版指南更加体现与时俱进的治疗理念和治疗方法,成为具有时代特色的先进的胃癌治疗标准和规范。
第 3 版指南仍然是以胃癌进展程度为依据选择治疗方法,也就是按照肿瘤的临床分期确定治疗方案。
但第 3 版指南中最大的亮点是按第 14 版规约中废止了第 13 版规约中的解剖学 N 分期(按解剖学淋巴结站的分类)方法,而改成类似于 TNM 分期的根据淋巴结转移数目确定的 N 分期方法。
取消第 1 站、第 2 站淋巴结等概念,制定了术式固定的淋巴结廓清范围及简明的 D1/D2 清扫手术,使规约和指南与国际接轨,使日本胃癌治疗经验更好地向国际学界推广,从而提高胃癌治疗的整体效果。
我国和日本同属东方国家,第 3 版指南,无疑是我国从事胃癌医、教、研工作者的一份重要参考资料。
指南由治疗方法、资料和参考文献三部分组成。
治疗方法是指南的核心。
资料部分,重点是在对研究性治疗的解说。
为了帮助读者,尤其是非肿瘤专业的读者能更好了解和应用第 3 版指南,使我国胃癌的诊治日趋规范,现作如下解读,谨供参考。
1.方法简明,便于实施本指南开门见山地推出治疗方法的种类及适应症。
深刻理解新版日本胃癌_处理规约_和_治疗指南_提高我国胃癌治疗水平
专家评述文章编号:1005-2208(2010)08-0621-04深刻理解新版日本胃癌“处理规约”和“治疗指南”提高我国胃癌治疗水平陈峻青中图分类号:R6文献标志码:A【关键词】胃癌Keywords gastric cancer日本《胃癌处理规约》(简称《规约》)始创于1962年。
第10版前版间修订年限均短,后4版版间时距明显延长,意味着每次修订均积蓄了大量的实践经验与研究成果,标志着胃癌的诊治水平又上了一个新的高度。
日本《规约》居各种癌症规约的首位。
2001年初,为了顺应胃癌治疗的进步及多样化,可供广大医生与病人对治疗方针、方法的公开沟通与选择,日本胃癌学会出版了首版《胃癌治疗指南》(简称《指南》),亦同样受到了欢迎。
2010年春,日本胃癌学会出版了《胃癌处理规约》第14版[1]与《胃癌治疗指南》第3版[2]。
均做了较大修改,且二者做了明确分工。
《规约》主要内容是胃癌进行程度、癌肿状态(原发癌、转移、分期)的记载方法和治疗结果的评价方法。
《指南》的内容是各种治疗方法及其适应证、临床具体治疗方法等[3]。
《规约》与《指南》不仅在日本,在国际上也有重要影响。
充分地熟悉掌握其精神与内容,对推动我国胃癌诊治工作肯定会有所裨益。
1第7版TNM分期简略评述14版《规约》与3版《指南》修订中,日本胃癌学会主动废弃了多年坚持应用的PHNS解剖学分期法,与国际胃癌学会密切合作提出了第7版TNM分期法及治疗适应证。
这是一个很大的进步,而且为了与食管癌、大肠癌分期相对应(此点有待今后验证),对T分期、N分期做了较大修改。
梗概内容如下。
1.1T分期T2为MP、T3为SS是修改的最大点。
Tx:癌浸润深度不明;T0:无癌;T1:癌局限于黏膜(M)或黏膜下层(SM);T1a⁃M:癌局限于M;T1b⁃SM:癌浸润局限于SM;T2⁃MP:癌浸润超过SM,局限于固有肌层(MP);T3⁃SS:癌浸润超过MP,局限于浆膜下层(SS);T4:癌浸润接近浆膜或露出(SE),或侵及胃周脏器(SI);T4a⁃SE:癌浸润接近浆膜表面或穿破浆膜暴露于腹腔;T4b⁃SI:癌侵及周围脏器。
NCCN胃癌指南第三版解读课件
表柔比星+奥沙利铂+卡培他滨 FOLFIRI(伊立替康+5Fu+亚叶酸)(2A→1级) 顺铂+5Fu±亚叶酸(1级) 顺铂+卡培他滨(1级) 奥沙利铂+5Fu+亚叶酸 卡培他滨+奥沙利铂
HER2(+) 曲妥珠单抗联合化疗
二线治疗
雷莫芦单抗+紫杉醇(1级) 多西他赛(1级) 伊立替康(1级) 雷莫芦单抗(1级) 紫杉醇(1级)
NCCN胃 癌指南第 三版解读
NCCN对证据和共识的分类
1类:基于高水平证据, NCCN一致认为此项治疗合理。 2A类:基于低水平证据, NCCN一致认为此项治疗合理。 2B类:基于低水平证据, NCCN基本认为此项治疗合理。 3类:基于任何水平证据, NCCN对此项治疗是否合理存 在重大分歧。
所有推荐均为2A类,除非另有说明 临床试验:NCCN认为任何肿瘤患者都可以在临床试验中 得到最佳处理,因此特别鼓励肿瘤患者参加临床试验。
13.8个月
中位随访时间 17个月
19个月
◆标准治疗:联合化疗在HER-2阳性的晚期或转移性胃或EGJ腺癌患者
食管胃交界部(esophagogastric junction,EGJ)
◆推荐曲妥珠单抗联合化疗(联合顺铂和氟尿嘧啶为1类;联合其他化学
药物为2B类)用于HER2阳性…
食管胃结合部腺癌(esophagogastric junctionadenocarcinoma,EGJ)
3 靶向治疗
局部进展期胃癌的管理 EMR即内镜下粘膜剥离切除术(Endoscopic MucosalResection)
ESD即内镜下粘膜整片切除术(Endoscopic SubmucosalDissection) Tis 原位癌 T1a 肿瘤侵犯固有层或黏膜肌层
日本第三版胃癌指南
日本胃癌分类英文第三版日本胃癌协会2011日本胃癌协会与国际胃癌协会1总则用大写T、H等字母表示胃癌分类和记录。
字母后面的阿拉伯数字代表每个参数的疾病的范围(如T3,H1)。
疾病范围不清楚时,用X表示。
临床分类与病理分类依据来源于诸多的临床、影像及病理资源。
(见表1)。
临床分类(c),是基于治疗前的评估,即关于合理手术方式的决定之前。
临床分类对指导治疗方式选择及治疗方案评估是极其重要。
病理分类是在临床分类的基础上,通过来源于病理检查证据的补充或修改。
病理分类告知了其他治疗的制定及预后信息。
对TNM分期有怀疑的地方,应该需要更先进的分类。
按照以下顺序记录肿瘤组织:肿瘤定位、宏观分型、大小、组织学类型、侵犯深度、癌--基质关系渗透模式2胃癌的解剖范围与分期2.1.原发肿瘤的描述2.1.病变的范围及数目每一个病变需记录最大的长宽尺寸。
对于多个病变,记录病变侵犯最深的T分期(或最大病变的T分期)2.1.2肿瘤定位2.1.2.1胃的三个区域及胃食管联合部胃的解剖:通过平分胃小弯及胃大弯三点的连线把胃分为上、中、下三个部位。
对所在部位的胃癌的描述。
病变超过一个部位,则以肿瘤侵犯的程度的降序并以相应字母记录,如LM或UML。
如果肿瘤侵犯食管或十二特征,无论其组织学类型。
胃食管联合部腺癌的位置用E(近端2.0cm部分)或G(远端2.0cm部分)描述,并记录被侵犯的首要部位,例如E(病变全在食管)、EG(食管与胃被侵犯的范围相等)、G。
记录肿瘤中心与胃食管联合处的距离。
EGJ被定义为食管和胃肌肉的边界。
临床上,可由一个以下内容之一来确定:(a)内镜下显示食管下端纵向栅栏状排列的末端;(b)通过钡餐显示的His角水平线;(c)胃镜或钡餐研究中显示的纵向的近端褶皱的胃大曲线的末端;(d)切除的胃和食管的宏观caliber改变水平。
需要重点指出的是鳞-柱状细胞交界(SCJ)并不总是与EGJ相符合。
在临床上,肿瘤的位置,往往表现为贲门,胃底,体,胃切迹和胃窦部。
日本早期胃癌EMRESD指南(中文翻译完整版)
日本早期胃癌EMR/ESD指南(中文翻译完整版)为了使早期胃癌EMR和ESD取得良好的结局,优秀的技术、有关诊断的知识、适应症、操作程序、治愈性的评估、并发症、术后的长期随访和组织病理学都是非常必要的。
随着EMR和ESD被应用得更广泛和更复杂,适合患者的治疗标准已经确立。
尽管这些技术和知识已经被日本的内镜医生所熟知,我们推测这些知识在其他国家仍然是有限的。
在这样的背景下,日本消化内镜学会(JGES)与日本胃癌协会(JGCA)共同制定了早期胃癌EMR和ESD指南。
该指南的目标对象为接受EMR或ESD的患者。
该指南的使用者为实施EMR或ESD的临床医生以及他们的管理者。
该指南仅仅是一个指导的标准,选择治疗前应充分考虑每个病人的年龄,并发疾病,社会状况和其他因素。
适应症基本观点早期胃癌一经确诊,推荐接受内镜或外科治疗。
(证据水平Ⅳa,推荐等级 B)目前尚没有研究表明内镜治疗早期胃癌具有更好的预后和生活治疗,也没有证据表明开腹手术与内镜治疗在预后和生活治疗方面的差异。
但是,在一项长期随访研究中,71名患者经内镜诊断早期胃癌,这些患者没有接受外科手术或诊断后延迟6个月以上才接受手术,5年内发展为进展期的比例为63.0%(95% CI: 48–78%)。
包括这个研究在内的不同的研究均表明,早期胃癌的患者,即便在诊断后延迟6个月接受手术,也是获益的。
一般来说,只有当淋巴结转移的几率非常低的情况下方可实施内镜切除术,而且病变的大小和位置应确保能够整块切除。
(证据水平Ⅴ,推荐等级 C1)内镜治疗作为保留全胃的技术,虽没有正式测试,我们可以推断内镜治疗后的生活质量要优于外科手术。
因而,内镜治疗应当用于那些治愈的可能性高的病变。
虽然一些观察性研究旨在阐明早期胃癌的自然病程,但我们不期望未切除的早期胃癌导致死亡。
除了术前诊断,治疗方式的选择应基于风险-获益分析并考虑每个病人的病情。
根据肿瘤相关的因素被分类为绝对适应症,扩大适应症及无适应症。
第3版日本胃癌治疗指南
M1: 区域淋巴结以外的所有转移(包含 CY1)。 Stage:
N0
N1
N2
N3
M1
T1a,T1b
IA
IB
IIA
IIB
T2
IB
IIA
IIB
IIIA
T3
IIA
IIB
IIIA
IIIB
IV
T4a
IIB
IIIA
IIIB
IIIC
T4b
IIIB
IIIB
IIIC
IIIC
1.1.2 作为常规诊疗推荐的不同分期对应的不同治疗方法。
任何
IV
T,M1
化学疗法,姑息手术,放射线治疗,临终关怀
N:计数转移个数的引流淋巴结是 No.1-12,14v,除此之外的淋巴结转移均为 M1。
4
上表中的适应症,是基于病理学分期的治疗效果数据而制定的,而非基于治疗前或手术中所 见。与临床所见对应的治疗方法的适应症,请参照 1.1.1 的流程。 1.1.3 作为临床研究的治疗方法(解说*页,2.3.1) 以下的治疗方法虽然不作为常规诊疗被推荐,但作为有希望的治疗方法而受到期待。希望能 作为临床研究,前瞻性地收集相关数据。在采用这些治疗方法之时,希望能够事先要向患者 说明理由,得到患者的充分理解同意。 1)早期胃癌的 ESD(相对适应症) 2)腹腔镜辅助下胃癌切除术 3)局部、分段切除 4)术前辅助性化学疗法 5)S-1 以外的术后辅助化学疗法 6)术前化学放射疗法 7)术后化学放射疗法 8)非治愈手术(减瘤手术,姑息手术) 9)温热化学疗法
胃切除 D1 清扫
胃切除 D1+清扫
定型手术 D2 清扫
胃切除 联合切除 D2 清扫
日本 胃癌治疗指南
远端胃大部切除术:D1(1、3、4sb、4sd、5、6、7) D2(D1+ 8a、9、11p、12a)。
全胃切除术:D1(1-7) D2(D1+ 8a、9、10、11、12a)
标准手术:以根治性切除为目的及标准所进行的手术为标准手术,奥球切除2/3以上的胃及行D2程度的淋巴结清扫。
不能满足标准手术的术式为缩小手术。
扩大手术为合并其他脏器扩大联合切除术、D2以上级别的淋巴结清扫术。
IA期EMR(胃镜下胃粘膜切除术)、ESD(胃镜下粘膜下层剥离术)、缩小手术(D1、D1+N8a 和9)。
IB期若原发灶<2cm,D1+N8a和9 原发灶>2cm 采取标准D2手术。
IIA、IIB、IIIA行标准D2手术、以及术后化疗。
IIIB行标准D2手术或扩大手术以及术后化疗。
IIIC期D2清扫联合脏器切除及化疗。
术后化疗:针对治愈切除后的微小残存肿瘤以预防复发。
临床分期II、IIIA期IIIB期术后有无化疗的三年生存率分别为70%和80%
不能切除的复发肿瘤以及非根治性切除者,化疗时首选的治疗方案。
R(resection)表示切除,R0为切除后显微镜下无残留,R1为显微镜下有残留,R2为肉眼可见有肿瘤残留。
进行胃癌根治手术时,胃周淋巴结清除范围以D(dissection)表示,第一站淋巴结(N1)未完全清除者为D0胃切除,N1已清除者称D1胃切除术,N2完全清除者为D2,依次为D3 。
获得R0切除的患者,最有可能长期存活。
胃癌根治术的标准为D2切除。
分期相同时,手术切除越彻底,患者越有可能长期存活。
新版日本胃癌分期及治疗指南修定的概念及主要修改内容
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【 指示性摘 要】 胃癌分类分期 的确定对 临床治疗有着极其重要 的指导作用 , 对治疗原则 、 指征和 治疗 方案 治疗
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基于日本胃癌治疗指南T分类的胃癌外科治疗
基于日本胃癌治疗指南T分类的胃癌外科治疗胃癌的临床分期中,T(浸润深度)和N(淋巴结转移)分期是重要的分期因子和预后因子,同时也是决定胃癌外科治疗的重要依据。
近年来。
影像诊断技术的发展,使13常诊疗能够高精确度地判明胃癌的浸润程度和波及范围.从而在手术前正确地判定胃癌的浸润程度并以此决定治疗方针。
2010年第3版日本《胃癌治疗指南》(“指南”)在日常诊疗推荐的治疗方法选择流程图中.详尽地阐述了基于T分类的外科治疗的法的选择原则.为规范化、标准化治疗胃癌奠定了理论与实践基础[1]。
一T1期胃癌的治疗2010年日本第14版《胃癌处理规约》(14版“规约”)将T1分成T1a(M)和T1b(SM)。
Tl外科治疗的基本原则是在保证不丢失根治性的前提下.充分将生活质量和低侵袭性考虑在内.合理选择治疗方法。
早期胃癌预后良好,其5年生存率可达90%以上.随着早期胃癌诊断率的提高.内镜治疗比例的增加.日本早期胃癌中外科切除率为67.8%(5718例)。
采用内镜黏膜下切除术(EMR)和内镜黏膜剥离术(ESD)者占32.2%(2715例)Ⅲ。
EMR和ESD是以局部病灶切除为目标,切除范围以浸润深度计算,仅为黏膜和黏膜下层,与胃切除手术有着本质的区别.无法完成淋巴结的清扫任务。
因此,Tl的EMR.和ESD手术是对无淋巴结转移阶段的早期胃癌病灶的处理方法。
EMR和ESD作为日常治疗的绝对适应证为2 cm以下cT1a分化型癌,溃疡(u1)(一),大体分型不计。
基于回顾性研究的资料[“,“指南”中确立了扩大切除的适应证:(1)大于2 cm、ul(一)、分化型pT1a;(2)小于3 cm、ul(+)、分化型pT1a;(3)小于2 cm、ul(一)、未分化型pT1a;(4)小于3 cm、分化型、pT1b(sM,),同时,满足水平切缘和垂直切缘均阴性。
淋巴管和静脉均无侵袭的条件时,为其适应证。
ESD扩大切除的治疗,目前仍属于临床研究。
日本_胃癌治疗指南_第3版_解读
指南与解读文章编号:1005-2208(2010)01-0025-06日本《胃癌治疗指南》(第3版)解读胡祥【摘要】日本胃癌学会的第3版《胃癌治疗指南》将于2010⁃01⁃01起发行使用。
第3版的主要内容是废止了以往在日本长期使用的解剖学N分期(淋巴结站的分类)方法,改为根据淋巴结转移个数确定的N分期方法;制定了新的以术式确定淋巴结清扫部位及简明的D1/D2淋巴结清扫手术。
第3版在前两版的基础上,网络新的文献,评价最新的科学成果,将循证医学证据高级别的、行之有效的研究成果纳入《胃癌治疗指南》。
第3版《胃癌治疗指南》依据JCOG9501试验结果,取消腹主动脉周围淋巴结清扫的D3手术;依据JCOG9912和SPIRITS试验,将无法手术切除和复发癌采取CDDP+TS⁃1的化学疗法作为标准化学疗法。
因此,第3版《胃癌治疗指南》更具有时代特色和先进性,为临床医疗提供了更为先进的、科学的指导性意见和治疗方略。
【关键词】胃癌;治疗;指南中图分类号:R6文献标志码:CIn regard to japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines-the3rd Edition HU Xiang.Department of General Surgery,the first Affiliated Hospital,Dalian Medical University,Dalian116011,ChinaAbstract The Japanese Gastric Cancer Association will issue a revised edition of gastric cancer treatment guidelines in Jan,1st,2010.Distinctive features of this revision are lymph node grading based on the removal effect,lymphadenectomy according to the D1/D2dissection.Based on a high level evidence-based medicine,the Para-aortic lymph node dissection in D3dissection was excluded in this edition. According to JCOG9912and SPIRITS trials,neoadjuvant chemotherapy with CDDP and TS-1has become a standard option in unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer.So the revised edition of gastric cancer treatment guidelines provided more advanced and scientific treatment programs. Keywords gastric cancer;treatment;guideline日本《胃癌治疗指南》(以下为《指南》)第1版于2001年3月发行,是针对消化系统癌症的最早的治疗指南。
2010年+日本胃癌治疗指南(第三版)
SPECIAL ARTICLEJapanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2010(ver.3)Japanese Gastric Cancer AssociationPublished online:14May 2011ÓThe International Gastric Cancer Association and The Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 2011The description of tumor status (T/N/M and stage)in this guideline is based on the 3rd English edition of the Japa-nese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma [1]which is identical to that in the 7th edition of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC)/TNM.1Treatments1.1Algorithm of standard treatments to be recommended in clinical practice The algorithm is shown on the following page.1.2Investigational treatmentsThe following treatments show promise but are as yet to be established as standard.They should be prospectively evaluated in appropriate clinical research settings.Patient consent for investigational treatments should be sought and the rationale behind them given (Refer to the Sect.6‘‘Commentary on investigational treatments ’’for details).The following constitute investigational treatments:–Endoscopic submucosal dissection under expandedcriteria–Laparoscopic gastrectomy –Local tumor resection–Neoadjuvant chemotherapy–Adjuvant chemotherapy using agents other than S-1–Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy –Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy –Debulking surgery.2Surgery2.1Types and definitions of gastric surgery 2.1.1Curative surgery2.1.1.1Standard gastrectomy Standard gastrectomy is the principal surgical procedure performed with curative intent.It involves resection of at least two-thirds of the stomach with a D2lymph node dissection.2.1.1.2Non-standard gastrectomy In non-standard gas-trectomy,the extent of gastric resection and/or lymphade-nectomy is altered according to the tumor characteristics.2.1.1.2.1Modified surgery The extent of gastric resec-tion and/or lymphadenectomy is reduced compared to standard surgery.2.1.1.2.2Extended surgery (1)Gastrectomy with com-bined resection of adjacent involved organs.(2)Gastrec-tomy with extended lymphadenectomy exceeding D2.2.1.2Non-curative surgery2.1.2.1Palliative surgery Urgent presentations with symptoms of bleeding or obstruction may develop in patients with advanced gastric cancer with unresectableThe online version of the prefatory article referred to in this article can be found under doi:10.1007/s10120-011-0040-6.English edition editors:Takeshi Sano (&),Yasuhiro Kodera.e-mail:takeshi.sano@jfcr.or.jpJapanese Gastric Cancer Association (&)Association Office,First Department of Surgery,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,Kawaramachi,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-0841,Japan e-mail:jgca@koto.kpu-m.ac.jpGastric Cancer (2011)14:113–123DOI 10.1007/s10120-011-0042-4metastases.Palliative surgery to relieve symptoms is recommended as an option for stage IV gastric cancer,provided that the patient is fit.Palliative gastrectomy or gastrojejunostomy is selected depending on the resect-ability of the primary tumor and/or surgical risks.Stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy has been reported to result in superior function compared to simple gastrojejunostomy [2].2.1.2.2Reduction surgery The role of gastrectomy is unclear in patients with advanced gastric cancer with unresectable metastatic disease in the absence of urgent symptoms such as bleeding or obstruction.Reduction sur-gery aims to prolong survival or to delay the onset of symptoms by reducing tumor volume.To date there is no evidence demonstrating the benefit of reduction surgery for gastric cancer and it should only be considered in an investigational setting.A randomized controlled trial to explore this issue is underway as an international cooper-ative trial (REGATTA,JCOG0705/KGCA01)[3].2.2Extent of gastric resection 2.2.1Gastric resectionsGastric resections for gastric cancer are listed below in the order of the stomach volume to be resected.–Total gastrectomy –Distal gastrectomy–Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG)–Proximal gastrectomy –Segmental gastrectomy –Local resection–Non-resectional surgery (bypass surgery,gastrostomy,jejunostomy).2.2.2Determination of gastric resection2.2.2.1Resection margin A sufficient resection margin should be ensured when determining the resection line incT1cT2/T3/T4a M0M1cT1a (M)cN0cN+cT1b (SM)Differentiated,≤ 2 cm, UL (-)Differentiated,≤1.5 cm Endoscopic resection Gastrectomy,D1Gastrectomy,D1+Standard gastrectomy,D2Chemotherapy, radiotherapy,palliative surgery,palliative care medicineYesYesNoNocT4bGastrectomy, combined resection,D2Gastric carcinomap-Stage II, IIIexcept pT1 and pT3(SS)pN0ObservationAdjuvant chemotherapy p-Stage IStage IVChemotherapy, best supportive careAfter surgery114Japanese Gastric Cancer Associationgastrectomy with curative intent.A proximal margin of at least3cm is recommended for T2or deeper tumors with an expansive growth pattern(Types1and2)and5cm is rec-ommended for those with infiltrative growth pattern(Types3 and4).When these rules cannot be observed,it is advisable to examine the proximal resection margin by frozen section. For tumors invading the esophagus,a5-cm margin is not necessarily required,but frozen section examination of the resection line is desirable to ensure an R0resection.For T1tumors,a gross resection margin of2cm should be obtained.When the tumor border is unclear,preopera-tive endoscopic marking,by clips,of the tumor border based on biopsy results will be helpful for decision-making regarding the resection line.2.2.2.2Selection of gastrectomy The standard surgical procedure for clinically node-positive(cN?)or T2-T4a tumors is either total or distal gastrectomy.Distal gastrectomy is selected when a satisfactory proximal resection margin(see above)can be obtained.Pancreatic invasion by tumor requiring pancreaticosplenectomy necessitates total gastrec-tomy regardless of the tumor location.Total gastrectomy with splenectomy should be considered for tumors that are located along the greater curvature and harbor metastasis to no.4sb lymph nodes,even if the primary tumor could be removed by distal gastrectomy.For adenocarcinoma located on the prox-imal side of the esophagogastric junction,esophagectomy and proximal gastrectomy with gastric tube reconstruction should be considered,similarly to surgery for esophageal cancer.For cT1cN0tumors,gastric resection can be modified as follows according to tumor location.–Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy(PPG)for tumors in the middle portion of the stomach with the distal tumor border at least4cm proximal to the pylorus.–Proximal gastrectomy for proximal tumors where more than half of the distal stomach can be preserved.Segmental gastrectomy and local resection are still regarded as investigational treatments.2.3Lymph node dissection2.3.1Extent of lymph node dissectionThe extent of systematic lymphadenectomy is defined as follows according to the type of gastrectomy indicated. When the lymphadenectomy performed does not comply with the D level criteria(either when lymph nodes outside the requirement for the D criteria are resected or when nodal dissection is insufficient to fulfill the criteria),the lymph node station that has been dissected or omitted should be specified,as in the following examples:D1 (?No.8a),D2(-No.10).When reporting the data to construct a formal database,only the D level that has been completely resected should be provided.2.3.1.1Total gastrectomyD0:Lymphadenectomy less than D1D1:Nos.1–7D1?:D1?Nos.8a,9,11pD2:D1?Nos.8a,9,10,11p,11d,12a.For tumors invading the esophagus,D1?includes No. 1101,D2includes Nos.19,20,110,and 111.4d4sb124sa63578a11p11d1012a9Total gastrectomy2.3.1.2Distal gastrectomyD0:Lymphadenectomy less than D1D1:Nos.1,3,4sb,4d,5,6,7D1?:D1?Nos.8a,9D2:D1?Nos.8a,9,11p,12a.4d4sb163578a11p12a9Distal gastrectomy1No.110lymph nodes(lower thoracic para-esophageal nodes)in gastric cancer invading the esophagus are those attached to the lower part of the esophagus that is removed to obtain a sufficient resection margin.Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines2010(ver.3)1152.3.1.3Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy D0:Lymphadenectomy less than D1D1:Nos.1,3,4sb,4d,6,7D1?:D1?Nos.8a,9.4d4sb16378a9Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy2.3.1.4Proximal gastrectomy D0:Lymphadenectomy less than D1D1:Nos.1,2,3a,4sa,4sb,7D1?:D1?Nos.8a,9,11p.4sb124sa3a78a11p9Proximal gastrectomyFor tumors invading the esophagus,D1?includes node No.110(see footnote 1on the preceding page).2.3.2Indications for lymph node dissectionIn principle,a D1or a D1?lymphadenectomy is indicated for cT1N0tumors,and D2is indicated for cN ?or cT2-T4tumors.Because the pre-and intraoperative diagnoses of lymph node metastases remain unreliable,a D2lymphadenectomy should be performed whenever nodal involvement is suspected.2.3.2.1D1lymphadenectomy A D1lymphadenectomy is indicated for T1a tumors that do not meet the criteria for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)/endoscopic submu-cosal resection (ESD),and for cT1bN0tumors that are histologically of differentiated type and 1.5cm or smaller in diameter.2.3.2.2D1?lymphadenectomy A D1?lymphadenec-tomy is indicated for cT1N0tumors other than the above.2.3.2.3D2lymphadenectomy A D2lymphadenectomy is indicated for potentially curable T2-T4tumors,as well as cT1N ?tumors.The role of splenectomy for complete resection of No.10and No.11nodes has long been con-troversial and the final results of randomized trial JCOG 0110are awaited [4].In the meantime,complete clearance of No.10nodes by splenectomy should be considered for potentially curable T2-T4tumors invading the greater curvature of the upper stomach.2.3.2.4D2?lymphadenectomy Gastrectomy with exten-ded lymphadenectomy beyond D2is classified as a non-standard gastrectomy.Its role has been discussed as follows:–The benefit of prophylactic para-aortic lymphadenec-tomy was denied by the Japanese randomized con-trolled trial (RCT)JCOG 9501[5].–Although an R0resection may be possible for tumors with para-aortic nodal involvement without other non-curative factors,the prognosis of this population is poor.–The role of No.14v lymphadenectomy in distal gastric cancer is controversial.Dissection of node No.14v had been a part of D2gastrectomy defined by the previous edition of the Japanese classification [6],but it has been excluded from the current edition.However,D2(?No.14v)may be beneficial in tumors with apparent metastasis to the No.6nodes.–Involvement of No.13nodes is defined as M1in the current version of the Japanese classification .How-ever,D2(?No.13)lymphadenectomy may be an option in a potentially curative gastrectomy for tumors invading the duodenum [7].2.4Miscellaneous2.4.1Vagal nerve preservationIt is reported that preservation of the hepatic branch of the anterior vagus and/or the celiac branch of the posterior116Japanese Gastric Cancer Associationvagus contributes to improving the postoperative quality of life through reducing post-gastrectomy gallstone forma-tion,diarrhea,and/or weight loss.In PPG,the hepatic branch should be preserved to maintain pyloric function.2.4.2OmentectomyRemoval of the greater omentum is usually integrated in the standard gastrectomy for T3(SS)or deeper tumors.For T1/T2tumors,the omentum more than3cm away from the gastroepiploic arcade may be preserved.2.4.3BursectomyFor tumors penetrating the serosa of the posterior gastric wall,bursectomy(removal of the inner peritoneal surface of the bursa omentalis)may be performed with the aim of removing microscopic tumor deposits in the lesser sac. There is no evidence that bursectomy reduces peritoneal or local recurrence,and it should be avoided in T1/T2tumors to prevent injury to the pancreas and/or adjacent blood vessels.A small-scale RCT recently suggested a survival benefit for bursectomy in T3/T4a tumors.A large-scale multi-institutional RCT has been commenced to address this issue(JCOG1001).2.4.4Combined resection of adjacent organ(s)For tumors in which the primary or metastatic lesion directly invades adjacent organs,combined resection of the involved organ may be performed in order to obtain an R0 resection.2.4.5Approaches to the lower esophagusFor gastric cancers invading less than3cm of the distal esophagus,a transhiatal abdominal approach is recom-mended[8].Where a greater length of esophagus is involved a transthoracic approach should be considered if the surgery is potentially curative.2.4.6Laparoscopic surgeryLaparoscopic surgery has been increasingly employed, largely for T1tumors,as it has some advantages over open surgery in terms of minimal invasiveness.However,it is technically demanding and solid evidence regarding safety and long-term outcome remains lacking.It should thus be considered as an investigational treatment and should be evaluated further in clinical research settings(Refer to the Sect.6.2).2.5Reconstruction after gastrectomyThe following reconstruction methods are usually employed.Each has advantages and disadvantages.The functional benefits of pouch reconstruction are yet to be established.2.5.1Total gastrectomy–Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy–Jejunal interposition–Double tract method2.5.2Distal gastrectomy–Billroth I gastroduodenostomy–Billroth II gastrojejunostomy–Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy–Jejunal interposition2.5.3Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy–Gastro-gastrostomy2.5.4Proximal gastrectomy–Esophagogastrostomy–Jejunal interposition–Double tract method.3Endoscopic resection3.1Methods of endoscopic resection3.1.1Endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR)The lesion,together with the surrounding mucosa,is lifted by submucosal injection of saline(normo-or hypertonic) and removed using a high-frequency steel snare.3.1.2Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)The mucosa surrounding the lesion is circumferentially incised using a high-frequency electric knife(usuallyJapanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines2010(ver.3)117insulation-tipped)and the submucosal layer is dissected from the proper muscle layer.3.2Handling of endoscopically resected specimens3.2.1Handling of resected specimensThe resected specimens should be handled according to the rules described in the Japanese classification[1].3.2.2Definitions of differentiated-typeand undifferentiated-type carcinomaThe tumor biopsy specimens and endoscopically resected tumors are histologically classified as either differentiated type or undifferentiated type.The former includes papillary adenocarcinoma(pap)and tubular adenocarcinoma(tub1, tub2),and the latter includes poorly differentiated adeno-carcinoma(por1,por2),signet-ring cell carcinoma(sig), and mucinous adenocarcinoma(muc)(refer to the Japa-nese classification[1]).3.2.3Histological predominance and intratumoral ulcerativefindings(UL)A tumor consisting of components of both differentiated-and undifferentiated-type carcinoma is classified according to the quantitative predominance.Different histological types seen in a tumor are recorded according to the quan-titative predominance, e.g.,tub2[tub1.Diagnosis of UL(?)is principally based on the histological evidence of ulcerativefindings.However,endoscopic and/or radiolog-ical evidence should also be taken into consideration when making a conclusive diagnosis.3.3Indication for endoscopic resection3.3.1Principles of indicationEndoscopic resection is considered for tumors which have a very low possibility of lymph node metastasis and are suitable for en-bloc resection.Since the compilation of thefirst version of these Guide-lines,two independent sets of indications have been provided for endoscopic resection;an absolute indication for standard EMR/ESD,and an expanded indication for ESD as an investigational treatment.Although the latter should appear in the Sect.6‘‘Commentary on investigational treatments’’,it may be more apt to mention it here along with the absolute indication,firstly because expert endoscopists today almost routinely perform ESD under the expanded criteria outside the clinical trial setting,and secondly because the paramount importance of issues such as the assessment of curability through adequate evaluation of the resected specimen,and the follow-up strategy,is common to both the standard EMR/ESD and ESD under the expanded indication.Again,the users of these guidelines are reminded that the evidence regarding the curability of the latter technique(i.e.,ESD under the expanded criteria)remains insufficient,and the procedure should be offered with caution.3.3.2Tumors indicated for endoscopic resectionas a standard treatment(absolute indication)EMR or ESD is indicated as a standard treatment for the following tumor.–A differentiated-type adenocarcinoma without ulcera-tivefindings(UL(-)),of which the depth of invasion is clinically diagnosed as T1a and the diameter is B2cm.3.3.3Tumors indicated for endoscopic resectionas an investigational treatment(expanded indication) Tumors of the following categories have a very low pos-sibility of lymph node metastasis[9,10].Endoscopic resection for these tumors is regarded as an investigational treatment.Not EMR but ESD should be employed.–Tumors clinically diagnosed as T1a and:(a)of differentiated-type,UL(-),but[2cm in diameter(b)of differentiated-type,UL(?),and B3cm in diameter(c)of undifferentiated-type,UL(-),and B2cm in diameter.3.3.4Local recurrence after EMR/ESDLocal mucosal recurrence after EMR/ESD for tumors ful-filling the absolute indication could be treated by another ESD.However,given the paucity of evidence regarding the validity of repeat ESD,it should be performed as a part of investigational therapy.3.4Curability of endoscopic resectionTwo factors should be considered for curability assess-ment:completeness of the primary tumor removal and nil possibility of lymph node metastasis.3.4.1Curative resectionThe resection is judged as curative when all of the fol-lowing conditions are fulfilled:en-bloc resection,tumor118Japanese Gastric Cancer Associationsize B2cm,histologically of differentiated-type,pT1a, negative horizontal margin(HM0),negative vertical margin (VM0),and no lymphovascular infiltration(ly(-),v(-)).3.4.2Curative resection for tumors of expanded indications The resection is considered as curative when all of the following conditions are fulfilled:–En-bloc resection,HM0,VM0,ly(-),v(-),and: (a)tumor size[2cm,histologically of differentiated-type,pT1a,UL(-),or(b)tumor size B3cm,histologically of differentiated-type,pT1a,UL(?),or(c)tumor size B2cm,histologically of undifferentiated-type,pT1a,UL(-),or(d)tumor size B3cm,histologically of differentiated-type,pT1b(SM1,\500micron from the muscularis mucosae).As the evidence is still insufficient for differentiated-type tumors associated with some areas of undifferentiated-type histology,the following resections are regarded as non-curative for the time being,and the addition of surgical treatments should be recommended.–Areas of undifferentiated-type carcinoma that exceed 2cm in(a)above.–Any component of undifferentiated-type carcinoma in(b)above.–Undifferentiated-type component in the submucosal invasion in(d)above.3.4.3Non-curative resectionResection that does not satisfy any of the above criteria is considered non-curative.3.5Treatments after endoscopic resection3.5.1Treatments after curative resectionHelicobacter pylori should be tested for,and if positive, should be eradicated[11].Follow-up with annual or bian-nual endoscopy is recommended.3.5.2Treatments after curative resection for tumorsof expanded indicationsHelicobacter pylori should be examined,and if positive, should be eradicated.Follow-up with abdominal ultra-sonography or computed tomography(CT)scan as well as annual or biannual endoscopy is recommended.3.5.3Treatment after non-curative resectionSurgical treatment should be performed after non-curative resection.However,as the following cases actually carry a very low risk of harboring lymph node metastasis,non-surgical treatments such as repeated ESD,endoscopic coagulation using LASER or argon-plasma coagulator,or close observation expecting a burn effect of the initial ESD could be proposed as alternatives and delivered upon the patient’s informed consent.–En-bloc resection of a differentiated-type carcinoma with positive horizontal margin(HM1)as the only non-curative factor.–Piecemeal resection of a differentiated-type carcinoma satisfying all other criteria.When these cases come from the category(b)or(d)in the Sect.3.4.2,the size of the residual mucosal lesion should be assessed.If the sum of the length of the resected and residual lesions exceeds3cm,surgery is indicated. When the positive horizontal margin or the piecemeal resection margin involves part of the submucosal invasion in category(d),surgery is indicated.4ChemotherapyAlthough recent advances in chemotherapy have achieved considerable tumor regression in many cases of unresec-table/recurrent gastric cancer,these responses have not ultimately led to complete cure.The median survival time achieved in clinical trials for the disease at this stage remains to be6–13months.The current goal of chemotherapy therefore is to delay the appearance ofJapanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines2010(ver.3)119disease-related symptoms and/or to prolong survival.The survival benefit of chemotherapy has been proven in RCTs comparing chemotherapy with best supportive care in patients with unresectable gastric cancer[12–14].Although very rare,some patients with advanced disease even sur-vive for more than5years after chemotherapy alone.Thus, chemotherapy is the treatment to be primarily considered for unresectable/recurrent gastric cancer.4.1Principles of indicationChemotherapy is indicated for patients with unresectable or recurrent disease,or those after non-curative R2resection, whose general condition and major organ functions are preserved:to be specific,patients of performance status 0–2,with unresectable T4b disease,extensive nodal dis-ease,hepatic metastases,peritoneal dissemination,or other M1disease.4.2Recommended regimens for Japanese patientsBased on the evidence obtained by phase3trials,the fol-lowing regimens are recommended for clinical practice in Japan.All other regimens should be considered as inves-tigational at present.Establishment of new solid evidence will be announced on the website of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association.4.2.1First-line regimen–S-1?cisplatinThe recommendation is based on the results of the SPIR-ITS trial[15]and the JCOG9912trial[16].Irinotec-an?cisplatin and S-1?irinotecan combinations are not recommended as thefirst-line regimen because they did not show significant superiority over5-fluorouracil(FU)alone and S-1alone,respectively,in the randomized trials[17].Use of S-1?cisplatin should be carefully decided in patients with limited oral intake,moderate volume of ascites,intestinal stenosis/obstruction,and/or in the elderly. When S-1?cisplatin is considered as inappropriate,either S-1or5-FU should be delivered as a single agent depending on the condition of the patient.4.2.2Second-line regimen–No single recommended regimenTo date,there is no evidence of survival benefit with sec-ond-line chemotherapy for gastric cancer.In patients with good performance status,second-line chemotherapy may serve to control the cancer-related ually agents that were not used in the previous chemotherapy are selected.Taxane-or irinotecan-based regimens are being evaluated in randomized trials.4.2.3Chemotherapy for peritoneal disease–No regimen specific to this conditionSeveral reports showed the efficacy of methotrexate? 5-FU or taxanes on this disease status that is peculiar to gastric cancer.However,methotrexate?5-FU did not show significant superiority over5-FU alone in an RCT [18](JCOG0106)for peritoneal disease,and therefore is not recommended.5Adjuvant chemotherapyAdjuvant chemotherapy is delivered with the intention to reduce recurrence by controlling residual tumor cells fol-lowing curative resection.Various regimens had been tested in numerous clinical trials in Japan without pro-ducing solid evidence in support of adjuvant chemotherapy until the ACTS-GC trial[19]showed the efficacy of S-1in 2006.5.1IndicationsThe patients tested in the ACTS-GC trial were those with a tumor of pathological stage II,IIIA,or IIIB excluding T1, defined in the previous13th edition of the Japanese clas-sification,who had undergone R0gastrectomy with D2or greater lymphadenectomy.Accordingly,this Guideline recommends S-1adjuvant chemotherapy for the same population.Simulation has revealed that‘‘patients of stage II,IIIA or IIIB,except for T1’’defined in the13th edition of the Japanese classification correspond to‘‘patients of stage IIA,IIB,IIIA,IIIB,or IIIC,except for T1and T3(SS)/N0’’defined in the14th edition,which is identical to the7th edition of the International Union Against Cancer(UICC)/ TNM classification.5.2Administration scheduleS-1is to be started within6weeks from surgery,after sufficient recovery from the intervention.A6-week cycle consisting of4weeks of daily oral administration of S-1at a dose of80mg/m2followed by2weeks of rest is repeated during thefirst year after surgery.120Japanese Gastric Cancer Association6Commentary on investigational treatmentsThe following treatments show promise but are yet to be established as standard treatment.They should be pro-spectively evaluated in appropriate clinical research set-tings.It is advised that informed consent is obtained from patients,ensuring that they understand the rationale for investigational treatments.6.1Endoscopic submucosal dissection by expanded criteriaRefer to the Sect.3.3.6.2Laparoscopic gastrectomyThe number of laparoscopic gastrectomies is increasing in Japan and,according to the survey carried out by the Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery and the statistical database of the Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare of Japan,it is estimated that a laparoscopic approach is employed in about20%of gastric cancer surgeries.However,the benefit of this potentially minimally invasive procedure has only been shown by small comparative studies[20,21]and the evidence is still weak for the approach to be considered as a standard procedure in daily practice.Two RCTs to com-pare long-term survival after open and laparoscopic gas-trectomy for early-stage cancer are currently ongoing in Japan and Korea(JCOG0912and KLASS trials)and the results are awaited.6.3Local tumor resectionLocal tumor resection,usually wedge resection,was developed as a minimally invasive method to be placed intermediately between gastrectomy and endoscopic resection.However,since the expanded indications for endoscopic resection have been introduced,its indication has become limited to poor-risk patients.Local tumor resection will be reevaluated when the diagnostic value of sentinel node navigation is established.6.4Neoadjuvant chemotherapyNeoadjuvant chemotherapy is delivered with the aim of controlling microscopic metastasis and/or downstaging/ downsizing the tumor and thereby enhancing the surgical curability.Although an improvement in the survival of chemotherapy-responders has been reported,the benefit for all patients on an intention-to-treat basis has not yet been established in Japan.A randomized trial is currently ongoing for large type-3and type-4tumors(JCOG 0501).The following cases could be the subject of prospective studies.–R0resection is possible but the recurrence risk is relatively high:cStage IIIA-IIIC(cT4,cN?,no peri-toneal/hepatic metastasis).–R0/R1resection is deemed possible but the prognosis is poor:extensive nodal disease;large type-3or type-4 tumors.6.5Adjuvant chemotherapy using agents other than S-1In the West,both postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation [22]and perioperative chemotherapy[23]were shown to be superior to treatment with surgery alone in large-scale randomized trials.However,evidence obtained in these trials cannot be applied to Japanese patients,because the standards of surgery performed and actual outcomes of the study populations in these trials were vastly different from those in a similar population in Japan.Apart from the ACTS-GC trial of S-1,the only randomized trial that has shown a survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy over surgery in Japan is the NSAS-GC,in which high-dose uracil-tegafur(UFT)was administered for16months[24]. Because the subjects in this trial were limited to those with T2/N1-2disease and the number of cases was small (n=190)due to slow accrual,the treatment could not be considered as a standard to be widely applied for gastric cancer patients.UFT may be an alternative for the T2/N1-2 population when the patient cannot tolerate S-1.The ACTS-GC trial revealed that the outcome of Stage III patients remained unsatisfactory even when adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1was added to adequate surgery. Multimodal strategy with greater efficacy will be the sub-ject of future randomized trials for this population.6.6Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapyNeoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is being evaluated in Western clinical trials:for cardiac and lower esophageal carcinomas in Europe,and for gastric carcinomas in the United States.High rates of histological complete response (20–30%)have been reported in the American phase II trials[25],but no randomized study has been conducted to date to address the survival benefit of this modality.Patients with gastric cancer of cStage II–III can be the subject of clinical studies.Absence of peritoneal disease should be confirmed by staging laparoscopy.6.7Adjuvant chemoradiation therapyAdjuvant chemoradiation therapy has become the standard in the United States since the Intergroup Study0116Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines2010(ver.3)121。
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日本胃癌分类英文第三版日本胃癌协会 2011日本胃癌协会与国际胃癌协会1 总则用大写T、H等字母表示胃癌分类和记录。
字母后面的阿拉伯数字代表每个参数的疾病的范围(如T3,H1)。
疾病范围不清楚时,用X表示。
临床分类与病理分类依据来源于诸多的临床、影像及病理资源。
(见表1)。
临床分类(c),是基于治疗前的评估,即关于合理手术方式的决定之前。
临床分类对指导治疗方式选择及治疗方案评估是极其重要。
病理分类是在临床分类的基础上,通过来源于病理检查证据的补充或修改。
病理分类告知了其他治疗的制定及预后信息。
对TNM分期有怀疑的地方,应该需要更先进的分类。
按照以下顺序记录肿瘤组织:肿瘤定位、宏观分型、大小、组织学类型、侵犯深度、癌--基质关系渗透模式 2 胃癌的解剖范围与分期 2.1. 原发肿瘤的描述 2.1. 病变的范围及数目每一个病变需记录最大的长宽尺寸。
对于多个病变,记录病变侵犯最深的T分期(或最大病变的T分期)2.1.2 肿瘤定位2.1.2.1 胃的三个区域及胃食管联合部胃的解剖:通过平分胃小弯及胃大弯三点的连线把胃分为上、中、下三个部位。
对所在部位的胃癌的描述。
病变超过一个部位,则以肿瘤侵犯的程度的降序并以相应字母记录,如LM或UML。
如果肿瘤侵犯食管或十二指肠,分别以E或D记录。
Table 1 临床与病理学分类临床病理学体格检查、影像学、内镜、腹腔镜或外科手内镜或手术切除组织的组织学;腹腔灌洗细术发现。
活检、细胞学、生物化学和生物组胞学织学胃与食管联合处上下2.0cm被定义为胃食管联合区域。
此区域胃食管联合腺癌有其特有的特征,无论其组织学类型。
胃食管联合部腺癌的位置用E(近端 2.0cm部分)或G(远端 2.0cm部分)描述,并记录被侵犯的首要部位,例如E(病变全在食管)、EG(食管与胃被侵犯的范围相等)、G。
记录肿瘤中心与胃食管联合处的距离。
EGJ被定义为食管和胃肌肉的边界。
临床上,可由一个以下内容之一来确定:(a)内镜下显示食管下端纵向栅栏状排列的末端;(b)通过钡餐显示的His角水平线;(c)胃镜或钡餐研究中显示的纵向的近端褶皱的胃大曲线的末端(;d)切除的胃和食管的宏观caliber改变水平。
需要重点指出的是鳞-柱状细胞交界(SCJ)并不总是与EGJ 相符合。
在临床上,肿瘤的位置,往往表现为贲门,胃底,体,胃切迹和胃窦部。
胃的横切面:胃的横切面周长被平分为四个部分,大弯和小弯,前壁和后壁。
残胃癌:2.1.2.3残胃癌癌残胃癌包括所有胃切除术后产生的癌,不论原发病灶组织学类型(良性或恶性)或复发风险、切除范围,重建的方式。
如果可以,应记录原胃切除的手术方式及重建方式。
a.前胃大部切除术病变的类型:良性(B)、恶性(M)或未知(X)b.胃大部切除的原与当前诊断的时间间隔,年限(不明:X)。
c..肿瘤在残胃的位置:解剖位置(A),胃缝合线(S)其他位置(O,或总残胃(T)。
侵犯到食道(E)、十二指肠(D)或空肠(J)以相应字母记录。
例子:B - 20- S,M-09 - AJ。
宏观分型 2.1.3.1 基本分类:大体肿瘤形态可归类为表浅型或进展型。
表浅的类型是典型的T1期肿瘤,而T2- 4的肿瘤通常作为进展期的类型(图3)清单。
观看粘膜表面,肿瘤形态分类分为六种类型(见表2)。
根据宏观分类,类型0是早期胃癌的再分型。
(第2.1.3.2节)。
虽然宏观类型无法确定肿瘤的侵犯深度,但也应记录T期类型。
2.1.3.2 0型的细分类型(依据1962年日本内镜协会分类方式)。
当表浅型有两个或更多的类型构成,应该以表面所占范围的顺序记录所有的类型。
例如:IIc+III。
2.1.3.3 宏观类型的描述:肿瘤宏观类型记录应包括临床和病理学分类。
Table 2 宏观分型 Type 0(浅表型) 典型的T1期 Type 1 肿块型 Type 2 溃疡型 Type 3 浸润溃疡型 Type 4 弥漫浸润型(皮革胃) Type 5 未能分类Type 0的亚分型Type 0-I(突出型)息肉样肿瘤 Type 0-II 表浅型肿瘤有或没有粘膜层的微小隆起或凹陷轻微隆起型 IIa 无隆起或凹陷 IIb 轻微凹陷型 IIc 深凹陷型肿瘤 Type 0-III 2.1.4 组织学分类(Table 4)一个恶性腺上皮肿瘤组成不止一种组织学亚型,不同组织学构成,应该以表面区域大小按降序记录。
例如:tub>pap. 2.1.5 肿瘤侵犯深度以T分类记录肿瘤侵犯深度。
传统的字母标记肿瘤侵犯的深度也被记录:M/SM/MP/SS/SE/SI. 字母C或P被用于T分期的前缀,而不是M、SM等(例如:病理学诊断粘膜肿瘤,应记录pT1a,不是pM)。
肿瘤侵犯粘膜肌层同样被定位在粘膜层,早期胃癌包括所有T1期无论有无淋巴结转移。
未知肿瘤侵犯的深度 Tx 无原发肿瘤证据 T0 肿瘤限定于粘膜层(M) T1a 肿瘤限定于粘膜下层(SM) T1b 肿瘤侵犯肌层(MP) T2肿瘤侵犯到浆膜下(SS) T3 肿瘤侵犯或穿透浆膜层 T4a 肿瘤直接侵犯临近组织T4b 标注:胃的临近组织包括:肝脏、胰腺、横结肠、脾脏、膈肌、腹壁、肾上腺、肾脏、小肠和腹膜后。
胃小弯或大弯的大网膜的侵犯定义为T4a,而不是T4b。
侵犯横结肠系膜,除非穿透系膜后叶或直接侵犯结肠管,否则不能定义为T4b。
Table 4 胃肿瘤组织学分型良性腺上皮肿瘤腺瘤恶性腺上皮肿瘤常见类型乳头状腺癌(pap)管状腺癌(tub)高分化型(tub1)中分化型(tub2)低分化型(por) 实体性 (por1) 非实体性(por2) 印戒细胞癌(sig)粘液腺癌(muc)特殊类型类癌肿瘤内分泌腺癌含淋巴基质的癌肝腺癌腺鳞癌鳞状细胞癌未分化型腺癌未分类的腺癌非腺上皮性肿瘤胃肠间质瘤平滑肌瘤神经源性肿瘤未分类的非上皮型肿瘤淋巴瘤 B细胞性淋巴瘤粘膜相关性淋巴瘤滤泡性淋巴瘤地幔细胞性淋巴瘤弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤其他B细胞性淋巴瘤 T细胞淋巴瘤其他类型淋巴瘤转移性肿瘤瘤样性病变增生性息肉胃底腺息肉粘膜下异位腺体异位胰腺炎性纤维息肉(IFP)胃肠息肉病家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)P-J综合征少年性息肉病考登综合征其他Table 5 淋巴结位置的解剖定义编号定义贲门右旁淋巴结:包括胃左动脉第一分支的上升支 1 贲门左旁淋巴结:包括左膈下动脉胃食管分支胃 2 小弯侧淋巴结:沿着胃左动脉分支3a 小弯侧淋巴结:沿胃右动脉第二分支及远端部分3b 胃大弯左侧:沿着胃短血管 4sa 胃大弯左侧:沿着胃网膜左动脉 4sb 胃大弯右侧:沿着胃网膜右动脉第二分支及远端部分4d 幽门上组:胃右动脉的第一分支及近端部分 5 幽门下组:胃网膜右动脉的第一分支及近端部分,及胃网膜右静脉与胰十二指肠上6 前静脉的合流胃左动脉旁:胃左动脉主干,根部至第一上分支的起源处 7 肝总动脉前方组 8a 肝总动脉后方组 8p 腹腔干组 9 脾门组:胰尾及脾动脉远端、胃短动脉根部、胃网膜左动脉的近端及第一分支 10 脾动脉近端半部位 11p 脾动脉远端半部位 11d 肝十二指肠韧带内沿肝固有动脉分布:左右肝管汇合处至胰腺上缘的下半部分12a 肝十二指肠韧带内沿胆总管分布:左右肝管汇合处至胰腺上缘的下半部分12b 肝十二指肠韧带内沿门静脉分布:左右肝管汇合处至胰腺上缘的下半部分12p 胰头后方组:胰腺头部后方至十二指肠乳头处13 肠系膜上静脉组14v 肠系膜上动脉组14a 结肠中动脉旁组15 腹主动脉旁淋巴结组:腹主动脉裂孔至腹腔干 16a1 腹主动脉旁淋巴结组:腹腔干至左肾静脉下缘 16a2 腹主动脉旁淋巴结组:左肾静脉下缘至肠系膜下动脉起始处16b1 腹主动脉旁淋巴结组:肠系膜下动脉起始处至腹主动脉分叉处 16b2胰腺上缘淋巴结组17 胰腺下缘淋巴结组18 膈肌下淋巴结组:沿膈肌下动脉分布 19 食管旁组:食管裂孔处淋巴结组 20 食管旁组:(食管下端)胸主动脉下端处110 膈肌上淋巴结111 纵膈后淋巴结组112 2.1.6 肿瘤基质体积、浸润模式、毛细管侵犯 2.1.6.1 肿瘤基质体积(被记录为T1b,或更深)髓质型(med):少量基质:丰富的基质中间型:基质数量在上面两者之间 2.1.6.2 肿瘤浸润(INF)组织的模式 INFa 肿瘤呈扩展性生长,并且边界不规则 INFb INFa与INFc之间 INFc 肿瘤呈浸润性生长,并且无明显边界 2.1.6.3 毛细管侵犯淋巴管侵犯 ly0 无淋巴管浸润 ly1 微量淋巴管浸润 ly2 中等量淋巴管浸润 ly3 明显的淋巴管浸润脉管浸润 v0 无脉管浸润v1 微量脉管浸润 v2 中等脉管浸润 v3 明显脉管浸润 2.2 淋巴结转移 2.2.1 淋巴结位置的解剖定义胃淋巴结的定义及位置编号,见Table 5和Fig7、8、9。
1至12组及14v组淋巴结被认为是胃区域淋巴结,其余组淋巴结转移被定义为M1。
肿瘤侵犯食管,19、20、110、111组淋巴结定义为局部淋巴结。
由于胃空肠切除术后的残胃逐渐增多,因此临近的空肠淋巴结也被应记为区域淋巴结。
请参考胃癌治疗指南,详细的表述了治疗性胃切除术中淋巴结的切除。
2.2.2 淋巴结转移的记录外科切除的标本:记录总的淋巴结数目及每组淋巴结的数目。
在原发肿瘤淋巴引流区域发现淋巴结样的结节,但是没有淋巴结结构的组织学证据,记录为另外的转移,并统计在pT中。
2.2.2.1 淋巴结转移(N)Nx:不能评价区域淋巴结N1:1-2个淋巴结转移 N2:3-:6个淋巴结转移 N3:超过7个淋巴结转移。
N3a:7-15个淋巴结转移;N3 b:超过15个或16组淋巴结转移 2.2.2.2 淋巴结转移率转移率是转移淋巴结占所有切除淋巴结的比例。
应记录每组淋巴结转移率对于所有区域淋巴结。
2.3 远处转移区域淋巴结外的淋巴结转移定义为M1.除此之外,腹膜转移,腹腔灌洗细胞学和肝转移,习惯分别被记录为P、CY 和H。
根据UICC的TNM分期系统,腹腔灌洗细胞学阳性,记录为cy+。
2.3.1 远处转移的出现或缺乏。
MX 不知道远处转移状态 M0 无远处转移 M1 有明确的远处转移用以下顺序记录远处转移的部位:LYM(淋巴结)、SKI(skin)、PUL(lung)、MAR(骨髓)、OSS(骨)、PLE(胸膜)、BRA(脑)、MEN(脑膜)、ADR(肾上腺)、ORT(其他器官) 2.3.2 腹膜转移 PX 未知腹膜转移状态 P0 无腹膜转移 P1 有腹膜转移 2.3.3 腹腔灌洗细胞 CYX 未行腹腔灌洗细胞检查 CY0 腹腔灌洗细胞(—)CY1 腹腔灌洗细胞(+)伴有腹腔灌洗细胞学阳性的治疗性切除是R1切除。
2.3.4 肝转移 HX 未知肝转移状态 H0 无肝转移 H1 有肝转移 2.4 分期3 治疗评估 3.1 手术或内镜切除后评估 3.1.1 外科切除标本切缘 3.1.1.1 近端切缘(PM)PMX 不能评估切缘状态PM0 近切缘阴性 PM1 近切缘阳性 3.1.1.2 远端切缘(PM) DMX 不能评估切缘状态 DM0 远切缘阴性 DM1 远切缘阳性 3.1.2内镜切除标本的切缘 3.1.2.1 水平切缘(HM) HMX 不能评估切缘状态 HM0 切缘阴性 HM1 切缘阳性 3.1.2.2 垂直切缘(VM) VMX 不能评估切缘状态 VM0 切缘阴性 VM1 切缘阳性 3.1.3 残余肿瘤(R) 用R的状态来描述手术后有或无残余肿瘤。