2010美国心脏协会CPR及ECC指南

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2010心肺复苏(CPR)指南解读

2010心肺复苏(CPR)指南解读

电击治疗主要更改
2010新
目前尚不确定最佳 除颤剂量
2005旧
•使用2-4J/kg的剂量作 为初始除颤能量 除颤的首剂量是2J/kg。 •为方便培训可使用2J/kg 为首剂量。 第二次及后续是4J/kg。 •对后续电击能量应至少 为4J/kg并可考虑使用更高 能量,但不超过10J/kg 或成人最大剂量。 护理实践指南要求: 单项波:200-360J 直线双向波:120-200J 双向指数截断波:(BTE):150-200J
培训、实施和团队
主要讨论有关指导培训和学习复苏技术的最佳实践、 实施生存链以及治疗团队和系统的相关最佳实践方面 越来越多的正面证据。
进一步强调 团队形式给 予心肺复苏
,医务人员都以团体形式工作
• 进一步强调以团队形式给予心肺复苏,由不 同的施救者同时完成多个操作 例如:
• 一名施救者立即开始胸外按压, • 另一名施救者拿到自动体外除颤器 (AED) 并求援, 而第三名施救者开放气道并进行通气。
2005年前后发表的研究表明
• 05心肺复苏指南实施后心肺复苏质量已提 高且存活率已上升,但胸外按压的质量仍 需提高。 • 各个急救系统(EMS)中的院外心脏骤停存 活率相差较大。 • 对大多数院外心脏骤停患者,均未由任何 旁观者对其进行心肺复苏。
2010年新指南的主要改变
根据29个国家的356名复苏专家经过36个月的分析、讨论。 对277个复苏和心血管急救主题的411份科学证据的总结。 1 2 继续强调高质量的心肺复苏 心肺复苏程序:A-B-C更改为C-A-B
2005旧
成人胸骨按下 约4—5厘米; 婴儿和儿童将胸部按下 胸部前后径的三分之一 或一半
新指南更强调胸外按压的重要性
2010新

2010国际心肺复苏与心血管急救指南

2010国际心肺复苏与心血管急救指南

非专业人员不进行脉搏检查
3.革命性的修改:流程更换
更加强调了胸外按压的重要性!
2005年 A.保持气道通畅 B.人工呼吸 C.胸外按压 2010年 C.胸外按压 A.保持气道通畅 B.人工呼吸
成年人及儿科病人(包括儿童及婴幼儿, 但不包括新生儿)
3.心肺复苏程序变化:C-A-B 代替 A-B-C

4.团队合作!
第八部分 高级心血管生命支持ALS
高级心血管生命支持是在基础生命支持的基础上,应用辅助 设备、特殊技术等建立更为有效的通气和血运循环 主要内容:

1.气道管理、通气支持以及治疗缓慢型和快速型心律失常 2.治疗心脏骤停(药物治疗等) 3.改善心脏骤停后自主循环恢复的患者预后的措施(第九部分)


2. 弱化了脉搏的检查

医务人员在检查反应时应该快速检查是否没有呼吸或不能正常呼吸 (即无呼吸或仅仅是喘息)。然后,该人员会启动急救系统并找到 AED(或由其他人员寻找) 医务人员检查脉搏的时间不应超过10秒,如果10秒内没有明确触摸到 脉搏,应开始心肺复苏并使用 AED(如果有的话)



声门上气道(喉罩、食管-气管联合导管和喉管),由受过培 训的人员实施CPR时声门上气道可以替代球囊-面罩通气 和气管插管 气管插管

8.1 气道管理辅助措施和通气

1.球囊-面罩通气:
当放置高级气道有延误或不成功时,球囊-面罩通气尤其 有帮助;

抢救人员应确保用仰头-抬颏法充分开放气道,提起下巴 紧贴面罩,手持面罩紧贴脸,使面罩与口密闭;
以上建议旨在支持尽早进行心肺复苏和早期除颤, 特别是在发生心脏骤停时现场有AED或除颤器的情 况下

成人BLS在ICU中的应用

2010美国心脏协会AHA心肺复苏CPR及心血管急救ECC指南的学习

2010美国心脏协会AHA心肺复苏CPR及心血管急救ECC指南的学习

2.伦理学问题
与复苏有关的伦理学问题非常复杂,这些问题出现的环境不同 (院内或院外)、涉及不同的操作者(非专业施救者或医务人 员)并且涉及到开始或停止基础生命支持和/或高级生命支持。 所有医务人员在为需要复苏的个人提供治疗时,都需要考虑伦 理、法律和文化因素。虽然操作者在复苏过程中会参与决策, 但他们应该综合科学、个人或其代理者的意愿以及当地的政策或法律规 定。
D:\医学资料\心肺复苏讲稿\QQ截图20110712235818.jpg
7.CA后的治疗
“心脏骤停后治疗”是《2010 美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南》中的新增部 分 为提高在恢复自主循环后收入院的心脏骤停患者的存活率,应当通过统一的方式实施综 合、结构化、完整、多学科的心脏骤停后治疗体系(方块图 3)。治疗应包括心肺复苏和 神经系统支持。应根据指征提供低温治疗和经皮冠状动脉介入术 (PCI)。由于在心脏骤 停后往往会发生癫痫症状,应进行脑电图检查以诊断癫痫并尽快给出解读,并在昏迷 患者恢复自主循环后频繁或持续地进行监测。 D:\医学资料\心肺复苏讲稿\QQ截图20110713000441.jpg
6.ACLS
2010 版心血管病高级生命支持 (ACLS) 中的主要更改如下: • 建议进行二氧化碳波形图定量分析,以确认并监测气管插管位 置和心肺复苏质量。 • 简化了传统心脏骤停流程,并提出了替代的概念性设计流程以 强调高质量心肺复苏的重要性。 • 进一步强调了生理参数监测以优化心肺复苏质量并检测是否恢 复自主循环。 • 不再建议在治疗无脉性心电活动 (PEA)/心搏停止时常规性地使 用阿托品。
o-two呼吸机使用方法的演示: F:\心肺复苏讲稿\AVSEQ01.DAT
谢谢!
8.ACS患者病情稳定化治疗

2010国际心肺复苏指南权威版本-最全_

2010国际心肺复苏指南权威版本-最全_
3秒后----头晕 18秒后----脑缺氧 30秒后----昏迷 60秒后----脑细胞开始死亡 6分钟后----全部脑细胞死亡
脑细胞发生不可逆损害
……所以,
我们不能单纯等待医护人员到现场抢救。 我们每一个人都应该学习自救互救知识,
学习 心肺复苏术
Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation
心脏性猝T综合征LQTS J波综合征 短QT综合征 预激综合征 特发性TV/TF 电解质紊乱 药物尤其抗心律失常药物导致的心律失常
Brugada
LQTS
预激综合征WPW(Wolf-Parkinson-White)
WPW
心脏性猝死SCD分期
前驱期:心脏骤停前有数天、数周或数月的前驱症状如心绞痛 、气急或心悸的加重,易于疲劳,非特异性。
终末事件期:心脏骤停前的急性心血管改变时期,通常不超过1 小时。典型表现包括:长时间的心绞痛或急性心肌梗死的胸痛、 急性呼吸困难、突然心悸、持续心动过速或头晕目眩等。若心脏 骤停瞬间发生,事前无预兆,则95%为心源性
心脏骤停期:意识完全丧失为该期的特征 心音消失。 脉搏扪不到、血压测不出 意识突然丧失或伴有短阵抽搐 呼吸断续,呈叹息样,很快即停止
CPR
心肺复苏概述 (CPR)
心肺复苏术的目的
◆心肺复苏术是挽救心跳、呼吸骤停病人的技 术。 ◆心肺复苏的目的: ◇挽救生命,恢复患者中断的心跳、呼吸; ◇恢复大脑功能,避免和减少“植物状态”、 “植物人”的发生。
心肺复苏相关概念
• 晕厥 • 昏迷 • 心搏骤停 • 猝死
心肺复苏相关概念
晕厥
争 分 夺 秒!
大量实践证明: • 4分钟内进行复苏者,可能一半人被救活。 • 4--6分钟内进行复苏者,10%被救活。 • 超过6分钟存活率仅4%。 • 超过10分钟存活率几乎为0。

对2010年美国心脏协会心肺复苏与心血管急救指南的解读

对2010年美国心脏协会心肺复苏与心血管急救指南的解读
2.2 2.2.1
2010指南的亮点
从A—B—C到C—A—B的变化:2010 CPR—ECC指南的最新进展是对成人和儿童(除新生儿)实施
BLS的顺序从A—B—C到C—A—B的变化。这种变化基于以下原因:①各年龄段的心搏骤停患者存活率 最高的是那些有目击者的初始心律是VF或无脉性室性心动过速(VT)患者。CPR的关键是初始的胸外按
时间太长,应不间断反复练习,通过教育使全社会对心搏骤停者做到迅速反应,呼叫EMSS,即进行胸外按 压,并激活急救生存链系统,以此环环相扣,使心搏骤停救治成功率提高。 1.4尽快将CPR科学转化为临床实践:2010指南另一特点是,将自2005年到现在为止5年间关于CPR研 究的重要文献通过现场会议、电话会议、在线研讨会进行回顾、分析、评价、讨论,在此基础上进行证据评估、 分析和分类及科学证据总结,将已为实践证实的科学理论和方法规范为指南,转化为临床实践,并指导实践。 这些在2010指南中处处得到体现,如强调现场目击者仅按压不通气;BLS中从过去的A—B—C过渡到C— A—B;从过去4个环节的生存链增加了心搏骤停后治疗;突出强调了高质量的CPR(足够的按压频率和深 度,保证充分的胸廓回弹,尽量减少按压中断,避免过度通气)以及CPR系统组织、实施、教育协调的重要性; 弱化了CPR装置及药物的重要性;简化了CPR流程,做到简单、实用、易操作、易学习、易掌握并有实效。 CPR起源于经验,通过半个世纪的实验和临床反复实践逐渐上升为科学,现在将科学转化为实践并指 导实践。相信随着科学进步实践的积累,CPR会越来越简单有效,使之成为一种既有科学理论及丰富实践内 涵,又实用的救命方法,造福全人类。

am,儿童应在4 am;每次按压应使胸廓充分回弹。只有三者协调一致,才能达到最佳BLS的目的。如果说

美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南解读

美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南解读

(二)【重要相似处】
对于成人、儿童和婴儿(不包括新生儿), 单人施救者的按压-通气比率建议值(30:2) 并未更改。 实施高级气道管理后,可继续进行胸外按压 (速率为每分钟至少100次)且不必与呼吸 同步。之后,可按照大约每6至8秒钟1次呼 吸的速率进行人工呼吸(每分钟大约8至10 次呼吸)。
(二)【不同处】
⑤除颤能量不变,但更强调CPR
⑥肾上腺素用法用量不变,不推荐对心脏停搏或无 脉电活动者常规使用阿托品
(一) 【与2005主要变化】
2.几个数字的变化:
⑦维持自主循环恢复的血氧饱和度在94%~98% ⑧血糖超过10mmol/L即应控制,但强调应避免低血
糖 ⑨强化按压的重要性,按压间断时间不超过5s
(二)【重要相似处】
形成:
基于国际证据评估流程,由数百位国际复苏科学家和专家 对数千份已经过同行审核的发表物进行评估、讨论和辩论。
该2010年国际证据评估过程包括由来自29个国家的356 名复苏专家,通过亲临会议、电话会议和在线研讨会 (“网上研讨会”)对复苏研究进行为期36个月的分析、 讨论和探讨,包括2010年初在德克萨斯的达拉斯举办的 2010心肺复苏与心血管急救及治疗建议国际指南会议。 工作表专家们制作了包括277个复苏和心血管急救主题的 411份科学证据总结。该过程包括对相关文献进行有组织 的证据评估、分析和分类。其中还包括对可能的利益冲突 进行严格的申报和管理。
不是A-B-C)。通过从30次按压而不是2次通气开始心肺 复苏,可以缩短开始第一次按压的延误时间。 ?按压速率从每分钟大约100次修改为每分钟至少100次。 ?成人的按压幅度略有增加,从以前建议的大约4至5厘米 增加到至少约5厘米。 ?继续强调需要缩短从最后一次按压到给予电击之间的时 间,以及给予电击到电击后立即恢复按压之间的时间。 ?进一步强调通过团队形式给予心肺复苏

2010年 最新CPR-ECC指南

2010年 最新CPR-ECC指南

心脏骤停后救治流程 心脏骤停后救治流程
3、静脉注射肾上腺素:0.1-0.5mg/(kg.min) 静脉注射肾上腺素:0.1(70kg成人相当 35mg/min)。 成人相当7 (70kg成人相当7-35mg/min)。 静脉注射多巴胺: 10mg/(kg.min)。 4、静脉注射多巴胺:5-10mg/(kg.min)。 静脉注射去甲肾上腺素0.1 0.15、静脉注射去甲肾上腺素0.10.5mg(kg.min) (70kg成人相当于 35mg/min)。 成人相当于7 (70kg成人相当于7-35mg/min)。
基础生命支持技术要领 基础生命支持技术要领
强调按压频率不少于100 强调按压频率不少于100次/min 100次 成人按压幅度至少5cm 儿童应在4cm 5cm( 4cm) 成人按压幅度至少5cm(儿童应在4cm) 强调每次按压后使胸廓回弹恢复原状 尽量避免按压中断 避免过多过快通气 强调加强团队协作
心脏骤停后救治
心脏骤停后救治是使心脏骤停者达 到出院存活的远期目标。
高级生命支持
5、气道管理: 气道管理: CPR期间应用声门上气道装置替代气管 CPR期间应用声门上气道装置替代气管 插管; 插管; 应用呼末二氧化碳波形图定量分析确 认和监测气管插管位置; 10次 认和监测气管插管位置;8-10次/min 人工呼吸,伴持续心脏按压。 人工呼吸,伴持续心脏按压。 不推荐气管插管时对环状软骨施压。 不推荐气管插管时对环状软骨施压。
新增环节强调自主循环恢复(ROSC)后只 新增环节强调自主循环恢复(ROSC) 是CPR复杂的临床病理过程和救治的开始, CPR复杂的临床病理过程和救治的开始, 复杂的临床病理过程和救治的开始 强调对ROSC 强调对ROSC患者全身炎症反应综合征 ROSC患者全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)的认识及进行多学科优化干预才 SIRS) 可能使神经功能良好并改善出院存活率。 可能使神经功能良好并改善出院存活率。

2010美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指

2010美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指

CPR2010指南
压心吹起比例儿童及婴儿
——气道未受保护 • 一位急救员的压心吹气比例是30:2,而两位急救员的压心 吹气比例为15:2,原因是因为儿童及婴儿的心跳骤停的主 因是气道阻塞及呼吸骤停,所以压心吹气的次数可以相应 的减少至15:2。 ------气道已经受到保护 • 情况和成人一样,CPR不需要按比例,压心频率以每分钟 100次不停顿进行,而吹气者亦是每分钟做8-10次吹气 (约6-8s做一次吹气),检查心电及脉搏是在2分钟后。 • 为避免急救者过度疲劳,专家建议应为每2分钟转换压心 者一次,而转换的时间不应超过5s。
心房颤动(atrial fibrillation, AF)
无P波, 代之以“ f ” 波, 350~600 次/分; QRS-T波基本正常; 心室律(R-R 间期)绝对不等; 心室率 100-180次/分(未治疗者)。 频率
窦性心动过速(sinus tachycardia)
• 逐渐加快和减慢、P波与窦律相同
高级生命支持技术(ACLS) 3急救药物
• ——抗心律失常药应该在第二或第三次除 颤后施行,指南建议在处理VF时仍然首先 采用胺碘酮,因为仍然有较多的研究证明 胺碘酮比利多卡因更有效。 • ——抗心律迟缓方面的药,仍然采用阿托 品,但剂量略有调整(0.5-1.0mg,1mg/kg 一般50mg)。 • ——室上速所采用的药物仍然是腺苷
高级生命支持技术(ACLS) 1除颤
1.指南建议,每次除颤后应立即施行2分钟 CPR才检查心电及脉搏。 2.除颤的程序为: (1)除颤一次 (2)CPR2分钟 (3)检查脉搏及心电 (4)重复此循环 3.除颤成功:通常定义为放电后终止VF至少5 秒钟
高级生命支持技术(ACLS) 2高级人工气道

2010年美国心脏病学会心肺复苏指南(英文版)

2010年美国心脏病学会心肺复苏指南(英文版)

ISSN: 1524-4539Copyright © 2010 American Heart Association. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online72514Circulation is published by the American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TXDOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.9708892010;122;S640-S656Circulation HoekCallaway, Brett Cucchiara, Jeffrey D. Ferguson, Thomas D. Rea and Terry L. VandenMark S. Link, Laurie J. Morrison, Robert E. O'Connor, Michael Shuster, Clifton W. Marc D. Berg, John E. Billi, Brian Eigel, Robert W. Hickey, Monica E. Kleinman,Neumar, Mary Ann Peberdy, Jeffrey M. Perlman, Elizabeth Sinz, Andrew H. Travers, Farhan Bhanji, Diana M. Cave, Edward C. Jauch, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Robert W.Schexnayder, Robin Hemphill, Ricardo A. Samson, John Kattwinkel, Robert A. Berg, John M. Field, Mary Fran Hazinski, Michael R. Sayre, Leon Chameides, Stephen M. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 1: Executive Summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for/cgi/content/full/122/18_suppl_3/S640located on the World Wide Web at:The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is/reprints Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online atjournalpermissions@ 410-528-8550. E-mail:Fax:Kluwer Health, 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21202-2436. Phone: 410-528-4050. Permissions: Permissions & Rights Desk, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a division of Wolters/subscriptions/Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation is online atPart1:Executive Summary2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care John M.Field,Co-Chair*;Mary Fran Hazinski,Co-Chair*;Michael R.Sayre;Leon Chameides; Stephen M.Schexnayder;Robin Hemphill;Ricardo A.Samson;John Kattwinkel;Robert A.Berg;Farhan Bhanji;Diana M.Cave;Edward C.Jauch;Peter J.Kudenchuk;Robert W.Neumar;Mary Ann Peberdy;Jeffrey M.Perlman;Elizabeth Sinz;Andrew H.Travers;Marc D.Berg; John E.Billi;Brian Eigel;Robert W.Hickey;Monica E.Kleinman;Mark S.Link;Laurie J.Morrison; Robert E.O’Connor;Michael Shuster;Clifton W.Callaway;Brett Cucchiara;Jeffrey D.Ferguson;Thomas D.Rea;Terry L.Vanden HoekT he publication of the2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care marks the50th anniversary of modern CPR.In1960Kouwenhoven,Knickerbocker,and Jude documented14patients who survived cardiac arrest with the application of closed chest cardiac massage.1That same year,at the meeting of the Maryland Medical Society in Ocean City,MD,the combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing was introduced.2Two years later,in1962, direct-current,monophasic waveform defibrillation was de-scribed.3In1966the American Heart Association(AHA) developed the first cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) guidelines,which have been followed by periodic updates.4 During the past50years the fundamentals of early recogni-tion and activation,early CPR,early defibrillation,and early access to emergency medical care have saved hundreds of thousands of lives around the world.These lives demonstrate the importance of resuscitation research and clinical transla-tion and are cause to celebrate this50th anniversary of CPR. Challenges remain if we are to fulfill the potential offered by the pioneer resuscitation scientists.We know that there is a striking disparity in survival outcomes from cardiac arrest across systems of care,with some systems reporting5-fold higher survival rates than others.5–9Although technology, such as that incorporated in automated external defibrillators (AEDs),has contributed to increased survival from cardiac arrest,no initial intervention can be delivered to the victim of cardiac arrest unless bystanders are ready,willing,and able to act.Moreover,to be successful,the actions of bystanders and other care providers must occur within a system that coordi-nates and integrates each facet of care into a comprehensive whole,focusing on survival to discharge from the hospital.This executive summary highlights the major changes and most provocative recommendations in the2010AHA Guide-lines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care(ECC). The scientists and healthcare providers participating in a comprehensive evidence evaluation process analyzed the sequence and priorities of the steps of CPR in light of current scientific advances to identify factors with the greatest potential impact on survival.On the basis of the strength of the available evidence,they developed recommendations to support the interventions that showed the most promise. There was unanimous support for continued emphasis on high-quality CPR,with compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil,minimizing inter-ruptions in chest compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.High-quality CPR is the cornerstone of a system of care that can optimize outcomes beyond return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC).Return to a prior quality of life and functional state of health is the ultimate goal of a resuscitation system of care.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC are based on the most current and comprehensive review of resuscitation litera-ture ever published,the2010ILCOR International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With Treatment Recommendations.10 The2010evidence evaluation process included356resuscita-tion experts from29countries who reviewed,analyzed,evalu-ated,debated,and discussed research and hypotheses through in-person meetings,teleconferences,and online sessions(“web-inars”)during the36-month period before the2010Consensus Conference.The experts produced411scientific evidence re-views on277topics in resuscitation and emergency cardiovas-cular care.The process included structured evidence evaluation, analysis,and cataloging of the literature.It also included rigor-The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows:Field JM,Hazinski MF,Sayre MR,Chameides L,Schexnayder SM, Hemphill R,Samson RA,Kattwinkel J,Berg RA,Bhanji F,Cave DM,Jauch EC,Kudenchuk PJ,Neumar RW,Peberdy MA,Perlman JM,Sinz E,Travers AH,Berg MD,Billi JE,Eigel B,Hickey RW,Kleinman ME,Link MS,Morrison LJ,O’Connor RE,Shuster M,Callaway CW,Cucchiara B,Ferguson JD,Rea TD,Vanden Hoek TL.Part1:executive summary:2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.Circulation.2010;122(suppl3):S640–S656.*Co-chairs and equal first co-authors.(Circulation.2010;122[suppl3]:S640–S656.)©2010American Heart Association,Inc.Circulation is available at DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970889ous disclosure and management of potential conflicts of interest, which are detailed in Part2:“Evidence Evaluation and Man-agement of Potential and Perceived Conflicts of Interest.”The recommendations in the2010Guidelines confirm the safety and effectiveness of many approaches,acknowledge ineffectiveness of others,and introduce new treatments based on intensive evidence evaluation and consensus of experts. These new recommendations do not imply that care using past guidelines is either unsafe or ineffective.In addition,it is important to note that they will not apply to all rescuers and all victims in all situations.The leader of a resuscitation attempt may need to adapt application of these recommenda-tions to unique circumstances.New Developments in Resuscitation ScienceSince2005A universal compression-ventilation ratio of30:2performed by lone rescuers for victims of all ages was one of the most controversial topics discussed during the2005International Consensus Conference,and it was a major change in the2005 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC.11In2005rates of survival to hospital discharge from witnessed out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation(VF)were low,averagingՅ6%worldwide with little improvement in the years immediately preceding the2005conference.5Two studies published just before the2005International Consen-sus Conference documented poor quality of CPR performed in both out-of-hospital and in-hospital resuscitations.12,13The changes in the compression-ventilation ratio and in the defibrillation sequence(from3stacked shocks to1shock followed by immediate CPR)were recommended to mini-mize interruptions in chest compressions.11–13There have been many developments in resuscitation science since2005,and these are highlighted below. Emergency Medical Services Systems andCPR QualityEmergency medical services(EMS)systems and healthcare providers should identify and strengthen“weak links”in the Chain of Survival.There is evidence of considerable regional variation in the reported incidence and outcome from cardiac arrest within the United States.5,14This evidence supports the importance of accurately identifying each instance of treated cardiac arrest and measuring outcomes and suggests additional opportunities for improving survival rates in many communities. Recent studies have demonstrated improved outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,particularly from shockable rhythms,and have reaffirmed the importance of a stronger emphasis on compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil after each compression,minimizing interrup-tions in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.15–22 Implementation of new resuscitation guidelines has been shown to improve outcomes.18,20–22A means of expediting guidelines implementation(a process that may take from18 months to4years23–26)is needed.Impediments to implemen-tation include delays in instruction(eg,time needed to produce new training materials and update instructors and providers),technology upgrades(eg,reprogramming AEDs), and decision making(eg,coordination with allied agencies and government regulators,medical direction,and participa-tion in research).Documenting the Effects of CPR Performance by Lay RescuersDuring the past5years there has been an effort to simplify CPR recommendations and emphasize the fundamental importance of high-quality rge observational studies from investiga-tors in member countries of the Resuscitation Council of Asia (the newest member of ILCOR)27,28–30and other studies31,32 have provided important information about the positive impact of bystander CPR on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. For most adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,bystander CPR with chest compression only(Hands-Only CPR)appears to achieve outcomes similar to those of conventional CPR(com-pressions with rescue breathing).28–32However,for children, conventional CPR is superior.27CPR QualityMinimizing the interval between stopping chest compressions and delivering a shock(ie,minimizing the preshock pause) improves the chances of shock success33,34and patient sur-vival.33–35Data downloaded from CPR-sensing and feedback-enabled defibrillators provide valuable information to resus-citation teams,which can improve CPR quality.36These data are driving major changes in the training of in-hospital resuscitation teams and out-of-hospital healthcare providers. In-Hospital CPR RegistriesThe National Registry of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR)37and other large databases are providing new infor-mation about the epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital resuscitation in adults and children.8,38–44Although observa-tional in nature,registries provide valuable descriptive informa-tion to better characterize cardiac arrest and resuscitation out-comes as well as identify areas for further research. Deemphasis on Devices and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Drugs During Cardiac ArrestAt the time of the2010International Consensus Conference there were still insufficient data to demonstrate that any drugs or mechanical CPR devices improve long-term outcome after cardiac arrest.45Clearly further studies,adequately powered to detect clinically important outcome differences with these interventions,are needed.Importance of Post–Cardiac Arrest Care Organized post–cardiac arrest care with an emphasis on multidisciplinary programs that focus on optimizing hemo-dynamic,neurologic,and metabolic function(including ther-apeutic hypothermia)may improve survival to hospital dis-charge among victims who achieve ROSC following cardiac arrest either in-or out-of-hospital.46–48Although it is not yet possible to determine the individual effect of many of these therapies,when bundled as an integrated system of care,their deployment may well improve outcomes.Therapeutic hypothermia is one intervention that has been shown to improve outcome for comatose adult victims of Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S641witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when the presenting rhythm was VF.49,50Since2005,two nonrandomized studies with concurrent controls as well as other studies using historic controls have indicated the possible benefit of hypo-thermia following in-and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from all other initial rhythms in adults.46,51–56Hypothermia has also been shown to be effective in improving intact neurologic survival in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopa-thy,57–61and the results of a prospective multicenter pediatric study of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest are eagerly awaited.Many studies have attempted to identify comatose post–cardiac arrest patients who have no prospect for meaningful neurologic recovery,and decision rules for prognostication of poor outcome have been proposed.62Therapeutic hypother-mia changes the specificity of prognostication decision rules that were previously established from studies of post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with hypothermia.Recent reports have documented occasional good outcomes in post–cardiac arrest patients who were treated with therapeutic hypother-mia,despite neurologic exam or neuroelectrophysiologic studies that predicted poor outcome.63,64Education and ImplementationThe quality of rescuer education and frequency of retraining are critical factors in improving the effectiveness of resusci-tation.65–83Ideally retraining should not be limited to2-year intervals.More frequent renewal of skills is needed,with a commitment to maintenance of certification similar to that embraced by many healthcare-credentialing organizations. Resuscitation interventions are often performed simulta-neously,and rescuers must be able to work collaboratively to minimize interruptions in chest compressions.Teamwork and leadership skills continue to be important,particularly for advanced cardiovascular life support(ACLS)and pediatric advanced life support(PALS)providers.36,84–89 Community and hospital-based resuscitation programs should systematically monitor cardiac arrests,the level of resuscitation care provided,and outcome.The cycle of measurement,interpretation,feedback,and continuous qual-ity improvement provides fundamental information necessary to optimize resuscitation care and should help to narrow the knowledge and clinical gaps between ideal and actual resus-citation performance.Highlights of the2010GuidelinesThe Change From“A-B-C”to“C-A-B”The newest development in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC is a change in the basic life support(BLS)sequence of steps from“A-B-C”(Airway,Breathing,Chest compressions)to “C-A-B”(Chest compressions,Airway,Breathing)for adults and pediatric patients(children and infants,excluding newly borns).Although the experts agreed that it is important to reduce time to first chest compressions,they were aware that a change in something as established as the A-B-C sequence would require re-education of everyone who has ever learned CPR.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC recommend this change for the following reasons:●The vast majority of cardiac arrests occur in adults,and the highest survival rates from cardiac arrest are reported among patients of all ages with witnessed arrest and a rhythm of VF or pulseless ventricular tachycardia(VT).In these patients the critical initial elements of CPR are chest compressions and early defibrillation.90●In the A-B-C sequence chest compressions are often delayed while the responder opens the airway to give mouth-to-mouth breaths or retrieves a barrier device or other ventilation equipment.By changing the sequence to C-A-B,chest compressions will be initiated sooner and ventilation only minimally delayed until completion of the first cycle of chest compressions(30compressions should be accomplished in approximately18seconds).●Fewer than50%of persons in cardiac arrest receive bystander CPR.There are probably many reasons for this,but one impediment may be the A-B-C sequence,which starts with the procedures that rescuers find most difficult:opening the airway and delivering rescue breaths.Starting with chest compressions might ensure that more victims receive CPR and that rescuers who are unable or unwilling to provide ventilations will at least perform chest compressions.●It is reasonable for healthcare providers to tailor the sequence of rescue actions to the most likely cause of arrest.For example,if a lone healthcare provider sees a victim suddenly collapse,the provider may assume that the victim has suffered a sudden VF cardiac arrest;once the provider has verified that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing or is only gasping,the provider should immediately activate the emergency response system,get and use an AED,and give CPR.But for a presumed victim of drowning or other likely asphyxial arrest the priority would be to provide about5cycles(about2minutes)of conventional CPR(including rescue breathing)before ac-tivating the emergency response system.Also,in newly born infants,arrest is more likely to be of a respiratory etiology,and resuscitation should be attempted with the A-B-C sequence unless there is a known cardiac etiology. Ethical IssuesThe ethical issues surrounding resuscitation are complex and vary across settings(in-or out-of-hospital),providers(basic or advanced),and whether to start or how to terminate CPR.Recent work suggests that acknowledgment of a verbal do-not-attempt-resuscitation order(DNAR)in addition to the current stan-dard—a written,signed,and dated DNAR document—may decrease the number of futile resuscitation attempts.91,92This is an important first step in expanding the clinical decision rule pertaining to when to start resuscitation in out-of-hospital car-diac arrest.However,there is insufficient evidence to support this approach without further validation.When only BLS-trained EMS personnel are available, termination of resuscitative efforts should be guided by a validated termination of resuscitation rule that reduces the transport rate of attempted resuscitations without compro-mising the care of potentially viable patients.93Advanced life support(ALS)EMS providers may use the same termination of resuscitation rule94–99or a derived nonvali-dated rule specific to ALS providers that when applied willS642Circulation November2,2010decrease the number of futile transports to the emergency department(ED).95,97–100Certain characteristics of a neonatal in-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with death,and these may be helpful in guiding physicians in the decision to start and stop a neonatal resuscitation attempt.101–104There is more variability in ter-minating resuscitation rates across systems and physicians when clinical decision rules are not followed,suggesting that these validated and generalized rules may promote uniformity in access to resuscitation attempts and full protocol care.105 Offering select family members the opportunity to be present during the resuscitation and designating staff within the team to respond to their questions and offer comfort may enhance the emotional support provided to the family during cardiac arrest and after termination of a resuscitation attempt. Identifying patients during the post–cardiac arrest period who do not have the potential for meaningful neurologic recovery is a major clinical challenge that requires further research.Caution is advised when considering limiting care or withdrawing life-sustaining therapy.Characteristics or test results that are predictive of poor outcome in post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with therapeutic hypothermia may not be as predictive of poor outcome after administration of therapeutic hypothermia. Because of the growing need for transplant tissue and organs,all provider teams who treat postarrest patients should also plan and implement a system of tissue and organ donation that is timely, effective,and supportive of family members for the subset of patients in whom brain death is confirmed or for organ donation after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation research is challenging.It must be scientifically rigorous while confronting ethical,regulatory,and public rela-tions concerns that arise from the need to conduct such research with exception to informed consent.Regulatory requirements, community notification,and consultation requirements often impose expensive and time-consuming demands that may not only delay important research but also render it cost-prohibitive, with little significant evidence that these measures effectively address the concerns about research.106–109Basic Life SupportBLS is the foundation for saving lives following cardiac arrest.Fundamental aspects of adult BLS include immediate recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system,early performance of high-quality CPR,and rapid defibrillation when appropriate.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC contain several important changes but also have areas of continued emphasis based on evidence presented in prior years.Key Changes in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPRand ECC●The BLS algorithm has been simplified,and“Look,Listen and Feel”has been removed from the algorithm.Performance of these steps is inconsistent and time consuming.For this reason the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC stress immediate activation of the emergency response system and starting chest compressions for any unresponsive adult victim with no breathing or no normal breathing(ie,only gasps).●Encourage Hands-Only(compression only)CPR for the untrained lay rescuer.Hands-Only CPR is easier to perform by those with no training and can be more readily guided by dispatchers over the telephone.●Initiate chest compressions before giving rescue breaths(C-A-B rather than A-B-C).Chest compressions can be started immediately,whereas positioning the head,attaining a seal for mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing,or obtaining or assembling a bag-mask device for rescue breathing all take time.Begin-ning CPR with30compressions rather than2ventilations leads to a shorter delay to first compression.●There is an increased focus on methods to ensure that high-quality CPR is performed.Adequate chest compres-sions require that compressions be provided at the appro-priate depth and rate,allowing complete recoil of the chest after each compression and an emphasis on minimizing any pauses in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation. Training should focus on ensuring that chest compressions are performed correctly.The recommended depth of com-pression for adult victims has increased from a depth of11⁄2 to2inches to a depth of at least2inches.●Many tasks performed by healthcare providers during resus-citation attempts,such as chest compressions,airway man-agement,rescue breathing,rhythm detection,shock delivery, and drug administration(if appropriate),can be performed concurrently by an integrated team of highly trained rescuers in appropriate settings.Some resuscitations start with a lone rescuer who calls for help,resulting in the arrival of additional team members.Healthcare provider training should focus on building the team as each member arrives or quickly delegat-ing roles if multiple rescuers are present.As additional personnel arrive,responsibilities for tasks that would ordi-narily be performed sequentially by fewer rescuers may now be delegated to a team of providers who should perform them simultaneously.Key Points of Continued Emphasis for the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC●Early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest in adults is based on assessing responsiveness and the absence of normal breathing.Victims of cardiac arrest may initially have gasping respirations or even appear to be having a seizure. These atypical presentations may confuse a rescuer,caus-ing a delay in calling for help or beginning CPR.Training should focus on alerting potential rescuers to the unusual presentations of sudden cardiac arrest.●Minimize interruptions in effective chest compressions until ROSC or termination of resuscitative efforts.Any unnecessary interruptions in chest compressions(including longer than necessary pauses for rescue breathing)de-creases CPR effectiveness.●Minimize the importance of pulse checks by healthcare providers.Detection of a pulse can be difficult,and even highly trained healthcare providers often incorrectly assess the presence or absence of a pulse when blood pressure is abnormally low or absent.Healthcare providers should take no more than10seconds to determine if a pulse is present. Chest compressions delivered to patients subsequently found not to be in cardiac arrest rarely lead to significant Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S643injury.110The lay rescuer should activate the emergency response system if he or she finds an unresponsive adult. The lay rescuer should not attempt to check for a pulse and should assume that cardiac arrest is present if an adult suddenly collapses,is unresponsive,and is not breathing or not breathing normally(ie,only gasping).CPR Techniques and DevicesAlternatives to conventional manual CPR have been devel-oped in an effort to enhance perfusion during resuscitation from cardiac arrest and to improve pared with conventional CPR,these techniques and devices typically require more personnel,training,and equipment,or apply to a specific setting.Some alternative CPR techniques and devices may improve hemodynamics or short-term survival when used by well-trained providers in selected patients. Several devices have been the focus of recent clinical trials. Use of the impedance threshold device(ITD)improved ROSC and short-term survival when used in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,but there was no significant improvement in either survival to hospital discharge or neurologically-intact survival to discharge.111One multicenter,prospective,randomized con-trolled trial112,112a comparing load-distributing band CPR(Auto-pulse)with manual CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest demonstrated no improvement in4-hour survival and worse neurologic outcome when the device was used.More research is needed to determine if site-specific factors113or experience with deployment of the device114influence effectiveness of the load-distributing band CPR device.Case series employing me-chanical piston devices have reported variable degrees of success.115–119To prevent delays and maximize efficiency,initial training, ongoing monitoring,and retraining programs should be offered on a frequent basis to providers using CPR devices. To date,no adjunct has consistently been shown to be superior to standard conventional(manual)CPR for out-of-hospital BLS,and no device other than a defibrillator has consistently improved long-term survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Electrical TherapiesThe2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC have been updated to reflect new data on the use of pacing in bradycar-dia,and on cardioversion and defibrillation for tachycardic rhythm disturbances.Integration of AEDs into a system of care is critical in the Chain of Survival in public places outside of hospitals.To give the victim the best chance of survival,3actions must occur within the first moments of a cardiac arrest120:activation of the EMS system,121provision of CPR,and operation of a defibrillator.122One area of continued interest is whether delivering a longer period of CPR before defibrillation improves out-comes in cardiac arrest.In early studies,survival was im-proved when1.5to3minutes of CPR preceded defibrillation for patients with cardiac arrest ofϾ4to5minutes duration prior to EMS arrival.123,124However,in2more recent randomized controlled trials,CPR performed before defibril-lation did not improve outcome.125,126IfՆ2rescuers are present CPR should be performed while a defibrillator is being obtained and readied for use.The1-shock protocol for VF has not been changed. Evidence has accumulated that even short interruptions in CPR are harmful.Thus,rescuers should minimize the interval between stopping compressions and delivering shocks and should resume CPR immediately after shock delivery. Over the last decade biphasic waveforms have been shown to be more effective than monophasic waveforms in cardio-version and defibrillation.127–135However,there are no clin-ical data comparing one specific biphasic waveform with another.Whether escalating or fixed subsequent doses of energy are superior has not been tested with different wave-forms.However,if higher energy levels are available in the device at hand,they may be considered if initial shocks are unsuccessful in terminating the arrhythmia.In the last5to10years a number of randomized trials have compared biphasic with monophasic cardioversion in atrial fibrillation.The efficacy of shock energies for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is waveform-specific and can vary from120to 200J depending on the defibrillator manufacturer.Thus,the recommended initial biphasic energy dose for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is120to200J using the manufacturer’s recommended setting.136–140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.Cardiover-sion of adult atrial flutter and other supraventricular tachycardias generally requires less energy;an initial energy of50J to100J is often sufficient.140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.141Adult cardioversion of atrial fibrilla-tion with monophasic waveforms should begin at200J and increase in a stepwise fashion if not successful. Transcutaneous pacing has also been the focus of several recent trials.Pacing is not generally recommended for pa-tients in asystolic cardiac arrest.Three randomized controlled trials142–144indicate no improvement in rate of admission to hospital or survival to hospital discharge when paramedics or physicians attempted pacing in patients with cardiac arrest due to asystole in the prehospital or hospital(ED)setting. However,it is reasonable for healthcare providers to be prepared to initiate pacing in patients with bradyarrhythmias in the event the heart rate does not respond to atropine or other chronotropic(rate-accelerating)drugs.145,146 Advanced Cardiovascular Life SupportACLS affects multiple links in the Chain of Survival,including interventions to prevent cardiac arrest,treat cardiac arrest,and improve outcomes of patients who achieve ROSC after cardiac arrest.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC continue to emphasize that the foundation of successful ACLS is good BLS, beginning with prompt high-quality CPR with minimal interrup-tions,and for VF/pulseless VT,attempted defibrillation within minutes of collapse.The new fifth link in the Chain of Survival and Part9:“Post–Cardiac Arrest Care”(expanded from a subsection of the ACLS part of the2005AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC)emphasize the importance of comprehensive multidisciplinary care that begins with recognition of cardiac arrest and continues after ROSC through hospital discharge and beyond.Key ACLS assessments and interventions provide anS644Circulation November2,2010。

心肺复苏2010指南

心肺复苏2010指南

碳酸氢钠
• 适应症:
• 有效通气及胸外心脏按压10分钟后,PH 值仍低于 7.2
• 心跳骤停前已存在代谢性酸中毒 • 伴有严重的高钾血症
2010心肺复苏方法
呼救
C (circulation)
心外按压的作用原理:
• 胸泵机制 胸外按压造成胸内压升高,动静脉均承受压 力,但动脉的对抗力大于静脉,在按压时保持开放, 主动脉收缩而将血液泵入大循环;而大静脉则被压陷, 回流停止;放松按压时胸内压下降,静脉回流心脏, 动脉停止泵血,回流的动脉血被主动脉瓣阻挡,血液 不能返流入心脏,部分可从冠状动脉开口流入心脏冠 状动脉 。
电除颤
2010年的指南未对除颤、电复律和起搏进行很大的修 改,强调在给与高质量的心肺复苏同时早期除颤是提 高心肺复苏存活率的关键。
电除颤
• 对一个室颤患者来说,能否成功地被给予电除颤,使 其存活,决定于从室颤发生到进行首次电除颤治疗的 时间。
• 应尽早除颤,5分钟之内开始。除颤延迟1分钟,存活 率降低7—10%,超过10分钟再除,存活率仅为2—5%。
• 心泵机制 超声技术已经证实,在按压时,心脏内的瓣 膜出现与生理情况一致的交替开放与关闭。
定位1
• 两乳头连线中点
定位2
• 定位在剑突上方2横指处
要点
★按压部位 ★姿势 ★按压与放松
间隔相等 ★幅度及频率 ★按压/通气比

胸外按压
• 双手指交叉垂直按 压胸骨。
• 心脏按压的 • 频率:至少100次/
分 • 深度:至少5cm
2010心肺复苏方法
2010心肺复苏方法
一手的鱼际处紧贴 在按压部位上,双 手重叠握紧,双臂 绷直,双肩在病人 胸骨上方正中,垂 直向下按压,按压 力量应足以使胸骨 下沉大于5 厘米, 压下后放松,但双 手不要离开胸壁。 反复操作,频率大 于100次/分钟

2010 AHA CPR 指南

2010 AHA CPR 指南

美国心脏协会心血管急救成人生存链的变化2010年指南中新增了两个部分,即“心脏骤停后治疗”及“培训、实施和团队”。

1992年美国心脏协会提出急救“生存链”,其四个早期救治环节,形成完整的心肺复苏与心血管急救模式,被各国广泛采用。

2010年指南添加第 5 个环节,强调心脏骤停后治疗的重要性。

新的美国心脏协会心血管急救成人生存链包括:第一环:立即识别心脏骤停并启动急救系统;第二环:尽早进行心肺复苏,并着重于胸外按压;第三环:快速除颤;第四环:有效地高级生命支持;第五环:综合的心脏骤停后治疗。

心肺复苏程序变化:C-A-B代替A-B-C2010年指南建议将成人的基础生命支持(BLS)程序从A-B-C(开放气道、人工呼吸、胸外按压)更改为C-A-B(胸外按压、开放气道、人工呼吸)。

这是心肺复苏程序的根本性更改。

变更的理由一:绝大多数心脏骤停发生在成人身上,心脏骤停最高存活率均为有目击者的心脏骤停,基础生命支持的关键操作是胸外按压和早期除颤。

二是在C-A-B 程序中,胸外按压可以立即开始。

如有两名施救者在场,一名开始胸外按压,另一名开放气道并在第一轮30 次胸外按压后立即进行人工呼吸。

三是先进行胸外按压,会鼓励更多施救者立即开始实施心肺复苏,可以提高存活率。

取消了“看、听和感觉呼吸”取消心肺复苏程序中的“看、听和感觉呼吸”。

通过采用“首先进行胸外按压”的新程序,在成人无反应且不呼吸或无正常呼吸(仅仅是喘息)时实施心肺复苏并开始胸外按压。

强调胸外心脏按压未经过心肺复苏培训的施救者,应进行单纯胸外按压的心肺复苏,并在胸部中央“用力快速按压”,或按照急救调度的指示操作,直至AED 到达并可以使用,或急救人员及其他相关施救者已接管心脏骤停者。

经过培训的非专业施救者为心脏骤停者按照30:2的比率同时实施胸外按压和人工呼吸。

胸外按压速率:每分钟至少100次非专业施救者和医务人员以每分钟至少100 次按压的速率进行胸外按压较为合理。

2010年心肺复苏新指南

2010年心肺复苏新指南

《2010`心肺复苏与心血管急救指南》已经公开发表,该指南框架结构与《2005`心肺复苏与心血管急救指南》基本相似。

经过五年的应用实施,有相应的调整!几个最主要变化是:1.生存链:由2005年的四早生存链改为五个链环:(1)尽早识别与激活EMSS;(2)尽早实施CPR:强调胸外心脏按压,对未经培训的普通目击者,鼓励急救人员电话指导下仅做胸外按压的CPR;(3)快速除颤:如有指征应快速除颤;(4)有效的高级生命支持(ALS);(5)综合的心脏骤停后处理。

2.几个数字的变化:(1)胸外按压频率由2005年的100次/分改为“至少100次/分”(2)按压深度由2005年的4-5cm改为“至少5cm”(3)人工呼吸频率不变、按压与呼吸比不变(4)强烈建议普通施救者仅做胸外按压的CPR,弱化人工呼吸的作用,对普通目击者要求对ABC 改变为“CAB”即胸外按压、气道和呼吸(5)除颤能量不变,但更强调CPR(6)肾上腺素用法用量不变,不推荐对心脏停搏或PEA者常规使用阿托品(7)维持ROSC的血氧饱和度在94%-98%(8)血糖超过10mmol/L即应控制,但强调应避免低血糖(9)强化按压的重要性,按压间断时间不超过5s3.整合修改了BLS和ACLS程序图2010新亮点:《2010`心肺复苏&心血管急救指南》《2010`AHA CPR&ECC指南》《2010`AHA CPR&ECC指南》成人CPR操作主要变化如下:突出强调高质量的胸外按压保证胸外按压的频率和深度,最大限度地减少中断,避免过度通气,保证胸廓完全回弹提高抢救成功率的主要因素1、将重点继续放在高质量的CPR上2、按压频率至少100次/分(区别于大约100次/分)3、胸骨下陷深度至少5 ㎝4、按压后保证胸骨完全回弹5、胸外按压时最大限度地减少中断6、避免过度通气CPR操作顺序的变化:A-B-C→→C-A-B★2010(新):C-A-B即:C胸外按压→A开放气道→B人工呼吸●2005(旧):A-B-C即:A开放气道→B人工呼吸→C胸外按压生存链的变化★2010(新):1、立即识别心脏骤停,激活急救系统2、尽早实施CPR,突出胸外按压3、快速除颤4、有效地高级生命支持5、综合的心脏骤停后治疗●2005(旧):1、早期识别,激活EMSS2、早期CPR3、早期除颤4、早期高级生命支持(ACLS)应及时识别无反应征象,立即呼激活应急救援系统。

《2010美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)及心血管急救(ECC)指南》要点速递与释义

《2010美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)及心血管急救(ECC)指南》要点速递与释义

《2010美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)及心血管急救(ECC)指南》要点速递与释义心肺复苏(CPR)是抢救心脏呼吸停止患者的基本手段。

自1966年首个心肺复苏指南发布以来,已成功抢救了成千上万例患者。

2010年10月发布的《2010美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)及心血管急救(ECC)指南》包含了最新研究成果和循证医学证据,成为当前心肺复苏的最新标准。

本文就近年来心肺复苏研究与争议焦点及《2010美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)及心血管急救(ECC)指南》的要点作一介绍。

标签:心肺复苏;除颤器;心脏骤停;胸外心脏按压;人工呼吸自1956年彼得·萨法尔(Peter Safar)和詹姆斯·伊拉姆(James Elam)提出口对口人工呼吸和1960年Kowenhoven等[1]提出封闭式胸部心脏按压(closed chest cardiac massage),以及1966年美国心脏协会(AHA)发布首个心肺复苏指南[2]以来,基于早识别、早呼救、早心肺复苏(CPR)、早除颤和早期高级生命支持的心肺复苏在全球已经抢救了成千上万例患者。

如今,心肺复苏已经成为抢救心脏骤停和濒死患者的基本急救技术之一。

2010年10月发布的《2010美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)及心血管急救(ECC)指南》(简称《2010心肺复苏指南》)更是成为了全球心肺复苏的最新标准。

12010心肺复苏指南的修改背景自《2005美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)及心血管急救(ECC)指南》(简称《2005心肺复苏指南》)发布以来,仍存在较多悬而未决的问题[3]。

其后的相关研究表明,《2005心肺复苏指南》仍有较多需改进的地方,表现为:①实施《2005心肺复苏指南》以来,心肺复苏质量和存活率也有所提升,但胸外按压的质量还需提高;②各个急救系统(EMS)中的院外心脏骤停存活率差异较大[4-5];③对于大多数院外心脏骤停患者,没有任何目击者进行过现场心肺复苏。

《2010年心肺复苏和心血管急救国际指南》解读

《2010年心肺复苏和心血管急救国际指南》解读

《2010年心肺复苏和心血管急救国际指南》解读20世纪50年代口对口人工呼吸、胸外心脏按压和电击除颤三大技术的产生和结合标志着现代心肺复苏术的形成。

2000年,美国心脏协会和国际复苏联盟组织世界各国的专家制定了第一部心肺复苏和心血管急救的国际指南,心肺复苏方面的专家对指南每5年更新1次。

在心肺复苏(CPR)问世50周年之际,2010年10月18日美国心脏协会(AHA)心肺复苏(CPR)和心血管急救(ECC)指南由29个国家的356名复苏专家共同研讨修订后正式发布。

其重要大变动分析如下:大庆龙南医院急诊科侯春风1程序的改变:将“A-B-C”改变为“C-A-B”新指南最将成年人及儿科病人(包括儿童及婴幼儿,但不包括新生儿)的基本生命支持(BLS)的程序从“A-B-C”(Airway气道、Breathing呼吸、Chest Compression胸部按压)改变为“C-A-B”(胸部按压,气道,呼吸)。

其理由如下:一、大多数心脏骤停发生于成年人,心脏骤停存活率最高的患者是心律为室颤(VF)或无脉性室速(VT)的心脏骤停者,这些患者CPR的关键起始措施是胸部按压及早期除颤。

二、“A-B-C”程序中,胸部按压往往被延迟,因为目击者要开放气道,给予口对口呼吸或应用屏障器具或其他通气装备。

将程序改为C-A-B,则胸部按压可迅速开始。

三、开始先做胸部按压,可以保证有较多的患者接受CPR救治,即使救助者不愿意或不能够为患者提供通气,但至少可以完成胸部按压。

四、施救者对发生心脏骤停最可能的原因制定复苏救治程序是合乎情理的。

2生命链的改变:延长至5环节(全面的心脏骤停复苏后期救治)新指南将“生命链”由原来的4个环节延伸为5个环节:一、迅速识别心脏骤停,并启动急救反应系统。

二、早期CPR,强调胸部按压。

三、快速除颤。

四、有效的高级心血管生命支持。

五、全面的心脏骤停复苏后期救治。

如果能有效地实施这些环节,则目睹的院外室颤(VF)所致的心脏骤停患者的存活率可达约50%。

2010AHA心肺复苏指南

2010AHA心肺复苏指南

非 专 业 简施 化救 流者 程成 人
BLS
专业施救者成人BLS流程
BLS步骤总结
快速除颤
• 先电击?先C-A-B ?先胸前捶击? • 对于院内心脏骤停、有心电监护的患者, 从VF到电击的时间应<3 min,并且应在等 待除颤器就绪时进行心肺复苏。 • 儿童(1~8岁)首选剂量衰减型AED • 婴儿(<1岁)建议首选手动除颤器 • 电极位置:前-侧(或前-后、前-左肩胛以 及前-右肩胛) • 装有植入式心律转复除颤器者:应避免将 电极片或电极板直接放在植入装置上。
专业与非专业施救者BLS区别
• 非专业施救者成人心肺复苏
• 经过心肺复苏培训者: C-A-B • 未经过心肺复苏培训者,可进行HandsOnly™(单纯胸外按压)的心肺复苏或按照 急救调度的指示操作
• 专业施救者
• 未触摸到脉搏(<10 秒钟):C-A-B并尽早 使用 AED。 • 不建议常规性地采用环状软骨加压。 • 根据最有可能的骤停病因展开施救行动。 • 团体合作。
2010
美国心脏协会(AHA) 心肺复苏及心血管急救
• • • • • 立即识别心脏骤停并启动急救系统 尽早进行心肺复苏,着重于胸外按压 快速除颤 有效的高级生命支持 综合的心脏骤停后治疗
立即识别心脏骤停 并启动急救系统
发现患者突然倒地:
• 立即检查:
• 无反应 • 无呼吸或无正常呼吸(即仅有濒死喘息)
电复律与除颤能量
心律失常 室上性心 动过速 室性心动 过速
Af 双相波 单相波 AF 稳定型单型 性 无脉性或多 形性 Vf(成人) Vf(儿童) 双相/单相波 双相波
2005
未确定 100 - 200 J 未建议 未建议 非同步电击

2010国际心肺复苏指南

2010国际心肺复苏指南
2010国际心肺复苏指南
2010 International Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation guidelines
伊春市中心医院ICU
孟楠
概述
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
2010年1月31日—2月6日国际复苏联合会 (ILCOR)和美国心脏协会(AHA)共同 在美国达拉斯洲酒店举行的2010心肺复 苏指南(CPR)暨心血管急救(ECC)国 际科学共识推荐会既要。 2010年10月18日-美国心脏协会(AHA) 公布最新心肺复苏(CPR)指南
开放气道
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
开放气道手法
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
仰面抬颌法 要领: 用一只手按压伤病 者的前额,使头部后仰, 同时用另一只手的食指 及中指将下颏托起
复苏步骤第三步(B)人工呼吸
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
B:即人工呼吸
人工呼吸是心肺复苏基本技术之一 开放气道后应立即进行人工呼吸。最常见、最方便的人 工呼吸方法是采取口对口人工呼吸和口对鼻人工呼吸。 方法: 口对口人工呼吸时要用一手将病人的鼻孔捏紧(防止吹 气气体从鼻孔排出而不能由口腔进入到肺内),深吸一 口气,屏气,用口唇严密地包住昏迷者的口唇(不留空 隙),注意不要漏气,在保持气道畅通的操作下,将气 体吹入人的口腔到肺部。吹气后,口唇离开,并松开捏 鼻的手指,使气体呼出。观察人的胸部有无起伏,如果 吹气时胸部抬起,说明气道畅通,口对口吹气的操作是 正确的。
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
心肺复苏—BLS(CAB)
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
按压方法: 按压时上半身前倾,腕、 肘、肩关节伸直,以髋关 节为支点,垂直向下用力孟楠
心肺复苏—BLS(CAB)
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始·· ·· ··
时间就是生命
要尽可能早地进行CPR,不要因为任何原因而 延误复苏时间。 现已证实:“4分钟技术” 4min内 50%的存活率; 4~6min 10%的存活率; 超过6min者 4%的存活率; 超过10min 存活的可能性就更低了。
第二部分
《2010年美国心脏病协会CPR及ECC指南》 基础生命支持(BLS)的重要进展及解读
一次电击方案与3次电击程序治疗心室颤动的对比 双相波和单相波的波形
第二次电击或后续电击使用递增剂量和固定剂量的对比
电击能量
双 相波:制 造商建议值 (120-200 J);如果该 值未知,使用可选的最大值。
第二 次及后 续的 剂量应相当,而且可 考虑提
高剂量。 单相波:360 J
CPR
C A B D
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
进行2分钟CPR,每5周期检查 进行5周期CPR,每5周期检查 心律,到医务人员接手或患者 开始活动
突然意识丧失 主要指征 无呼吸或不能正常呼吸 口唇、面色及全身皮肤发绀或苍白 颈、股动脉博动消失 心音消失 血压消失 辅助指征 瞳孔散大 抽搐 心电图证实:VF\VT\PEA\asystole
气管导管内给药: 部分药物,剂量为静脉的2-2.5倍。
心脏骤停期间给药途径
建立静脉/骨通道(IV/IO)的时机 1. 高质量CPR和电除颤为先,给药为后; 2. 给药的重要性; 3. 团体的配合。
心脏骤停期间给药途径
建立静脉/骨通道(IV/IO)的时机 1. 高质量CPR和电除颤为先,给药为后; 2. 给药的重要性; 3. 团体的配合。
叫 叫
1
2 拨打120,取得AED,或让另一个人去(如可能)
yes 每5-6秒人工呼吸 3 如没反应,检查脉搏:你能在10秒内确定吗? 每2分钟检查脉搏 3 no 4 在AED/除颤仪到达前CPR(30:2)到医务人员接手或患者开始活动 5 AED/除颤仪到达 6 检查心律,可以除颤? 可以除颤 电击1次,再进行2分钟CPR 7 电击1次,再进行5周期CPR 8 不可除颤
经外周静脉给复苏药物是仍推荐采用静推方式,并随后静 推20ml液体,抬高肢体10-20s有利于药物到达中心循环。
口对口人工呼吸方法 吹气二次,每次>1s,10-12次/m 有效:见胸廓抬起 按压/通气:30/2
Breathing B
口对口、口对面罩 人工呼吸
面罩固定手法
必须熟练掌握气囊-面罩给氧 是否行气管插管按患者情况和救治者经验而定
C-A-B代替A-B-C??
特殊情况:
新生儿、儿童等儿科患者 溺水、窒息患者 呼吸系统疾病 心搏骤停
治疗心脏骤停:以BLS为基础,包括立即识别和启动EMS、
早期CPR、快速电除颤、药物治疗、高级气道管理、生理
参数监测;
心脏骤停后的管理:心脏骤停后治疗,包括亚低温治疗、 血流动力学和气体交换的最优化、介入治疗、血糖控制、 神经学诊断、管理及预测。
ACLS心脏骤停处理环形流程图
外周静脉给药: 推注给药,配以液体,抬高患者肢体; 骨通道给药(IO): 适用所有年龄段,适用所有药物,给药浓度相当于静脉; 中心静脉给药: 血药浓度高,循环快,可用于监测,但需培训;
心搏骤停可发生在任何场合,患者可是任何姿势,立即CABD 是不够的,首先:保证安全 其次:posture:仰卧于坚硬平坦的平面上。
启动紧急反应系 统是整个急救生 命链的开始
但对于溺水或气 道异物阻塞的患 者,应先给予5个 循环的CPR
孕妇复苏体位摆放方法
3 如没反应,检查脉搏:你能在10秒内确定吗? 每5-6秒人工呼吸 每2分钟检查脉搏
研究表明:与3次电击方案相比,单次电击除颤方案可显 著提高存活率(如果1次电击方案不能消除室颤,再进行一 次电击的递增优势很小。与马上再进行一次电击相比,恢复 心肺复苏可能更有价值。
儿童除颤剂量
对于儿童患者.尚不确定最佳除颤剂量。可以使用2至4J/kg 的剂量作为初始能量,但为了方便培训可以考虑使用2J/kg 的首剂量。对于后续电击,能量级别应至少为4J/kg并可以 考虑使用更高能量,但不能超过10J/kg或成人最大剂量。
确诊
迅速识别心脏骤停:
发现患者无反应
并且无呼吸或无正 常呼吸 删除对呼吸的 检查!
“Look, Listen, and Feel” removed
判断有无呼吸: <10秒
看、听、感觉
胸外按压导致气体从胸内排出以及氧因胸廓的回弹而
被动吸入肺。理论上,因为心脏骤停期间通气需求比 正常时低,在心脏骤停发作后有通畅的上呼吸道时, 由被动输送的氧供可能足够应用几分钟。
高质量的按压:
★定位于胸部的中央 ★快速、用力的按压 ★至少100次/分钟,按压深 度>5cm ★保证每次按压后胸部回 弹 ★尽可能减少胸外按压的 中断
A开放气道airway
仰头抬颏法(头后仰、颏上提)
有颈部外伤:推举下颌法(jaw thust mancuver)
握紧下颌角,用力向上托下颌,用拇指把口唇分开
2 拨打120,取得AED,或让另一个人去(如可能)
1
?
没有运动或反应 没有呼吸或没有正常呼吸 1 没有运动或反应 (如仅有喘息)
2 拨打120,取得AED,或让另一个人去(如可能)
yes 每5-6秒人工呼吸 3 如没反应,检查脉搏:你能在10秒内确定吗? 3 每2分钟检查脉搏 no 4 在AED/除颤仪到达前CPR(30:2)到医务人员接手或患者开始活动 5 AED/除颤仪到达 6 检查心律,可以除颤? 可以除颤 电击1次,再进行2分钟CPR 7 电击1次,再进行5周期CPR 8 不可除颤 进行2分钟CPR,每5周期检 进行5周期CPR,每5周期检 查心律,到医务人员接手或患 者开始活动
传统CPR--- A-B-C×5(2分钟)
呼叫,120
儿科基础生命支持
2010AHA儿科心肺复苏指南的关键点
★简化BLS流程,删除“看、听、感觉”呼吸 ★A-B-C变更为C-A-B ★确保高质量的CPR(按压幅度、频率) ★弱化脉搏检查 ★为婴儿使用 AED
婴幼儿胸外心脏按压方法
定位:双乳连线与胸骨垂直交叉点下方1横指。 幼儿:一手手掌下压。 婴儿:环抱法,双拇指重叠下压;或一手食指、中指并拢下压。 下压深度:幼儿5厘米,婴儿4厘米。 按压频率:每分钟至少100次。
自动体外除颤器(AED)
AED(Automated External Defibrillators)
电除颤(Defibrillation)
2010AHA心肺复苏指南电除颤主要问题及更改的总结 在公共场所的生存链系统中结合 AED 使用 在医院使用 AED 的注意事项 目前可在无法使用手动除颤器的情况下为婴儿使用 AED 发生心脏骤停时先进行电击和先给予心肺复苏的比较
时间就是生命
心脏停搏4-6分钟以上,脑缺氧过久致不可逆损害 现场抢救非常重要
Everyone, regardless of training or experience, can potentially be a lifesaving rescuer.
什么是心肺复苏
认识心肺复苏: 心肺复苏术与《AHA心肺复苏指南》 心肺复苏(CPR)不是一个单独的技巧,而是一 系列的评估和干预。 BLS、ACLS、Post–Cardiac Arrest Care、·· ·· ·· 为了成功,CPR必须犹如一灾难来临一样快的开
成人、儿童和婴儿BLS的比较
电击治疗(Electrical Therapies)
电击治疗(Electrical Therapies): Automated External Defibrillators 、 Defibrillation、Cardioversion、Pacing 2010年心肺复苏指南关于电除颤治疗: 强调在给予高质量心肺复苏的同时进行早期除颤是 提高心脏骤停存活率的关键。
公众启动除颤(PAD)
“公众启动除颤”(PAD)能提供这样的机会,即使是远离EMS 急救系统的场所,也能在数分钟内对心脏停搏病人进行除颤。 PAD要求受过训练的急救人员(包括警察、消防员等),在5分钟 内使用就近预先准备的AED仪对心脏停搏病人实施电击除颤。实 施PAD的初步实践表明,心脏停搏院前急救生存率明显提高 (49%)。
没有运动或反应 没有呼吸或没有正常呼吸 1 没有运动或反应 (如仅有喘息)
3a 非医务人员:不要检查 医务人员:脉搏检查<10秒
1
2 拨打120,取得AED,或让另一个人去(如可能) yes 每/5-6秒人工呼吸 3 如没反应,检查脉搏:你能在10秒内确定吗? 3 每2分钟检查脉搏 no 4 在AED/除颤仪到达前CPR(30:2)到医务人员接手或患者开始活动 5 AED/除颤仪到达 6 检查心律,可以除颤? 可以除颤 电击1次,再进行2分钟CPR 7 电击1次,再进行5周期CPR 8 不可除颤 进行2分钟CPR,每5周期检 进行5周期CPR,每5周期检 查心律,到医务人员接手或患 者开始活动
什么是心肺复苏
心肺复苏的定义
心肺复苏( Cardiapulmonary Resuscitation,CPR):
是针对呼吸、心跳停止患者所采取的抢救措施,即用
心脏按压或其他方法形成暂时的人工循环,恢复心脏自主 搏动和血液循环,用人工代替自主呼吸并恢复自主呼吸, 达到恢复苏醒和挽救生命的目的。
心跳骤停: 10s后昏厥,脑氧储备耗尽 20s后抽搐、昏迷、脑电消失(Adom-Stok’s syndrome) 30-45s后瞳孔散大 1m后呼吸停止,大小便失禁 4m后脑组织内的葡萄糖耗尽,无氧代谢停止 5m后脑组织内的ATP枯竭,不可逆损害 ---有可能逆转,接近或表面上的死亡:临床死亡 10m后脑细胞基本死亡 ---功能永久停止,是最终而且不可逆的:生物学死亡
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