中考形容词、副词知识点

形容词&副词知识点考点一、形容词1、概念：形容词表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征，用来修饰名词或不定代词，常作定语、表语、宾补2、分类：（1）根据构成，可分为简单形容词（kind, boring…）和复合形容词（kind-hearted, hard-working）（2）根据与所修饰的名词的关系，分为限定性形容词（a French dish, a Chinese table）和描述性形容词（a delicious dish, a smooth table）3、形容词的一般用法（1）形容词+名词，作定语—a good girl（good作girl的定语）（2）be/系动词+形容词，作表语—It is good. / It sounds great.（good表明it的状态和性质）（3）表语形容词，只能位于系动词后面作表语，不能作定语eg：awake, alone, alive, asleep, afraid, well, ill, frightened（scared可作定语）（4）动词+形容词(make / keep…adj.)，作宾补—Robots can make humans lazy.（humans是宾语，lazy作宾补）（5）数量+表示长、宽、高、深、年龄等形容词（形容词后置）eg：two meters long, ten centimeters wide, twenty feet deep, 28 years old.（6）the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数—the old / young / rich / poor.（7）形似副词的形容词—lonely, friendly, lively, lovely, silly（8）以ing结尾的形容词通常修饰物，以ed结尾的形容词通常修饰人eg：exciting-excited, boring-bored, interesting-interested, moving-moved, tiring-tired, relaxing-relaxed, frightening-frightened, disappointing-disappointed★★特殊的：pleasant令人愉快的人或物，pleased人感到满意愉快的（9）一些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式eg：be glad / happy / pleased to do sth. be sorry / sad / sure to do sth.be ready / afraid / able to do sth. be easy / difficult to do sth.（10）只能作定语的形容词eg：little, only, wooden, woolen, elder4、形容词的位置（1）形容词常放在它所修饰的名词之前，作定语eg：an honest boy, many beautiful fl owers…（2）多个形容词连用——先形状，后颜色，中间夹新旧，最后是材质eg：this big new red plastic pen①描述性形容词：对某事物的总体评价②形状(大小, 长短)：oval, square, rectangl e, triangl e, round…, big, small, l ong, short③新旧：new(young), ol d④颜色：red, blue, white, black, purple, pink, yell ow, orange, green…⑤材料：（3）（4）不定代词+形容词，作后置定语—something important（5）表语形容词作定语时，通常放在不定代词的后面，常用的是alive, awake, asleep等eg：He was the only person awake at that night. / You are the happiest children alive.5（1）表示“某人做某事…”（2）表示“做某事对某人来说…”difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible考点二、副词1、概念：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词及整个句子的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等2、副词的分类（1）时间副词：now, early, then, soon, before, ago等（2）地点副词：home, here, there, out, above, below, outside, up, down, downstairs等（3）程度副词：very, much, still, almost, quite, so, too等（4）疑问副词：how, when, where, why等（5）关系副词：when, where why（放在引导的定语从句句首）（6）连接副词：how, where, why, whether等（引导宾语从句）3、副词的一般用法（1）用作状语①修饰动词eg：He speaks English very well.②修饰形容词eg：You have a very nice watch.③修饰其它副词eg：You run too fast. / You did it pretty well.④修饰整个句子eg：Luckily, He passed the exam successfully. / Suddenly, he fell into a river.（2）用作后置定语eg：The people here are very friendly. / The weather abroad is different from ours. （3）用作表语，主要限于少数地点或方位副词，时间副词以及其它副词（in, out, on, off, up, down, over, around）eg：I am home. / He’ll be back in two minutes.（4）用作宾补eg：I saw him out.4、副词的位置（1）通常放在被修饰的动词后面eg：He passed the exam easily. / We finished this task successfully.（2）频度副词always, often, sometimes, usually, never, seldom常放在动词之前，be动词和情态动词之后eg：He sometimes go to school on foot. / I seldom eat out on school days.He is often late for school.She can always go to school in a car.（3）程度副词放在被修饰的形容词之前eg：He is very sad to hear that. / The boy is too young.（4）修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps, maybe, first, now, sometimes, finally等常放在句首eg：Perhaps / Maybe you are right. First, let’s begin our class with a song.Now, let me tell you something important. Finally, he appeared.（5）adv. + enough，enough后置eg：If you have enough time, you can go now.He runs quickly enough to get there on time.（6）时间副词和地点副词一般在句尾，地点副词在时间副词前，时间副词也可放在句首eg：They went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home.5、及物动词短语（后面的物是人称代词you, him, her, it, them时，必须放中间）away：take away, put away, send awaydown：take down, write down, put downup：look up, send up, put up, dress up, ring up, give upout：find out, wear out, sell out, try out, take outon：put on, try on, turn onoff：turn off, take off其它的：look over, look around6、几个常用副词的区别（1）how long / soon / often / far①How long问时间和物体的长短②How soon“多久，多块”，用于一般将来时，用“in+时间段”来回答③How often问做某事的频率，常用“once, twice, three times…”来回答④How far问距离的长短（2）hard / hardly①hard“努力地，认真地”，程度副词——work hard②hardly“几乎不”，否定副词——He can hardly see the words on the blackboard.（3）much too / too much①much too+adj. / adv.原级，与too many相对，中心词是tooeg：much too cold / He finished his homework much too quickly.②too much+不可数名词，中心词时much——He has too much time.too much也可作程度副词——Don’t eat too much, it’s bad for your health.（4）too, enough, so①too…to…表示否定的意思，太…而不能eg：He is too young to go to school.②adj. / adv.原级+enough+to do，足够…去…eg：He is seven now, he is old enough to go to school.③so+adj. / adv.原级+that+从句，如此…以至于…eg：He is so young that he can’t go to school.考点三、形容词和副词的区别1、形容词用法：系动词+形容词，形容词+名词eg：He is careful. / He is a careful boy.2、副词用法：行为动词+副词eg：The bottle can break easily.考点四、形容词和副词的三级：原级、比较级和最高级1、adj. & adv.的比较级和最高级的规则变化：（1）单音节形容词的比较级和最高级①一般末尾直接加er和esteg：tall-taller-tallest, strong-stronger-strongest, long-longer-longest, hard-harder-hardest②以不发音的e结尾的形容词，在末尾直接加r或steg：nice-nicer-nicest, late-later-latest, large-larger-largest③辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，去y加ier和iesteg：happy-happier-happiest, heavy-heavier-heaviest, easy-easier-easiest, healty-healthier-healthiest④以重读闭音节结尾的（辅-元-辅）形容词，且只有一个辅音字母，双写最后一个字母，再加er和esteg：fat-fatter-fattest, thin-thinner-thinnest, hot-hotter-hottest, big-bigger-biggest, red-redder-reddest（2）多音节形容词的比较级和最高级和以ly结尾的大多数副词：加more和(the) most eg：handsome-more handsome-(the) most handsome, beautiful-more beautiful-(the) most beautiful slowly-more solely-(the) most slowly, friendly-more friendly-(the) most friendly,quickly-more quickly-(the) most quickly, clearly-more clearly-(the) most clearly其它常见词：interesting, difficult, important, popular, comfortable, necessary, successful, wonderful, attractive, dangerous, terrible, humorous, delicious, expensive, excited★特殊的：early-earlier-earliest2、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级good, well-better-(the) best, bad, badly, ill-worse-(the) worst, many, much-more-(the) most, old-elder,little-less-(the) least, far-farther-farthest（掌握）或further-furthest（了解）3、三级的用法（1）原级的用法：①只能修饰原级的有very, as, so, too, enough, quite等eg：The old man is too old to go on walking. / He runs so quickly that no one can catch him.He is old enough to go to school.②原级常用的句型结构a) as…（形容词/ 副词原级）as… 表示“A和B的程度相同”eg：He is as tall as his brother. / He runs as quickly as Jim.b) not as / so…（形容词/ 副词原级）as… 表示“A不如B…”eg：That girl isn’t as / so fat as Amy.He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.c) A…+倍数+as+adj. / adv.原级+as+B 表示“A是B的…倍”eg：Our school is three times as big as this one.He runs twice as quickly as Jim.d) half + as + adj. / adv.原级+as 表示“…是…的一半”eg：His apples are half as many as his sister’s.He runs half as quickly as Jim.e) less + adj. / adv.原级+than表示“没有…adj. / adv.”eg：She is less beautiful than her sister.He runs less quickly than Jim.（2）比较级的用法：①A+v.+比较级+than+B，表示“A比B…”eg：Jim is taller than Tom. / Soccer is more popular than tennis.②A+v.+倍数+比较级+than+B，表示“A比B…”或“A比B…几倍”eg：This ball is three times bigger than that ball.He runs ten times faster than his brother.③A+v.+比较级+than+any other+单数名词，或A+v.+比较级+than+the other+复数名词表示“A比同一范围内任何一人/物都…”eg：He is taller than any other student in our class. = He is taller than the other boys in our class.She jumps higher than any other student. = She jumps higher than the other students.④A+v.+the+比较级+of the two，表示“A是两者中较…的”eg：He is the taller of the two boys.⑤比较级and比较级，表示“越来越…”（more and more + 多音节adj. / adv.原级）eg：He is becoming taller and taller.He does his homework more and more carefully.⑥“the比较级，the比较级”表示“越…,越…”eg：The more, the better.The harder you study, the higher grades you will get.The more we get together, the happier we will be.⑦“疑问词+v.+比较级，A or B?”eg：Which is bigger, this apple or that apple?⑧倍数+比较级+than，表示“几倍于…”eg：He is two years older than her.⑨有表示程度的副词much, a little, even, rather等时，用比较级eg：He is a little taller than her.It’s even colder than yesterday.（3）最高级的用法①主语+v.+the+最高级+（单数名词）in / of短语eg：He is the tallest (boy) in our class.=He is the tallest of all the students.He jumps (the) farthest in our class.Winter is the coldest season of the year.②主语+v.+one of+最高级+复数名词+in/of短语，表示“…是…中最…之一”eg：He is one of the tallest boys in our class.The Yangtz River is one of the longest rivers in the world.③特殊疑问词+v.+the+最高级，A, B or C? 用于三者及三者以上的比较eg：Which is the tallest, Jim, Tom or Michael?Which season do you like best, spring, summer, fall or winter.④序数词+最高级，表示“第几最…”eg：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.⑤最高级可以用人称代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，但不能再加theeg：This is my biggest apple.Jane’s busiest day will be tomorrow.。