高中英语语法知识点
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完成时语法专项
一实际意义
现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的_____/______,或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的______或_________。
1)现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
2)现在完成时的"未完成用法"
指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
★这里主句的动词要用持续性动词。常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点)since+ 一般过去时的句子连用. for(+时间段)= since(+时间点)
★如果主句的动词不是持续性动词,要转化为持续性动词,才能和表示一段时间的状语”连用。Mary has been ill for three days. (我病了,还可能要病几天.) =Mary has been ill since three days ago.
二、现在完成时的结构
1)肯定式:主语+ have / has + 过去分词
2)否定式: 主语+ have / has + not + 过去分词
3)一般疑问式Have / Has + 主语+ 过去分词
4)特殊疑问式特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词
三、现在完成时的时间状语
现在完成时的标志词
1.already(已经)
2.just(刚刚,正好)
3.ever(曾经)
4.never(从来,也不;从不)
5.yet(仍然)等连用。
6.for +时间段
7.since +过去时间点”
since+一般过去时的句子
“It is + 一段时间+since一般过去时从句
8. recently(近来)
9.so far(到目前为止),
10.in the past/“last + 一段时间”
11. once(一次)
12.twice(两次)
13.three times(三次
14.several times(几次)
★练习:用since和for填空
1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month
4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock
7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago
9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ____ she left here
1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
四、现在完成时态中already, yet, just, never, ever用法区别
1、already意思是“已经”
①通常用于陈述句中(放在have和has的后面)
②也可用于疑问句,表示期望得到肯定的回答或表示惊异,此时already常放在句末。
She has already found her bike.
Has she found her bike already?她已经找到自行车了?
2、yet用法
①yet可用于否定句,此时译为“还”;
I haven’t found my ruler yet.
②也可以用于疑问句,译为“已经”(放在have和has的后面也可放在句末)
Have you found your ruler yet?你已经找到尺子了吗?
3、just只用于陈述句意思是“刚才”(放在have和has的后面)
I have just received a letter.
4、never用于否定句译为“从不”(放在have和has的后面)
I’ve never been to Beijing.
5、ever用于疑问句译为“曾经”(放在have和has的后面)
Have you ever been to Beijing?
★五、英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。
1、持续性动词: 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
2、瞬间性动词: 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。
常见的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换
He has been in the army/a soldier for three years. (他参军已有3年了。)不用has joined
She has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不用has got up
Has your brother been away from home for a long time?
(离家已有好久了吗?)不用has left
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系: