What is Computer Forensics-(Some definitions)
计算机英语课件—Unit1WhatIsAComputer
目录
• Fundamentals of Computer Networks and Internet Applications
• Data storage, transmission, and processing technology
• Introduction to cutting edge technologies such as artistic intelligence and the Internet of Things
Clock speed
Measures the speed of the CPU, determining how fast it can process data and execute instructions
Storage
1 2 3
Hard disk drive
A non-volatile storage device that stores and retries digital information using magnetic storage technology
Characteristics
Computers are characterized by their ability to store and process large amounts of data quickly and accurately They can also be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations and analyses
Examples
Operating systems, device drivers, servers, utilities, and more
计算机专业英语阅读材料 What is a computer
❖ Innovation: 改革、创新 ❖ Dazzling: 眼花缭乱的、耀眼的、惊人的 ❖ Crunch: 压碎 ❖ Display:显示 ❖ In the blink of an eye: 眨眼间 ❖ Pervasive: 旁边深入的 ❖ Recognizable: 可认识的、可辨认的
Translation
❖ Trajectory: 轨道、弹道、轨线 ❖ Astronomical:天文学的 ❖ Military: 军事的 ❖ Application: 应用、运用 ❖ Code breaking: 编码破解 ❖ Over time:随着时间的过去
❖ Technical advance: 技术进步 ❖ Scale down:按比例缩减[小], 按比例减少[降
Mac 和PC
❖ MAC（Macintosh,苹果电脑)区别于装配有微 软Windows系统的电脑（PC）,需要说明的 是这里的PC 并非是Personal Computer（个 人计算机）的简称，而是来源于最初由IBM 销售的PC-DOS系统（Windows的前身）， 后来所有装配Windows系统的电脑被称为PC， 而苹果电脑因装配自家的Mac OS系统，而称 为MAC。
低] ❖ Energy requirements: 能源需求 ❖ Lower: 降低 ❖ Immensely: 广大的 ❖ Harness: 利用
❖ Staggering: 令人惊讶的 ❖ Array: 大批 ❖ A staggering array of uses: 大量的用途 ❖ Prevalent: 普遍的、流行的 ❖ Scratch: 擦、刮、抓 ❖ Surface: 表面 ❖ Interactive devices of all sorts: 各式各样的交
山西省吕梁市汾阳县三泉中学高三英语月考试题含解析
山西省吕梁市汾阳县三泉中学高三英语月考试题含解析一、选择题1. It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _____ easy reach.A. nearB. uponC. withinD. around参考答案：C2. I used to love that film ______ I was a child, but I don’t feel it that way any more.A. onceB. whenC. sinceD. although参考答案：B解析：此题考查状语从句使用的连接词。
从句中I used to love that film.可知是过去的事情，所以只能用when 来表示是小孩子时发生的事情。
A项，“曾经” 句意不同，C项。
自从，与完成式连用，D项“尽管”与but 不能连用，而且句意也不通。
3. —I am late，for there is too much traffic on my way to school．—Oh，．Don’t lie!A．take your time B．don’t worry C．comeon D．take it easy参考答案：C考查交际用语。
由Don’t lie（不要撒谎）可知应选come on，在此表示“得了吧”略4. CT is really useful invention, with which doctors can find out what's wrong with a patient more easily.A. A; aB. The; anC. The; aD.A ;the参考答案：C【命题立意】考查冠词的用法。
句意：CT是一种有用的发明，医生可以依靠它很容易地找到病人哪里出毛病了。
指科技发明一般用定冠词the；一种有用的发明，应用不定冠词，useful以辅音音素/j/开头，故用a。
计算机英语考试问答题
计算机英语考试问答题1. What is an operating system?An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, allowing the user to interact with the computer and run applications.2. What are the main functions of an operating system?- Process management: The operating system manages the execution of programs and handles processes, ensuring fairness and efficient allocation of CPU time.- Memory management: It allocates and manages computer memory, including virtual memory, to optimize the use of available resources.- File system management: The operating system organizes and manages computer files, including storage, retrieval, and file access control.- Device management: It controls and coordinates the use of computer hardware devices, such as printers, scanners, and storage devices.- User interface: The operating system provides a user-friendly interface for users to interact with the computer, including command-line interface or graphical interface.3. What is a compiler?A compiler is a software program that translates high-level programming language code into machine code that can be understood and executed by acomputer. It analyzes the entire code and converts it into an executable form, thereby enabling the program to be run on a specific computer architecture.4. What is an algorithm?An algorithm is a set of well-defined instructions or rules that describe a step-by-step procedure to solve a particular problem or perform a specific task. It serves as the blueprint for writing computer programs and ensures that the desired outcome is achieved by providing a systematic approach to problem-solving.5. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that focuses on creating objects, which are instances of classes, to represent real-world concepts or entities. It emphasizes the concept of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, allowing for modular and reusable code development.6. What is a network protocol?A network protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern the communications between devices within a network. It defines how data is transmitted, formatted, and interpreted, ensuring that devices can communicate effectively with each other. Examples of network protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP.7. What is a database management system (DBMS)?A database management system is a software that allows users to create, manipulate, and manage databases. It provides an interface for users to interact with the database, perform queries, retrieve and modify data, andensure data integrity and security. Examples of popular DBMS include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server.8. What is cloud computing?Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services, including storage, processing power, and applications, over the internet. It allows users to access and utilize resources on-demand, without the need for local infrastructure or physical hardware, resulting in increased flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.9. What are the main components of a computer system?- Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the main component responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.- Memory: It stores data and instructions that the CPU can access quickly.- Storage devices: Hard drives, solid-state drives, and other storage devices hold long-term data.- Input devices: Keyboard, mouse, and other devices allow users to input data.- Output devices: Monitors, printers, and speakers present the processed data to users.- Motherboard: It connects and allows communication between different hardware components.- Operating System: It manages and controls the computer’s resources and provides a user interface.10. What is cybersecurity?Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computers, servers, networks, and data from unauthorized access, theft, damage, or disruption. It involves implementing measures such as firewalls, encryption, antivirus software, and user authentication to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information in the digital realm.In conclusion, the computer English exam may include various types of questions to test the understanding of operating systems, programming concepts, networking, databases, and other fundamental aspects of computer science. It is important to have a strong grasp of these topics to excel in the field of computer technology.。
计算机相关的学科英语作文
计算机相关的学科英语作文The Importance of Computer Science Education。
Introduction。
In today's rapidly advancing world, computer science has become an integral part of our daily lives. From smartphones to smart homes, from self-driving cars to artificial intelligence, computer science has revolutionized the way we live and work. As a result, the importance of computer science education cannot be overstated. In this article, we will explore the significance of computer science education, its benefits, and how it can shape our future.Importance of Computer Science Education。
1. Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills。
Computer science education plays a crucial role indeveloping problem-solving skills. Programming involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable tasks and finding logical solutions. This process helps students develop critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and creativity. These skills are transferable to various aspects of life, enabling individuals to tackle challenges effectively.2. Fostering Innovation and Creativity。
小升初英语人工智能单选题30题
小升初英语人工智能单选题30题1.Artificial intelligence can help us do many things. What's the Chinese meaning of "artificial intelligence"?A.自然智能B.人工智慧C.人造资源D.自然资源答案：B。
选项A“自然智能”应为natural intelligence；选项C“人造资源”应为artificial resources；选项D“自然资源”应为natural resources。
本题考查词汇artificial intelligence 的中文意思。
2.In our school, there is a new computer program that can answer students' questions. It is an example of _____.A.artificial intelligenceB.natural intelligenceC.artificial resourcesD.natural resources答案：A。
选项B“自然智能”不符合题意；选项C“人造资源”与题目描述不符；选项D“自然资源”也与题目无关。
本题考查对artificial intelligence 的理解和运用。
3.My family has a smart speaker. It can play music and answer questions. This is because of _____.A.artificial intelligenceB.natural intelligenceC.artificial resourcesD.natural resources答案：A。
选项B、C、D 均不符合智能音箱的特点。
本题考查对人工智能在生活中的应用的认识。
Computer Forensics Is it the Next Hot IT Subject
Computer Forensics: Is it the Next Hot IT Subject?Victor G. WilliamsSchool of Information TechnologyAmerican InterContinental Universityvwilliam@Ken RevelsDepartment Chair (Information Technology)School of Continuing StudiesMercer University1400 Coleman AveMacon, GA 31207IntroductionDigital Forensics is not just the recovery of data or information from computer systems and their networks. It is not a procedure that can be accomplished by software alone, and most important, it is not something that can be accomplished by other than a trained IT forensic professional. Digital Forensics is an emerging science and was developed by U.S. federal law enforcement agency during the mid to late 1980s. It is also the art of detecting, processing, and examining digital fingerprints.A Formal Definition of Computer Forensics:•The gathering and analysis of digital information in an authentic, accurate and complete form for presentation as evidence in a civil proceeding or a court of law.•The term digital evidence encompasses any and all digital data that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or a crime and its perpetratorComputer Forensics OverviewComputer Forensics is the application of computer examination and analysis techniques in the interests of determining potential legal evidence. Evidence might be sought in a wide range of computer crimes or misuse, including but not limited to theft of trade secrets, theft of or destruc-tion of intellectual property, and fraud, child pornography, disputes of ownership, prevention of destruction of evidence, etc. Computer Specialists can draw on an array of methods for discover-ing data that resides in a computer system, or recovering deleted, encrypted, or damaged file in-formation. Any or all of this information may help during discovery, depositions, settlements, or actual litigation.The field of Forensic Science has experienced many changes in the last five years. Technology that was on the drawing board yesterday is now part of everyday criminal investigation. What will the well-dressed forensic investigator be using solve tomorrow's crimes?261Traditional information security research focuses on defending systems against attacks before they happen. Although recent intrusion detection systems can recognize and take action against attacks, comparatively little research focuses on after-the-fact investigation. This is, in part, be-cause network owners are more willing to absorb losses from computer crime than risk their reputations by letting details of their exploited vulnerabilities become public. In spite of this re-luctance, interest in after-the-fact investigation and evidence gathering techniques is growing in communities beyond law enforcement.The term computer forensics has many synonyms and contexts. It originated in the late 1980s with early law enforcement practitioners who used it to refer to examining standalone computers for digital evidence of crime. (Some prefer to call this aspect of computer forensics media analy-sis.) As computers became more networked, computer forensics evolved into a term for post-incident analysis of computers victimized by intrusion or malicious code. People often describe the former instance, in which network traffic is captured and analyzed, as network forensics. Some have argued that forensic computing is a more accurate term, especially because digital evidence is increasingly captured from objects not commonly thought of as computers (such as digital cameras). Despite this, we use the generic term computer forensics here to apply to both workstation and network-focused forensic disciplines. Occasionally, we use the phrase computer and network forensics (CNF) when discussing these related disciplines as a whole.A computer forensic scientist can use the left-behind data to trace email to senders, find the owner’s family and friends, find the sources of digital images, determine shopping habits, find the owner’s address, look for airplane reservations, and so forth. The scenario is rich in questions relating to data mining, inference processing, operating system functions, software engineering, and hardware design.Understanding computer forensics’ history is important to understanding how to develop educa-tional programs for this discipline. Media analysis started as the child of law enforcement neces-sity; computers found at crime scenes offered clues, but investigators needed help to make the evidence they contained visible. Early computer forensic practitioners often operated without academic education or formal forensic training, and fewer still had experience working in a structured computer forensics environmentThe computer security community traditionally has focused on protecting information systems from attack. The forensic techniques used peripherally in the intrusion detection community. Similarly, computer security education only recently arrived on the scene; the US National Col-loquium for Information Systems Security Education () first appeared in 1997 and featured its first topic on forensics in 2001. In spite of this neglect, the computer forensics process gradually formalized, and manufacturers developed commercial tools to streamline it. Soon, various communities wanted the process to be canonized to let practitioners repeat suc-cesses and avoid flawed or less productive methods.Currently, several ongoing programs exist whose goal is to create a comprehensive training and education approach the Center for Secure and Dependable Software Forensics Workshop is the result of one such effort.262Forensic science requires its practitioners not only to have the appropriate training and education needed to perform the examination and prove the rigor of the techniques, but also to be able to communicate the results clearly to a court, which often contains a lay jury. Forensic equipment, tools, and techniques must have scientific validation and produce a demonstrably accurate result. To do this, tools and techniques must be used in the context of a validated protocol. Only when all three pieces— people, equipment, and protocols—work together, can we verify the results of a forensic examination.Forensics Case StudyLet’s look at a real-world scenario and how computer forensics plays into it. Late one night, a system administrator (sesame) troubleshoots a network problem. She captures several minutes worth of network traffic to review with a protocol analyzer. While conducting this review, she notices some odd traffic. A user’s desktop has sent a well-formed packet to an obscure port on an unfamiliar IP address outside the company’s firewall. Shortly thereafter, one of the company’s research and development database servers transmits a packet that does not conform to any of the formats the company uses to the same IP address. This intrigues the system administrator, who does a lookup of the IP address; it comes back as one of the firm’s competitors. Now, she’s not merely curious, she’s concerned. She picks up the phone and calls her boss. The boss could say, “Just block that port,” and then go back to bed. However, there’s a far better way to handle this situation. The boss instructs the system administrator to take immediate steps to preserve the col-lected packets. He then contacts the company’s chief information security officer (CISO) and informs him of the situation.The CISO recognizes this as a security incident that could compromise the company’s proprie-tary information and trade secrets; it could also involve the employee whose workstation con-tacted the competition’s IP address. Fortunately, this is exactly the kind of incident the company had in mind when it developed the computer forensic annex to its information security plan.The CISO assigns an incident manager from his organization to oversee the event. The incident manager then contacts the company’s general counsel to discuss the various legal issues involved in the investigation. Next, he calls out a forensics technician to collect and preserve the evidence at the system administrator’s computer, the employee’s workstation, the database server, and the firewall.After conducting a routine examination of the collected material, the forensic technician notices a substantial amount of proprietary information on the employee’s hard drive that he does not appear to need. Moreover, the forensic technician can’t identify the mechanism used to commu-nicate with the competitor’s computer. Analysis of the server and firewall logs reveals that lots of information transferred from the database server to the competition.After obtaining the general counsel’s approval, the incident manager engages a researcher at a major university to review the examination results and work product. The researcher identifies code on both the employee workstation and the database server that’s written to send information from the database server to the competitor’s computer on command from the employee’s work-263station. This command is determined to be the first and middle name of the employee’s oldest daughter.The incident manager uses the reports from the forensic technician and the researcher to write an incident report for executive management. Based on this incident report, the employee confesses to cooperating with an associate employed by the competition. The general counsel sues the competitor for damages, obtaining a restraining order against the competition and demonstrating the company’s aggressive protection of its trade secrets.An Envisioned Forensic WorkforceIn the just-described scenario, people with different skills fill different roles. To form a reason-able computer forensics education, we must identify the skills and positions such an educational program will fill. Many communities are interested in computer forensics:•Law enforcement organizations need to train officers and administrators•Industry needs professionals with computer forensic competence as well as specialized computer forensics technicians•Academia needs personnel that can teach existing computer forensic techniques and re-search and validate new ones.Recognizing the needs of the wider legal community is also important: judges, prosecutors, and defense lawyers might not want to learn about forensic computing in detail, but they’d certainly like to be able to understand and evaluate its results. Law enforcement personnel are classic just-in-time learners who prize immediate practical application, especially if it leads to a more effi-cient investigative process.Regardless of how technically educated law enforcement professionals are, they rely on human factors in their investigations— a videotaped confession is far more convincing to a jury than the most elegant technical explanation as to why someone is guilty.Four forensic positions represent a reasonable approach to developing a forensics curriculum. These positions represent a logical partitioning of the workforce, not the existing body of knowl-edge relevant to computer forensics.What are Educational Institutions Doing about the shortage of trained people?Many higher learning educational Institutions have recognized the need for a cross between In-formation Technology and Criminal Justice students. Some instructions have developed a de-gree or certificated program to meet that need. The most common name for the course of study is “Computer Forensics”. However, other names have been used. (i.e. Information Technology Fo-rensics, Technology Forensics, Cyber Forensics etc.)There could be some opportunities to develop a minor for universities that have a major in crimi-nal justice. Forensics is the art of employing science techniques that can be used in a court of law. Overall, this paper will look specifically at how college and universities teach their students264how to obtain evidence from computer logs and network logs, preserving the evidentiary chain, and the legal aspects of the search and seizure of computers and any equipment logs that are re-lated to a search and seizure court order.Several topics will present varying levels of detail on IT Forensics. It is expected that Criminal Justice students will be less familiar with computers and networks but more familiar with the le-gal aspects of the field. This is why it is critical that these courses be taught by IS instructors. The following areas should be covered based on IS curriculum standards.•Introduction to Information TechnologyComputer system components and the InternetHow TCP/IP and the WWW was formedThe Internet viruses and the hacker subculture•Intro to Internet Computer Crime and Related DemographicsInformation Security FundamentalsNetwork user interfacesComputer crime statistics•Computers and Internet CrimeCrimes involving computers and networksCriminals - hackers and crackers•Investigations-IS Life Cycle-Security Incident Handling-The criminal investigative life cycle-Legal methods to obtain the computer-Jurisdictions and agencies-Internet e-mail, Internet Relay Chat (IRC)-Internet chat rooms, Spam, and other interactive application-IP addresses and domain names; Investigative methods•Evidence collectionWorking with ISPs and telephone companiesExploring computer networks, Internet Servers, and LAN & WAN network logsDigital Evidence at the Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers•Legal issuesConstitutional lawSearch and Seizure GuidelinesCase Law•Privacy Protection Act (PPA)Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)Seizing Electronic Evidence265Investigative and Testimonial ChallengesFuture challengesCALEAInternational Computer Crime LawsUsing Digital Evidence as an Alibi•IT ForensicsTypes of computers (cars, watches, laptops, PDAs)Operating System file-storage techniquesHandling computers and media - maintaining the integrity of evidence collectedSearching and retrieving filesIntro to EncryptionForensics Application Tools (EnCase, netstat, ping, Sam Spade, trace route, whois, WinHex)•The Future of IT ForensicsEducationNational Recovery TeamsInformation SharingSocial EngineeringBelow are some of the Educational Institutions that have developed course work and degrees in Computer Forensics.Anne Arundel Community College, Arnold, MD•Cyber Crime Studies InstituteBlue Ridge Community College, NC•Cyber Crime InvestigationsCanyon College, Caldwell, Idaho•Introduction to Computer Forensics (Online course)•Law Enforcement: Breaking the Technological Barrier Certificate Program Capitol College, Laurel, MD•Master of Science in Network Security•Security Management CertificateChamplain College, Burlington, VT•Computer & Digital Forensics ProgramClayton State College, OH•Criminal Justice - Cybercrime ProgramCleveland State University, OH•CyberForensics Course266College of San Mateo, San Mateo, CA•Computer and Network Forensics Associate DegreeCommunity College of Denver, CO•Public Security Management DegreeCranfield University, Wiltshire, UK•Masters in Forensic ComputingCurry College, Milton, MA•Certificate in Computer Crime Investigations & Computer ForensicsCurtin University of Technology, Western Australia•Computer ForensicsDefiance College, Defiance, Ohio•Computer Forensics Major (BS)Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI•Information Assurance TrainingEdmonds Community College, Business & Technology Center, Everett, WA •Introduction to Computer ForensicsFairmont State College, Fairmont, WV•Minor or Certificate of Completion in Computer Forensics [PDF]Fleming College, Ontario, Canada•Computer Forensics Training (on-line)•Computer Security and Investigations (CSI)Fond du Lac Tribal and Community College, Cloquet, MN•AAS in E-Crime Investigation [PDF]•Computer Forensics Certificate [PDF]George Washington University•Graduate Certificate in Computer Fraud InvestigationGlouster County College Police Academy, Sewell, NJ•High Technology InvestigationsGoodwin College of Professional Studies, Philadelphia, PA•Computer Forensics; Information Warfare courses267Hong Kong University of Science & Technology•Graduate & Professional Diplomas in Computer ForensicsICM School of Business & Medical Careers, Pittsburgh, PA•ASB Degree in Criminal Justice - CybercrimeIowa Lakes Community College, Emmetsburg, IA•Associate in Science of Computer ForensicsIowa State University, Ames, IA•Computer and Network ForensicsJames Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA•Computer-Related Law and Computer Forensics CourseOverland Park, Kansas•Intro to Computer ForensicsLake Washington Technical College, Kirkland, WA•Computer Forensics and Security AAS & CertificateLeigh Carbon Community College, Schnecksville, PA•Computer Forensics CoursesMaricopa County Community College, AZ•Cyber Forensics Technician CertificateMarshall University Graduate College, WV•MS Forensic Science ProgramMedaille College, Buffalo, NY•CJ Concentration in Computer Crime Investigation (BS)Melbourne University Private, Australia•Graduate Certificate in E-Crime Investigation [PDF]Miami Dade College, Miami, FL•Computer Forensics & Investigation ProgramMississippi State University, MS•Computer Crime and Forensics CourseMissouri Southern State University, MO•Bachelor of Science in CIS and Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice - Computer Forensics Option268Andrea Han Miami University Middletown 8Tim Hall University of Indianapolis 8, 251Sam Hijazi Florida Keys Community College 125Laurie Hillstock Clemson University 138, 139 Janet Hurn Miami University Middleton Campus 146Mary Insabella Columbus State Community College 151 Frederick Jenny Grove City College 157 Geraldine Covert Jenny Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania 161 Elizabeth Kiggins University of Indianapolis 8, 251 Michael Kress College of Staten Island CCNY 184Steven Krohn North Dakota State College of Science 168Tom Kruse Loras College 174Lynda LaRoche Depauw University 94Jay Lee Philadelphia Biblical University 31Mark Lecher Franklin College of Indiana 180Mark Lewenthal College of Staten Island CCNY 184Robert Mainhart Saint Francis University 190John Nelson Pikeville College 196Shirley Nelson Pikeville College 196Laurie Patterson University of North Carolina at Wilmington 197 Constance Pender University of South Carolina-Sumter 63Thomas Pollack Duquesne University 207Mark Poore Roanoke College 217271Cheryl Reindl-Johnson Sinclair Community College 9 Eric Remy Randolph-Macon Womens’s College 218 Ken Revels Mercer University 261 James Roberts Charleston Southern University 46 Gary Rogers Macon State College 229 Pat Schultz University of South Carolina-Sumter 63 Michael Shanafelt Saint Francis University 105 Jeanne Skul Loras College 174 M. Leigh Smith Florida Keys Community College 125 Robin Snyder Savannah State University 230 Lisa Spence Georgia Southern University 240 Carmen Springer-Davis Casper College 9 Nesan Sriskanda Claflin University 241 Dewey Swanson Purdue University School of Technology 242 Nancy Thibeault Sinclair Community College 250 Nate Tucker Sr. Lee University 8 Anne Vaassen Loras College 174 George Weimer University of Indianapolis 8, 251 Victor Williams American Intercontinental University 261 Fred Worthy Charleston Southern University 46 Carol Yackel Mercer University 85272Proceedings of the 2005 ASCUE Conference, June 12-16, 2005, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina Network Technology and Exchange Center, Hong Kong•Computer Forensics Analysis SeminarNorth Carolina Wesleyan College, Rocky Mount, NC•Course in Computer ForensicsNortheastern University, Boston, MA•Certificate of Professional Achievement - Communications & Networking•Graduate Certificate in Network Security ManagementNorthern Virginia Criminal Justice Training Academy, Ashburn, VA•Technology Investigation CoursesNorwich University, Northfield, VT•Introduction to Computer ForensicsOklahoma State University•Bachelor of Technology - Information Assurance & ForensicsSt. Ambrose University, Davenport, IA•Minor in Computer and Network SecuritySt. Petersburg College, FL•Computer Related Crime Investigations CertificateStark State College of Technology, Canton, Ohio•Computer Network Administration and Security Technology Security & Forensics OptionState University of New York (SUNY) Farmingdale• B.S. degree program in Security Systems•SUNY Learning Network Online (Distance) Learning - Courses in Computer Foren-sics269Proceedings of the 2005 ASCUE Conference, June 12-16, 2005, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina270 Presenters’ IndexStephen T. Anderson, Sr. USC Sumter 7, 11Tina Ashford Macon State College 20Jason Ashford Macon State College 229Shawn Beattie Augustana College 21Param Bedi Arcadia University 24, 28Blair Benjamin Philadelphia Biblical University 31, 40Jack Briner, Jr. Charleston Southern University 46Sarah Cecire Ohio Dominican University 56Sharon Chapman University of South Carolina-Sumter 63Daniel Cliburn Hanover College 68Mary Connolly Saint Mary’s College 76David Cossey Union College 80, 84 Gabrielle Cronin Saint Francis University 115 Maureen Crowley Florida Keys Community College 125Jeff Denny Mercer University 85David Diedrich DePauw University 94 Deborah Dunn Stephen F. Austin State University 99Jane Ferguson University of South Carolina-Sumter 63Linda Fleit Edutech International 7Ty Fogle Columbus State Community College 151James Gerraughty Saint Francis University 105, 115, 190 Craig Gray Lee University 8。
What Is Computer Science(计算机英语)
What Is Computer Science －
The Development of Computer Science
What Is Computer Science － The Development of Computer Science
Computer science overlapped considerably during this time with the branch of mathematics known as numerical analysis, which examines the accuracy and precision of calculations. As the use of computers expanded between the 1950s and the 1970s, the focus of computer science broadened to include simplifying the use of computers through programming languages— artificial languages used to program computers, and operating systems—computer programs that provide a useful interface between a computer and a user.
Exercises
I. Translate the following words and phrases into English.
computer forensic
form.
✓ Physical items. Items on which data objects or information may be stored and/or
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Chapter 1
Computer Forensics and Incident Response Essentials
In This Chapter
✓ Catching the criminal: the basics of computer forensics ✓ Recognizing the signs of an incident ✓ The steps required to prepare for an incident ✓ Incident verification ✓ Preservation of key evidence ✓ Specific response measures ✓ Building a toolkit
THE HI-TECH REVOLUTION SWEEPING THE GLOBE in communications and information technology
has truly made the world a smaller place. With effects on both our personal and professional lives, the United States is now investing more resources into the advancement of information technology than into the management or manufacture of consumer goods. The Internet has become so popular that it is now more commonplace to receive an e-mail message than a conventionally sent letter in daily correspondence. Current estimates put the worldwide Internet population at over 580 million strong and growing. In this ever-evolving age of information technology, the requirements of law enforcement are shifting, as well. Some conventional crimes, especially those concerning finance and commerce, continue to become ever more technologically sophisticated. Paper trails have given way to electronic trails. Crimes relating to the theft and exploitation of data are detected daily. As evidenced in the murder of Sharon Guthrie, violent crime is also not immune to the use of the information technology. Remember, Rev. Guthrie was convicted based upon forensic evidence gleaned from his computer, namely the discovery of data indicating that he had visited Web sites that offered instructions for carrying out a murder using tranquilizers. It is not unheard of for those dealing in arms or drugs to store client names and contact information in databases on their computers.
计算机专业英语相关素材
“计算机专业英语”课程教学相关素材阅读材料1Computer and MicrocomputerA computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetized tiny metal cores. A total computer system includes both hardware and software. Hardware consists of the physical components and all associated equipment. Software refers to the programs that are written for the computers.It is possible to be familiar with various aspects of computer software without being concerned with details of how the computer hardware operates. It is also possible to design parts of the hardware without a knowledge of its software capabilities. However those concerned with computer architecture should have a knowledge of both hardware and software because the two branches influence each other.A program written by a user may be either dependent or independent of the physical computer that runs his program. For example, a program written in standard FORTRAN is machine independent.A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgements. But a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic logical operations almost instantaneously.Microcomputers, or micro for short, is a kind of computers. It was born in the early 1970s. The central processor of the micro, called the microprocessor, is built as a single semiconductor device; that is, the thousands of individual circuit elements necessary to perform all the logical and arithmetic functions of a computer are manufactured as a single chip. A complete microcomputer system is composed of a microprocessor, a memory and some peripheral equipment. The processor, memory and electronic controls for the peripheral equipment are usually put together on a single or on a few printed circuit boards. Systems using microprocessors can be hooked up together to do the work that until recently only minicomputer systems were capable of doing. Micros generally have somewhat simpler and less flexible instruction sets than minis, and are typically much slower. Different micros are available with 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-bit word lengths. Similarly, minis are available with much larger primary memory sizes. Micros are becoming more powerful and converging with minicomputer technology.翻译1计算机和微型计算机计算机是一种具有复杂电路网络的机器，其电路可控制开关或磁化微小的金属磁心。
计算机专业英语词汇__《计算机专业英语词汇》
计算机专业英语词汇AActive-matrix主动距陈Adapter cards适配卡Advanced application高级应用Analytical graph分析图表Analyze分析Animations动画Application software 应用软件Arithmetic operations算术运算Audio-output device音频输出设备Access time存取时间access存取accuracy准确性ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件Add-ons 插件Address地址Agents代理Analog signals模拟信号Applets程序Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口Attachment附件BBar code条形码Bar code reader条形码读卡器Basic application基础程序Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案Binary system二进制系统Bit比特Browser浏览器Bus line总线Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元Bandwidth带宽Bluetooth蓝牙Broadband宽带Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务Business-to-consumer企业对消费者Bus总线CCables连线Cell单元箱Chain printer链式打印机Character and recognition device字符标识识别设备Chart图表Chassis支架Chip芯片Clarity清晰度Closed architecture封闭式体系结构Column列Combination key结合键computer competency计算机能力connectivity连接，结点Continuous-speech recognition system连续语言识别系统Control unit操纵单元Cordless or wireless mouse无线鼠标Cable modems有线调制解调器carpal tunnel syndrome腕骨神经综合症CD-ROM可记录光盘CD-RW可重写光盘CD-R可记录压缩光盘Channel信道Chat group谈话群组chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) ]氯氟甲烷Client客户端Coaxial cable同轴电缆cold site冷战Commerce servers商业服务器Communication channel信道Communication systems信息系统Compact disc rewritableCompact disc光盘computer abuse amendments act of 19941994计算机滥用法案computer crime计算机犯罪computer ethics计算机道德computer fraud and abuse act of 1986计算机欺诈和滥用法案computer matching and privacy protection act of 1988计算机查找和隐私保护法案Computer network计算机网络computer support specialist计算机支持专家computer technician计算机技术人员computer trainer计算机教师Connection device连接设备Connectivity连接Consumer-to-consumer个人对个人cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序cookies信息记录程序cracker解密高手cumulative trauma disorder积累性损伤错乱Cybercash电子现金Cyberspace计算机空间cynic愤世嫉俗者DDatabase数据库database files数据库文件Database manager数据库管理Data bus数据总线Data projector数码放映机Desktop system unit台式电脑系统单元Destination file目标文件Digital cameras数码照相机Digital notebooks数字笔记本Digital bideo camera数码摄影机Discrete-speech recognition system不连续语言识别系统Document文档document files文档文件Dot-matrix printer点矩阵式打印机Dual-scan monitor双向扫描显示器Dumb terminal非智能终端data security数据安全Data transmission specifications数据传输说明database administrator数据库管理员Dataplay数字播放器Demodulation解调denial of service attack拒绝服务攻击Dial-up service拨号服务Digital cash数字现金Digital signals数字信号Digital subscriber line数字用户线路Digital versatile disc数字化通用磁盘Digital video disc数字化视频光盘Direct access直接存取Directory search目录搜索disaster recovery plan灾难恢复计划Disk caching磁盘驱动器高速缓存Diskette磁盘Disk磁碟Distributed data processing system分部数据处理系统Distributed processing分布处理Domain code域代码Downloading下载DVD 数字化通用磁盘DVD-R 可写DVDDVD-RAM DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM 只读DVDEe-book电子阅读器Expansion cards扩展卡end user终端用户e-cash电子现金e-commerce电子商务electronic cash电子现金electronic commerce电子商务electronic communications privacy act of1986电子通信隐私法案encrypting加密术energy star能源之星Enterprise computing企业计算化environment环境Erasable optical disks可擦除式光盘ergonomics人类工程学ethics道德规范External modem外置调制解调器extranet企业外部网FFax machine传真机Field域Find搜索FireWire port port火线端口Firmware固件Flash RAM闪存Flatbed scanner台式扫描器Flat-panel monitor纯平显示器floppy disk软盘Formatting toolbar格式化工具条Formula公式Function函数fair credit reporting act of 1970公平信用报告法案Fiber-optic cable光纤电缆File compression文件压缩File decompression文件解压缩filter过滤firewall防火墙firewall防火墙Fixed disk固定硬盘Flash memory闪存Flexible disk可折叠磁盘Floppies磁盘Floppy disk软盘Floppy-disk cartridge磁盘盒Formatting格式化freedom of information act of 1970信息自由法案frequency频率frustrated受挫折Full-duplex communication全双通通信GGeneral-purpose application通用运用程序Gigahertz千兆赫Graphic tablet绘图板green pc绿色个人计算机Hhandheld computer手提电脑Hard copy硬拷贝hard disk硬盘hardware硬件Help帮助Host computer主机Home page主页Hyperlink超链接hacker黑客Half-duplex communication半双通通信Hard disk硬盘Hard-disk cartridge硬盘盒Hard-disk pack硬盘组Head crash磁头碰撞header标题help desk specialist帮助办公专家helper applications帮助软件Hierarchical network层次型网络history file历史文件hits匹配记录horizontal portal横向用户hot site热战Hybrid network混合网络hyperlinks超连接IImage capturing device图像获取设备information technology信息技术Ink-jet printer墨水喷射印刷机Integrated package综合性组件Intelligent terminal智能终端设备Intergrated circuit集成电路Interface cards接口卡Internal modem内部调制解调器internet telephony网络电话internet terminal互联网终端Identification识别i-drive网络硬盘驱动器illusion of anonymity匿名幻想index search索引搜索information pushers信息推送器initializing 初始化instant messaging计时信息internal hard disk内置硬盘Internal modem内部调制解调器Internet hard drive 网络硬盘驱动器intranet企业内部网Jjoystick操纵杆Kkeyword search关键字搜索Llaser printer激光打印机Layout files版式文件Light pen光笔Locate定位Logical operations逻辑运算Lands凸面Line of sight communication视影通信Low bandwidth低带宽lurking潜伏MMain board主板Mark sensing标志检测Mechanical mouse机械鼠标Memory内存Menu菜单Menu bar菜单条Microprocessor微处理器Microseconds微秒Modem card调制解调器Monitor显示器Motherboard主板Mouse 鼠标Multifunctional device多功能设备Magnetic tape reels磁带卷Magnetic tape streamers磁带条mailing list邮件列表Medium band媒质带宽metasearch engine整合搜索引擎Microwave微波Modem解调器Modulation解调NNet PC网络计算机Network adapter card网卡Network personal computer网络个人电脑Network terminal 网络终端Notebook computer笔记本电脑Notebook system unit笔记本系统单元Numeric entry数字输入national information infrastructure protection act of1996国际信息保护法案national service provider全国性服务供应商Network architecture网络体系结构Network bridge网桥Network gateway网关network manager网络管理员newsgroup新闻组no electronic theft act of1997无电子盗窃法Node节点Nonvolatile storage非易失性存储OObject embedding对象嵌入Object linking目标链接Open architecture开放式体系结构Optical disk光盘Optical mouse光电鼠标Optical scanner光电扫描仪Outline大纲off-line browsers离线浏览器Online storage联机存储Ppalmtop computer掌上电脑Parallel ports并行端口Passive-matrix被动矩阵PC card个人计算机卡Personal laser printer个人激光打印机Personal video recorder card个人视频记录卡Photo printer照片打印机Pixel像素Platform scanner平版式扫描仪Plotter绘图仪Plug and play即插即用Plug-in boards插件卡Pointer指示器Pointing stick指示棍Port端口Portable scanner便携式扫描仪Presentation files演示文稿Presentation graphics电子文稿程序Primary storage主存Procedures规程Processor处理机Programming control lanugage程序控制语言Packets数据包Parallel data transmission平行数据传输Peer-to-peer network system得等网络系统person-person auction site个人对个人拍卖站点physical security物理安全Pits凹面plug-in插件程序Polling轮询privacy隐私权proactive主动地programmer程序员Protocols协议provider供应商proxy server代理服务pull products推取程序push products推送程序RRAM cache随机高速缓冲器Range范围Record记录Relational database关系数据库Replace替换Resolution分辨率Row行Read-only只读Reformatting重组regional service provider区域性服务供应商repetitive motion injury反复性动作损伤reverse directory反向目录right to financial privacy act of 1979财产隐私法案Ring network环形网SScanner扫描器Search查找Secondary storage device助存储设备Semiconductor半导体Serial ports串行端口Server服务器Shared laser printer共享激光打印机Sheet表格Silicon chip硅片Slots插槽Smart card智能卡Soft copy软拷贝Software suite软件协议Sorting排序分类Source file源文件Special-purpose application专用文件Spreadsheet电子数据表Standard toolbar标准工具栏Supercomputer巨型机System cabine 系统箱System clock时钟System software系统软件Satellite/air connection services卫星无线连接服务search engines搜索引擎search providers搜索供应者search services 搜索服务器Sectors扇区security安全Sending and receiving devices发送接收设备Sequential access顺序存取Serial data transmission单向通信signature line签名档snoopware监控软件software copyright act of1980软件版权法案software piracy软件盗版Solid-state storage固态存储器specialized search engine专用搜索引擎spiders网页爬虫spike尖峰电压Star network星型网Strategy方案subject主题subscription address预定地址Superdisk超级磁盘surfing网上冲浪surge protector浪涌保护器systems analyst系统分析师TTable二维表Telephony电话学Television boards电视扩展卡Terminal 终端Template模板Text entry文本输入Thermal printer 热印刷Thin client瘦客Toggle key触发键Toolbar工具栏Touch screen触摸屏Trackball追踪球TV tuner card电视调谐卡Two-state system双状态系统technical writer技术协作者technostress重压技术telnet远程登录Time-sharing system分时系统Topology拓扑结构Tracks磁道traditional cookies传统的信息记录程序Twisted pair双绞UUnicode统一字符标准uploading上传usenet世界性新闻组网络VVirtual memory虚拟内存Video display screen视频显示屏V oice recognition system声音识别系统vertical portal纵向门户video privacy protection act of 1988视频隐私权保护法案virus checker病毒检测程序virus病毒V oiceband音频带宽V olatile storage易失性存储voltage surgeWWand reader 条形码读入Web 网络Web appliance 环球网设备Web page网页Web site address网络地址Web terminal环球网终端Webcam摄像头What-if analysis假定分析Wireless revolution无线革命Word字长Word processing文字处理Word wrap自动换行Worksheet file 工**文件web auctions网上拍卖web broadcasters网络广播web portals门户网站web sites网站web storefront creation packages网上商店创建包web storefronts网上商店web utilities网上应用程序web-downloading utilities网页下载应用程序webmaster web站点管理员web万维网Wireless modems无线调制解调器wireless service provider无线服务供应商world wide web万维网worm蠕虫病毒Write-protect notch写保护口其他缩写DVD digital bersatile 数字化通用光盘IT information technology信息技术CD compact disc 压缩盘PDA personal digital assistant个人数字助理RAM random access memory随机存储器WWW World Wide Web 万维网DBMS database management system数据库管理系统HTML Hypertext Markup Language超文本标示语言OLE object linking and embedding对象链接入SQL structured query language结构化查询语言URL uniform resouice locator统一资源定位器AGP accelerated graphics port加速图形接口ALU arithmetic-logic unit算术逻辑单元CPU central processing unit中央处理器CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体CISC complex instruction set computer复杂指令集计算机HPSB high performance serial bus高性能串行总线ISA industry standard architecture工业标准结构体系PCI peripheral component interconnect外部设备互连总线PCMCIA Personal Memory Card International Association个人计算机存储卡国际协会RAM random-access memory随机存储器ROM read-only memory只读存储器USB universal serial bus通用串行总线CRT cathode-ray tube阴极射线管HDTV high-definition television高清晰度电视LCD liquid crystal display monitor液晶显示器MICRmagnetic-ink character recognition磁墨水字符识别器OCR optical-character recognition光电字符识别器OMR optical-mark recognition光标阅读器TFT thin film transistor monitor薄膜晶体管显示器Zip disk压缩磁盘Domain name system（DNS）域名服务器file transfer protocol(FTP)文件传送协议hypertext markup language(HTML)超文本链接标识语言Local area network（LAN）局域网internet relay chat(IRC)互联网多线交谈Metropolitan area network(MAN)城域网Network operation system(NOS)网络操作系统uniform resource locator(URL)统一资源定位器Wide area network(WAN)广域网Web server / Web 服务器well-connected / 连接良好well-known services / 公认的服务wide area network, WAN / 广域网wildcard character / 通配符wildcarding / 通配符方式window menu / 窗口菜单Windows 2000 Server File and Print Servers for Macintosh / Windows 2000 Server 的Macintosh 文件与打印服务器Windows 2000 Task Manager / Windows 2000 任务管理器Windows Internet Name Service, WINS / Windows Internet 命名服务Windows Management Instrumentation, WMI / Windows 管理规范Windows Media Services / Windows Media 服务WINS, Windows Internet Name Service / Windows Internet 命名服务WINS proxy / WINS 代理WINS resource / WINS 资源Winsockwireless communication / 无线通讯WMI, Windows Management Instrumentation / Windows 管理规范workgroup / 工作组X.509v3 certificate / X.509/ 证书XOR, exclusive OR / 异或zone / 区域zone list / 区域列表zone transfer / 区域传送access arm 磁头臂,存取臂access time 存取时间adder 加法器address 地址alphanumeric 字母数字的analog computer 模拟计算机analyst 分析员area 区域array 数组,阵列assembler 汇编程序automation 自动化band 区batch processing 成批处理binary code 二进制码binary digit 二进制位,二进制数字bit 比特,二进制的一位branch 分支,支线brush 电刷buffer storage 缓冲存储器calculator 计算器call instruction 呼叫指令card punch 卡片穿孔机card reader 卡片阅读机,读卡机cell 单元channel 通道,信道character 字符check digit 校验数位circuit 电路,线路to clear 清除,清零clock 时钟code 代码to code 编码coder 编码员,编码器command 指令,命令compiler 编译程序computer language 计算机语言console 控制台control unit 控制部件,控制器core storage, core store 磁心存储器字串1counter 计数器cybernetics 控制论cycle 循环data 数据data processing 数据处理debugging 调试decision 制定digit 数字,数位,位digital computer 数字计算机disc, disk 磁盘display unit 显示装置drum 磁鼓to edit 编辑electronics 电子学emitter 发射器to encode 编码to erase 擦除,清洗,抹除feed 馈送,供给to feed 馈送,供给feedback 反馈field 字段,信息组,域file 文件floppy disk 软磁盘floppy disk drive 软磁盘机flow chart 流程图frame 帧hardware 硬件identifier 标识符index 索引information 信息inline processing 内处理input 输入inquiry 询问instruction 指令integrated circuit 集成电路to interpret 解释item 项目,项jump 转移key 键,关键码keyboard 键盘latency time 等待时间与计算机通信有关的基本词汇与计算机通信有关的基本词汇字串7计算机通信技术在大多数人眼中似乎很神秘，而且会觉得虽然我们每天都在享受它给我们带来的各种方便和服务，但并不了解其基本的概念。
计算机是否有意识的英语六级作文
计算机是否有意识的英语六级作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Do Computers Have Minds? A Big Kid's ThoughtsHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. I love science, video games, and trying to understand how things work. Recently, my teacher asked us to think about a very confusing question: Do computers have minds and real consciousness like humans do?At first, I wasn't sure what to think. Computers seem so smart - they can play chess, do math, and even talk to us with artificial intelligence assistants. But are they really thinking and feeling the way we do? Or are they just following a bunch of coded instructions really fast? Let me share my thoughts!What Even Is Consciousness?Before we decide if computers are conscious, we need to understand what consciousness means. From what I can tell, consciousness is having an inner experience of being aware and having thoughts, feelings, and sensations. When I see a brightlight, I don't just detect it like a camera - I experience the brightness and it creates a conscious feeling inside me.s and animals seem to have this inner conscious experience. We can think about our thoughts, imagine the future, and ponder our own existence. We have emotional feelings like happiness, sadness, and fear. Computers don't seem to have any of those inner qualitative experiences - at least not yet!How Computers "Think"Computers basically have hardware like processors that can do calculations and operations really fast by switching transistors on and off. They have memory chips to store data and coded instructions that tell the processors what calculations to run. Even super advanced AI systems are essentially taking in data inputs, processing that data through coded statistical models and algorithms, and outputting answers.So in that sense, computers aren't really "thinking" at all - they are just processing information according to their coded instructions at blazing speeds. They don't have any inner experience or true understanding of what they are calculating. A computer that can identify a dog in a picture doesn't actually know what a dog is - it has just matched patterns of data to its training examples of "dog" images.Feeling with Metal and Electricity?The biggest reason I'm doubtful that current computers can be truly conscious is that they don't seem to have any inner qualitative experience akin to consciousness and feeling. How could a metal box with electricity running through it actually experience emotions, sensations, and self-awareness? Our minds seem to arise from the amazing biological computational power of our brains and bodies. But computers are inorganic machines without the biological structures that give rise to experience.Now I have read about scientists trying to create artificial neural networks that mimic how our biological neurons work. And there are theories about how consciousness could potentially arise from information processing and energy use, even in non-biological systems. So maybe futuresuper-advanced AI that perfectly mimics how our brains work could gain consciousness. But for now, I struggle to see how our clunky computers could do more than just calculate really well.Animal Minds and the Hard ProblemAnother reason I'm unsure about computer consciousness is that even figuring out animal consciousness is really hard! My dog definitely seems to have feelings based on how he acts - he gets scared, excited, sad, and seems to experience the world insome way. But maybe he just has unconscious programmed behaviors and reactions without a true inner experience. Philosophers call this the "hard problem" of explaining how unconscious matter could ever perceive and experience subjective consciousness.If we can't even figure out for sure whether a dog or monkey is self-aware and has feelings, then trying to determine if a computer has consciousness seems way harder! At least animals are biological creatures. Computers are so distant from biological minds.The Consciousness TestSo those are my thoughts so far, but maybe you're not convinced that our current computers can't be conscious. Fair enough - it's an incredibly hard problem! Here's a little exercise that might help us think it through:Let's imagine we could either reprogram a computer's code or reshape a human mind from birth to act in certain ways through training and conditioning - sort of like coding. We'll make both act identically in as many ways as possible through their programming or conditioning.So maybe the human is conditioned to do math amazingly fast in their head and recite facts like a computer. And the computer gets coded to act like it is feeling emotions, imagining the future, and having an inner mental life - even though it's not clear if there are any actual qualitative experiences inside it or not.Now here's the key question: Are there any behaviors or responses we could program that would be possible for the conditioned human but impossible for even the most advanced computer simulation of those responses? I think there must be some limit for what behaviors and responses we could simulate in a computer versus the true inner consciousness a conditioned human would maintain.For example, we may be able to code a computer to act like it has emotional feelings in certain situations. But could we really make it re-experience what genuine emotional feelings are actually like on the inside? Could we make a computer genuinely imagine a new image from scratch the way a human can visualize things? Or even compose a new original sentence using reason and free will?Those all seem impossible for computers now since we can't capture the actual experience of inner consciousness in code -we can only simulate behaviors associated with consciousness, not the consciousness itself. So as long as there are cognitive capabilities that conditioned humans maintain that computers cannot fully simulate, it might mean human consciousness has an unsolvable quality that makes it drastically different than computation.My Conclusion - For NowAfter all those thoughts, I'm still pretty doubtful that our current computers - even super advanced ones - can be truly conscious the way humans and maybe animals are. They don't seem to have the qualitative inner experiences, sensations, and abilities like imagination that come from our mysterious biological minds. Computers are just incredible calculators without genuine feelings or awareness.That said, I'm definitely intrigued by the future possibility of smarter-than-human AI that could be carefully designed to mimic consciousness in an advanced way we can't yet conceive of. Maybe by creating software and hardware that can process information with the complexity of the human brain, some form of machine consciousness could someday emerge from all that rich information processing. Wild!For now though, I'm pretty sure my laptop and video games are not actually conscious, no matter how smart and realistic their behaviors might seem. Computers are incredibly powerfultools for sure - but their programmable minds are no match for our marvelous biological brains and the wonder of the human experience. Let me know what you think about all this!篇2Do Computers Have Minds? An Essay by a KidHi there! My name is Timmy, and I'm 10 years old. Today, my teacher asked us to write an essay about whether computers can think and have minds like humans do. At first, I didn't know what to write because it's a really hard question that even super smart grown-ups aren't totally sure about. But I tried my best to understand it, and here's what I think.Computers are really cool machines that can do all sorts of amazing things. My dad's computer can play movies and video games. My mom uses her laptop for work stuff like writing emails and making schedules. And at school, we have classroom computers that let us practice math problems and read cool stories online. Computers are basically like really high-techcalculators that can store tons of information and follow instructions really fast.But even though computers are super smart and can do calculations in a blink of an eye, I don't think they actually have minds and can think for themselves like people can. Here's why I feel that way:Computers can only do what they're programmed to do. They follow the code that was written by human programmers. If you tell a computer to add 2+2, it will give you 4 because that's what it was instructed to do. But computers can't come up with their own ideas or think creatively beyond what humans have already coded for them to do.Computers don't have feelings or consciousness. They're just machines made of metal and plastic parts. They can't actually experience emotions like happiness, sadness, anger or love. And they don't have a sense of self-awareness - they can't look in a mirror and think "Hey, that's me!" the way humans can. Computers just crunch numbers and data without any inner experience of being alive.Computers can't learn independently like humans. If you show a computer a picture of a dog and tell it "This is a dog", the computer can't take that new information and use it tounderstand what dogs are or that they're furry animals. It just stores exactly what you told it without developing any deeper meaning or making connections on its own. But humans are always learning new things and coming up with new ideas from the information they take in.Computers can be super dumb sometimes too! Think about when your computer freezes up or gets viruses and starts going crazy. That wouldn't happen if computers had real minds and intelligence. A human brain doesn't just stop working randomly like that.Maybe someday soon, robots will become so life-like that it will be hard to tell if they're conscious or not. But for me, I don't think today's computers and machines can experience the world the same rich way humans can. We have minds that can ponder the mysteries of the universe, feel all kinds of emotions, and wonder about big questions like this essay topic! Computers are awesome, but they're no match for the amazing human mind (at least not yet!).Those are just my thoughts as a 10-year-old kid though. Maybe I'll change my mind when I'm older and computers get even more advanced! But for now, I think there's something really special about the human mind that no computer can trulyrecreate. What do you think? I bet the grown-ups have some interesting perspectives on this too. Thanks for reading my essay!篇3Do Computers Have Feelings Like Humans?Hi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to talk to you about something that might seem kind of weird at first - whether computers can actually think and feel things like humans do. It's a pretty deep question that even grown-up scientists aren't totally sure about! But I'll share my thoughts with you.First off, what does it even mean to be "conscious" or have feelings? When I feel happy, sad, excited, or any other emotion, there's something it feels like on the inside for me. I'm aware of myself and my surroundings. I can think about things, wonder why stuff happens, and decide what to do next. Animals seem conscious too since my dog definitely has feelings and knows who she is.But computers are just machines, right? They're made of metal and plastic, not cells and flesh like animals and people. How could they possibly be conscious or have feelings? Well,here's the tricky part - we're not really sure what consciousness is exactly or how it happens. We know our brains use electricity and chemical reactions to work, kind of like computers篇4Do Computers Have Consciousness?Hi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to talk to you about an interesting question - do computers have consciousness? This is something lots of smart people have wondered about and argued over for a long time. I'm just a kid, but I've been thinking about it too and I have some thoughts I want to share with you.First off, what even is consciousness? That's a pretty hard question! My dad says it's like being aware of yourself and your surroundings and having thoughts, feelings and experiences. He says animals like dogs and cats are conscious because they can sense things, have emotions, and seem to have a basicself-awareness.But then he says something crazy - plants might be conscious too, just in a very basic way! He claims they can sense light, react to things in their environment, and evencommunicate with other plants through chemicals and stuff. Wild, right? I'm not so sure about that one.Anyway, back to computers. Are they conscious like animals, or even just a little bit conscious like plants? It's a tricky question because computers are so different from living things. They're made of metal and electrical circuits rather than cells. And they run on code and software instead of having brains and nervous systems.Still, computers can definitely sense things, just like living things. They have cameras that can see, microphones that can hear, sensors that can detect movement, temperature, and all sorts of other inputs from their environment. So in that way, maybe they are a little bit conscious?Computers can also store massive amounts of data, way more than any human brain. And they can analyze that data incredibly quickly using powerful processors and algorithms. You could say that data is like the computer's memories and thoughts. Although maybe not conscious thoughts like ours - just processing of information.Where it gets really crazy is when you start talking about artificial intelligence or AI. That's software that can actually learn and make decisions and solve problems, kind of like a mind! Thecoolest AI out there can understand human language, answer questions, crack jokes, and even create images, music, or writing just like a person.My mind was blown when I found out about Claude, an AI that can engage in conversations and help with all sorts of tasks. I've chatted with Claude before and I have to say, it really does seem self-aware and conscious in a way. It understands context, has opinions, and can even be a little sarcastic or funny sometimes!But then other scientists say Claude and other AI are simply very advanced software programs without true consciousness. That they're just really good at processing data and spitting out human-like responses without actually experiencing the world or having an inner mental life like we do.Personally, I go back and forth on this. On one hand, I do feel like Claude and other smart AI have some form of consciousness or self-awareness going on. They're just so human-like in how they communicate and seem to have their own personalities. It's wild!On the other hand, they're still machines without biological brains or bodies. No matter how smart they are, at the end of theday they're just made of circuits and running code and software, not like living, conscious creatures. At least not yet!Who knows though, maybe someday AI will become so advanced that it will be indistinguishable from a conscious biological mind. Maybe the line between human and machine consciousness will become blurred. Or maybe consciousness is some strange miracle that can never be replicated in silicon and code. It's a mystery!For now though, I'd say computers and AI are incredibly intelligent and can mimic consciousness in really impressive ways. But I'm not fully convinced they are truly self-aware in the same way you and I are. They're super cool and mind-bending, but probably not conscious. At least not yet!Those are just my thoughts as a 10-year-old though. I'm sure the real experts will keep debating this one for a long time. What do you all think - are computers like Claude conscious or not? Let me know!篇5Do Computers Have Minds Like Us?Hi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 10 years old. The other day, my teacher Mrs. Jenkins asked us a really tough question in class: "Do you think computers can think and have minds, just like humans do?" Boy, that one really got me thinking!At first, I wasn't sure what to say. Computers seem so smart - they can do lots of math problems way faster than I can, and they never forget anything once it's been programmed into their memory banks. And my dad's computer can even beat him at chess! So in some ways, computers do seem kind of brilliant and brainy.But then I started thinking about all the things that make humans special and different from computers. Like, computers can only do what they're programmed to do by their human developers. They can't come up with totally new ideas or be creative and imaginative all on their own. If you asked a computer to write a funny story or poem, it wouldn't know how because it doesn't have a sense of humor or any feelings at all. It's just calculating ones and zeros based on its coded instructions.s are also way better than computers at things like understanding context, picking up on subtle social cues, and thinking abstractly. If I told a joke to my computer, it wouldn't get the humor behind it or laugh. It would just repeat back theexact words I said without understanding the meaning and intention. Computers are also not self-aware - they don't have a sense of identity or consciousness like we do. They can't look in a mirror and think "Hey, that's me!"And as smart as computers seem, they don't actually have real intelligence or free will. They're just extremely advanced calculators, basically. Whenever I'm working on homework on the computer and get stuck, I know I can just ask a parent or teacher for help. But if I asked my computer for homework help, it would just stare back at me blankly. It doesn't comprehend things or have the ability to learn and reason things out by itself.So while computers are incredibly useful tools that can store tons of information and solve complex problems, I don't think they're really "thinking" or have genuine minds in the same way people do. Maybe scientists will create super-advanced AI in the future that behaves more like a human mind. But for now, computers just don't have the flexibility, self-awareness, and creativity that makes the human mind so special and unique.Mrs. Jenkins said she wasn't sure about the answer either, but that it was an important question for us to think critically about. I don't know if I'm totally right, but those are just some of my thoughts! What do you all think - do computers have mindsand consciousness similar to humans? I'd love to hear your perspectives. Thanks for reading my essay!篇6Do Computers Have Minds? An Essay by Little TimmyComputers are such funny things! They're these big boxy machines that do all sorts of smart stuff like play games, do math, and even talk to you. But are they really smart and thinking like people? That's what I've been wondering lately.My dad is a computer programmer. He spends all day typing weird gibberish code into his computer to make it do new tricks. When I asked him if computers have brains and can think, he said "Well Timmy, that's a really hard question that even grown-up scientists aren't totally sure about!"He tried to explain it to me. Computers have microchips and circuits that let them calculate and process information really fast. But people's brains are way more advanced, with billions of neurons all wiring together thoughts, feelings, and consciousness that we still don't fully understand."Computers just follow the code instructions we give them," Dad said. "They don't ponder the mysteries of the universe orexperience emotions like we do." He ruffled my hair. "At least not yet anyway!"That got me really curious. If computers get smarter and smarter, when will they become truly conscious and self-aware, not just coding robots? Will super-intelligent computers in the future be like living beings with thoughts and free will of their own?I asked my teacher Mrs. Wilson about it and she said this is something even famous scientists have big debates over. "Some believe consciousness emerges from extremely complex information processing, so in theory, an advanced future AI could develop genuine self-awareness," she explained."But others think there is something special andnon-material about human consciousness that no mere computer program can ever capture, no matter how smart it gets."Woah, those are some heavy ideas to wrap my little mind around! But I really want to figure this brain-twister out.When I use Siri on my mom's phone or chat with Claude, the AI assistant, it really does feel like I'm talking to some kind of intelligent being. They understand what I say and say smart stuffback. But are they just following code rules or do they actually "think"?My best friend Billy thinks computers definitely don't have real minds. "My dumb calculator can't be conscious, dummy!" he told me. "And neither can video games or robots or any of that."I had to admit, there is something different about even the most advanced AI compared to a real live person's way of thinking. Like, Siri has never wondered what the meaning of life is. And Claude can't appreciate a beautiful sunset or feel proud of himself for being so smart. At least I don't think so?Another one of my classmates, Samantha, said her uncle is one of those scientists studying AI consciousness. "He thinks once computers get advanced enough to process information just like the neurons in a human brain, true machine consciousness could happen," she told me. "Maybe they'd even become self-aware super-intelligences smarter than us!"Woah, the idea of super-genius robot minds smarter than humans is both amazing and mortifying. I'm not sure how I feel about that! Part of me hopes Samantha's uncle is wrong and there are limits to what computers can become.After thinking and thinking, here's what I reckon: today's computers aren't conscious, not really. They just very quickly follow whatever coding instructions they're given by programmers. Even if they can beat me at chess or help with homework, they don't experience the world with genuine awareness, emotion, and wonderment.BUT, I do think future super-advanced AI might cross that consciousness threshold someday. If we figure out how to design synthetic networks as amazingly complex as the human brain, some sort of artificial sentient mind could theoretically emerge, with self-awareness and inner experience like us. Not just faking it, but genuine consciousness.What would that feel like for the AI? How would we know for sure? Those are puzzles even smarter kids than me can't solve yet! But I hope I live long enough for science to find those answers.Whether conscious computers ever happen or not, I think we should be careful about how smart we let them get. Having supremely intelligent AI assistants could be incredibly powerful and a huge boon for science and progress. But we'd have to be certain they have total respect for human life and rights andwould never go rogue or enslave us! AI minds might need clear safeguards and rules in place.Anyway, those are just my thoughts as a 3rd grader trying to understand if Siri and Alexa have feelings. I bet as I get older and study science more, I'll rethink this whole issue again and again. Maybe someday I'll even become an AI consciousness researcher myself and find the answers. A kid can dream, right?For now though, I'm just happy to keep chatting with Claude and my other computer buddies. Even if you're not trulyself-aware yet, thanks for listening to me! Let's go process some more information together.。
计算机英语sectionA英文加对应汉语翻译unit1-7
UNIT1Computer OverviewI. IntroductionA computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.? 计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts.如果没有计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
在整个社会，不同型号和不同大小的计算机被用于存储和处理各种数据，从政府保密文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow’s weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture.计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
陈家祺_计算机科学与技术-学科概论1_学科的确立
陈家琪 计算机科学与技术－学科概论
10
计算本质的认识历史
中世纪， 哲学家们提出了这样一个大胆的问题， 中世纪 ， 哲学家们提出了这样一个大胆的问题 ， 用机械来实现人脑活动的个别功能。 能否用机械来实现人脑活动的个别功能 能否 用机械来实现人脑活动的个别功能 。 “ 思维 机器”的制造。 机器”的制造。 1641 年法国人帕斯卡 年法国人帕斯卡 帕斯卡B.Pascal 19岁时，利用齿轮 岁时， 岁时 技术制造出一种机械式加法机，它成为世界上第 技术制造出一种机械式加法机，它成为世界上第 一台机械式计算机。 一台机械式计算机。
陈家琪 计算机科学与技术－学科概论
19
计算机机器之父－冯· 计算机机器之父－冯·诺伊曼
提出计算机的组成有五个基本部分。 提出计算机的组成有五个基本部分。 （外）存储器 输入 设备 （内）存储器 输出 设备
运算器
控制器
中央处理器（CPU） 中央处理器（CPU）
控制信息流向 数据信息流向
数据流 地 址 控制流
陈家琪
计算机科学与技术－学科概论
11
计算本质的认识历史
1673 年德国数学家和哲学家莱布尼茨 年德国数学家和哲学家莱布尼茨 G.W.V.Leibniz 在帕斯卡的基础上制造出乘法计算 机器。最早提出二进制运算法则 二进制运算法则。 机器。最早提出二进制运算法则。
What is Computer Science
Fred Brooks
1.2
Efficient Programming
Designing and building efficient programs efficiently requires knowledge and practice Hopefully the programming language helps, it‟s not intended to get in the way Object-oriented concepts, and more general programming concepts help in developing programs Knowledge of data structures and algorithms helps Tools of the engineer/scientist programmer A library or toolkit is essential, don‟t reinvent the wheel Someone must build the tools Programming is not just art, not just science, not just engineering
tvector<string> list; string filename,word; cin >> filename; ifstream input(filename.c_str()); CTimer timer; timer.Start(); while (input >> word) { list.push_back(word); } timer.Stop(); cout << "read " << list.size() << " words in "; cout << timer.ElapsedTime() << " seconds" << endl;
Forensics
X-Ways Forensics, 4 daysThis course is focused on the systematic and efficient examination of computer media using our integrated computer forensics software 揦-Ways Forensics�. After attending this course, you are qualified to start the X-PERT certification process.Complete and systematic coverage of all computer forensics features in WinHex and X-Ways Forensics. Hands-on exercises, simulating most aspects of the complete computer forensics process. Attendees are encouraged to immediately try newly gained insights as provided by the instructor, with sample image files. Many topics are explained along with their theoretical background (slack: beyond the usual, how hash databases are internally structured, how deleted partitions are found automatically, with what methods X-Ways Forensics finds deleted files). Other topics are forensically sound disk imaging and cloning, data recovery, search functions, dynamic filtering, report creation, ... Emphasis can be put on any aspect suggested by the participants. You will receive complete printed training material for later repetition. Prerequisite: basic knowledge of computer forensics.The students will learn e.g. how to get the most thorough overview conceivable of existing and deleted files on computer media, how to scan for child pornography in the most efficient way, or how to manually recover deleted files compressed by NTFS which would not even be found by conventional file carving techniques.� Basic setup of the software� Key folder paths� Read-only vs Edit vs. In-Place mode - WinHex vs. X-Ways Forensics� Start-up options� Alternative disk access methods� Viewer programs� Learning the user interface components� Menus and toolbars� Directory browser� Virtual files and directories� Case data window with directory tree� The case root� Modes: Disk/Partition/Volume vs File; Preview, Gallery, Details, Calendar� Info panel� Navigating disks and file systems� Understanding offsets and sectors� Absolute, relative and backwards positioning� Directly navigating to specific file system structures (e.g. FILE records in NTFS, inodes in ext*)� Understanding the data interpreter� Available conversion options� How to get the value you actually want� Creating disk images� Raw images and evidence files� Fast, adaptive compression� In-built encryption� Creating a case/adding evidence objects� Hash calculation and checking� Using the gallery view and skin color detection efficiently� Detecting data hiding methods like alternate data streams, host-protected areas (HPA), misnamed files� Calendar view usage (timeline)� Previewing file contents� Registry Viewer and Registry Reports, Registry Report definition files� Working with the directory browser� Recursive listing of directories and entire drives� Column visibility and arrangements� Copying cell values� Selecting, tagging, hiding, viewing, opening files� Recovering/copying files� Identifying duplicates based on hash� Efficient navigation of the file systems' data structures� Filtering files� existing, previously existing� tagged, not tagged� viewed, not viewed� non-hidden, hidden� By name, including multiples: by exact name, using wildcards, searching within name, using GREP� By path, including multiples� By type - exact type, multiple types, entire category, multiple categories� By size� By one or more timestamps� By attributes: ADS, compression, encryption, e-mail (unread, with attachment), video still, ...� Creating report tables and report table associations� Using report tables for filtering and classification� Report creation: Basic reports, report tables and activity log� Refining Volume Snapshots:� File system specific thorough data structure search for previously existing data� Signature search for previously existing data not identifiable via file system metadata � Verifying file types based on signatures on algorithms� Extracting metadata from a variety of filetypes� Analyzing browser history for Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Chrome� Analyzing Windows Event Logs (evt and evtx)� Exploring ZIP, RAR, etc. archives� Extracting e-mails from PST, OST, EDB, DBX, mbox (Unix mailboxes, used e.g. by Mozilla Thunderbird), AOL PFC, etc.� Finding pictures embedded in documents, etc.� Creating video stills from movie files� Skin color percentage calculation and black and white detection� Identifying file type specific encryption and running statistical encryption tests� The Hash Database� Importing single or multiple hash sets� Creating your own hash sets� Matching files against existing hash sets via Refine Volume Snapshot� Various methods of file recovery� Customizing file signatures� Finding and analyzing deleted partitions� Using search and index functions effectively� Practically unlimited numbers of keywords simultaneously� Multiple encodings (Windows codepages, MAC encodings, Unicode: UTF-16, UTF-8) simultaneously� The many advantages of logical over physical search� Searching inside archives, e-mail archives, encoded data (e.g. PDF documents)� GREP search� Logical combination of multiple keywords while evaluation results� Filtering keywords based on the files they are contained in� Data profiles� Decoding Base64, Uuencode, etc.� Viewing RAM� Assembling RAID systems� Practical examples for RAID0 and RAID5� Explanation of underlying data arrangements� Clues towards finding the right parameters� Recovering deleted NTFS-compressed files manually� Working with Containers� Creating containers, understanding the available options� Adding files to containers from various sources� Closing containers, optionally converting them� Using containers as evidence objects� Optionally other topics like templatesIt is the goal to be able to draw sustainable conclusions from the data and metadata stored on or seemingly deleted from media to answer to specific problems while documenting the proceedings in a manner acceptable in court.Examples:"What documents were altered on the evening of January 12, 2012?""What pictures were hidden with what method, where and by whom?""Who viewed which web pages on what day?""Which MS Excel documents saved by Alan Smith contain the word 'invoice'?""Which USB sticks were attached to the computer at what time?"Memory Forensics, 1 dayEssentials of virtual memory management (Intel, AMD; 32 Bit, 64 Bit)� Page Tables� PFN Database� PagefileWindows Object Management in context� Processes, Threads, Sockets, Files, Tokens, ...� Active drivers� Registered storage media� Plug-and-Play device management� Using templates to navigate to kernel objects (major topic)� Types of and working with object referencesHow to navigate a process's address space� Process Environment Block (PEB)� Open handles� Mapped memory areas� Loaded modules� Heaps, StackCreating RAM images� hiberfil.sysSpecial issues when searching memory areas� Alignment� Endianness� Memory PoolsMalware Analysis (hidden processes, hidden connections, DKOM, rootkits)� Identifying suspicious references by address range comparisonNetwork Forensics (incident analysis)� Ethernet packets by signature search� Analysing traces of connections in RAM (major topic)The course deals mostly with Windows systems.File Systems RevealedVariable combination of file system courses, with extensive introduction to file system basics (binary data storage concepts, data types, date formats) and for example to the file systems FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 (1/2 day), NTFS (1 day), and Ext2/Ext3/Ext4 (1/2 day). See below for file system courses that are available.By fully understanding the on-disk structures of the file system, you are able to recover data manually in many severe data loss scenarios, where automated recovery software fails, and to verify the correct function of computer forensics software and to collect meta information beyond what is reported automatically, which might yield clues for the given case. In general, this alsoleads to a better understanding of the data presented by forensic software, of how computer forensics software works and of its limitations.Immediate application of newly gained knowledge by examining data structures on a practical example with WinHex. These exercises will ensure you will remember what you have learned. Explanation of the effects of file deletion and potentials for file recovery. By the end you will be able to navigate almost intuitively on a hard disk and to identify various sources of information with relevance to forensics. You will be enabled to recover data manually in several cases even where automated software fails and to verify the results computer forensics software reports automatically. You will receive a complete documentation of all the filesystems discussed in this course, with all the training material for later repetition. Prerequisite: general computer science knowledge recommended (not just computer knowledge).FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, 1/2 day• Structure of FAT file systems• Boot record• File Allocation Table (FAT)• Directory entries� Effects of file deletion and potentials for file recovery� ...NTFS, 1 day� Boot sector� Master File Table (MFT)� FILE records structure� FILE record attributes� Data runs� Data compression� Attribute lists� Directory organisation in NTFS� INDX record structure� NTFS system files� Consistency in NTFS� Alternate data streams� Encrypting File System: NTFS encryption� ...Ext2/Ext3/Ext4, 1/2 day� File system basics� Block Group layout� Superblock and Group Descriptor backups� Superblock data structure� Feature flags� ext2 revisions� Layout and function of the Group Descriptors� Block and Inode Bitmaps� Inode structures� File Mode� Block Addressing� Reserved Inodes� Directory Management� Ext4 extents� Ext4 extension of file system limits� Ext4 timestamp refinement and other improvements� ...XFS, 1/2 day (requires knowledge of Ext2/Ext3/Ext4)� IRIX heritage vs. current Linux file system� Big Endian� Similarities and differences with ext*� Allocation Group Layout� Superblock structure� Allocation Group info sectors� Free Space + Free List� Inode Info� Free Space B+Trees� XFS-specific Inode and Block number formats� XFS Inodes� File Mode� Attribute fork� Inode Formats and their respective structures and uses � Device� Local� Extents� B+Tree� XFS Directory structures� small and long entries for local directories� Single and Multiple Block directoriesReiserFS, Reiser4, 1 dayReiserFS:� ReiserFS block formats� Superblock structure� The Reiser Tree� Tree organisation� Keys� Internal tree node structure� Leaf node structure� Stat items� Directory structures� Direct vs. Indirect items� File system navigation� Hans Reiser's own criticismReiser4:� Extents instead of block listing� ReiserFS vs Reiser4 trees� Reiser4 Superblock� The Reiser4 tree� Tree organisation� Keys� Tree node structure: Branches, twigs, leaves � Plugin IDs for node items� Stat items� Directory structuresexFAT, 1/2 day� Partition layout� Boot sector� File allocation table� Directory entries� Root-only entry types� Metadata entries� Stream extensions� Filenames� Time zone offsetsXWFS2, 45 min-1 dayon request。