U3--教师用书--现代大英(第二版)基础写作(上)
现代大学英语基础写作(课件)
Conclusion
The paragraph's closing sentence, which summarizes the main points and/or transitions to the next paragraph.
Chapter layout
Title
A concise and descriptive title that reflects the chapter's content.
Practical Approach
The course emphasizes practical writing skills, focusing on effective communication and clear expression.
Integration of Theory and Practice
The course combines theoretical knowledge with practical exercises to help students apply what they learn to real-world situations.
Learning suggestions
Learning objectives
01
To learn effective writing techniques and strategies to improve their English writing skills.
02
To understand the basic principles of English grammar and punctuation to ensure their writing is clear and coherent.
高等基础写作训练教程(第二版)3高等写作 第二章-散文写作
高等基础写作训练教程（第二版）3高等写作第二章-散文写作引言散文是一种自由而灵活的写作形式，可以表达作者的情感、思想和观点。
本章将介绍散文写作的基本要素和技巧，帮助读者提升自己的写作水平。
1.散文的定义和特点散文是以普通散文方式写成的、反映现实生活的作品。
散文与其他文学形式（如诗歌和戏剧）相比，更加注重真实的表达和人性的描绘。
散文可以通过叙述、描写、议论等手法，传达作者的情感和思考。
散文的特点包括：真实性、个性化、情感表达、自由度高等。
2.散文的基本结构散文通常包含导言、主体和结尾三个部分。
导言部分是散文的开头，通过引起读者的注意和激发读者的兴趣，来引导读者进入主题。
主体部分是文章的核心，包含作者想要表达的主要内容。
主体部分可以通过叙述、描写、议论等手法，将作者的思想、观点和感受传达给读者。
结尾部分是散文的结束，通过总结、回顾或思考来给读者留下深刻的印象。
3.散文的写作技巧a. 简洁明了散文的写作应力求简洁明了，避免使用冗长的句子和复杂的词语。
作者应该用简练的语言表达自己的思想，让读者能够轻松理解。
b. 用象征和比喻散文可以使用象征和比喻来增加文章的艺术感和表达力。
通过运用形象生动、富有感情的语言，可以让读者更加深入地理解文章的主题。
c. 运用修辞手法修辞手法可以增强散文的表达力。
比如，使用排比、比喻、对比等手法，可以让文章更富有节奏感和感染力。
d. 多角度思考在散文写作中，作者应该从不同的角度去思考问题，以便给读者呈现更全面的观点。
这样可以使文章更具说服力，并引起读者的共鸣。
e. 注意结构的合理性散文的结构要合理、有条理。
作者应该根据文章的主题和内容，选取合适的结构方式，使文章的逻辑性和连贯性更强。
f. 感受和思考散文是一种表达情感和思考的方式，所以作者应该用心去感受和思考，以便更好地将自己的情感和思考传递给读者。
4.散文写作的实例分析在本节中，我们将介绍一些经典的散文作品，并对其写作技巧和特点进行分析。
U1--教师用书--现代大英（第二版）基础写作（上）
U1--教师用书--现代大英（第二版）基础写作（上）Unit 1AnswersObjective One: SummaryActivity 1:Summary 1This is not a good summary.First, this 110-word summary is only 48 words shorter than the original, and is therefore too long for a summary. It includes too many unimportant details. For example, in the first paragraph, there is no need to mention what clothes the boy was wearing and how he held his father’s hand. The whole of the second paragraph could be cut out. The details could be replaced by a general remark describing the boy’s feelings when he was going to school for the first time.Summary 2It is a good summary. Here are the reasons.1) The writer grasps the essential facts of the passage:i. The boy was unwilling to go to school.ii. His father explains to him the purpose of school.iii. What his father said did not convince him.2) The length is about one-third of the original text.Summary 3The main problem with this summary is that the tone is not quite the same as in the original passage. The general tone of the passage is not one of hatred, but of doubt and fear. Also, it is not accurate to say that the boy didn’t believe his father at all. Rather, he was not sure about what his father said about the purpose of school. Second, it does not point out, in specific terms,the purpose of school, which is an important piece of information that shouldn’t have been generalized. Third, a summary writer shouldn’t interpret what a passage may imply, for example, to state explicitly that the boy thought the school was just like a prison.Activity 2:Passage 11.No, he wasn’t. The schoolyard was full of boys and girls.2.He told the boy to walk in by himself and be an example to other children.3.No, he didn’t.4.He felt lost.5.The other boy came over and talked to him. He learned that the boy’s father wasdead.6.Some children burst into tears.7.They were teachers.8.They made the children stand in lines.The facts-When they arrive at the school, the schoolyard was full of boys and girls.-The father told the son to be brave and go in by himself.-The boy knew none of the children and felt lost.-One of the boys came over and talked to him. He told the boy his father was dead.-When the gate was closed, some children burst into tears.-The teachers came and made the children stand in lines.Sample summaryWhen we got to the school my father told me to go in, and he said that I truly began life that day. I didn’t know any of theboys and girls in the school schoolyard. Then the gate was closed, and some children began to cry. When the bell rang, the teachers came along and made us stand in lines. (61 words)Passage 2The important facts-The woman teacher told the children to face life joyfully.-The children made friends.-The boy found life at school was rich and colorful. They played games and learned a lot of things.-But life at school was not all pleasant. The children fought and the teachers were severe.-The boy realized that in the years ahead they had to work very hard to be successful.Sample summaryI began to find life at school interesting. We made friends, played games and learned a lot of things. But at the same time we had to be observant and patient in class because the teacher was severe. The children sometimes fought. Above all, I realized that in the years to come we had to work very hard to be successful. (61 words)Writing Assignment 1Sample summaryThe day I started school, I was not happy. On our way, I asked my father why he had to send me to school. He said that school would turn me into a useful man. But I wasn’t convinced.When we got to the school my father told me that I truly began life that day. The schoolyard was full of children. When the gate was closed, some children began to cry. Then the bell rang, and the teachers came along and spoke to us.After a while, I found life at school interesting. We madefriends with one another, played games and learned a lot of things. But, at the same time, we had to be observant and patient in class because the teachers were severe. Some children also fought. Above all, I realized that in the years to come we had to work hard to be successful. (151 words)Objective Two: The ParagraphActivity 3:Identify the topic and the topic sentence in the following paragraph.1.Topic: petty ways of saving moneyTopic sentence: the last sentence of the paragraph (in which the writer makes a comment on such ways of saving money)2.Topic: America’s invention of mass productionTopic sentence: the first sentence (in which the writer states his opinion on the topic: it’s a great contribution to mankind.)3.Topic: stealingTopic sentence: the last sentence (in which what the writer realized about stealing)Point out which of the following topic sentences make a discussible point and turn the dead-end topic sentences into discussible ones.Topic sentences that make a discussible point: 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, and 10; the rest of the sentences are established facts, and therefore don’t make a discussable point1. My 68-year-old grandma is the kindest person I have ever seen.4. Whenever he is nervous my uncle smokes a cigarette or two.5. Xiao Li likes to study in the library for three reasons.8. English is a useful/international language.Point out which of the following topic sentences are not specific enough or too specific, and turn them into effective ones.1.too specific → Measures should be take n to cut dow n traffic accidents.2.not specific enough → Medical care in my hometown has improved a greatdeal in the past 10 years.3.not specific enough → Children like computer-assisted teaching.4.too specific → The restaurant owner deals with customers’ complaintspatiently.5.not specific enough → The CBA game yesterday was exciting.6.too specific → Farm machines used in poor areas should be upgraded.7.too specific → School uniforms should be modernized to keep up withthe new styles.8.too specific → I will never forget my first day of school.9.not specific enough → July 7, 2003 was a turning point in my life.10.not specific enough →A typical Chinese families today is made up of thehusband, the wife one or two children.Supply a topic sentence for each of the three paragraphs, and put it the right place.1. b d2. c a3. bActivity 4:Passage 11.Yes.2.It is stated in the first sentence of the last paragraph, “In general, though, the firstday of school is an exciting one, for the children and for me.”3.The rest of the paragraph supports the main idea except for the last one, which is aconcluding remark of the whole essay.Passage 21.Because “everything was too different” for her.2.She found it almost the same as she had feared.3.The main idea is that things got easier after the first a few days. It is stated in thelast sentence “After that, it’s a breeze.”4.Yes. But the following sentences don’t relate to the main idea: “I still didn’t likethe bus; it did make me carsick. I even threw up on the bus once. (At least it was on the way home, not on the way to school.)”I would be better to start another paragraph beginning with “Next year…just like everyone does.”Passage 31.He deals with the problems in school education.2.According to Holt, primary schooling turns a curious, patient, determined,energetic, skillful learner into a person who considers himself worthless, untrustworthy, fit only to take other people’s orders.3.It is stated in the first sentence “He learns many other things.” Then he ex plains inthe following sentences about exactly what a student learns.4.He learns that to be wrong, uncertain, confused is crime; he learns to dodge, bluff,fake, cheat; he learns to be lazy; he learns to be bored, to work with a small part of his mind, to escape from the reality around him into daydreams and fantasies.5.When most children come out of the school system, there is very little left of theircuriosity, independence, or sense of his own dignity, competence, and worth.6.The last paragraph is a concluding paragraph. It provides a contrast between whata child is like before and after he goes through schooling.Activity 51.I think so.-The 1st: The writer’s first day of college is a good beginning.-The 2nd: The writer realized he/she had to make greats efforts to achieve success at college. The topic sentence is implied in the last two sentences.-The 3rd: The writer’s determination to catch up.2.In the first and third essay, the topic sentences are both stated at the end.-The first: A good be ginning for you, isn’t it?-The third: Cindy, you know what you have to do. It’s not too late.The topic sentence of the second essay is implied in the last three sentences.3.Answers vary.。
应用英语教程 综合英语3 教师用书U3
Unit 3 Internet and Our LifeText AnalysisI. Background information1. About the authorA highly acclaimed writer, Nicholas Carr is a visiting professor of sociology at Williams College in Massachusetts and was the former executive editor of the Harvard Business Review. His works focus on the intersection of technology, economics, and culture and many of his books have been translated into more than twenty-five languages. In 2015, he received the Neil Postman Award for Career Achievement in Public Intellectual Activity from the Media Ecology Association.2. About the textThe abridged article was originally published in the July/August 2008 edition of The Atlantic. It was collected in several anthologies, including The Best American Science and Nature Writing, The Best Spiritual Writing, and The Best Technology Writing. In 2010, it was developed into a book entitle The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains,which won the Pulitzer Prize finalist.II. General analysis of the textIn the text, the author, while acknowledging the conveniences of the Internet, reflects on the negative effects of the Internet on his own thinking and reading habits.The author introduces the theme of the text by citing his own example, in which he mentions that he was unable to do deep reading. He then elaborates on the conveniences which the Internet has brought him, such as saving him the trouble of searching for information in libraries. The author then continues to cite his own examples and examples of others to illustrate the far-reaching negative influences on people’s thinking and reading patterns. However, despite the changes in their thinking and reading habits due to the Internet, which have obviously made them uncomfortable, they wouldn’t go back to the “good old days.” This indicates that the trend toward a heavy dependence on the Internet might never be reversed, further reflecting the irrevocable changes the Internet has made to us.The layout of the text is as follows.Part Paras. Main ideaIntroduction1The author introduces the theme of the text by mentioning the changes in his thinking and reading habits.Body 2-3The author elaborates on the benefits the Internet has broughthim.4-7The author lists the negative impacts of the Internet by citinghis own examples and examples of others.Conclusion8Despite the negative impacts, the author concludes the advantages of the Internet outweigh its own disadvantages.III. Detailed study of the text1. Now my concentration starts to drift after a page or two.u drift:v. [I] to move, change, or do sth without any plan or purposeu drift around/along etc.Jenni spent the year drifting around Europe.u drift from sth to sthThe conversation drifted from one topic to another.u let your gaze/eyes/thoughts/mind, etc. driftIdly she let her eyes drift over his desk.u drift:v. [I] to move slowly on water or in the airu drift out/toward, etc.The rubber raft drifted out to sea.Smoke drifted up from the jungle ahead of us.2. I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do.u lose the thread: to stop concentrating so that you do not understand what someone is sayingMore than once she lost the thread and had to ask them to speak more slowly.Arthur paused, feeling he was beginning to lose the thread of his argument.3. Even when I’m not working, I’m as likely as not to be foraging in the Web’s data thickets—reading and writing e-mails, scanning headlines and blog posts, following the updates of social media, watching video streams, downloading music, or just tripping lightly from link to link to link.u trip: v. [I] (literary)to walk, run, or dance with quick light stepsJulie kissed her mother goodbye and tripped off along the road.A girl in a red dress tripped down the hill.u trip: v. [I] to hit sth with your foot by accident so that you fall or almost fallu trip overClary tripped over a cable and broke his foot.u trip onHe tripped on the bottom step.u trip: v. [T] to make someone fall by putting your foot in front of them when they are movingOne guy stuck his foot out and tried to trip me.The referee said Jack was tripped and gave a penalty.4. The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich and easily searched store of data are many, and they’ve been widely described and duly applauded.u incredible: adj. too strange to be believed, or very difficult to believeIt’s incredible that he survived the fall.I find it almost incredible that no one noticed these errors.u incredible: adj. extremely good, large, or greatThe view is just incredible.There was blood everywhere and the pain was incredible.u incredibly:adv. in a way that is hard to believeThe knife had pierced his heart, but incredibly he was still alive.Incredibly, she had no idea what was going on.5. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation.u chip away:to gradually make sth weaker, smaller, or less effectiveInstead of an outright coup attempt, the rebels want to chip away at her authority.u chip away:to remove small pieces from sth hard by hitting it with a toolUse a hammer to chip away the edge.The edges of the marble step have been chipped away over the years.6. When I mention my troubles with reading to friends, many say they’re suffering from similar afflictions.u affliction: n. sth that causes pain or suffering, especially a medical condition Malnutrition is one of the common afflictions of the poor.Hay fever is an affliction which arrives at an early age.u afflict:v. [T] to affect sb/sth in an unpleasant way, and make them sufferHe must learn to relax more, not be racked by the tortured tenseness that had afflicted him for the past weeks.Venus, however, is afflicted with a lethally hot and corrosive atmosphere.7. I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the Web or in print.u longish:adj. fairly longHe has high cheekbones, and a longish nose.She’s tall, with longish black hair.8. …Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me. u elaborate:v. [I, T] to give more details or new information about sthHe said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further.u elaborate onMcDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.u elaborate:adj.having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated wayThe new healthcare plan is the most elaborate yet.Her parents didn’t realize that it was all an elaborate lie.9. He says he was “astonished” and “even irritated” when the woman paused to read the text on the sites she stumbled upon.u stumble upon:to find or discover sth by chance and unexpectedlyIt emerged as the most successful of the dozen experiments, largely because it stumbled upon a different way of doing business.u stumble: v. to hit your foot against sth or put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost fallIn her hurry, she stumbled and spilled the milk all over the floor.She stumbled a little on the uneven path.10. I read a lot—or at least I should be reading a lot—only I don’t. I skim. I scroll. u scroll:v. [I] to move information on a computer screen up or down so that you can read itu scroll throughHe scrolled through the document.u scroll up/downCould you scroll down a few lines?u scroll:n. a long piece of paper that can be rolled up, and is used as an official document, especially in past timesThe most ancient scroll can be traced back to early years of their settlement on the continent.The ancient scroll spreads out into a painting.Key to the ExercisesPre-Class Tasks1 Mini-research1. When did the Internet originate and how does it develop?The Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a “network of networks,” the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early 1990s.The first computer networks were dedicated special-purpose systems such as SABRE (an airline reservation system) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-control system), both designed and implemented in the late 1950s and early 1960s.By the early 1960s computer manufacturers had begun to use semiconductor technology in commercial products, and both conventional batch-processing and time-sharing systems were in place in many large, technologically advanced companies. Time-sharing systems allowed a computer’s resources to be shared in rapid succession with multiple users, cycling through the queue of users so quickly that the computerappeared dedicated to each user’s tasks despite the existence of many others accessing the system “simultaneously.”This led to the notion of sharing computer resources (called host computers or simply hosts) over an entire network. Host-to-host interactions were envisioned, along with access to specialized resources (such as supercomputers and mass storage systems) and interactive access by remote users to the computational powers of time-sharing systems located elsewhere.2. What are the impacts of the Internet on human society?There are 3 ways that the Internet has impacted on human society.Search enginesBefore the advent of search engines, there were not many websites, and users could simply type in the website address to locate a certain website. However, as the number of websites exploded, it became almost impossible to do so. Search engines are web-based tools that allow users to enter keywords and sift through billions of websites to locate information on the World Wide Web.E-commerceE-commerce has helped hasten the transition from street shopping to making purchases from the comfort of your home. Today, with the click of a mouse or a simple voice command, a host of items—from oven gloves to groceries and computers to cell phones—can be ordered for home delivery, often on the same day.Social MediaSocial media websites have become many people’s medium of choice for sharing their musings, photos, videos and a whole lot more. It is estimated that there are more than 4.5 billion social media users around the world. For individuals, social media is used to keep in touch with friends and extended family. For businesses, social media is used to find customers, boost sales, and offer customer service or support.2 Co-learningThis is an open-ended question.3 PresentationThis is an open-ended question.11. neural circuitryThe nervous system i s one of the vital systems in the body. The cells in the nervous system are called neurons. As the primary working units of the brain, they have a unique way of communicating with each other. They need to form an organization or circuit so that they can process specific information.A neural circuit consists of neurons that are interconnected by synapses, the contact points where neurons communicate with each other. Once activated, a neural circuit carries a specific function. And neural circuits connect with each other, forming a large scale brain network, or referred to as ne ural circuitry.2. War and PeaceIt is an epic historical novel by Leo Tolstoy, originally published as Voyna i mir in 1865-1869. This panoramic study of early 19th-century Russian society, noted for its mastery of realistic detail and variety of psychological analysis, is generally regarded as one of the world’s greatest novels.War and Peace is primarily concerned with the histories of five aristocratic families—particularly the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys, and the Rostovs—the members of which are portrayed against a vivid background of Russian social life during the war against Napoleon (1805-1814). The theme of war, however, is subordinate to the story of family life, which involves Tolstoy’s optimistic belief in the life-affirming pattern of human existence. The heroine, Natasha Rostova, for example, reaches her greatest fulfillment through her marriage to Pierre Bezukhov and through motherhood. The novel also sets forth a theory of history, concluding that there is a minimum of free choice; all is ruled by an inexorable historical determinism.2Beginning (para. 1)The theme of the text is introduced by mentioning the changes in the author’s thinking and reading habits.Body (paras. 2-7) 1 (paras. 2-3)The benefits/boons that the Internet has brought the author are illustrated.2 (paras. 4-7) The negative impacts of the Internet are listed by citing the author’s own examples and examples of others.Conclusion (para. 8)The advantages of the Internet outweigh its own disadvantages.31.Because the author wants to illustrate the fact that he has been negatively affectedby the Internet.2.The Internet has the major advantage of saving its users a great deal of time, thusboosting people’s life and work efficiency. People can have quick access to loads of information, deal with banking and shopping online, pay the bills, schedule the appointments, book flights and hotel rooms, renew the driver’s license, send invitations and greeting cards, etc.3.They were scattered broadly around the world.4.Here, “scuba diver” and “a guy on a Jet Ski” are used metaphorically to refer tothe traditionally slow thinking process and the swift mode of thinking respectively.Therefore, “scuba diver” and “a guy on a Jet Ski” serve as a sharp contrast between the modes of thinking before and after the advent of the cyber age.5.Because the author wants to cite a specific example to illustrate the fact that BruceFriedman has lost the ability to read or absorb a longish article on the Web or in print.6.Because in the 1990s people used the Internet in a much simpler way and they justused a Web browser to click on the hypertexted words instead of spending a lot of time reading the information on it.7.Because the benefits they get from using the Net make up for the loss of theirability.8.This is an open-ended question.11. immersion2. fidgeted/fidgets3. incredible4. unduly5. contemplate6. aberrant7. voraciously8. pathology9. nuances 10. potency21. Over the past few years, I have felt uncomfortable because someone or something seems to have changed my brain, my nervous system, and memory.2. I used to be able to immerse myself in deep reading, but now I have to force myself to concentrate.3. In the past, it usually took researchers days to read through papers or immerse themselves in periodicals in order to get the research done. Instead, all of this can be done in a matter of minutes.4. It is almost impossible to calculate the amount of time and gasoline the Internet saved me by providing instant access to information and eliminating the need to drive to such places as libraries to search for information.5. Even if I am not working, I will probably still be searching the Web for information.6. Computers’ memory, which is mainly made of silicon, makes the storage and retrieval of information highly efficient. This greatly facilitates users’ thinking.7. I used to immerse myself in the world of literature, exploring slowly and patiently. Now, however, I am used to shallow reading, sacrificing depth for speed.8. As they grow more and more reliant on the Web, they have to work harder to focus their attention on long pieces of writing.9. His thought patterns has become interrupted, meaning that he was only able to read short texts.10. We can’t fully realize the advantages of this networked thinking process because we are comparing it with our old habit of thinking in a linear way.31. drifted2. stumble upon3. decay4. strolled5. longish6. chipped away7. affliction8. conduits9. snippets 10. scroll41. up2. to3. on4. to5. for6. on7. for8. to9. over 10. for11-5: BMDJF 6-10: CKANE21. The sick tiger, the one in the second cage, attacked its trainer.2. We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.3. The plot deals with another eternal theme of human beings, namely love.4. Elizabeth I, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, became Queen of England in 1558.5. The boy came and gave us the news, that is, the troops would be leaving.6. A century ago, Sigmund Freud formulated his revolutionary theory, that is, dreams are the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.31. good-humored2. far-reaching3. two-faced4. Deep-sea5. Highly-paid6. one-sided7. long-lasting8. out-of-the-way41.Jack’s mind wandered, and he lost the thread of what his father was saying.2.T he telltale redness around his eyes betrayed the fatigue he was suffering.3.Many people made a point of praising the film’s pithy dialog.4.With the concerted efforts of government, enterprises, and individuals, the chronicunemployment problem in this country has been improved.5.She elaborated on the significance and complexity of this issue in her thesis.6.He laughs loudly when I accuse him of lying.7.Traders are taking a sanguine view of interest-rate prospects.8.Focusing on traditional Chinese handicraft art, the exhibition showcases a rangeof artifacts with Chinese characteristics, including clay figures, paper cuts,shadow puppets, embroidery, and porcelain.This is an open-ended question.One version for reference:The Internet has transformed our way of accessing and sharing information. While enjoying the conveniences it brings us, we are well aware of the potential drawbacks it might have. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how one can make full of the positive sides of the Internet while avoiding the negative sides.First, it is necessary to apply critical thinking to the information we retrieve from the Internet. The Internet has allowed its users instant access to information on virtually any topic. Faced with the tons of information, one must be careful enough to distinguish between correct information and false or even deliberately misleading information. One quick way to do so is to only cite information from authoritative websites and authors of high repute.Second, it is wise to not to expose one’s personal information on the Internet. In the information age, the freedom to share information often means the loss of individual privacy, and one may sometimes feel that he or she lives under observation. This alone gives people the cause for concern. Therefore, it is recommended that one should notpost his or her core personal information, such as one’s name, physical address, or phone number on the Internet.In conclusion, in order to take full advantage of the positive sides of the Internet, it is necessary to treat information from the Internet with caution and protect one’s own core privacy.Text B Internet Ethics and NetiquetteAnonymousWorking with Words and ExpressionsLook up the following words and expressions in a dictionary and find out their meaning in the text.1.Internet ethics means acceptable behavior for using the Internet 网络道德规范2.Internet protocol suite,commonly known as TCP/IP, is the set of communicationprotocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks. The current foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), as well as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). 互联网协议群3.Inter alia, a Latin phrase, meaning “among other things.” It can be used whenyou want to say that there are other things involved apart from the one you are mentioning. 除此之外4. A nerd is a person seen as overly intellectual, obsessive, or lacking social skills.Such a person may spend inordinate amounts of time on unpopular, little known, or non-mainstream activities, which are generally either highly technical, abstract, or relating to topics of fiction or fantasy, to the exclusion of more mainstream activities.Additionally, many so-called nerds are described as being shy, quirky, pedantic, and unattractive, and may have difficulty participating in, or even following, sports.乏味落伍的人；电脑迷enet is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It wasdeveloped from the general-purpose UUCP dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979, and it was established in 1980.Users read and post messages (called articles or posts, and collectively termed news) to one or more categories, known as newsgroups. Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in many respects and is the precursor to Internet forums that are widely used today. Usenet can be superficially regarded as a hybrid between email and web forums. Discussions are threaded, as with web forums and BBSs, though posts are stored on the server sequentially. The name comes from the term “users network.” Usenet网，用户网络（志趣相投的用户用以互发电邮）6.bulletin board is a place on a computer system where users can read messages andadd their own. （计算机）公告栏7.A troll is someone who leaves an intentionally annoying or offensive message onthe internet, in order to upset someone or to get attention or cause trouble. 在互联网发挑衅帖子、制造麻烦的人8.An emoticon is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuationmarks, numbers and letters, usually written to express a person’s feelings or mood.As social media has become widespread, emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology, and some devices have provided stylized pictures that do not use punctuation. They offer another range of “tone” and feeling through texting that portrays specific emotions through facial gestures while in the midst of text-based cyber communication. 情感符号，表情符号Understanding the Text11.The term “netiquette” is derived from two words: 1) Internet; 2) Etiquette. It is acode of polite behavior that users engage in when they use computer networks connected to the Internet.2.Begun as a vehicle for experimental network research in the mid-1970s, the Internethas become an important national infrastructure supporting an increasingly widespread, multi-disciplinary community of researchers ranging, inter alia, from computer scientists and electrical engineers to mathematicians, physicists, medical researchers, chemists, astronomers and space scientists.3.Etiquette—within wider society—is always changing and evolving, and, therefore,so is netiquette. What constitutes netiquette varies amongst cultures and social groups, and it is difficult to define a definitive list of netiquette which will “hold water” for all countries, cultures and social groups.4.Posting information on a different topic (off-topic discussion), and commercialadvertising (spam), are two examples of “bad” netiquette which can plague these social systems.5.Emoticons inserted into text communications help to defuse misunderstandings andconvey mood. Without the use of an emoticon, a text message may appear “cold”or aggressive. Abbreviations help to save time and effort for commonly written phrases. To make appropriate use of them is to use only when necessary. As said in the text, a heavy use of abbreviation, can sometimes come across as a lack of effort, and within some social interactions, overuse of abbreviation may be viewed as childish and as bad netiquette.21.因此，很明显，网络礼仪是用户在使用连接到互联网的计算机网络时所遵循的一种礼貌行为准则。
(完整版)(完整版)现代大学英语精读6(第二版)教师用书Unit1
Unit 1Paper TigersWesley YangAdditional Background Information(About Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother)What follows is a comment on Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother by Elizabeth Chang, an editor of The Washington Post's Sunday Magazine, which carried the article on January 8th, 2011.The cover of Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother was catnip to this average parent's soul. Although the memoir seems to have been written to prove that Chinese parents are better at raising children than Western ones, the cover text claims that instead it portrays "a bitter clash of cultures, a fleeting taste of glory" and how the Tiger Mother “was humbled by a 13-year-old.”As a hopelessly Western mother married into a Chinese family living in an area that generates immigrant prodigies as reliably as clouds produce rain, I was eager to observe the comeuppance of a parent who thought she had all the answers.And, in many ways, "Tiger Mother" did not disappoint. At night, I would nudge my husband awake to read him some of its more revealing passages, such as when author Amy Chua threatened to burn her older daughter's stuffed animals if the child didn't improve her piano playing. "What Chinese parents understand," Chua writes, "is that nothing is fun until you're good at it." By day, I would tell my own two daughters about how Chua threw unimpressive birthday cards back at her young girls and ordered them to make better ones. For a mother whose half-Chinese children played outside while the kids of stricter immigrant neighbors could be heard laboring over the violin and piano, the book can be wickedly gratifying. Reading it is like secretly peering into the home of a controlling, obsessive yet compulsively honest mother—one who sometimes makes the rest of us look good, if less remarkable and with less impressive offspring. Does becoming super-accomplished make up for years of stress? That's something my daughters and I will never find out.Chua is a law professor and author of two acclaimed books on international affairs, though readers of "Tiger Mother" get only a glimpse of that part of her life, with airy, tossed off-lines such as "Meanwhile, I was still teaching my courses at Yale and finishing up my second book" while also "traveling continuously, giving lectures about democratization and ethnic conflict." Her third book abandons global concerns to focus intimately on Chua's attempt to raise her two daughters the way her immigrant parents raised her. There would be no play dates and no sleepovers: "I don't really have time for anything fun, because I'm Chinese," one of Chua's daughters told a friend. Instead, there would be a total commitment to academics and expertise at something, preferably an instrument. Though Chua's Jewish husband grew up with parents who encouraged him to imagine—and to express himself, he nonetheless agreed to let her take the lead in rearing the children and mostly serves as the Greek chorus to Chua's crazed actions.In Chinese parenting theory, hard work produces accomplishment, which produces confidence and yet more accomplishment. As Chua note s, this style of parenting is found among other immigrant cultures, too, and I'm sure many Washington-area readers have seen it, if they don't employ it themselves. Chua's older daughter, Sophia, a pianist, went along with, and blossomed, under this approach. The younger daughter, Lulu, whose instrument of Chua's choice was a violin, was a different story. The turning point came when, after years of practicing and performing, Lulu expressed her hatred of the violin, her mother and of being Chinese. Chua imagined a Western parent’s take on Lulu's rebellion: "Why torture yourself and your child? What's the point? (I)knew as a Chinese mother I could never give in to that way of thinking." But she nevertheless allowed Lulu to abandon the violin. Given that the worst Lulu ever did was cut her own hair and throw a glass, my reaction was that Chua got off easy in a society where some pressured children cut themselves, become anorexic, refuse to go to school or worse. No one but an obsessive Chinese mother would consider her healthy, engaging and accomplished daughter deficient because the girl prefers tennis to the violin—but that's exactly the point.And, oh, what Chua put herself and her daughters through before she got to her moment of reckoning. On weekends, they would spend hours getting to and from music lessons and then come home and practice for hours longer. At night, Chua would read up on violin technique and fret about the children in China who were practicing 10 hours a day. (Did this woman ever sleep?) She insisted that her daughters maintain top grades—Bs, she notes, inspire a "screaming, hair-tearing explosion" among Chinese parents and the application of countless practice tests. She once refused to let a child leave the piano bench to use the bathroom. She slapped one daughter who was practicing poorly. She threatened her children not just with stuffed-animal destruction, but with exposure to the elements. She made them practice on trips to dozens of destinations, including London, Rome, Bombay and the Greek island of Crete, where she kept Lulu going so long one day that the family missed seeing the palace at Knossos.Sometimes, you're not quite sure whether Chua is being serious or deadpan. For example, she says she tried to apply Chinese parenting to the family's two dogs before accepting that the only thing they were good at was expressing affection. "Although it is true that some dogs are on bomb squads or drug-sniffing teams," she concluded, "it is perfectly fine for most dogs not to have a profession, or even any special skills." On the one hand, she seems aware of her shortcomings: She is, she notes, "not good at enjoying life," and she acknowledges that the Chinese parenting approach is flawed because it doesn't tolerate the possibility of failure. On the other hand, she sniffs that "there are all kinds of psychological disorders in the West that don't exist in Asia." When not contemptuous, some of her wry observations about Western-style child-rearing are spot-on: "Private schools are constantly trying to make learning fun by having parents do all the work," and sleepovers are "a kind of punishment parents unknowingly inflict on their children through permissiveness."Readers will alternately gasp at and empathize with Chua's struggles and aspirations, all the while enjoying her writing, which, like her kid-rearing philosophy, is brisk, lively and no-holds-barred. This memoir raises intriguing, sometimes uncomfortable questions about love, pride, ambition, achievement and self-worth that will resonate among success-obsessed parents. Is it possible, for example, that Chinese parents have more confidence in their children's abilities, or that they aresimply willing to work harder at raising exceptional children than Westerners are? Unfortunately, the author leaves many questions unanswered as her book limps its way to a conclusion, with Chua acknowledging her uncertainty about how to finish it and the family still debating the pros and cons of her approach (anyone hoping for a total renunciation of the Chinese approach will be disappointed).Ending a parenting story when one child is only 15 seems premature; in fact, it might not be possible to really understand the impact of Chua's efforts until her daughters have offspring of their own. Perhaps a sequel, or a series ("Tiger Grandmother"!) is in the works. But while this battle might not have been convincingly concluded, it's engagingly and provocatively chronicled. Readers of all stripes will respond to "Tiger Mother."Structure of the TextPart I (Paras. 1-2)The author, an Asian living in the United States, introduces himself as a ‘banana’.Part II (Paras. 3-5)The author describes how he believes Asians are generally viewed in the United States and how he views Asian values himself. It is clear that his overall attitude toward his cultural roots is negative. Part III (Paras. 6-8)The author agrees that Asians (especially Chinese) are over-represented in American elite schools and that, percentage-wise, more Chinese earn median family incomes than any other ethnic group in the United States. However, he does not accept the idea that the Chinese are “taking over” top American schools. He particularly ridicules the idea that the United States has to worry about a more general Chinese “takeover”, as Amy Chua’s book seems to suggest.Part IV (Paras. 9-14)In these paragraphs, the author tells the story of a Chinese American whose experience as a graduate of one of the most competitive high schools in the U.S. proves that while Asian overrepresentation in elite schools is a fact, the success of Asian students is not an indication of their higher intelligence but rather of their constant practice of test-taking. The fear that U.S. schools might become “too Asian” (too test-oriented) in response, narrowing students’ educational experience, has aroused general concern.Part V (Paras. 15-22)The author points out that the ethnic imbalance in elite schools is not only resented by white students and educators, but that even Asian students are beginning to raise serious doubts. They are tired of the crushing workload and believe there must be a better way. They envy their white fellow students who finally get to the top - strong, healthy, with a high level of academic achievement, and with time even for a girlfriend or boyfriend. They cannot help but still feel alienated in this society.Part VI (Paras. 23-28)In these Paragraphs, the author tells the story of another Chinese student who describes the subtle influence of his Chinese upbringing, which makes it difficult for him to be culturally assimilated.Part VII (Paras. 29-36)In these Paragraphs, the author discusses the problem of the “bamboo ceiling”—the fact that in spite of high academic achievement, virtually no Asians are found in the upper reaches of leadership. The author believes that this is because Asian upbringing fails to provide children with the requisite skills for leadership.Part VIII (Paras. 37-43)Between Para. 36 and Para. 37 in the original essay, there are many more case studies reflecting vividly the negative effects of Asian culture. But in order to limit the essay to a manageable length, we (the compilers) were unable to include them. Therefore, in this section, the essay comes to a somewhat abrupt conclusion.Interestingly enough, the author feels that the Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother is well worth reading although he does not agree with Amy Chua, because, in his opinion, the book provides all the material needed to refute what ‘the Tiger Mother’ stands for. More importantly, the author thinks that Amy Chua should be praised for her courage to speak out and defy American mainstream views.Detailed Study of the Text1. Millions of Americans must feel estranged from their own faces. But every self-estrangedindividual is estranged in his own way. (Para. 1)Millions of Americans must feel alienated (separated) from the essence of themselves by their own faces.The author is referring here to ethnic minority people in the United States, especially Asians.Note that “face” here does not refer to skin color or facial features alone, but also to cultural di fferences. His point is that these attributes force him into the category of “immigrant”, though he doesn’t feel like one.2. You could say that I am a banana. But while I don't believe our roots necessarily defineus, I do believe there are racially inflected assumptions wired into our neural circuitry. (Para. 2)A banana is white inside and yellow outside. The term is often used ironically to refer to anAsian American who is like all other non-Asian Americans people except for the color of his skin.The author admits that people can call him a banana, but he does not like it, because he does not believe his Asian roots determine who he is. However, he has to admit that there are racially inflected assumptions wired into many Asian Ame ricans’ neural circuitry.racially inflected assumptions: racially based prejudices, beliefs and ideaswired into our neural circuitry: deeply planted in our brains (in our minds)3. Here is what I sometimes suspect my face signifies to other Americans: An invisibleperson, barely distinguishable from a mass of faces that resemble it. A conspicuous person standing apart from the crowd and yet devoid of any individuality. An icon of so much that the culture pretends to honor but that it in fact patronizes and exploits. Not just people “who are good at math” and play the violin, but a mass of stifled, repressed, abused, conformist quasi-robots who simply do not matter, socially or culturally. (Para. 3) This is how I sometimes guess other Americans look at us. (This is what I sometimesthink my face means to other Americans.)An invisible person: a person much the same as others of the same group; a person who is hardly distinguishable; a person nobody will pay special attention todevoid of any individuality: without any individualityAsian culture is said to stress uniformity or conformity. The individual is encouraged to merge with the collective. Self-promotion or assertiveness is considered in bad taste whereas invisibility is regarded as a sign of modesty.icon：n. 偶像The successful Asian student has become a symbol to be worshipped.to patronize and exploit: to treat somebody in an offensively condescending manner and make use of him or herThe author says that American culture pretends to honor the ‘Tiger Child’ (the successful Asian) as an icon (a symbol of success and everything it represents), but actually it treats Asians in a condescending way and makes use of them.a mass of stifled, repressed, abused, conformist quasi-robots: a large number of peoplewho are not allowed to act or express themselves freely, treated in a harsh and harmful way, and made to behave similarly, like robots.do not matter socially or culturally: do not have much social or cultural importance.4. I've always been of two minds about this sequence of stereotypes. (Para. 4)of two minds: (BrE: in two minds) not decided or certain about something.this sequence of stereotypes: this series of stereotypes. On the one hand the author is angry that Asians should be viewed this way, and he thinks it racist, but on the other hand, he has to admit that these views do apply to many Asians.It is ironic to note that the author himself seems to be especially influenced by these racist prejudices. One may also wonder whether the stereotyped views some people have when they first encounter people of other races necessarily have devastating effects. For example, Chinese thought of Westerners as a mass of blue-eyed, yellow-haired, big-nosed, hairy chested aliens at one time. Fear of the unknown or unfamiliar is a common human reaction.5. Let me summarize my feelings toward Asian values: Damn filial piety. Damn gradegrubbing. Damn Ivy League mania. Damn deference to authority. Damn humility and hard work. Damn harmonious relations. Damn sacrificing for the future. Damn earnest, striving middle-class servility. (Para. 5)Now the author is talking about much more serious things. He is talking about his feelings toward Asian values rather than features or skin color, and his attitude is one of total rejection and condemnation. While we must realize that all cultures or civilizations have drawbacks, and we have every reason to listen to the bitter reactions of angry young Asians toward our shared culture, we should also remind ourselves that y oung people’s judgments may be hasty, imbalanced, and immature.Damn: Note that this word is generally considered extremely offensive and obscene in all its usages, and is therefore avoided, but here the author is so bitter that no other expression seems adequate. Indeed, he may have deliberately chosen this word to shock the Asian community, especially Asian parents.filial piety: love for, respect for, and obedience to one’s parentsgrade grubbing: striving for high academic scoresivy league mania: craze, obsession regarding entry to ivy league universitiesdeference to authority: respect for and submission to authorityhumility and hard work: modesty, humbleness; diligenceearnest striving middle-class servility: Middle-class people usually “hope t o rise and fear to fall” (Bunyan) and therefore work slavishly and behave submissively.One may wonder whether what the author describes here is racially determined or mainly a reflection of social and economic conditions. Many of the values listed above are similar to those of the American Puritans when obedience, respect for the old, diligence, thrift, simple living, family loyalty, discipline, and sacrifice were considered essential virtues.6. I understand the reasons Asian parents have raised a generation of children thisway. …This is a stage in a triumphal narrative, and it is a narrative that is much shorter than many remember. (Para. 6)The author says that he understands why Asian parents have raised their children this way. It is natural for most Asian parents to try to improve their children’s lives through education.a stage in a triumphal narrative: A stage (the beginning stage) of a success story. Andmany Asians have achieved success in a much shorter time than people realize.7. Asian American success is typically taken to ratify the American Dream and to provethat minorities can make it in this country without handouts. (Para. 7)to be taken to: to be considered toto make it: to succeed8.Still, an undercurrent of racial panic always accompanies the consideration of Asians,and all the more so as China becomes the destination for our industrial base and the banker controlling our burgeoning debt. （Para. 7）But there always exists a feeling of racial panic, though it may not be obvious, whenever people think of Asians. This undercurrent is now becoming stronger as more American industrial companies move their manufacturing base to China, and China has become the banker controlling our growing national debt.9. But if the armies of Chinese factory workers who make our fast fashion and iPadsterrify us, and if the collective mass of high-achieving Asian American students arouse an anxiety about the laxity of American parenting, what of the Asian American who obeyed everything his parents told him? Does this person really scare anyone? (Para. 7)The author is pointing out the contradiction here: If…, then what about…? It is clear that he doubts if there is any reason for Americans to be afraid of the Asian American who obeys everything his parents tell him. Children brought up in this submissive culture cannot pose any threat.fast fashion: This is a contemporary term used to refer to products designed and brought to market quickly in order to capture ever-changing fashion trends.10.Earlier this year, the publication of Amy Chua's Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother inciteda collective airing out of many varieties of race-based hysteria. But absent from themillions of words written in response to the book was any serious consideration ofwhether Asian Americans were in fact taking over this country. (Para. 8)to incite a collective airing out of many varieties of race-based hysteria: To provoke many people into stating openly various kinds of strong racist opinionsb ut absent from the millions of words…was any serious consideration…: But there wasno serious consideration in all these millions of words…11.I mean, I'm proud of my parents and my neighborhood and what I perceive to be myartistic potential or whatever, but sometimes I feel like I'm jumping the gun a generation or two too early. (Para. 9)The second sentence of this sentence means that I feel like I am changing into a new person a generation or two too early.This shows that the changes he has to make in response to a new cultural environment have come in conflict with his old cultural legacy, and he feels lost.12. I ride the 7 train to its last stop in Flushing, where the storefront signs are all written inChinese and the sidewalks are a slow-moving river of impassive faces. (Para. 10)the storefront signs: 店面招牌Note that Flushing (法拉盛) now has the largest Chinese community in New York city, larger than Chinatown.impassive faces: faces showing no emotionNote that etymologically, the word impassive is related to “passion” rather than “passive”.13. There are no set-asides for the underprivileged or, conversely, for alumni or otherprivileged groups. There is no formula to encourage “diversity” or any nebulous concept of “well-roundedness” or “character.” Here we have something like pure meritocracy. (Para. 12)set-asides: slots set aside for people in special categories 招生的保留名额for the underprivileged: 专为弱势群体（保留的名额）F or alumni or other privileged groups: 为校友及其他享有特权的团体（保留的名额）T here is no formula to encourage “diversity” or any nebulous concept of “well-roundedness” or “character.”：There are no special provisions to encourage diversity” (referring mainly to ethnic diversity, guaranteed by what was known as ‘affirmative action’) or any vague idea of “well-roundedness” (referring to set-asides for students with special athletic or other talents) or “character” (referr ing to set-asides for students of especially fine character, demonstrated, or example by community service.)Note that, according to the author, this school is different. It operates on the basis of something like pure meritocracy.meritocracy: a system in which advancement is determined only by ability and achievement.Here it refers particularly to a system of education in which admission to an educational institution, evaluation and promotion are all determined by ability and achievement (merit).14. This year, 569 Asian Americans scored high enough to earn a slot at Stuyvesant,a long with 179 whites, 13 Hispanics, and 12 blacks. Such dramatic overrepresentation,and what it may be read to imply about the intelligence of different groups of NewYorkers, has a way of making people uneasy. (Para. 13)to earn a slot: to get admitted into the school; to be allowed to enter the schoolslot: available position; opening; placedramatic over-representation: a disproportionately large percentage of those admitted15.But intrinsic intelligence, of course, is precisely what Asians don't believe in. (Para. 13)But Asians, of course, believe only in hard work. They don’t believe in natural intelligence.16.“Learning math is not about learning math,” an instructor at one called Ivy Prep wasquoted in The New York Times as saying. “It's about weightlifting. You are pumping the iron of math.” Mao puts it more specifically: “You learn quite simply to nail any standardized test you take.” (Para. 13)an instructor at one called Ivy Prep: a teacher at a school called Ivy Prep, meaning a school for preparing students to get into Ivy League universities.pumping the iron of math: lifting the iron of math, rather than an iron weight.Note that the author is playing on the slang expression “pumping iron”: to lift weights.to nail: to fix, secure, or make sure of, especially by quick action or concentrated effort.17. And so there is an additional concern accompanying the rise of the Tiger Children, onefocused more on the narrowness of the educational experience a non-Asian child might receive in the company of fanatically pre-professional Asian students. (Para. 14)an additional concern accompanying the rise of the Tiger Children: an additional worry related to the rise of high-achieving Asian American children.the narrowness of the educational experience: Non-Asian American parents are worried that their children’s education experience will be very narrow because they are surrounded by Asian students who are all obsessively pre-professional.pre-professional: Preparatory to the practice of a profession or a specialized field of study related to it.18. A couple of years ago, she revisited this issue in her senior thesis at Harvard, where sheinterviewed graduates of elite public schools and found that the white students regarded the Asian students with wariness. In 2005, The Wall Street Journal reported on “white flight” from a high school in Cupertino, California, that began soon after the childre n of Asian software engineers had made the place so brutally competitive that a B average could place you in the bottom third of the class. (Para. 14)to revisit the issue：to look at the issue again“w hite flight”: the fleeing (running away) of white studentsa B average could place you in the bottom third of the class: If your grade were no morethan B on average, then you would be quite likely to find yourself in the lowest third of the class.19.You could frame it as a simple issue of equality and press for race-blind quantitativeadmissions standards. In 2006, a decade after California passed a voter initiative outlawing any racial engineering at the public universities, Asians composed 46 percent of UC Berkeley's entering class; one could imagine a similar demographic reshuffling in the Ivy League, where Asian Americans currently make up about 17 percent of undergraduates. (Para. 16)to frame: to express in wordsto press for: to make a strong demand forrace-blind: treating different races equallyCompare: color-blindrace-blind quantitative admissions standards:没有种族歧视的招生名额原则racial engineering:designing a student body to reflect a pre-determined racial mix (the opposite of race-blind quantitative admissions standards)C ompare: social engineering; genetic engineeringto compose 46 percent: to make up/to represent 46 percentUC Berkeley's entering class：加州大学伯克利分校的新生班demographic reshuffling：changing the representation of component groups making up a larger group of people: in this case, changing the ethnic mix within the population of Ivy League undergraduates20.But the Ivies, as we all know, have their own private institutional interests a t stake intheir admissions choices, including some that are arguably defensible. Who can seriously claim that a Harvard University that was 72 percent Asian would deliver the same grooming for elite status its students had gone there to receive? (Para. 16)to hav e their… interests at stake: to have their… interests in danger/at risk/in jeopardy arguably defensible：It can be argued that some of those private interests are defensible.to deliver the same grooming: to give the same preparation for future elite employment and social position. grooming:梳理打扮21. He had always felt himself a part of a mob of “nameless, faceless Asian kids,” who were“like a part of the décor of the place.” (Para. 17)the décor of a place: the way the place is decorated22.“It's l ike, we're being pitted against each other while there are kids out there in theMidwest who can do way less work and be in a garage band or something—” (Para. 18) to pit us against each other: to force us to compete with each otherout there: used to say in a general way that someone or something existsway less: a lot less.Note that the word ‘way’ is an adverb here.or something: used to suggest another choice, etc., that is not specified.23.“The general gist of most high school movies is that the pretty cheerleader gets with thebig dumb jock, and the nerd is left to bide his time in loneliness. But at some point in the future,” he says, “the nerd is going to rule the world, and the dumb jock is going to work in a carwash”. (Para. 19)gist: the general or basic meaning of something said or written。
高级英文写作教程教师用书第2版
高级英文写作教程教师用书第2版教师的用书和学生的用书的话是有不同的，比如我们这本高级英文写作教程。
下面是店铺给大家整理的高级英文写作教程教师用书，供大家参阅!高级英文写作教程教师用书介绍高级英文写作教程(教师用书)(第2版)《高级英文写作教程(教师用书)(第2版)》以美国康涅狄格大学(University of Connecticut)的Thomas Kane和Leonard Peters编写的Writing Prose为蓝本精心改编而成。
让学生通过细致地阅读经典英语作品，锻炼驾驭英语语言的能力。
名家名作，语言优美考究，写作风格多样;名师讲解，介绍作品背景，分析语言难点;读写结合，培养欣赏能力，提高写作水平。
高级英文写作教程教师用书目录Lesson 1. The Delicate Art of the ForestLesson 2. The Emotive Component of MeaningLesson 3. The Big Bull MarketLesson 4. The Evil of My TaleLesson 5. Oxford as I See ItLesson 6. PedantryLesson 7. PlotLesson 8. Loneliness——An American MaladyLesson 9. The Population of Augustan RomeLesson 10. General George Armstrong CusterLesson 11. Our Unfortunate ConvictsLesson 12. The Third Knight´s SpeechLesson 13. Social Responsibility in Science and ArtLesson 14. The DelicatessenLesson 15. Chestnut StreetLesson 16. TouristsLesson 17. Golden GoaLesson 18. The Boston MerchantLesson 19. Mr. and Mrs. XLesson 20. John MasefieldLesson 21. My Average UncleLesson 22. The Unicorn in the GardenLesson 23. The Last FiestaLesson 24. Willie StoneLesson 25. Short TripLesson 26. Education os PhilosophyLesson 27. JohnsonLesson 28. Street Haunting——A London AdventureLesson 29. The Evolutionary AppetiteLesson 30. Young JoanLesson 31. Courtesy to Readers——Clarity高级英文写作范文：A survey on performance of our departmentA survey on performance of our department which is Customer Service, was carried out amount employees and customers. A few findings are developed in this following report.First of all, to start with positive points, it was reported that management fosters team spirit, and it is well followed by employees. Moreover, excellent feedbacks from our customers were received, they were all fully satisfied with services provided to them. In addition, sales results exceeded plan this year, which refect our effectiveness.Secondly, unfortunately, there is still weaknesses which could be improved. For instance, the questionnaire sent to employees outlines the lack of motivation within our team, people don’t work with gusto. Likewise, they all complain about a lack ofcommunication between Technical Service and Sales Department, which can affect our customers. Our competitors may take advantage of it.Finally, I am confident that we can achieve improvement. Regarding the lack of motivation I would recommend our Human Resources department to review their salary statements, indeed, Employees fell a bit of gap between their salary and the ongoing rate, thus pay people what they worth. Moreover, praise people and publically recognize their individual performance and leader should define clearly each employee objectives.In terms of communication, I suggest that our management leader start setting up regular meeting including sales and technical people and foster open dialogue.。
英语写作基础教程课件.
Word division (P2)
-le Single letter Two-letter ending Hyphen Double consonants The last word of a page
20
Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
Capitalization 1. proper names 2. key words in titles 3. the first words of sentences
right
12
ArrangementBiblioteka 13Arrangement
14
Arrangement
Hyphen
-
Article
a/an/the
Preposition of/in/at/on…
Coordinating conjunctions and/or/but….
Infinitives
to+…
Question mark ?
Quotation mark “…”
15
Task 1 P2
1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe? 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty 4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching english as a foreign
1. A comma is used to join clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet ) 2. A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase. 3. Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence.
新一代大学英语综合教程2 教师用书-U3
3 60
10 销售人员们，不要仅仅告诉你的目标客户“XX 很重要”，应该用“你会看到 XX 的重要性”来说服他们。 谈判时，也不要说“结果将会是……”，要让他们知道，“如果你……，你会看到结果。”
11 用“你”开头即使对街头的陌生人也同样奏效。有一次，我开着车在旧金山的街头完全迷了路，我问 路边的行人金门大桥怎么走。我拦下一对正在艰难爬坡的夫妇。“劳驾，”我隔着车窗喊道，“我找不到 金门大桥了。”那对夫妇交换了一下眼神，耸了耸肩，脸上写满“这些旅游的人到底有多蠢”。丈夫直 指前方，咕哝道：“那边。”
8 然而，第二种方式的“老板，我周五不来，您这边可以吗？”恰好替老板作了打算。这种措辞使老板 觉得无须你在她自己搞定是一件值得自豪的事。她会对自己说：“当然，周五没有你帮忙我照样行。”
9 “唯‘你’独尊”还会丰富你的社交语言。对于男士们来说，假如有位女士赞赏你的衣着，哪一种会让 你觉得更热情？是“我喜欢你的衣服”还是“你穿上这件衣服显得很帅气”？做商务展示的行家里手也 把“唯‘你’独尊”的优势发挥到了极致。假设你在讲话，一位观众提了一个问题。如果你说“这是 个好问题”，他固然开心；但如果你说“你提了一个好问题”，想想他会有多得意。
4 哦，其实爱斯基摩人也并没有那么多词汇来形容雪。
5 其实，科学家们也很难证明语言能够影响思维，因此，在 1994 年，著名心理学家史迪芬·平克提 出“沃尔夫假说”已死。自那之后，“沃尔夫假说”也经历过短暂回温。例如，莱拉·博罗迪特斯基 和她的同事们发现，俄语里将浅蓝和深蓝视作基本色，因此，讲俄语的人能更迅速地区分不同程度的 蓝色。
学术英语(第二版)综合教师手册unit3
Unit 3 Business EthicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 3, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in groups and complete the task in Lead-in. Then choose some groups to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys (Suggested Answers)1.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as a self-regulatingbusiness model that helps a company be socially accountable —to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. In other words, it is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.2.Text AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•economic system•free enterprise2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the features of the two versions of Adam Smith’s theory bydoing Task 1 in Critical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.economic systemAn economic system is a system for producing, distributing and consuming goods and services, including the combination of the various institutions, agencies, consumers, entities that comprise the economic structure of a given society or community. It also includes how these various agencies and institutions are linked to one another, how information goes between them, and the social relations within the system.Two of the basic and general economic systems are market economy and planned economy. Market economy is an economic system in which businesses and individuals decide what to produce and buy, and the market determines quantities sold and prices, whereas planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency.Although a planned economy may be based on either centralized or decentralized forms of economic planning, it usually refers to a centrally planned economy.2.free enterpriseFree enterprise refers to the system of business in which individuals are free to decide what to produce, how to produce, and at what price to sell.Language Support1.Most academics today subscribe to the following modified version of AdamSmith’s theory:…(Para. 2)In the text, the phrase “subscribe to”means “agreeing with or supporting (an opinion, theory, etc.)”（同意；赞成）.e.g. I subscribe to the idea that voting is my civic duty.She subscribes to the theory that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded andothers were cold-blooded.It can also refer to “paying money to get (a publication or service) regularly”（订阅）.e.g. I subscribe to several magazines.We have subscribed to an evening newspaper.2.These constraints take a number of different forms. …Another set ofconstraints …(Para. 3)Two recent examples dramatically illustrate these points. First, …(Para. 3) Classification is employed to organize things into categories with a single organizing principle, and give examples of things that fit into each category. Here are other commonly-used words and expressions for classification:•The first (kind/type/group/class/etc.) …; the second …; the third …•sort, classify, categorize …•category, group, class, kind …3.Saving the financial system required a bailout of the banks and otherfinancial companies, and that bailout imposed huge costs on the taxpayers, and also helped push the economy into a deep recession. (Para. 5)impose sth. on sb.:i) force something on someone把......强加于e.g. He always imposes his opinion on others.ii) levy a tax or duty征税e.g. It is therefore necessary for governments to impose a higher tax on this kindof food.Here is another usage of the word “impose”:impose on sb.:i) force oneself on others强加于人e.g. Thanks for your offer to help, but I did not want to impose on you.ii) take unfair advantage of 利用e.g. Don’t you think you are imposing on your neighbor when you use histelephone for half an hour?4.be true to one’He is always true to his word and focused on the big picture.Ninety days later, true to his word, the goldsmith brought the crown.5.To date, Buffett has contributed more than $6 billion, and over time he isscheduled to contribute additional stock that is now worth in excess of $40 billion. (Para. 7)in excess of: greater than, more than 超过e.g. Luggage in excess of 100 kg will be charged extra.This plane can reach speeds in excess of 1000 kilometers an hour.Answer KeysCritical reading and thinkingTask 1 / Overview1The original version：The invisible hand; Profit maximization; Free enterprise systemThe modified version:the wealth of its stockholders; the best economic system; constraints2Argument 11) a wide range of regulations are imposed2) assessing costs on companies; BP oil spillArgument 21) behave ethically; value and reputation2) Don’t Be Evil3) creative capitalism4) contributed more than $6 billionTask 2 / Points for discussion (Suggested Answers)11) Yes, I agree. Because:• Earning profit is the main aim of every economic activity. A business is an economic activity and hence, its main aim should be to earn profit.• Profit is a measure of eff iciency and economic prosperity of the business. This justifies the concept of profit maximization.• Economic conditions do not remain the same all the time. A business can retain its profit so that it can survive the adverse situations in the future. Profit gives protection against future risks and uncertainties.• Profit is the main source of finance for growth and expansion. Profit is essential for the business in order to invest in new business propositions.• Profitability is essential for fulfilling the social goals of the business. With profit maximization a business can do socio-economic welfare and follow its policies of corporate social responsibility.2) No, I don’t agree. Because:Business should do anything they can to make a profit, but never at the cost of human welfare and natural environment. Human welfare must be considered as important as profit making. A business is successful to the extent that it provides a product that contributes to happiness in all forms. As a matter of fact, the great value of a business should be morally associated with consumer’s satisfaction and safety. On the other hand, businesses of great value should not be blind to their moral obligations of protecting the natural environment.2 Yes, it is a very effective way for society to impose such regulations to prevent companies from engaging in practices that hurt society. For most businesses their ultimate goal is to make profits. It is true that most businessmen try to abide by the laws while making profits. However we have to admit that there are some who use every means to make as much money as possible, even regardless of the interests ofemployees, communities, and environment. Therefore, the regulations such as penalties and suspension for internal rectification should be imposed to deter companies from unlawful practices.3 Yes, having a good reputation with customers, suppliers, employees and regulators is essential if value is to be maximized. Business success is associated with many entities, such as customers, suppliers, employees and regulators. If customers are satisfied with your products and service, they will be loyal to your company. If suppliers provide you with qualified products, your business will operate well. If employees are treated well, they will work very hard and are willing to be part of your company. If regulators are certain that your company acts fairly and follows rules, your company will develop sustainably. All above depends on whether the business is continually operating with society’s interests in mind and maintaining a good reputation.Language building-upAnswer keysTask 1 / Specialized vocabulary11 纳税人2 自由企业制度3 股东4 经济体制5 市场力量；市场调节作用6 金融机构7 stock price 8 mission9 corporate motto 10 assets11 profit maximization 12 financial system21 financial institutions2 free enterprise system3 assets4 Taxpayers5 stockholder6 profit maximization7 economic system 8 market forcesTask 2 / Academic vocabulary1. principal2. dramatically3. academics4. maximization5. framework6. range7. compensate 8. transfer9. inadequate 10. constraintsTask 3 / Collocations1. subscribe to2. striving to3. imposing …on4. go out of business5. as a whole6. engaged in7. go hand in hand with 8. in excess ofTask 4 / Formal English1 insights2 subscribe to3 imposes4 adverse5 mission6 philanthropic7 donated 8 famedTranslation of Text A达到适当的平衡在1776年，亚当·斯密描述了一只“看不见的手”是如何引导企业追求利润的，而这只手会引导企业做出有利于社会的决策。
现代大学英语中级写作上Unit PPT课件
Yes，I think they are. How does the process analysis end?
第第1十3三页页，/共共171页7。页
Task 1 Activity 2
Unit 2
Outline
• Introduction(Paras.1-2): background information
第第8八页页，/共共171页7。页
现代 Contemporary College English 大学(dàxué)英语
(xià Organization of a process npdaàpie)r
Intrp 1
Step 2
Step 3 Step 4
Conclusion
Contents
Task 1
Process analysis expository essay writing
Task 2
Process analysis expository essay Reading activity
第第1一页页，/共共171页7。页
Content
What is Process Analysis? What is Process Analysis used for? • What are the major types of Process Analysis? • How to write a good process paper? • How to organize a process paper?
3) She began to sell the fluid,but the sales were
现代大学英语基础写作课件
Observer
objective
Narration
The third person point of view
the objective/dramatic —只叙述故事, 不描写心理
the limited omniscient(=all knowing)/limited —仅描写其中一 个角色心理
• 2.subordination • (从属)
Subordinating conjunctions
After,although,as,b ecause,before,if,si nce,though,unless, until,when,where,w hile
Relative pronouns
Differences between summarizing
essay The main ideas
story The main action
In logical order (逻辑顺序)
In chronological order (事情发展顺序)
Summary--Use narration to describe a person
• Summary • Paragraph • Narration • Description
Content
Summary Writing
• 1.What a short piece of writing----the main facts or ideas of a story or article
• 2.How • it is complete (beginning-middle-end) • only important details • as little conversation as possible • link words and expressions
大学英语写作基础教程
大学英语写作基础教程本书内容安排循序渐进，由浅入深，具有很强的针对性和实用性。
本书可作为本、专科院校大学英语教学的配套教材或选修课教材，或用作英语专业低年级写作教材，也可用作TOEFL或研究生等人员的写作辅导教材。
同时还可供大学英语教师及广大英语爱好者参考和阅读。
编辑推荐本书根据最新的教学大纲要求编写，采用循序渐进的方式，从遣词造句、段落写作到篇章完成，深入浅出地带领学生走过每一个写作环节，以弥补大学英语教学部分的不足，使学生扎实地掌握写作技巧，最终达到提高书面表达能力的目的。
全书内容丰富，系统条理，实用性和针对性强，是知识与技能的融合。
每章后都配有练习，便于讲练结合。
本书是为非英语专业大学生编写的英语写作教程。
全书共五章，系统地介绍了各种写作知识和技能。
第一、二章介绍了写作中如何遣词造句及常见错误分析。
第三章讨论了如何写好段落。
第四章介绍了如何进行篇章的写作。
第五章介绍了常见题型及写作技巧。
各章均配有练习，书末附有练习答案。
第一章遣词用字第一节词的类型练习1—1第二节词的意义练习1—2第三节一般词汇与具体词汇练习1—3第四节词的修辞格练习 1—4第五节习语与搭配练习 1一5第二章组词造句练习2—1第二节句子类型练习2—2第三节好句子的标准练习2—3第四节常见错误分析练习2—4/58第三章段落写作第一节段落的模式练习3—1第二节段落的基本特征练习3—2第三节段落的展开方法练习3-3第四章篇章写作第一节篇章结构练习4-1第二节写作步骤练习4-2第三节篇章类型练习4-3第五章常见作文题型及写作技巧第一节段首句作文练习5-1练习5-2第三节关键词作文练习5-3第四节命题作文练习5-4第五节图表作文练习5-5第六节应用文练习5-6参考答案参考文献看过的人还：感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
Unit 3 (E英语教程(第二版)教师用书 4
Unit 3Listening and speakingPronunciation and listening skillsScriptsNowadays, people have easy access to smart phones and computers so they can play video games whenever they want. Video game addiction has been taken as a serious problem since it affects millions of people around the world. The exact cause of video game addiction has not been found yet. But some researchers said that it was probably because the process of playing and winning the games kept people in a good mood. As to the effects of video game addiction, a common one is the isolation and withdrawal from social experiences. Having only online interactions with other players can lead to a lack of social skills in real-life settings. As a result, the players’ real personal relations may suffer.Keys1 since2 because3 lead to4 As a resultNews reportScriptsTrash and garbage are other words for waste. In San Francisco, they are also words for art. A local recycling company created a program to give artists the opportunity to reuse unwanted objects. Artists are paid to work for four months on transforming things like old tires, toys and paint. Ma Li is one of the artists. She is working on a project that involves plastic bottles, cardboard tubes and cloth. These objects are then turned into a moving sculpture. A gallery in Los Angeles is displaying some of the art from the project. The show includes pictures made from pieces of labels, sculptures from old metal, and used saws that have been cut to look like trees.Keys1 A2 C3 CConversationScriptsMan: You know, I’m thinking about getting a dog.Woman: Good idea! Dogs are lovely and usually very loyal.Man:Yes, that’s why I want to raise a dog. Any advice?Woman: Well, the first thing you need to do is prepare a doghouse.Man:OK, I’ll go to a pet shop and buy one. I heard that dogs should be walked every day. Is that true?Woman: Yes, that’s especially true for big dogs which need lots of exercise. It’s troublesome but fun. Man:OK, I’ll try to do it.Woman:Besides, don’t forget to take dog waste bags to pick up its poop when you walk your dog. Man: Sure. By the way, do dogs need to be vaccinated?Woman: Of course. It’s quite important to give your dog vaccinations. The pet shop owner will tellyou where to have it done.Man: I see. Thanks for your advice!Keys11 T2 F3 T4 T21 the first thing you need to do2don’t forget to3It’s quite important to3S ample conversationsSituation 1Alex: Hi, Sam. I find it difficult to keep fit.Sam: Why do you say that?Alex: Although I often do physical exercise, it is not easy to stay in shape. Could you please give me some advice?Sam: Sure. The first thing you need to do is try to make a practical plan according to your own needs. Second, choose the right amount and intensity of exercise. Last but not least, stick to your plan.Alex: OK. What else do I need to do?Sam: A healthy lifestyle is also very important, like getting enough sleep and having a balanced diet. Alex: I see. Thanks a lot!Situation 2Mary:It seems that I’m a plant killer. I like having plants in my room, but I find it difficult to grow them.Kate: What happened?Mary: I have tried to grow many kinds of plants, but they all died in the end.Kate: No matter how much care and attention you give to plants, they aren’t going to thrive if you don’t know their specific needs. Asparagus fern (文竹), for example, likes shade. You’d better not put it in the sun for too long.Mary: You are right. Do you have other suggestions?Kate:Make sure the pot you are using is big enough. Plants need room to grow. Don’t forget to water the plants only as often as needed. Watering too little or too much will kill the plants. Mary:I’ve never thought about that. Thanks for your great suggestions.PassageScriptsDo you know angelfish? They are one of the most brightly colored fishes in the sea, and people like to keep them as pets because of the elaborate patterns on their bodies. It’s always enjoyable to see them swimming. The Bellus Angelfish is one of the types which can be raised at home as pets. Theycan be kept in male-female pairs or live in small groups. It is OK to have a number of female fish in each group, but there should be only one male fish in it. This is because male fish may fight with other males. Perhaps the most interesting thing about Bellus Angelfish is that they are one of the few angelfish that can change from female to male! The change happens for a specific reason. If the male fish dies or disappears, the leading female angelfish in the group begins to change both of her gender and appearance. And, about two weeks later, the change can be complete!Keys11 T2 F3 F4 T21 D2 B3 B3（略）ReadingPassage ALanguage points1. I was recently involved in a debate concerning the topic of how many people appear to make value judgments on art based on knowledge of the artist’s personality, beliefs, and life choices. (Para. 1)be involved in: to do things and be part of an activity or event 参加……；参与……e.g. The financier was involved in a number of projects in his hometown.concerning:prep. about or relating to 关于e.g. We have several questions concerning the report.value judgment:n. a decision or judgment about how good something is, based on opinions not facts 价值判断e.g. I’m not going to make a value judgment about her lifestyle.knowledge: n. the fact that you know that something is happening 知道；了解e.g. The staff had no knowledge that the company was in trouble.2. It made me think, “Does the personal life of an artist play a part in how we view his or her artwork for better or for worse?” (Para. 1)play a part / role in (doing) sth.: if sth. plays a part in sth., it is one of the several causes that make it happen or be successful 起作用；有影响e.g. This innovation has played a part in the company’s success.for better or (for) worse: used for showing that you do not know whether an action, situation, or change will have good or bad results 不论好坏；不管怎样e.g. I decided to follow her advice, for better or (for) worse.3. Sometimes it does seem that people critique art solely on what they know about the artist in question instead of focusing on the art itself. (Para. 2)critique:v. to judge whether sb. or sth. is good or bad 评论e.g. Afterwards, the rest of the group will critique your presentation.solely:ad. only, and not involving anyone or anything else 仅仅地；唯一地；单独地e.g. I shall hold you solely responsible for anything that goes wrong.in question: the person, thing, time, etc. in question is the one that you are talking about 所提到的；正在谈论的e.g. The photograph in question was taken long before I met you.4. The same can be said about Pablo Picasso regarding the volatile relationships he had. (Para. 2)regarding:prep. about or relating to 关于；至于；就……而论e.g. He refused to tell us any information regarding the man’s address.volatile: a. a volatile situation is likely to change suddenly and without much warning 易变的；动荡不定的e.g. People are afraid to change jobs in today’s volatile economy.5. … would people experience strong emotions when viewing his paintings if they were not aware of his struggles and suicide? (Para. 2)[Note] 该句使用了虚拟语气，表示文中所述的是与现在事实不符的假设。
大学英文写作 第二版 UNIT3
Keys to Task 4
1.
1) first, Now
2) the first thing, and then
3) as a result
4) therefore
5) besides
6) For instance
7) because
8) but, Instead
Unit 3 Cohesion
OBJECTIVES
To make students be aware: of the difference between coherent writing
and incoherent writing that the appropriate use of connections could make broken sentences a coherent text;
Keys to Practice 1
8) As the weary inhabitants of Beirut struggle to rebuild their warravaged (被战争毁坏的) city, evidence is emerging that it faces another threat. In AD 551 ancient Beirut was levelled, not by civil war but by a natural disaster. Some historians think the disaster was wrought by tsunamis (飓风、海啸) triggered by earthquakes elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean. But new archaeological excavations in downtown Beirut point strongly towards a local event—an earthquake so severe that scarcely a pillar, column or arch of the city built by the Romans was left standing. What’s more though the standard wisdom is that the city should escape the worst of the region’s quakes, research published this month reveals an active earthquake fault running right through its heart.
现代大学英语精读6第二版教师用书-Unit-3
Unit3What Is News?Neil Postman and Steve PowersStructure of the TextPart I <Para. 1>In this beginning paragraph, the authors state the purpose of the essay.Part II <Para. 2>Some people might define the news as what television directors and journalists say it is. The authors, however, think that this definition is too simplistic.Part III <Paras. 3–5>In these paragraphs, the authors explain why the news cannot be simply defined as "what happened that day〞or "what happened that day that was important and interesting〞.Part IV <Paras. 6–11>In these paragraphs, the authors tell readers that the news is more often made rather than gathered, and it is made on the basis of what the journalist thinks important or what the journalist thinks the audience thinks is important. Therefore, every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story.Part V <Paras. 12–15>In these paragraphs, the authors point out that to make sense of the news, the viewer has to know something about the journalist’s political beliefs as well as his prejudices, interests, and quirks which are, in turn, influenced by his financial status, the companies he has worked for, the schools he went to, the books he has read, etc.Part VI <Paras. 16–17>In these paragraphs, the authors point out that the journalist cannot always impose his/her views on the general public because the television channel or newspaper cannot survive unless the news they provide satisfies the needs of the general public. On the other hand, the viewer/reader must also take into account his or her relationship to a larger audience because television and newspapers are mass media and their news is not intended for an audience of one.Part VII <Paras. 18–20>In these paragraphs, the authors discuss some other possible definitions of news: news as something to give people pleasure; news as something instructive that reveals the mores, values, and ideals of a society; news as living history; news as a source of literature; news as a reflection of human pain, suffering, tragedies and confusion; news as something to inspire people and make them optimistic; news as something to frighten people and make them aware of the seamy side of the reality; last but not least, news as a filler between commercials.Part VIII <Para. 21>In this paragraph, the authors conclude the essay by reiterating their purpose in raising the issue "What is news?〞It is to arouse our interest and help us understand the problems, limitations, traditions, motivations, and even the delusions of the television news industry.Detailed Study of theText1. We turn to this question because unless a television viewer has considered it, he or she is in danger of too easily accepting someone else’s definition—for example, a definition supplied by the news director of a television station; or even worse, a definition imposed by important advertisers.<Para. 1>news director: <电视台>新闻节目负责人advertisers: In many countries in the West, television stations largely depend on selling air time to advertisers for their revenue. Therefore, important advertisers can often impose their views and interests on the news supplied by television stations.viewer：Someone who is watching a movie, a television program, or an exhibitionCompare:audience:a group of people who watch, read, or listen to somethingspectator:a person who watches an event, show, game, or activity2. A simplistic definition of news can be drawn by paraphrasing Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’ famous definition of the law. The law, Holmes said, is what the courts say it is… we might say that the news is what television directors and journalists say it is.<Para. 2> Americans generally accept Holmes’ famous definition of the law because they agree that laws must allow for the new interpretations necessary to meet the challenges of a changing nation and a changing world. But to propose a definition of the news by para phrasing Holmes’ definition of the law probably commits the logical error of false analogy. For example, it would not make much sense if we were to say politics is what politicians say it is, or education is what teachers say it is. simplistic: disapproving too simple; not complete or sufficiently thoroughNothing more. Nothing less. : As simple as that; no more, no less.in similar fashion: in the similar way; likewise; by the similar token3. But if we were to take that approach, on what basis would we say that we haven’t been told enough? Or that a story that should have been covered wasn’t? Or that too many stories of a certain type were included? Or that a reporter gave a flagrantly biased account? <Para. 2>The fact that people are often unsatisfied with news reporting implies that people have different ideas about what news should be.flagrantly biased: obviously and unquestionably biased4. In modifying their answer, most will add that the news is "important and interesting things that happened that day.〞This helps a little but leaves open the question of what is "important and interesting〞and how that is decided.<Para. 3>It is all right to say that news consists of the important things that happened that day. Butimportant to whom? In what sense? For what reason?but leaves open the question: but does not give an answer to the question5.Of course, some people will say that the question of what is important and interesting is not in the least problematic. What the President says or does is important; wars are important, rebellions, employment figures, elections, appointments to the Supreme Court. <Para. 4>This is an interesting example of hasty generalization. It is true that what important people say or do is often important, but we can’t jump to the conclusion that everything they say or do is always important. On the other hand, sometimes even what happens to someone completely unknown can escalate to a serious crisis. People call that "the Butterfly Effect.〞problematic: causing a problem; questionable; uncertain6. Now, there is a great deal to be said for Saran Wrap. <Para. 4>Now, it’s true that Saran Wrap is very useful.7.Saran Wrap is not news. The color of Liz Taylor’s wrap is. Or so some people believe. <Para. 4>Note that the authors are making a word play on the word "wrap,〞which has different meanings.8. We shall never learn about these people either, however instructive or interesting their stories may have been.<Para. 5>We will never hear anything about these people either, no matter how instructive or interesting their stories may have been.instructive: providing knowledge or information; educational9.Of course, there are some events—the assassination of a president, an earthquake, etc.—that have near universal interest and consequences. But most news does not inhere in the event.<Para. 6>to inhere in sth.: formal to be a natural part of sth.; to be inherent in sth.10. In fact, the news is more often made rather than gathered. <Para. 6>In fact, often the news is not something out there for you to pick up; you have to decide what information is newsworthy and make it into news.11．Is a story about a killing in Northern Ireland more important than one about a killing in Morocco?<Para. 6>For Americans of Irish background, the answer will most likely be yes. It is said that the relative importance of an event is often determined by the relative distance of its occurrenceto the person involved.12．…every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story. The reporter’s previous assumptions about what is "out there〞edit what he or she thinks is there. <Para. 6>If news stories were just facts, and facts speak for themselves, then all news stories, though written by different people, would be the same. But news stories are actually all different because every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story, and every reporter has previous assumptions <beliefs, points of view, and biases> which affect what he/she thinks is there.to edit: to decide what will be included or left out, as editors do in preparing, printing, broadcasting, etc.13．The answers to all of these questions, as well as to other questions about the event, depend entirely on the point of view of the journalist. You might think this is an exaggeration, that reporters, irrespective of their assumptions, can at least get the facts straight. <Para. 7> irrespective of: regardless of; without thinking about or consideringAll government officials, irrespective of their rank, must disclose their property.We pursue the diplomatic policy of the five principles of peaceful coexistence in our relationship with all countries irrespective of their size or political s ystem.to get the facts straight:to find out what the facts are without making mistakesnow-defunct: now-dead; now no longer existing or functioningtofeature a story: to give a story a prominent place in a newspaper or television news show 14．…who thus earn their 35 rubles a month in lieu of "relief〞… <Para. 8>Instead of receiving government relief, they are given jobs by the government so that they canearn their money. <这是以工代赈的政策>in lieu of: instead of<government> relief：money that is given to poor people by the government <政府>救济15．…it was the policy of the Journal to highlight the contrast between the primitive Russian economy and the sophisticated American economy. <Para. 11>the Journal: This refers to the newspaper The Wall Street Journal, mentioned above.to highlight: to make people notice or be aware of somethingsophisticated: <the opposite of primitive> highly developed and complex 高级的,复杂的16．Each of our senses is a remarkably astute censor. We see what we expect to see; often, we focus on what we are paid to see. And those who pay us to see usually expect us to accept their notions not only of what is important but of what are important details. <Para. 11>We have five sense organs, and they are all extremely sharp censors.censor: a person who examines books, movies, newspapers, etc. and removes things considered by the authorities to be offensive, immoral, or harmful to society <Note the personification of the word> .We do not see or hear everything. We only see or hear what we expect to see or hear because we have been trained that way. We have been paid by our bosses to see or hear what they expect us to see or hear. We have been made to accept our bosses’ notion of what is interesting and important. 17．"We’d have complete dossiers on the interests, policies, and idiosyncrasies of the owners. Then we’d have a dossier on every journalist in the world. The interests, prejudices, and quirks of the owner would equal Z. The prejudices, quirks, and private interests of the journalist Y. Z times Y would give you X, the probable amount of truth in the story.〞<Para. 12>Here the French writer Albert Camus, quoted by A. J. Liebling, is using a mathematic formula to express the relationship between the interests, prejudices and quirks of a newspaper owner, and those of the journalists, and the probable amount of truth in a news story.Z x Y = XHere, Z = the interests, prejudices, and quirks of the ownerY = the interests, prejudices, and quirks of the journalistsX = the truth probability of the newsDossiers <on>: files <of>; records <of>18．The host might say something like this: "To begin with, this station is owned by Gary Farnsworth, who is also the president of Bontel Limited, the principal stockholder of which is the Sultan of Bahrain. Bontel Limited owns three Japanese electronic companies, two oil companies, the entire country of Upper Volta, and the western part of Romania. …〞<Para.13>The implied suggestion is that this television station is quite likely to be biased in its news reporting, reflecting the interests of those who control its finances.19．"The anchorman on the television show earns $800,000 a year; his portfolio includes holdings in a major computer firm. He has a bachelor’s degree in journa lism from the University of Arkansas but was a C+ student, has never taken a course in political science, and speaks no language other than English. Last year, he read only two books—a biography of Cary Grant and a book of popular psychology called Why Am I So Wonderful? … <Para.13>The implication here is that the opinions of the anchorman on a television show are strongly influenced by his financial status, his source of income, the education he has received, and the books he has read.anchorman <anchorwoman>:<chiefly in the US> a man or woman who presents and coordinates a television news program <电视和广播电台>新闻节目主持人Compare:broadcaster:播音员host：〔游戏,访谈节目〕主持人portfolio：a range of investments held by a person or organization 全部投资；投资组合holdings：financial assets; land, property, or shares in a company拥有的财产20. "The reporter who covered the story on Yugoslavia speaks Serbo-Croatian, has a degree in international relations, and has had a Neiman Fellowship at Harvard University.〞<Para.13>A reporter who speaks the language, has a degree in a related field, and has done research on journalism at a distinguished university can naturally be expected to be more competent to cover the story on Yugoslavia than one without these qualifications.21. What we are saying is that to answer the question "What is news?〞a viewer must know something about the political beliefs and economic situation of those who provide the news.<Para. 15>The point we are trying to make is that a viewer must know something about the political beliefs and economic situation of those who supply the news if he/she wants to answer the question "What is news?〞Note here that the news reporter’s economic situation refers to his/her financial status as well as the way his/her living is made, becaus e a person’s vested interest <his/her personal stake in an undertaking, especially with an expectation of financial or other gain> often affects his/her point of view.22. There is, in fact, a point of view that argues against journalists imposing their own sense of significance on an audience.…What’s our point? A viewer must not only know what he or she thinks is significant but others believe is significant as well. <Para. 16>to keep their own opinions to themselves:To keep their own opinions secret; not to announce their own opinionsto advise them of what is important: to instruct them in what is important; to teach them what is importantNote that with the verb "advise〞, the preposition "of〞is used, and "to advisesomebody of something〞is not to be confused with "to advise somebody to do something〞.Liz Taylor’s adventures in marriage: This refers to the actress’s unusually numerous marriages, which were a favorite subject of social gossip at the time.A viewer must not only know what he or she thinks is significant but others believe is significant as well: This may be clearer if we repeat the word "what〞after "but〞.23. Television is a mass medium, which means that a television news show is not intended for you alone. It is public communication, and the viewer needs to have some knowledge and opinions about "the public.〞<Para. 17>In defining news it is important for us to remember that a mass medium is not for any single individual alone. It is for the general public, and in a pluralistic society, p eople’s interests andneeds differ. Therefore, viewers must take this fact into consideration and respect the right of other people to be different.24. And this leads to another difficulty in answering the question "What is news?〞Some might agree with us that Liz Taylor’s adventures in marriage do not constitute significant events but that they ought to be included in a news show precisely for that reason. Her experiences, they may say, are amusing or diverting, certainly engrossing. In other words, the purpose of news should be to give people pleasure, at least to the extent that it takes their minds off their own troubles.…<Para. 18>This is looking at news from a different perspective. It says that many people read the news not for being educated or enlightened, but simply for entertainment. This may not be the most important purpose of the mass media, but we can’t say it is illegitimate. The question "What is news?〞is now becoming increasingly complicated.they want relief, not aggravation: People want the news to give them some relief–meaning here the removal of something painful or unpleasantrather than its opposite, aggravation, which makes the painful or unpleasant situation even worse.to take their minds off their own troubles: to make them forget their own troubles25. It is also said that whether entertaining or not, stories about the lives of celebrities should be included because they are instructive; they reveal a great deal about our society—its mores, values, ideals. <Para. 18>Even if stories about the lives of celebrities do not amuse or divert us, we still need to read them because these stories tell us a lot about the society we live in.26. Mark Twain once remarked that news is history in its first and best form. <Para. 18> People now more or less agree that today’s news is tomorrow’s history, and today’s history was yesterday’s news. So news can be defined as history to this extent.27. The American poet Ezra Pound… defined literature as news that stays news. Among other things, Pound meant that the stuff of literature originates not in stories about the World Bank or an armistice agreement but in those simple, repeatable tales that reflect the pain, confusion, or exaltations that are constant in human experience, and touch us at the deepest levels. <Para. 18>Ezra Pound relates news to literature. Such things as the World Bank and an armistice agreement, regarded as important today, will sooner or later become history, things of the past. However, we remember and retell stories about pe ople’s pain, confusion, or exaltations because they are part of human experience and touch our emotions. This kind of news is the source of literature.28. What are we to make of it? Why him? It is like some Old Testament parable; these questions were raised five thousand years ago and we still raise them today. It is the kind of story that stays news, and that is why it must be given prominence. <Para. 18>to make of it: to understand itto be given prominence: to be treated as important; to be stressed29. What about…the fires, rapes, and murders that are daily featured on local television news? Who has decided that they are important, and why? One cynical answer is that they are there because viewers take comfort in the realization that they have escaped disaster. At least for that day.<Para. 19>…viewers take comfort in the realization that…: viewers feel relieved or less worried because they know that these terrible things have not happened to them.30. …It is the task of the news story to provide a dai ly accounting of the progress of society. …These reports, especially those of a concrete nature, are the daily facts from which the audience is expected to draw appropriate conclusions about the question "What kind of society am I a member of?〞<Para. 19>Another task of the news story is to give a daily accounting of the progress of society so that viewers will understand their society better.31.… heavy television viewers… believe their communities are much more dangerous than do light television viewers. Television news, in other words, tends to frighten people. <Para.19>This paragraph suggests that television news tends to frighten rather than to enlighten people. Heavy television viewers believe their communities are much more dangerous than light viewers do. This leads to the question that whether news stories should concentrate on the brighter side of social reality.heavy <light> television viewers:people who watch many <only a few> hours of television programs in a day.32. The question is, "Ought they to be frightened?〞which is to ask, "Is the news an accurate portrayal of where we are as a society?〞Which leads to another question, "Is it possible for daily news to give such a picture?〞Many journalists believe it is possible. Some are skeptical. The early twentieth-century journalist Lincoln Steffens proved that he could create a "crime wave〞any time he wanted by simply writing about all the crimes that normally occur in a large city during the course of a month. He could also end the crime wave by not writing about them. If crime waves can be "manufactured〞by journalists, then how accurate are news shows in depicting the condition of a society? <Para. 19>Is it true that journalists can create events and make them disappear? If it were true, wo uldn’t that make it very easy to run a country? Moreover, if it were true, how could we ever trust news provided by the mass media? And wouldn’t that also mean that a country could get along just fine without reliable news?portrayal: depiction; description33. Besides, murders, rapes, and fires <even unemployment figures> are not the only way to assess the progress <or regress> of a society. Why are there so few television stories about symphonies that have been composed, novels written, scientific problems solved, and a thousand other creative acts that occur during the course of a month? Were television news to be filled with these events, we would not be frightened. We would, in fact, be inspired, optimistic, cheerful. <Para. 19>This paragraph raises a very interesting question: Why are many events that actually have great impact on human life not given any prominence - new philosophical theories and academic achievements for example? Possible answers are given in the following paragraph.to assess the progress: to measure; to estimate; to evaluate; to appraiseregress: moving back to an earlier, less developed and usually worse state or condition. It is usually used as a verb. The noun form is "regression〞.Compare: digress v. digression n.moving away from the main subject under discussion in speaking and writing34. One answer is as follows. These events make poor television news because there is so little to show about them. In the judgment of most editors, people watch television. And whatthey are interested in watching are exciting, intriguing, even exotic pictures. Suppose a scientist has developed a new theory about how to measure with more exactitude the speed with which heavenly objects are moving away from the earth. It is difficult to televise a theory, especially if it involved complex mathematics.<Para. 20>This paragraph tries to answer the question raised above. According to the authors, one answer may be that television as a means of communication has its limitations. It is good at showing exciting, intriguing, and exotic pictures and events, but not at dealing with ideas, theories, and other abstract things. In other words, it is a visual medium; it is less effective at engaging viewers’ minds. The second, implied answer is that people watch television mainly to be entertained. They have no time or patience for profound subjects. Lastly, most editors and news directors are incapable of immediately realizing the significance of scientific and theoretical discoveries. The conclusion seems to be: The news media are extremely important, but they are incapable of answering all our needs where news is concerned.35. Television sells time, and time cannot be expanded. This means that whatever else is neglected, commercials cannot b,which leads to another possible answer to the question "What is news?〞News, …in its worst form,… can also be mainly a "filler,〞 a "come-on〞to keep the viewer’s attention until the commercials come. Certain producers have learned that by pandering to the audience, by eschewing solid news and replacing it with leering sensationalism, they can subvert the news by presenting a "television commercial show〞that is interrupted by news. <Para. 20>In the United States, television stations are privately owned. These privately owned stations sell air time to business companies to promote their products. Therefore, presenting the news show is not the television station’s main purpose: "news〞serves merely as "filler〞to keep the viewer’s attention until the commercials appear, not vice versa. And there is nothing more effective for this purpose than leering sensationalism. This may be an extreme case, but there is certainly some truth in it.36. The purpose of this chapter is to arouse your interest in thinking about the question. Your answers are to be found by knowing what you feel is significant and how your sense of the significant conforms with or departs from that of others, including broadcasters, their bosses, and their audiences. Answers are to be found in your ideas about the purpose of public communication, and in your judgment of the kind of society you live in and wish to live in. We cannot provide answers to these questions. But you also need to know something about the problems, limitations, traditions, motivations, and, yes, even the delusions of the television news industry.<Para. 21>This paragraph concludes the purpose of the essay. The authors do not intend to give us the answer to the question: "What is news?〞, because they can’t. The problem is complicated, and ea ch of us hasto find his/her own answer. The purpose of the essay is to arouse our interest in answering the question by ourselves, and also to inform us of the important factors we must take into consideration to understand the nature of news.Key to ExercisesI1. a set sequence in a theatrical or comic performance 保留节目〔喜剧\歌舞等〕2.to correct, condense, or modify material when preparing it for publication or presentation3.in Paragraph 8, financial or practical assistance given to those in need 救济<in Paragraph18, the removal of something painful or unpleasant 减轻痛苦>4. a man or woman who presents and coordinates a television program 〔电视新闻〕男节目主持人5.financial assets; land, property, or shares in a company拥有的土地或股票6.the extent to which something is probable 几率7.to consider8.to watch a television show or listen to radio broadcast9.time during which a television show or radio broadcast is being transmitted 播放时间10. a news item, public-service announcement, or music, used to fill time on a radio or televisionprogram11.something intended to allure or attract12.to undermine the power and authority of a system or institutionV1 How one defines "the news〞depends on what he/she considers interesting and important.2 Now it’s true that Saran Wrap is very useful in many ways, and we guess that in the end factswill show that it is more useful for the happiness of most of us… <But…>3 But most news is not an essential part of an event. It becomes news only because, in themidst of the noise and disorder of everything happening around us, a journalist has selected it for our attention.4 … it was the policy of the newspaper to focus on the sharp difference between the backwardRussian economy and the advanced American economy. Each of our five senses acts as a censor, screening information. It makes us see what we want to see, hear what we want to hear, etc.; and we do so because that is what we have been educated or are paid to do.5 According to Camus, we would have complete records or files on the <newspaper>owners'interests, biases, and peculiar traits. Then we would have similarly complete files on every journalist in the world.Camus then proposes: Z×Y= X, where:Z stands for the prejudices, eccentric habits and private interests of the owner.Y stands for the prejudices, eccentric habits and private interests of the journalist.X is the probable amount of truth in the story.6 Certain producers of television programs have discovered that, by catering to the low tastesand desires of their audience, by avoiding real news and deliberately replacing it with sensational stories, they can transform television news from programs interrupted by short commercials into one long commercialinterrupted by snippets of news.VIPhrases1.一种过于简单化的定义2.一种公然带有偏见的报道/陈述3.就业数字统计4.喜剧保留剧目5.有教育意义的故事6.精神状态7.真实度。
现代英语作文写作指导教程
现代英语作文写作指导教程下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
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大学英语写作精选第二册（3）
UNIT 3TEXTJefferson died long ago， but may of his ideas still of great interest to us.Lessons from JeffersonThomas Jefferson， the third President of the United States， may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln， but most people remember at last one fact about him： he wrote the Declaration of Independence.Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago， there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote：Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man， he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject， Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet， in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order， Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners， servants， and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman， Lafayette， "You must go into the people's homes as I have done， look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this， you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people's opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything，" he wrote to his nephew， "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it."Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false， and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government， I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas， and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism， he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend， "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect， those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."Trust the future； trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society，" he said， "can make a perpetual constitution， or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas， nor did he fear the future. "How much pain，" he remarked， "has been caused by evils which have never happened！ I expect the best， not the worst. I steer my ship with hope， leaving fear behind."Jefferson's courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture， archeology， and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice， and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America， and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.Of all Jefferson's many talents， one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works， now being published for the first time， will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered， and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776， the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words： "We hold these truths to be self-evident， that all men are created equal…"When Jefferson died on July 4， 1826， the 50th anniversary of American independence， he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson， Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSgo out of one's way （to do sth.）take particular trouble； make a special effort 特地leave……toleave sb. in charge of 交托，委托act onact according to 按照……⾏事leave behindabandon； fall to take or bring 丢弃；留下，忘带in existenceexisting 存在above allmost important of all ⾸先，尤其是。
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现代大学英语（第二版）基础写作（上）教师用书Unit 3Task One: Summary WritingActivity 1Summarizing a story section by sectionSummarize “The Midnight Visitor,” using the above guidelines just given and those stated in the previous units. Here are some questions for you to think about while reading the text.1.Ausable, an American secret agent. A summary should focus on him because thestory portrays the main character rather than narrates an incident he is involved in.2.Max, the German spy. He is important and shouldn’t be left out because theconflict is the struggle between him and Ausable.3.Fowler, the young American writer. He has no part in the conflict. In the story hisfunction is to heighten a professional secret agent’s presence of mind against an inexperienced young writer’s fright in a dangerous situation.Section 1 (Paras. 1 – 4)Study the three summaries that describe the main character. Explain which of them is the best, and what is wrong with the other two.Summary 1 is the best of the three. It is objective, complete, and balanced. Second, the length is just right, about one-fourth of the original.Summary 2 focuses on a minor character although the length is all right.Summary 3 includes an unimportant detail in the last but one sentence. The second half is a repetition of what is stated in the opening sentence. And an important detail—Fowler’s presence and his impression of Ausable—is left out.Section 2 (Paras. 5 – 13)Summarize this section orally, making your summary one-third to one-fourth the length of the original. Before you summarize the passage answer these questions and list the important points you think should be included in the summary.1.He told Fowler that he would soon witness something exciting—animportant paper was to be delivered to him.2.It was a German secret agent, Ausable’s old opponent.3.He had come to get the report that was on its way to Ausable’s place.4.He remained calm. He behaved as if he had seen an old friend.5. A balcony outside the window of his room. He said he believed it was wherehis enemy had got into the room.Now list the facts you think should be included in the summary.1.Ausable told Fowler an important paper would soon be delivered to him.2.He found in his room a man with a pistol.3.The man was Max, a German spy, an old opponent.4.He wanted to get the paper Ausable mentioned.5.Ausable remained calm.6.He spoke as if he thought Max had entered his room through a balcony andtalked at length about it.Work out an outline based on the list.Thesis: Ausable worked out a plan to deal with his opponent.Outline:-Ausable told Fowler an important paper was to be delivered to him soon.-In his room, Ausable found his old opponent who had come for the same paper.-He had a plan to deal with the situation and made the man believe there was a balcony outside the window.Section 3 (Paras. 14-16)Summarize this passage orally.Ausable told the young writer that a very important paper was to be delivered to him that night. When they entered his room, Ausable found an old opponent of his threatening them with a pistol. The man had come for the very same paper. Looking angry, Ausable started complaining about a balcony outside the window of his room. He spoke as if he believed that his enemy had got in through the balcony, but the man said he had used a passkey.Section 4 (Paras. 17-28)Now list the facts you think should be included in the summary.-They heard a knock at the door.-Ausable said that he had sent for the police for protection.-Max moved to the window, intending to hide on the balcony.-The doorknob turned and Max dropped to what he thought was the balcony.- A waiter walked in with the drink Ausable had ordered.-Ausable told Fowler there was no police and Max would not return.Work out an outline based on the list.Thesis: Ausable defeated his opponent. / Ausable’s plan worked.Outline:-When someone knocked at the door, Ausable made the man believe it was the police.-The man moved to the window and was ready to hide on the balcony.-When the doorknob turned, the man dropped to his death as there was no balconySummarize the passage orally.Then they heard a knock at the door. Ausable said it was the police he had sent for to protect the paper. Max became nervous. He moved to the window, intending to hide on the balcony, and he told Ausable to send the police away. When the doorknob turned, he dropped out of the window. A waiter entered with the drink Ausable hadordered. Ausable then told Fowler that he had not asked the police for protection and said the man with the gun would not return.Activity 2: Summarizing a story in chronological orderRead the following narrative essay entitled “A Home of a Different Sort” section by section, summarize each section in one sentence and write the sentence in the space below.Section 1 (Paras. 1-2)1.Jeff decided to work with a ski patrol while his father demanded he went tocollege, and said he would disown/reject him if he didn’t.2.Father and son had become estranged since then.Main idea:Jeff was estranged from his father after a bitter argument about his future when he graduated from high school.Section 2 (Paras. 3-12)1.He was now doing is for himself, not for his father, after working as a planner fora big company.2.It was a trick Jeff’s sister planned and played for the estranged father and son tohave a “chance” meeting.Main idea: Years later, Jeff was attending college and kept it a secret from his father until the day of his graduation ceremony.Section 3 (Paras. 13-16)1.The father must have had mixed feelings. On the one hand he must have felt proudof his son and was anxious to welcome him back. On the other hand, he might have felt sorry for those harsh words he said to his son.The son was moved by the change in his formerly cold and stern father and was anxious to go home.Main idea:the estranged father and son were reconciled.✍Writing Assignment OneAnswers may vary.Task Two: Paragraph WritingActivity 3 Learning to create a dominant impressionRead the following paragraph from “Silk Parachute” by John McPhee and respond to the questions that follow it.1. A2.The narrator uses action verbs to create a dominant impression of his mother.Read the following paragraph from “The Men We Carry in Our Minds” by Scott Russell Sanders and respond to the questions that follow it.1.Men in some occupations labored hard in horrible conditions.2.The narrator uses action verbs and adjectives to create such a dominant impressionin the first paragraph.3.In the second paragraph, the narrator uses many specific words and figurativelanguage to visualize the horrible working conditions and the living standards the men endured.Activity 4 Reading on the topicSilk Parachute1.Strict and protective.2.Staying up all night playing poker; using four-letter words at the age of 5;burying the sandwich in a snow bank.3.To achieve humor.Mr. Jones1.He was black-haired and had a pale, lean face with high cheekbones, wearinggold-rimmed glasses with pitch-black lenses.2.He was blind and crippled.3.The man had a lean distinctive face with a red star-shaped birthmark on his leftcheek.Hearts and Hands1.It is the story of a marshal who kindly saves the prisoner in his charge fromembarrassment.2.When he was taking a criminal handcuffed with him to prison, they sat opposite aformer girl friend of the criminal. To save the prisoner from embarrassment, he pretended to be the prisoner.3.The passenger judged people by their appearance. The prisoner was handsome andwell-dressed while the marshal was glum-faced and roughly dressed.4.By using dialogue and descriptive words like "The glum-faced man had beenwatching the girl’s countenance with veiled glances from his keen, shrewd eyes."Activity 5 Reading from your peers1.The first passage highlights the main character's messy hair, rough face, frowningbrows and cold eyes. The second passage focuses on comparing the two men's dress. The third passage uses "plain and ordinary" to describe the main character's look and dress.2.The thesis in the first two is that judging a person by his appearance often leadspeople to wrong conclusions. The thesis of the third is contained in the topic sentence: success, ability, confidence and kindness all could not be seen in one’s appearance.3.Answers vary.✍Writing Assignment Two Answers may vary.。