2014年高考(上海卷)及参考答案
2014上海高考高考带答案
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海物理试卷本试卷共7页，满分l50分，考试时间l20分钟。
全卷包括六大题，第一、二大题为单项选择题，第三大题为多项选择题，第四大题为填空题，第五大题为实验题，第六大题为计算题。
考生注意：1、答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
2、第一、第二和第三大题的作答必须用28铅笔涂在答题纸上相应区域内与试卷题号对应的位置，需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。
第四、第五和第六大题的作答必须用黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置（作图可用铅笔）。
3、第30、31、32、33题要求写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要的演算步骤。
只写出最后答案，而未写出主要演算过程的，不能得分。
有关物理量的数值计算问题，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位。
一．单项选择题（共16分，每小题2分。
每小题只有一个正确选项。
）1．下列电磁波中，波长最长的是（ ）A ，（A ）无线电波 （B ）红外线 （C ）紫外线 （D ）γ射线2．核反应方程94Be ＋42He →12 6C ＋X 中的X 表示（ ）D ，（A ）质子 （B ）电子 （C ）光子 （D ）中子3．不能．．用卢瑟福原子核式结构模型得出的结论是（ ）B ， （A ）原子中心有一个很小的原子核 （B ）原子核是由质子和中子组成的（C ）原子质量几乎全部集中在原子核内 （D ）原子的正电荷全部集中在原子核内4．分子间同时存在引力和斥力，当分子间距增加时，分子间（ ）C ，（A ）引力增加，斥力减小 （B ）引力增加，斥力增加（C ）引力减小，斥力减小 （D ）引力减小，斥力增加5．链式反应中，重核裂变时放出的可以使裂变不断进行下去的粒子是（ ）B ，（A ）质子 （B ）中子 （C ）β粒子 （D ）α粒子6．在光电效应的实验结果中，与光的波动理论不矛盾．．．的是（ ）C ， （A ）光电效应是瞬时发生的（B ）所有金属都存在极限频率（C ）光电流随着入射光增强而变大（D ）入射光频率越大，光电子最大初动能越大7．质点做简谐运动，其v -t 关系如图，以x 轴正向为速度v 的正方向（ ）B ，8．在离地高h 处，沿竖直方向同时向上和向下抛出两个小球，它们的初速度大小均为v ，不计空气阻力，两球落地的时间差为（ ）A ，（A ）2v /g （B ）v /g （C ）2h /v （D ）h /v二．单项选择题（共24分，每小题3分。
2014高考英语真题-上海卷(含答案详解)
2014年高考英语真题上海卷（含答案详解）补全短文（共16小题；共16.0分）AMy Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, 1. I might have a better chance to find a good job. 2. (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believed that 3. I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already 4. (exhaust) shoulders. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had said that 5. I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps, 6. my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty 7. (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned 8.I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.BThe giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country's first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is 9. electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine10. (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, 11. is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said, "I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by 12. . The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term 'automatic shop' is far 13. (appropriate)."In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains 14. (force) village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, 15. (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new community stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution 16. those villages without a local shop.选词填空（共10小题；共10.0分）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.alert classify commit delicatelygentle impose labels moderation relieve signals simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 17. at the supermarket. Since you really 18. yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help 19. some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to 20. healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This ideacombines freedom to choose with 21. hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to 22. foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 23. by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 24. that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 25. ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 26. . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.完形填空（共15小题；共22.5分）Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 27 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 28 do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out—and why; how to deal with difficult 29 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 30 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 31 issues.Dunbar 32 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—33 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 34 of the higher primates(灵长类动物) like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 35 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 36 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 37 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 38 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 39 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 40 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的) grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 41 contact.27. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language28. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally29. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural30. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters31. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult32. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens33. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result34. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behavior35. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance36. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses37. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection38. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease39. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained40. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful41. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret阅读理解（共12小题；共24.0分）AMost people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator(猎食动物) gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature". But maybe you can't trust her, either.42. A plover protects its young from a predator by .A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured43. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the authormeans .A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too44. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.45. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do Animals Lie?B. Does Mother Nature Fool Animals?C. How Do Animals Learn to Lie?D. How does Honesty Help Animals Survive?BLet's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create—or break—habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick a reward—say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?46. Which of the following best fits in the box with a "?" in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.47. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectivelyby .A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down48. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.49. "This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.CIf you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality (虚拟现实) device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by agroup of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised(同步的) movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias(偏见) that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."50. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to " ".A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting51. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that .A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes52. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, .A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them53. It can be concluded from the passage that .A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantly阅读与表达（共4小题；共8.0分）More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct (行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency(透明) in their operations. Increasingly, too, they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德): it is just good business.根据短文内容填空，每空不多于10个词。
2014年高考上海卷语文试题(附答案)
2014年高考上海卷语文试题（答案）一阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信．．息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
⑤还有一些人尽管有寻求事实真相的意愿，却习惯于把常识当成真相，或者以常识为标准来判断事件是否真实。
2014年上海卷英语高考试卷(原卷 答案)
绝密★启用前2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语本试卷共83题，共150分。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项：1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。
2．答题时请按要求用笔。
3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第Ⅰ卷(共105分)Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers．At the end of each conversation，a question will be asked about what was said．The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once．After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard．1．A．A policewoman．B．A judge．C．A reporter．D．A waitress．2．A．Confident．B．Puzzled．C．Satisfied．D．Worried．3．A．At a restaurant．B．At a car rental agency．C．In a bank．D．In a driving school．4．A．A disaster．B．A new roof．C．A performance．D．A TV station．5．A．Catch the train．B．Meet Jane．C．Get some stationery．D．Clean the backyard．6．A．Ask for something cheaper．B．Buy the vase she really likes．C．Protect herself from being hurt．D．Bargain with the shop assistant．7．A．Use a computer in the lab．B．Take a chemistry course．C．Help him revise his report．D．Get her computer repaired．8．A．Amused．B．Embarrassed．C．Shocked．D．Sympathetic．9．A．She doesn't plan to continue studying next year．B．She has already told the man about her plan．C．She isn't planning to leave her university．D．She recently visited a different university．10．A．It spoke highly of the mayor．B．It misinterpreted the mayor's speech．C．It made the mayor's view clearer．D．It carried the mayor's speech accurately．Section BDirections: In Section B，you will hear two short passages，and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages．The passages will be read twice，but the questions will be spoken only once．When you hear a question，read the four possibleanswers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you have heard．Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following introduction．11．A．70．B．20．C．25．D．75．12．A．The houses there can't be sold．B．It is a place for work and holiday．C．The cabins and facilities are shared．D．It is run by the residents themselves．13．A．A skiing resort．B．A special community．C．A splendid mountain．D．A successful businesswoman．Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news．14．A．Those who often sent text messages．B．Those who suffered from heart disease．C．Those who did no physical exercise．D．Those who were unmarried．15．A．They responded more slowly than usual．B．They sent more messages．C．They typed 10 percent faster on average．D．They edited more passages．16．A．Why chemical therapy works．B．Why marriage helps fight cancer．C．How unmarried people survive cancer．D．How cancer is detected after marriage．Section CDirections: In Section C，you will hear two longer conversations．The conversations will be read twice．After you hear each conversation，you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard．Write your answers on your answer sheet．Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation．Complete the form．WriteBlanks 21 through 24Ⅱ．Section A：Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct．For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank．(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university，I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town．So I decided to leave home for New York，25_____I might have a better chance to find a good job．26_____ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses，I started work in a local café as a waiter．I believe that 27____ I was offered a good position，I would resign at once．Over time，the high cost of living became a little burden on my already 28_____ (exhaust) shoulder．On the other hand，my search for a respectable job had not met with much success．As I had studied literature at university，I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies．Mother had just said that 29______ I want to have a better career advancement，I had to find work in the city．Perhaps 30______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind．I just did as she had expected．Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it．Apparently，I had difficulty 31______ (adapt) myself to life in the city，let alone finding a job to my delight．After nine months of frustration，I eventually decided to go back to my small town．Not until I returned 32______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me．(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies．However，help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop．Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week．Peter Fox，who is 33______electrical engineer，spent two and a half years working on the project．The machine 34______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front，a grey roof and a display window．Mr．Fox said he hoped his invention，35_____ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months，will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities．He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted，so I did it by36_____．The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine．Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far 37______ (appropriate)In recent years，the commercial pressure from supermarket chains 38_____ force village shops across the country to close．In 2010，it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed，39______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores．Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops，but Mr．Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution 40______these villages without a local shop．Section BDirections：Complete the following passage by using the words in the box．Each word can only be used once．Note thatLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully．However，you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41 at the supermarket．Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle，a little help would come in handy，wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself．Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions．For example，the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on，and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect．Governments don't have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws for example，smoking bans．Rather，if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things．In other words，there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices，without removing freedom of choice．This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects，whoaim to help people live longer，healthier，and happier lives．The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to _ 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy．This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat，sugar，and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package．A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy；yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ；and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 ．The customer is given important health information，but is still free to decide what to choose．Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D．Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context．Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day，not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading，but plain and simple __ 51__．Language is our greatest treasure as a species，and what do we __ 52__ do with it? We gossip．About others' behaviour and private lives，such as who's doing what with whom，who's in and who's out-and why；how to deal with difficult __ 53__ situations involving children，lovers，and colleagues．So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __ 54__，of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar．In fact，in his latest book，Grooming，Gossip and the Evolution of Language，the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues．Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively，or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural．Instead he suggests that language evolved among women．We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk，argues Dunbar—__57__，he goes on to say，language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip．Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __ 58__ of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys．By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it，monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__ 59__ from outside it．As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family，Dunbar __ 60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same．Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group，the greater the __ 61 __ it provided；on the other hand，the bigger the group，the greater the stresses of living close to others．Grooming helped to __ 62__ the pressure and calm everybody down．But as the groups got bigger and bigger，the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __ 63__ to maintain its effectiveness．Clearly，a more __ 64__ kind of grooming was needed，and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact．51．A．claim B．description C．gossip D．language 52．A．occasionally B．habitually C．independently D．originally 53．A．social B．political C．historical D．cultural 54．A．admirers B．masters C．users D．wasters55．A．vital B．sensitive C．ideal D．difficult 56．A．confirms B．rejects C．outlines D．broadens57．A．for instance B．in addition C．on the contrary D．as a result 58．A．motivation B．appearance C．emotion D．behaviour 59．A．attack B．contact C．inspection D．assistance 60．A．recalls B．denies C．concludes D．confesses 61．A．prospect B．responsibility C．leadership D．protection62．A．measure B．show C．maintain D．ease63．A．saved B．extended C．consumed D．gained 64．A．common B．efficient C．scientific D．Thoughtful 65．A．indirect B．daily C．physical D．secretSection BDirections：Read the following three passages．Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D．Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read．(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing．But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk，but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying，but they do agree that many animals，from birds to chimpanzees，behave dishonestly to fool other animals．Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive．Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals．For example，a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young．When a predator(猎食动物)gets close to its nest，the plover leads the predator away from the nest．How? It pretends to have a broken wing．The predator follows the "hurt" adult，leaving the baby birds safe in the nest．Another kind of bird，the scrub jay，buries its food so it always has something to eat．Scrub jays are also thieves．They watch where others bury their food and steal it．But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them．So they go back later，unbury the food，and bury it again somewhere else．Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work．How? They don't make nests．Instead，they get into other birds' nests secretly．Then they lay their eggs and fly away．When the baby birds come out，their adoptive parents feed them．Chimpanzees，or chimps，can also be sneaky．After a fight，the losing chimp will give its hand to the other．When the winning chimp puts out its hand，too，the chimps are friendly again．But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again．Chimps are sneaky in other ways，too．When chimps find food that they love，such as bananas，it is natural for them to cry out．Then other chimps come running．But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food．That way，other chimps don't hear them，and they don't need to share their food．As children，many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature．" But maybe you can't trust her，either．66．A plover protects its young from a predator by______．A．getting closer to its young B．driving away the adult predatorC．leaving its young in another nest D．pretending to be injured67．By "Chimpanzees，or chimps，can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5)，the author means___．A．chimps are ready to attack others B．chimps are sometimes dishonestC．chimps are jealous of the winners D．chimps can be selfish too68．Which of the following is true according to the passage?A．Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others．B．The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand．C．Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests．D．Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back．69．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A．Do animals lie?B．Does Mother Nature fool animals?C．How do animals learn to lie?D．How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly thisyear．How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habitloop to use．Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process．First，there's a cue，somethingthat tells your brain to operate automatically．Then there's aroutine．And finally，a reward，which helps your brain learnto desire the behavior．It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own．Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue，like leaving your running shoes by the door，then pick．a reward-say，a piece of chocolate when you gethome from the gym．That way，the cue and the reward becomeinterconnected．Finally，when you see the shoes，your brainwill start longing for the reward，which will make it easier towork out day after day．The best part? In a couple of weeks，you won't need the chocolate at all．Your brain will come to seethe workout itself as the reward．Which is the whole point，right?70．Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A．Pick a new cue．B．Form a new habit．C．Choose a new reward．D．Design a new resolution．71．According to THE HABIT LOOP，you can stick to yourplan most effectively by__．A．changing the routine B．trying it for a weekC．adjusting your goal D．writing it down72．What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A．To test out different kinds of cues．B．To do something as a habit even without rewards．C．To work out the best New Year's resolution．D．To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards．73．“This year when I see the Harry Potter poster，I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour．" What is the cue in this resolution?A．The Harry Potter poster．B．Reading 30 pages of an English novel．C．An English newspaper．D．Watching TV for half an hour．(C)If you could be anybody in the world，who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person，thanks to an unusual virtual reality(虚拟现实)device．Rikke Wahl，an actress，model and artist，was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab，a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona．She swapped with her partner，an actor，using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man．"As I looked down，I saw my whole body as a man，dressed in my partner's pants，" she said．"That's the picture I remember best．"The set-up is relatively simple．Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top．The video from each camera is sent to the other person，so what you see is the exact view of your partner．If she moves her arm，you see it．If you move your arm，she sees it．To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it，participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly，so that the other can follow along．Eventually，this kind of slow synchronised(同步的)movement becomes comfortable，and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body．Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better．Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias(偏见)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them．Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test，which measures the strength of people's associations between，for instance，black people and adjectives such as good，bad，athletic or awkward．Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses，before taking the test again．This time，the participants' bias scores were lower．The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them，because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person．The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result．"At the end of body swapping，people feel like holding each other in their arms，" says Arthur Pointeau，a programmer with the project．"It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience．I would really，really recommend it to everyone．"74．The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______．A．building B．exchanging C．controlling D．transplanting75．We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______．A．our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB．we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC．participants will live more passionately after the experimentD．The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76．In the Implicit Association Test，before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character，______．A．they fought strongly against racism B．they scored lower on the test for racismC．they changed their behaviour dramatically D．they were more biased against those unlike them77．It can be concluded from the passage that______．A．technology helps people realize their dreamsB．our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC．virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD．our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections：Read the passage carefully．Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words．More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR)．CSR is made up of threebroad layers．The most basic is traditional corporate charity work．Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects．But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough．In some companies，shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use，and employees want to be actively involved in good works．Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior．Hence the second layer of CSR，which is a branch of risk management．Starting in the 1980s，with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill，industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation．So，companies often responded by trying to manage the risks．They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments，create codes of conduct(行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency(透明)in their operations．Increasingly，too．they，along with their competitors，set common rules to spread risks．All this is largely defensive，but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game．The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value．If approached in a strategic way，CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage．That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear．The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular．Nevertheless，the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives．Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream．Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities．Done badly，CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful．Done well，though，it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side，a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德)：it is just good business．(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78．Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities．79．Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage．80．With the emphasis on opportunity，the third layer of CSR is meant to_________．81．According to the passage，"good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits．第Ⅱ卷(共45分)Ⅰ. TranslationDirections：Translate the following sentences into English，using the words given in the brackets．1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年上海市高考数学试卷(理科)(附参考答案+详细解析Word打印版)
2014年上海市普通高等学校招生统一考试数学试卷（理科）一、填空题（共14题，满分56分）1．（4分）函数y=1﹣2cos2（2x）的最小正周期是．2．（4分）若复数z=1+2i，其中i是虚数单位，则（z+）•=．3．（4分）若抛物线y2=2px的焦点与椭圆的右焦点重合，则该抛物线的准线方程．4．（4分）设f（x）=，若f（2）=4，则a的取值范围为．5．（4分）若实数x，y满足xy=1，则x2+2y2的最小值为．6．（4分）若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，则其母线与底面角的大小为（结果用反三角函数值表示）．7．（4分）已知曲线C的极坐标方程为ρ（3cosθ﹣4sinθ）=1，则C与极轴的交点到极点的距离是．8．（4分）设无穷等比数列{a n}的公比为q，若a1=（a3+a4+…a n），则q=．9．（4分）若f（x）=﹣，则满足f（x）＜0的x的取值范围是．10．（4分）为强化安全意识，某商场拟在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练，则选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率是（结果用最简分数表示）．11．（4分）已知互异的复数a，b满足ab≠0，集合{a，b}={a2，b2}，则a+b=．12．（4分）设常数a使方程sinx+cosx=a在闭区间[0，2π]上恰有三个解x1，x2，x3，则x1+x2+x3=．13．（4分）某游戏的得分为1，2，3，4，5，随机变量ξ表示小白玩该游戏的得分，若E（ξ）=4.2，则小白得5分的概率至少为．14．（4分）已知曲线C：x=﹣，直线l：x=6，若对于点A（m，0），存在C上的点P和l上的Q使得+=，则m的取值范围为．二、选择题（共4题，满分20分）每题有且只有一个正确答案，选对得5分，否则一律得零分15．（5分）设a，b∈R，则“a+b＞4”是“a＞2且b＞2”的（）A．充分非必要条件 B．必要非充分条件C．充要条件D．既非充分又非必要条件16．（5分）如图，四个棱长为1的正方体排成一个正四棱柱，AB是一条侧棱，P i（i=1，2，…8）是上底面上其余的八个点，则•（i=1，2，…，8）的不同值的个数为（）A．1 B．2 C．3 D．417．（5分）已知P1（a1，b1）与P2（a2，b2）是直线y=kx+1（k为常数）上两个不同的点，则关于x和y的方程组的解的情况是（）A．无论k，P1，P2如何，总是无解B．无论k，P1，P2如何，总有唯一解C．存在k，P1，P2，使之恰有两解D．存在k，P1，P2，使之有无穷多解18．（5分）设f（x）=，若f（0）是f（x）的最小值，则a的取值范围为（）A．[﹣1，2]B．[﹣1，0]C．[1，2]D．[0，2]三、解答题（共5题，满分72分）19．（12分）底面边长为2的正三棱锥P﹣ABC，其表面展开图是三角形P1P2P3，如图，求△P1P2P3的各边长及此三棱锥的体积V．20．（14分）设常数a≥0，函数f（x）=．（1）若a=4，求函数y=f（x）的反函数y=f﹣1（x）；（2）根据a的不同取值，讨论函数y=f（x）的奇偶性，并说明理由．21．（14分）如图，某公司要在A、B两地连线上的定点C处建造广告牌CD，其中D为顶端，AC长35米，CB长80米，设点A、B在同一水平面上，从A和B 看D的仰角分别为α和β．（1）设计中CD是铅垂方向，若要求α≥2β，问CD的长至多为多少（结果精确到0.01米）？（2）施工完成后，CD与铅垂方向有偏差，现在实测得α=38.12°，β=18.45°，求CD的长（结果精确到0.01米）．22．（16分）在平面直角坐标系xOy中，对于直线l：ax+by+c=0和点P1（x1，y1），P2（x2，y2），记η=（ax1+by1+c）（ax2+by2+c），若η＜0，则称点P1，P2被直线l 分隔，若曲线C与直线l没有公共点，且曲线C上存在点P1、P2被直线l分隔，则称直线l为曲线C的一条分隔线．（1）求证：点A（1，2），B（﹣1，0）被直线x+y﹣1=0分隔；（2）若直线y=kx是曲线x2﹣4y2=1的分隔线，求实数k的取值范围；（3）动点M到点Q（0，2）的距离与到y轴的距离之积为1，设点M的轨迹为曲线E，求证：通过原点的直线中，有且仅有一条直线是E的分隔线．23．（16分）已知数列{a n}满足a n≤a n+1≤3a n，n∈N*，a1=1．（1）若a2=2，a3=x，a4=9，求x的取值范围；（2）设{a n}是公比为q的等比数列，S n=a1+a2+…a n，若S n≤S n+1≤3S n，n∈N*，求q的取值范围．（3）若a1，a2，…a k成等差数列，且a1+a2+…a k=1000，求正整数k的最大值，以及k取最大值时相应数列a1，a2，…a k的公差．2014年上海市高考数学试卷（理科）参考答案与试题解析一、填空题（共14题，满分56分）1．（4分）函数y=1﹣2cos2（2x）的最小正周期是．【分析】由二倍角的余弦公式化简，可得其周期．【解答】解：y=1﹣2cos2（2x）=﹣[2cos2（2x）﹣1]=﹣cos4x，∴函数的最小正周期为T==故答案为：【点评】本题考查二倍角的余弦公式，涉及三角函数的周期，属基础题．2．（4分）若复数z=1+2i，其中i是虚数单位，则（z+）•=6．【分析】把复数代入表达式，利用复数代数形式的混合运算化简求解即可．【解答】解：复数z=1+2i，其中i是虚数单位，则（z+）•==（1+2i）（1﹣2i）+1=1﹣4i2+1=2+4=6．故答案为：6【点评】本题考查复数代数形式的混合运算，基本知识的考查．3．（4分）若抛物线y2=2px的焦点与椭圆的右焦点重合，则该抛物线的准线方程x=﹣2．【分析】由题设中的条件y2=2px（p＞0）的焦点与椭圆的右焦点重合，故可以先求出椭圆的右焦点坐标，根据两曲线的关系求出p，再由抛物线的性质求出它的准线方程【解答】解：由题意椭圆，故它的右焦点坐标是（2，0），又y2=2px（p＞0）的焦点与椭圆右焦点重合，故=2得p=4，∴抛物线的准线方程为x=﹣=﹣2．故答案为：x=﹣2【点评】本题考查圆锥曲线的共同特征，解答此类题，关键是熟练掌握圆锥曲线的性质及几何特征，熟练运用这些性质与几何特征解答问题．4．（4分）设f（x）=，若f（2）=4，则a的取值范围为（﹣∞，2] ．【分析】可对a进行讨论，当a＞2时，当a=2时，当a＜2时，将a代入相对应的函数解析式，从而求出a的范围．【解答】解：当a＞2时，f（2）=2≠4，不合题意；当a=2时，f（2）=22=4，符合题意；当a＜2时，f（2）=22=4，符合题意；∴a≤2，故答案为：（﹣∞，2]．【点评】本题考察了分段函数的应用，渗透了分类讨论思想，本题是一道基础题．5．（4分）若实数x，y满足xy=1，则x2+2y2的最小值为2．【分析】由已知可得y=，代入要求的式子，由基本不等式可得．【解答】解：∵xy=1，∴y=∴x2+2y2=x2+≥2=2，当且仅当x2=，即x=±时取等号，故答案为：2【点评】本题考查基本不等式，属基础题．6．（4分）若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，则其母线与底面角的大小为arccos （结果用反三角函数值表示）．【分析】由已知中圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，可得圆锥的母线是圆锥底面半径的3倍，在轴截面中，求出母线与底面所成角的余弦值，进而可得母线与轴所成角．【解答】解：设圆锥母线与轴所成角为θ，∵圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，∴==3，即圆锥的母线是圆锥底面半径的3倍，故圆锥的轴截面如下图所示：则cosθ==，∴θ=arccos，故答案为：arccos【点评】本题考查的知识点是旋转体，其中根据已知得到圆锥的母线是圆锥底面半径的3倍，是解答的关键．7．（4分）已知曲线C的极坐标方程为ρ（3cosθ﹣4sinθ）=1，则C与极轴的交点到极点的距离是．【分析】由题意，θ=0，可得C与极轴的交点到极点的距离．【解答】解：由题意，θ=0，可得ρ（3cos0﹣4sin0）=1，∴C与极轴的交点到极点的距离是ρ=．故答案为：．【点评】正确理解C与极轴的交点到极点的距离是解题的关键．}的公比为q，若a1=（a3+a4+…a n），则q=8．（4分）设无穷等比数列{a．【分析】由已知条件推导出a1=，由此能求出q的值．【解答】解：∵无穷等比数列{a n}的公比为q，a=（a3+a4+…a n）1=（﹣a﹣a1q）=，∴q2+q﹣1=0，解得q=或q=（舍）．故答案为：．【点评】本题考查等比数列的公比的求法，是中档题，解题时要认真审题，注意极限知识的合理运用．9．（4分）若f（x）=﹣，则满足f（x）＜0的x的取值范围是（0，1）．【分析】直接利用已知条件转化不等式求解即可．【解答】解：f（x）=﹣，若满足f（x）＜0，即＜，∴，∵y=是增函数，∴的解集为：（0，1）．故答案为：（0，1）．【点评】本题考查指数不等式的解法，指数函数的单调性的应用，考查计算能力．10．（4分）为强化安全意识，某商场拟在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练，则选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率是（结果用最简分数表示）．【分析】要求在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练，选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率，须先求在10天中随机选择3天的情况，再求选择的3天恰好为连续3天的情况，即可得到答案．【解答】解：在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天共有种情况，其中选择的3天恰好为连续3天的情况有8种，分别是（1，2，3），（2，3，4），（3，4，5），（4，5，6），（5，6，7），（6，7，8），（7，8，9），（8，9，10），∴选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率是，故答案为：．【点评】本题考查古典概型以及概率计算公式，属基础题．11．（4分）已知互异的复数a，b满足ab≠0，集合{a，b}={a2，b2}，则a+b=﹣1．【分析】根据集合相等的条件，得到元素关系，即可得到结论．【解答】解：根据集合相等的条件可知，若{a，b}={a2，b2}，则①或②，由①得，∵ab≠0，∴a≠0且b≠0，即a=1，b=1，此时集合{1，1}不满足条件．若b=a2，a=b2，则两式相减得a2﹣b2=b﹣a，∵互异的复数a，b，∴b﹣a≠0，即a+b=﹣1，故答案为：﹣1．【点评】本题主要考查集合相等的应用，根据集合相等得到元素相同是解决本题的关键，注意要进行分类讨论．12．（4分）设常数a使方程sinx+cosx=a在闭区间[0，2π]上恰有三个解x1，x2，x3，则x1+x2+x3=．【分析】先利用两角和公式对函数解析式化简，画出函数y=2sin（x+）的图象，方程的解即为直线与三角函数图象的交点，在[0，2π]上，当a=时，直线与三角函数图象恰有三个交点，进而求得此时x1，x2，x3最后相加即可．【解答】解：sinx+cosx=2（sinx+cosx）=2sin（x+）=a，如图方程的解即为直线与三角函数图象的交点，在[0，2π]上，当a=时，直线与三角函数图象恰有三个交点，令sin（x+）=，x+=2kπ+，即x=2kπ，或x+=2kπ+，即x=2kπ+，∴此时x1=0，x2=，x3=2π，∴x1+x2+x3=0++2π=．故答案为：【点评】本题主要考查了三角函数图象与性质．运用了数形结合的思想，较为直观的解决问题．13．（4分）某游戏的得分为1，2，3，4，5，随机变量ξ表示小白玩该游戏的得分，若E（ξ）=4.2，则小白得5分的概率至少为0.2．【分析】设小白得5分的概率至少为x，则由题意知小白得4分的概率为1﹣x，由此能求出结果．【解答】解：设小白得5分的概率至少为x，则由题意知小白得1，2，3，4分的概率为1﹣x，∵某游戏的得分为1，2，3，4，5，随机变量ξ表示小白玩该游戏的得分，E（ξ）=4.2，∴4（1﹣x）+5x=4.2，解得x=0.2．故答案为：0.2．【点评】本题考查概率的求法，是基础题，解题时要认真审题，注意离散型随机变量的数学期望的合理运用．14．（4分）已知曲线C：x=﹣，直线l：x=6，若对于点A（m，0），存在C上的点P和l上的Q使得+=，则m的取值范围为[2，3] ．【分析】通过曲线方程判断曲线特征，通过+=，说明A是PQ的中点，结合x的范围，求出m的范围即可．【解答】解：曲线C：x=﹣，是以原点为圆心，2 为半径的圆，并且x P∈[﹣2，0]，对于点A（m，0），存在C上的点P和l上的Q使得+=，说明A是PQ的中点，Q的横坐标x=6，∴m=∈[2，3]．故答案为：[2，3]．【点评】本题考查直线与圆的位置关系，函数思想的应用，考查计算能力以及转化思想．二、选择题（共4题，满分20分）每题有且只有一个正确答案，选对得5分，否则一律得零分15．（5分）设a，b∈R，则“a+b＞4”是“a＞2且b＞2”的（）A．充分非必要条件 B．必要非充分条件C．充要条件D．既非充分又非必要条件【分析】根据不等式的性质，利用充分条件和必要条件的定义进行判定．【解答】解：当a=5，b=0时，满足a+b＞4，但a＞2且b＞2不成立，即充分性不成立，若a＞2且b＞2，则必有a+b＞4，即必要性成立，故“a+b＞4”是“a＞2且b＞2”的必要不充分条件，故选：B．【点评】本题主要考查充分条件和必要条件的判断，根据不等式的性质是解决本题的关键，比较基础．16．（5分）如图，四个棱长为1的正方体排成一个正四棱柱，AB是一条侧棱，P i（i=1，2，…8）是上底面上其余的八个点，则•（i=1，2，…，8）的不同值的个数为（）A．1 B．2 C．3 D．4【分析】建立空适当的间直角坐标系，利用坐标计算可得答案．【解答】解：=，则•=（）=||2+，∵，∴•=||2=1，∴•（i=1，2，…，8）的不同值的个数为1，故选：A．【点评】本题考查向量的数量积运算，建立恰当的坐标系，运用坐标进行向量数量积运算是解题的常用手段．17．（5分）已知P1（a1，b1）与P2（a2，b2）是直线y=kx+1（k为常数）上两个不同的点，则关于x和y的方程组的解的情况是（）A．无论k，P1，P2如何，总是无解B．无论k，P1，P2如何，总有唯一解C．存在k，P1，P2，使之恰有两解D．存在k，P1，P2，使之有无穷多解【分析】判断直线的斜率存在，通过点在直线上，推出a1，b1，P2，a2，b2的关系，然后求解方程组的解即可．【解答】解：P1（a1，b1）与P2（a2，b2）是直线y=kx+1（k为常数）上两个不同的点，直线y=kx+1的斜率存在，∴k=，即a1≠a2，并且b1=ka1+1，b2=ka2+1，∴a2b1﹣a1b2=ka1a2﹣ka1a2+a2﹣a1=a2﹣a1，①×b2﹣②×b1得：（a1b2﹣a2b1）x=b2﹣b1，即（a1﹣a2）x=b2﹣b1．∴方程组有唯一解．故选：B．【点评】本题考查一次函数根与系数的关系，直线的斜率的求法，方程组的解和指数的应用．18．（5分）设f（x）=，若f（0）是f（x）的最小值，则a的取值范围为（）A．[﹣1，2]B．[﹣1，0]C．[1，2]D．[0，2]【分析】当a＜0时，显然f（0）不是f（x）的最小值，当a≥0时，解不等式：a2﹣a﹣2≤0，得﹣1≤a≤2，问题解决．【解答】解；当a＜0时，显然f（0）不是f（x）的最小值，当a≥0时，f（0）=a2，由题意得：a2≤x++a，解不等式：a2﹣a﹣2≤0，得﹣1≤a≤2，∴0≤a≤2，故选：D．【点评】本题考察了分段函数的问题，基本不等式的应用，渗透了分类讨论思想，是一道基础题．三、解答题（共5题，满分72分）19．（12分）底面边长为2的正三棱锥P﹣ABC，其表面展开图是三角形P1P2P3，如图，求△P1P2P3的各边长及此三棱锥的体积V．【分析】利用侧面展开图三点共线，判断△P1P2P3是等边三角形，然后求出边长，利用正四面体的体积求出几何体的体积．【解答】解：根据题意可得：P1，B，P2共线，∵∠ABP1=∠BAP1=∠CBP2，∠ABC=60°，∴∠ABP1=∠BAP1=∠CBP2=60°，∴∠P1=60°，同理∠P2=∠P3=60°，∴△P1P2P3是等边三角形，P﹣ABC是正四面体，∴△P1P2P3的边长为4，V P﹣ABC==【点评】本题考查空间想象能力以及逻辑推理能力，几何体的侧面展开图和体积的求法．20．（14分）设常数a≥0，函数f（x）=．（1）若a=4，求函数y=f（x）的反函数y=f﹣1（x）；（2）根据a的不同取值，讨论函数y=f（x）的奇偶性，并说明理由．【分析】（1）根据反函数的定义，即可求出，（2）利用分类讨论的思想，若为偶函数求出a的值，若为奇函数，求出a的值，问题得以解决．【解答】解：（1）∵a=4，∴∴，∴，∴调换x，y的位置可得，x∈（﹣∞，﹣1）∪（1，+∞）．（2）若f（x）为偶函数，则f（x）=f（﹣x）对任意x均成立，∴=，整理可得a（2x﹣2﹣x）=0．∵2x﹣2﹣x不恒为0，∴a=0，此时f（x）=1，x∈R，满足条件；若f（x）为奇函数，则f（x）=﹣f（﹣x）对任意x均成立，∴=﹣，整理可得a2﹣1=0，∴a=±1，∵a≥0，∴a=1，此时f（x）=，满足条件；当a＞0且a≠1时，f（x）为非奇非偶函数综上所述，a=0时，f（x）是偶函数，a=1时，f（x）是奇函数．当a＞0且a≠1时，f（x）为非奇非偶函数【点评】本题主要考查了反函数的定义和函数的奇偶性，利用了分类讨论的思想，属于中档题．21．（14分）如图，某公司要在A、B两地连线上的定点C处建造广告牌CD，其中D为顶端，AC长35米，CB长80米，设点A、B在同一水平面上，从A和B 看D的仰角分别为α和β．（1）设计中CD是铅垂方向，若要求α≥2β，问CD的长至多为多少（结果精确到0.01米）？（2）施工完成后，CD与铅垂方向有偏差，现在实测得α=38.12°，β=18.45°，求CD的长（结果精确到0.01米）．【分析】（1）设CD的长为x，利用三角函数的关系式建立不等式关系即可得到结论．（2）利用正弦定理，建立方程关系，即可得到结论．【解答】解：（1）设CD的长为x米，则tanα=，tanβ=，∵0，∴tanα≥tan2β＞0，∴tan，即=，解得0≈28.28，即CD的长至多为28.28米．（2）设DB=a，DA=b，CD=m，则∠ADB=180°﹣α﹣β=123.43°，由正弦定理得，即a=，∴m=≈26.93，答：CD的长为26.93米．【点评】本题主要考查解三角形的应用问题，利用三角函数关系式以及正弦定理是解决本题的关键．22．（16分）在平面直角坐标系xOy中，对于直线l：ax+by+c=0和点P1（x1，y1），P2（x2，y2），记η=（ax1+by1+c）（ax2+by2+c），若η＜0，则称点P1，P2被直线l 分隔，若曲线C与直线l没有公共点，且曲线C上存在点P1、P2被直线l分隔，则称直线l为曲线C的一条分隔线．（1）求证：点A（1，2），B（﹣1，0）被直线x+y﹣1=0分隔；（2）若直线y=kx是曲线x2﹣4y2=1的分隔线，求实数k的取值范围；（3）动点M到点Q（0，2）的距离与到y轴的距离之积为1，设点M的轨迹为曲线E，求证：通过原点的直线中，有且仅有一条直线是E的分隔线．【分析】（1）把A、B两点的坐标代入η=（ax1+by1+c）（ax2+by2+c），再根据η＜0，得出结论．（2）联立直线y=kx与曲线x2﹣4y2=1可得（1﹣4k2）x2=1，根据此方程无解，可得1﹣4k2≤0，从而求得k的范围．（3）设点M（x，y），与条件求得曲线E的方程为[x2+（y﹣2）2]x2=1 ①．由于y轴为x=0，显然与方程①联立无解．把P1、P2的坐标代入x=0，由η=1×（﹣1）=﹣1＜0，可得x=0是一条分隔线．【解答】（1）证明：把点（1，2）、（﹣1，0）分别代入x+y﹣1 可得（1+2﹣1）（﹣1﹣1）=﹣4＜0，∴点（1，2）、（﹣1，0）被直线x+y﹣1=0分隔．（2）解：联立直线y=kx与曲线x2﹣4y2=1可得（1﹣4k2）x2=1，根据题意，此方程无解，故有1﹣4k2≤0，∴k≤﹣，或k≥．曲线上有两个点（﹣1，0）和（1，0）被直线y=kx分隔．（3）证明：设点M（x，y），则•|x|=1，故曲线E的方程为[x2+（y ﹣2）2]x2=1 ①．y轴为x=0，显然与方程①联立无解．又P1（1，2）、P2（﹣1，2）为E上的两个点，且代入x=0，有η=1×（﹣1）=﹣1＜0，故x=0是一条分隔线．若过原点的直线不是y轴，设为y=kx，代入[x2+（y﹣2）2]x2=1，可得[x2+（kx ﹣2）2]x2=1，令f（x）=[x2+（kx﹣2）2]x2﹣1，∵k≠2，f（0）f（1）=﹣（k﹣2）2＜0，∴f（x）=0没有实数解，k=2，f（x）=[x2+（2x﹣2）2]x2﹣1=0没有实数解，即y=kx与E有公共点，∴y=kx不是E的分隔线．∴通过原点的直线中，有且仅有一条直线是E的分隔线．【点评】本题主要考查新定义，直线的一般式方程，求点的轨迹方程，属于中档题．23．（16分）已知数列{a n}满足a n≤a n+1≤3a n，n∈N*，a1=1．（1）若a2=2，a3=x，a4=9，求x的取值范围；（2）设{a n}是公比为q的等比数列，S n=a1+a2+…a n，若S n≤S n+1≤3S n，n∈N*，求q的取值范围．（3）若a1，a2，…a k成等差数列，且a1+a2+…a k=1000，求正整数k的最大值，以及k取最大值时相应数列a1，a2，…a k的公差．【分析】（1）依题意：，又将已知代入求出x 的范围；（2）先求出通项：，由求出，对q分类讨论≤3S n，得到关于q的不等式组，解不等式组求求出S n分别代入不等式S n≤S n+1出q的范围．（3）依题意得到关于k的不等式，得出k的最大值，并得出k取最大值时a1，a2，…a k的公差．【解答】解：（1）依题意：，∴；又∴3≤x≤27，综上可得：3≤x≤6（2）由已知得，，，∴，当q=1时，S n=n，S n≤S n+1≤3S n，即，成立．当1＜q≤3时，，S n≤S n≤3S n，即，+1∴不等式∵q＞1，故3q n+1﹣q n﹣2=q n（3q﹣1）﹣2＞2q n﹣2＞0对于不等式q n+1﹣3q n+2≤0，令n=1，得q2﹣3q+2≤0，解得1≤q≤2，又当1≤q≤2，q﹣3＜0，∴q n+1﹣3q n+2=q n（q﹣3）+2≤q（q﹣3）+2=（q﹣1）（q﹣2）≤0成立，∴1＜q≤2，当时，≤3S n，即，，S n≤S n+1∴此不等式即，3q﹣1＞0，q﹣3＜0，3q n+1﹣q n﹣2=q n（3q﹣1）﹣2＜2q n﹣2＜0，q n+1﹣3q n+2=q n（q﹣3）+2≥q（q﹣3）+2=（q﹣1）（q﹣2）＞0∴时，不等式恒成立，上，q的取值范围为：．（3）设a1，a2，…a k的公差为d．由，且a1=1，得即当n=1时，﹣≤d≤2；当n=2，3，…，k﹣1时，由，得d≥，所以d≥，所以1000=k，即k2﹣2000k+1000≤0，得k≤1999所以k的最大值为1999，k=1999时，a1，a2，…a k 的公差为﹣．【点评】本题考查等比数列的通项公式及前n项和的求法；考查不等式组的解法；找好分类讨论的起点是解决本题的关键，属于一道难题．第21页（共21页）。
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)Part A: Reading Comprehension (共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)Passage 1A: When Mangalyaan successfully entered the Mars orbit, India became the first country to achieve this on its first attempt. Scientists were thrilled with the success of the mission, which was proof of India's growing strength in space technology. Mangalyaan, or Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) as it's officially known, was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on November 5, 2013 and entered Mars orbit on September 24, 2014.B: The journey to Mars was not an easy one. The spacecraft traveled 420 million miles over a span of 300 days to reach its final destination. Mangalyaan had to overcome various challenges, including exposure to extreme radiation and the risk of failure during the intricate process of entering Mars' orbit. However, the mission was completed successfully, and Mangalyaan is currently conducting experiments to gather data on Mars' atmosphere and climate.C: India's successful mission to Mars is a significant achievement in the field of space exploration. It showcases India's technological prowess and its ability to compete with established space agencies such as NASA. The mission also brings hope to many other countries that aspire to explorespace and conduct scientific research beyond Earth. Mangalyaan has inspired scientists, engineers, and students around the world and has fuelled an increased interest in space exploration.1. What did Mangalyaan achieve?A. It completed experiments on Mars' atmosphere and climate.B. It became the first spacecraft to reach Mars.C. It successfully entered Mars' orbit on its first attempt.D. It traveled 420 million miles to reach Mars.2. What was the challenge Mangalyaan faced during its journey?A. Exposure to extreme radiation.B. Competing with established space agencies.C. Conducting experiments on Mars' atmosphere.D. Traveling a long distance.3. How does India's mission to Mars inspire others?A. It showcases India's technological prowess.B. It fuels interest in space exploration.C. It provides hope for other countries' space missions.D. All of the above.Passage 2In the future, driverless cars may become a common sight on our roads. These autonomous vehicles are capable of sensing their environment and navigating without human input. They use advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and artificial intelligence to analyze and interpret data from their surroundings.One of the main advantages of driverless cars is increased safety. Human errors and distractions are often the cause of accidents on the road. With autonomous vehicles, the risk of accidents due to human error is greatly reduced. These cars can react faster than humans and are not affected by fatigue, alcohol, or other factors that can impair driving abilities.Driverless cars also have the potential to improve traffic flow. They can communicate with each other and with road infrastructure, such as traffic lights, to optimize their movements. By avoiding unnecessary stops and maintaining a constant speed, driverless cars can reduce congestion and make the overall driving experience more efficient.Additionally, driverless cars have the potential to increase accessibility for people who are unable to drive or do not have access to private transportation. These vehicles can be programmed to accommodate individuals with disabilities and can provide a reliable means of transportation for those who are unable to drive themselves.4. What technology do driverless cars use to navigate their surroundings?A. Advanced sensors.B. Machine learning algorithms.C. Artificial intelligence.D. All of the above.5. Why are driverless cars considered safer than human-driven cars?A. They can react faster than humans.B. They are not affected by distractions.C. They eliminate the risk of human errors.D. All of the above.6. How can driverless cars improve traffic flow?A. By communicating with each other and with road infrastructure.B. By optimizing their movements to avoid unnecessary stops.C. By maintaining a constant speed.D. All of the above.7. What is one potential benefit of driverless cars for individuals who are unable to drive?A. Increased safety on the roads.B. Improved accessibility to transportation.C. Reduced traffic congestion.D. optimized driving experience.Passage 3In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sustainability and environmentally friendly practices. Many individuals and businesses aremaking efforts to reduce their carbon footprint and minimize their impact on the environment. One area where these efforts are being seen is in the fashion industry.Fast fashion, the production of cheap and disposable clothing, has been a major contributor to environmental degradation. The industry consumes vast amounts of water, energy, and natural resources, and also produces a significant amount of waste and pollution. However, a shift towards sustainable fashion is slowly gaining momentum.Sustainable fashion refers to the production and design of clothing that prioritizes environmental responsibility and social equity. It promotes the use of eco-friendly materials, such as organic cotton and recycled fibers, and encourages practices such as recycling, upcycling, and fair trade. Sustainable fashion also emphasizes the importance of transparency and ethical supply chains.Despite the challenges, there are promising signs of progress in the fashion industry. Various brands are adopting sustainable practices and offering eco-friendly alternatives to fast fashion. Consumers are becoming more conscious of the environmental impact of their clothing choices and are demanding more sustainable options. By supporting sustainable fashion, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable future and help drive positive change in the fashion industry.8. What is one of the negative impacts of the fast fashion industry?A. Increased consumption of natural resources.B. Environmental degradation.C. Waste and pollution.D. All of the above.9. What is the goal of sustainable fashion?A. Prioritizing environmental responsibility and social equity.B. Using eco-friendly materials.C. Encouraging recycling and upcycling.D. All of the above.10. What are consumers increasingly demanding in the fashion industry?A. Sustainable and eco-friendly options.B. Fast and disposable clothing.C. Ethical supply chains.D. Transparent production processes.11. How can individuals contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry?A. By supporting sustainable fashion brands.B. By choosing eco-friendly materials.C. By demanding transparency and ethical practices.D. All of the above.Passage 4The concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) has gained traction in recent years as a possible solution to economic inequality. UBI is a system in which all citizens receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government, regardless of their employment status or income level. Proponents argue that UBI can help alleviate poverty, provide financial security, and promote equal opportunity.One of the main advantages of UBI is that it ensures a minimum standard of living for all individuals. It provides a safety net that guarantees basic needs can be met, regardless of fluctuations in the job market or personal circumstances. This can help reduce poverty and improve the overall well-being of society.UBI also has the potential to empower individuals to pursue their passions and take risks. With a guaranteed income, individuals may have more freedom to explore their interests, start businesses, or engage in creative endeavors without the fear of financial instability. This can lead to greater innovation and personal fulfillment.However, critics argue that UBI may disincentivize work or encourage dependency on the government. They suggest that providing unconditional income may reduce the motivation to seek employment or pursue educational and career opportunities. Additionally, implementing UBI on a large scale would require significant financial resources and could potentially lead to increased taxation.12. What is Universal Basic Income (UBI)?A. A system in which all citizens receive a regular sum of money from the government.B. A program to alleviate poverty.C. A method to promote equal opportunity.D. All of the above.13. How can UBI help reduce poverty?A. By ensuring a minimum standard of living for all individuals.B. By providing a safety net for basic needs.C. By improving the overall well-being of society.D. All of the above.14. What potential advantage does UBI offer to individuals?A. The freedom to pursue their passions and take risks.B. Financial stability.C. The ability to start businesses.D. All of the above.15. What is one criticism of UBI?A. It may discourage work.B. It could lead to increased taxation.C. It may create dependency on the government.D. All of the above.Part B: Non-Text Information (共6小题；每小题2分，满分12分)16.其中一段是2014年上海高考英语试题及答案。
2014年上海高考英语试卷word版(校对版本含答案)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn‟t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor‟s speech.C. It made the mayor‟s view clearer.D. It carried the mayor‟s sp eech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Travelers’ Survey SheetTravel purpose: for a(n) 17 in LondonComments on the airport environment / facilities:Likes: •18•19 walkwaysDislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.What is critical thinking in reading? Assessing the writer‟s ideas and thinking about the 21 of what the writer is saying.What is the first step in reading an academic text critically? Finding out the argument and the writer's main line of 22 .What may serve as the evidence? 23 , survey results, examples, etc.What is the key to critical thinking? To read actively and 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country‟s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a minishop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn‟t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term …automatic shop‟ is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. alertB. classifyC. commitD. delicatelyE. gentleF. imposeG. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can theylie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behavedishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps themsurvive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally, areward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the rewardbecome interconnected. Finally,when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward,which will make it easier to workout day after day. The best part? Ina couple of weeks, you won't needthe chocolate at all. Your brain willcome to see the workout itself asthe reward. Which is the wholepoint, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you‟re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年全国高考语文试题及答案-上海卷
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）语文试题考生注意：1、本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题和答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2、答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚的填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
3、答题纸与试卷在试卷编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4、答题时间150分钟。
试题满分150分。
一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境．．？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设臵不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
2014高考真题——(上海卷)试题及答案
2014年上海高考化学试题考生注意：1． 本试卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
2． 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求；所有答题必须涂或写在答题纸上；做在试卷上一律不得分。
3． 答题前，考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
4． 答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
相对原子质量： H-1 C-12 O-16 Na-23 S-32 Cl-35.5 Zn-65 As-75一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1．“玉兔”号月球车用UP 23894作为热源材料。
下列关于U P 23894的说法正确的是A. U P 23894与U 23892互为同位素B. U P 23894与U P 23994互为同素异形体C. U P 23894与U 23892具有完全相同的化学性质D. U P 23894与U P 23994具有相同的最外层电子数2. 下列试剂不会因为空气中的氧气而变质的是A.过氧化钠B.氢硫酸C.硫酸亚铁D.苯酚3. 结构为…-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-…的高分子化合物用碘蒸气处理后，其导电能力大幅度提高。
上述高分子化合物的单体是A.乙炔B.乙烯C.丙烯D.1,3-丁二烯 4. 在“石蜡→液体石蜡→石蜡蒸气→裂化气”的变化过程中，被破坏的作用力依次是 A.范德华力、范德华力、范德华力 B. 范德华力、范德华力、共价键 C.范德华力、共价键、共价键 D. 共价键、共价键、共价键 5.下列分离方法中，和物质的溶解度无关的是A.升华B.萃取C.纸上层析D.重结晶 二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，每题只有一个正确选项） 6. 今年是门捷列夫诞辰180周年。
下列事实不能用元素周期律解释的只有 A.碱性：KOH > NaOH B.相对原子质量：Ar > K C.酸性：HClO 4 >H 2SO 4 D.元素的金属性：Mg>Al 7. 下列各组中两种微粒所含电子数不相等的是A. H 3O + 和OH -B.CO 和N 2C. HNO 2和 NO 2-D.CH 3+和NH 4+ 8. BeCl 2熔点较低，易升华，溶于醇和醚，其化学性质与AlCl 3相似。
2014年高考语文上海卷(附答案解析)
语文试卷 第1页（共10页）语文试卷 第2页（共10页）绝密★启用前2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文考生注意：1. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2. 答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
3. 答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4. 考试时间150分钟。
试卷满分150分。
一、阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1～6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境．．？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1.报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2.报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3.报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4.这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
2014年上海市高考数学试卷(文科)(含解析版).docx
2014 年上海市高考数学试卷（文科）一、填空（本大共14 ，分 56 分）考生在答相号的空格内直接填写果，每个空格填得 4 分，否一律得零分。
1．（4 分）函数 y=1 2cos2（2x）的最小正周期是．2．（4 分）若复数 z=1+2i，其中 i 是虚数位，（ z+）? =．．（分）常数a∈R，函数 f（ x ）=|x 1|+|x 2 a|，若 f（2）=1， f（1）=．3 44．（4 分）若抛物 y2=2px 的焦点与的右焦点重合，抛物的准方程．5．（4 分）某校高一、高二、高三分有学生1600 名， 1200 名， 800 名．了解校高中学生的牙健康状况，按各年的学生数行分抽，若高三抽取20 名学生，高一、高二共需抽取的学生数．6．（4 分）若数 x， y 足 xy=1， x2+2y2的最小．7．（4 分）若的面是底面的3倍，其母与所成角的大小（果用反三角函数表示）8．（4 分）在方体中割去两个小方体后的几何体的三如所示，切割掉的两个小方体的体之和等于．9．（4 分） f （x）=，若f（0）是f（x）的最小， a 的取范．10．（ 4 分）无等比数列nq，若1 3 4n），{a } 的公比 a =（ a +a +⋯ aq=．111．（4 分）若 f（x）=，足f（x）＜0的x的取范是．12．（4 分）方程 sinx+ cosx=1 在区 [0，2π] 上的所有解的和等于．13．（ 4 分）化安全意，某商在未来的10 天中随机 3 天行急疏散演，的 3 天恰好 3 天的概率是（果用最分数表示）．14．（ 4 分）已知曲 C：x=，直l：x=6，若于点A（m，0），存在C 上的点 P 和 l 上的 Q 使得+ = ， m 的取范．二、（共 4 ，分 20 分）每有且只有一个正确答案，得5 分，否一律得零分15．（ 5 分） a， b∈ R，“ a+b＞ 4”是“ a＞2 且 b＞2”的（）A ．充分非必要条件B．必要非充分条件C．充要条件D．既非充分又非必要条件．（分）已知互异的复数，足ab≠ 0，集合 {a，b}={a 2，b2}，（）16 5a b a+b=A ．2B．1C． 0D． 1 17．（5 分）如，四个 1 的小正方形排成一个大正方形， AB 是大正方形的一条，P（i i=1，2，⋯，7）是小正方形的其余点，?（i=1，2，⋯，7）的不同的个数（）A ．7B．5C． 3D． 118．（ 5 分）已知 P1（a1，b1）与 P2（a2， b2）是直 y=kx+1（k 常数）上两个不同的点，关于x 和 y 的方程的解的情况是（）A ．无 k，P1， P2如何，是无解B．无 k，P1， P2如何，有唯一解C．存在 k，P1， P2，使之恰有两解2D．存在 k，P1， P2，使之有无穷多解三、解答题（共 5 小题，满分 74 分）19．（12 分）底面边长为 2 的正三棱锥 P﹣ABC ，其表面展开图是三角形P1P2P3，如图，求△ P1P2P3的各边长及此三棱锥的体积 V ．20．（ 14 分）设常数 a≥0，函数 f（ x） =．（1）若 a=4，求函数 y=f （x）的反函数 y=f﹣1（ x）；（2）根据 a 的不同取值，讨论函数 y=f （x）的奇偶性，并说明理由．21．（ 14 分）如图，某公司要在A 、B 两地连线上的定点 C 处建造广告牌 CD，其中 D 为顶端， AC 长 35 米， CB 长 80 米，设点 A 、 B 在同一水平面上，从A 和B 看 D 的仰角分别为α和β．（1）设计中 CD 是铅垂方向，若要求α≥ 2β，问 CD 的长至多为多少（结果精确到 0.01 米）？（2）施工完成后， CD 与铅垂方向有偏差，现在实测得α =38.12°，β=18.45°，求CD 的长（结果精确到 0.01 米）．322．（ 16 分）在平面直角坐系xOy 中，于直l：ax+by+c=0和点1（x1，Py1），P2（ x2， y2），η =（ ax1+by1+c）（ax2+by2+c），若η＜ 0，称点P1，P2被直 l 分隔，若曲 C 与直 l 没有公共点，且曲 C 上存在点 P1、 P2被直 l 分隔，称直 l 曲 C 的一条分隔．（ 1）求：点 A （1，2），B（ 1，0）被直 x+y 1=0 分隔；2 2（2）若直 y=kx 是曲 x 4y =1 的分隔，求数 k 的取范；（3）点 M 到点 Q（0，2）的距离与到 y 的距离之 1，点 M 的迹E，求 E 的方程，并明 y 曲 E 的分隔．23．（ 18 分）已知数列 {a n} 足a n≤a n+1≤ 3a n， n∈ N*，a1=1．（1）若 a2=2，a3=x， a4=9，求 x 的取范；（2）若{a n} 是等比数列，且 a m=，求正整数m的最小，以及m取最小相 {a n } 的公比；（ 3）若 a1， a2，⋯ a100成等差数列，求数列a1， a2，⋯ a100的公差的取范．42014 年上海市高考数学试卷（文科）参考答案与试题解析一、填空题（本大题共14 题，满分 56 分）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对得 4 分，否则一律得零分。
2014年高考语文上海卷-答案
2014 年一般高等学校招生全国一致考试（上海卷）语文答案分析一、阅读（一）阅读下文，达成1~6 题1.【答案】示例：本应除去不确定性的信息却增添了对实情认识的不确定性。
2.【答案】原由表现3.【答案】 D【分析】需排序语段的话题是对“知识”的理解，可按语句间的逻辑关系来摆列。
⑤是“知识”的总说，有领起全文的作用，故放在开头。
②中“其实”一词，是对“知识”的进一步解说，故应紧接⑤。
③①紧密相连从反面来论述。
④中的“所以”引领的内容有总结的作用，应放在最后，应选 D 项。
4.【答案】 C【分析】“需要提升新闻的公布门槛”于文无据。
5.【答案】示例：第⑥段指出要提升受众参加新闻生产，与前文受众解读新闻、追求实情的意向的有关论述构成了层进关系，使论述更深入。
6.略。
（依照考生答案与文章第③段供给的四个方面的切合程度，以及考生答案的表达能否正确、逻辑能否严实评分 )（二）阅读下文，达成7~12 题7.【答案】示例：该句将湖泊比喻为“一块巨大的海绵”，以海绵吸水来比喻湖泊吸音，以海绵的“巨大”突出湖泊吸音能力之强，把作者奇妙的主观感觉用常有物件传达给读者，形象而生动。
8.【答案】略。
( 此题采纳整体评分法，对考生选择的角度及针对该角度联合文本进行的赏析做整体评分。
可选择的角度有动词的运用、写景角度的变化、色彩的组合等)9.【答案】“飞溅”一词化静为动，表现了银河刺眼醒目、闪耀生辉的美感。
10.【答案】红杉拥有历经沧海的安静，它的存在令人类清醒冷静，所以，作者以为红杉是一种拥有特别含义的树。
11.【答案】 B【分析】解答此题，第一要着眼于语段的自己所表现的含义。
A. 原文说的是感觉舒适，“舒适”不等于欢喜，且“能够获取更多的欢喜”于文无据。
C.假定关系不行立，原文说的是有人共享安静可使“经历更加丰富完满”， D.“一个人独处时更能感觉到安静的欢喜”于文无据。
12.【答案】作者描绘了多种不一样的声音：自然界的声音增添了安静感，也是安静的一部分，作者写这种声音是为了表现安静之美；工业文明的喧杂损坏了安静，作者描绘这种声音来表达责备和担忧。
2014年上海高考英语试卷word版(校对版本含答案)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn‟t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor‟s speech.C. It made the mayor‟s view clearer.D. It carried the mayor‟s sp eech accurately. Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Travelers’ Survey SheetTravel purpose: for a(n) 17 in LondonComments on the airport environment / facilities:Likes: •18•19 walkwaysDislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.What is critical thinking in reading? Assessing the writer‟s ideas and thinking about the 21 of what the writer is saying.What is the first step in reading an academic text critically? Finding out the argument and the writer's main line of 22 .What may serve as the evidence? 23 , survey results, examples, etc.What is the key to critical thinking? To read actively and 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country‟s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a minishop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn‟t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term …automatic shop‟ is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. alertB. classifyC. commitD. delicatelyE. gentleF. imposeG. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can theylie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behavedishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps themsurvive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally, areward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the rewardbecome interconnected. Finally,when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward,which will make it easier to workout day after day. The best part? Ina couple of weeks, you won't needthe chocolate at all. Your brain willcome to see the workout itself asthe reward. Which is the wholepoint, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you‟re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014高考上海卷英语试题及答案
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）语法填空:(A)My Stay in New Y orkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New Y ork, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned(32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country‟s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn‟t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Y et I think the term …automatic shop‟ is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.完形填空：Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping to gether made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful阅读理解：(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Natureagree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that manyanimals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals.Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "Y ou can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit thegym more regularly this year.How do you make thathappen? Consider putting thehabit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process.First, there's a cue,something that tells yourbrain to operateautomatically. Then there's aroutine. And finally, areward, which helps yourbrain learn to desire thebehavior. It's what you canuse to create—or break—habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leavingyour running shoes by thedoor, then pick. a reward—say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from thegym. That way, the cue andthe reward become interconnected. Finally,when you see the shoes, yourbrain will start longing forthe reward, which will makeit easier to work out dayafter day. The best part? In acouple of weeks, you won'tneed the chocolate at all.Y our brain will come to seethe workout itself as thereward. Which is the wholepoint, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box w ith a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Y ear's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Y our neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely tothink ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantly短文改错：It is bad manners in the classroom to look for what our neighbor had written, or try to see what mark he has received without being permitted. It is good manners for them to help each other if we have the same desire and the teacher allows to it. In examinations and in certain kinds of writing work, it is dishonest and foolishly to help or to ask help from others. When one student does so, much larger values are destroying. One may not agree to examination system, but at present it is basically the only measure that the teacher and the rest of the world can depend to decide if or not each of us meets the requirement.七选五：One of the favorite foods in the United States is the hamburger, a kind of flat round bread with fine-cut beef in between. 66 . At fast food restaurants, people order their food, wait a few minutes to get it over the counter, and carry it to their tables themselves. 67 . At some fast food restaurants , people can order their food, pay for it and pick it up without leaving their cars.68 . Most of the restaurants sell hamburgers or other popular foods among Americans. In addition, there are many fast food restaurants that serve Chinese food, Italian food, chicken, seafood and ice-cream. The idea of a fast food restaurant is so popular that nearly every kind of food can be found in one.69 . First , they are not formal restaurants. People wear any type of dress when they go to a fast food place. Second, they are fast. People who are busy do not want to spend time preparing their food or waiting while someone else prepares it. 70 . Finally , most food in a fast food restaurant is not expensive. Therefore, people can often eat at a fast food restaurant without spending too much money, while they may not be able to go to more expensive restaurants very often.A. There are many kinds of fast food restaurants in the United States.B. People can have almost every kind of food in fast food restaurants.C. Fast food restaurants are popular because they show the American way of life,D. The favorite place to buy a hamburger is a fast food restaurant.E. People also take their food out of the restaurant and eat it in their cars or in their homes.F. American people go to more expensive restaurants very often.G. In fast food restaurants the food is usually ready before the customer even orders it.上海英语参考答案语法填空：25. where 26. To earn 27. as soon as / as long as 28. exhausted 29. if30. what 31. adapting 32. did 33. an 34. is equipped 35. which36. myself 37. more appropriate 38. has forced 39. urging 40. to完形填空：51.C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. A56. B 57. C 58. D 59. A 60. C61. D 62. D 63. B 64. B 65. C阅读理解：66.D 67. B 68. A 69. A70.C 71.D 72.B 73.A74.B 75.A 76.D 77.C七选五：DEACG短文改错：It is bad manners in the classroom to look for what our neighbor had written, or try to see what mark he has received without being permitted. It is good manners for them to help each other if we have the same desire and the teacher allows to it. In examinations and in certain kinds of writing work, it is dishonest and foolishly to help or to ask help from others. When one student does so, much larger values are destroying. One may not agree to examination system, but at present it is basically the only measure that the teacher and the rest of the world can depend to decide if or not each of us meets the requirement.。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意:1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1—12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页.所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上,在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分)I。
Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A。
policewoman.B。
A judge。
C。
A reporter。
D. A waitress。
2。
A。
Confident。
B。
Puzzled. C。
Satisfied。
D. Worried。
3。
A。
At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4。
2014年高考上海语文试题及答案
2014年高考上海语文试题及答案高考研究0624 19532014年高考上海语文试卷一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
⑤还有一些人尽管有寻求事实真相的意愿，却习惯于把常识当成真相，或者以常识为标准来判断事件是否真实。
2014年高考理科数学上海卷(含答案解析)
数学试卷 第1页（共14页） 数学试卷 第2页（共14页）绝密★启用前2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学试卷(理工农医类)考生注意：1.本试卷共4页,23道试题,满分150分.考试时间120分钟.2.本考试分设试卷和答题纸.试卷包括试题与答题要求.作答必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上,在试卷上作答一律不得分.3.答卷前,务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名.一、填空题（本大题共有14题,满分56分）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果,每个空格填对得4分,否则一律得零分. 1.函数212cos (2)y x =-的最小正周期是 .2.若复数12i z =+,其中i 是虚数单位,则1(z )z z+= .3.若抛物线22y px =的焦点与椭圆22195x y +=的右焦点重合,则该抛物线的准线方程为 .4.设2,(,),(),[,),x x a f x x x a ∈-∞⎧=⎨∈+∞⎩若(2)4f =,则a 的取值范围为 .5.若实数x ,y 满足1xy =,则222x y +的最小值为 .6.若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍,则其母线与底面角的大小为 （结果用反三角函数值表示）.7.已知曲线C 的极坐标方程为(3cos 4sin )1ρθθ-=,则C 与极轴的交点到极点的距离是 .8.设无穷等比数列{}n a 的公比为q .若134lim()n n a a a a →∞=+++,则q = .9.若2132()f x x x =-,则满足()0f x ＜的x 的取值范围是 .10.为强化安全意识,某商场拟在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练,则选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率是 （结果用最简分数表示）. 11.已知互异的复数a ,b 满足0ab ≠,集合22{,}{,}a b a b =,则a b += . 12.设常数a使方程sin x x a =在闭区间[0,2π]上恰有三个解1x ,2x ,3x ,则123x x x ++= .13.某游戏的得分为1,2,3,4,5,随机变量ξ表示小白玩该游戏的得分.若() 4.2E ξ=,则小白得5分的概率至少为 .14.已知曲线C：x =,直线l ：6x =.若对于点(,0)A m ,存在C 上的点P 和l 上的点Q 使得AP AQ +=0,则m 的取值范围为 .二、选择题（本大题共有4题,满分20分）每题有且只有一个正确答案,考生应在答题纸的相应编号上,将代表答案的小方格涂黑,选对得5分,否则一律得零分. 15.设,a b ∈R ,则“4a b +＞”是“2a ＞且2b ＞”的( ) A .充分条件 B .必要条件C .充分必要条件D .既非充分又非必要条件16.如图,四个棱长为1的正方体排成一个正四棱柱,AB 是一条侧棱,(1,2,,8)i P i =是上底面上其余的八个点,则(1,2,,8)i AB AP i =的不同值的个数为( )A .1B .2C .4D .817.已知111(,)P a b 与222(,)P a b 是直线1y kx =+（k 为常数）上两个不同的点,则关于x 和y 的方程组11221,1,a x b y a x b y +=⎧⎨+=⎩的解的情况是 ( )A .无论k ,1P ,2P 如何,总是无解B .无论k ,1P ,2P 如何,总有唯一解姓名________________ 准考证号_____________--------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------------数学试卷 第3页（共14页） 数学试卷 第4页（共14页）C .存在k ,1P ,2P ,使之恰有两解D .存在k ,1P ,2P ,使之有无穷多解18.设2(),0,()1,0,x a x f x x a x x ⎧-⎪=⎨++⎪⎩≤＞若(0)f 是()f x 的最小值,则a 的取值范围为 ( )A .[1,2]-B .[1,0]-C .[1,2]D .[0,2]三、解答题（本大题共5题,满分74分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸相应编号的规定区域内写出必要的步骤. 19.（本题满分12分）底面边长为2的正三棱锥P ABC -,其表面展开图是三角形123PP P ,如图.求123PP P △的各边长及此三棱锥的体积V .20.（本题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.设常数0a ≥,函数2()2x x af x a+=-.（Ⅰ）若4a =,求函数()y f x =的反函数1()y f x -=；（Ⅱ）根据a 的不同取值,讨论函数()y f x =的奇偶性,并说明理由.21.（本题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.如图,某公司要在A ,B 两地连线上的定点C 处建造广告牌,其中D 为顶端,AC 长35 米,CB 长80 米.设点A ,B 在同一水平面上,从A 和B 看D 的仰角分别为α和β.（Ⅰ）设计中CD 是铅垂方向,若要求2αβ≥,问CD 的长至多为多少（结果精确到0.01 米）？（Ⅱ）施工完成后,CD 与铅垂方向有偏差.现在实测得38.12α=,18.45β=,求CD 的长（结果精确到0.01 米）.22.（本题满分16分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分3分,第2小题满分5分,第3小题满分8分.在平面直角坐标系xOy 中,对于直线l ：0ax by c ++=和点111(,)P x y ,222(,)P x y ,即1122()(c)ax by c ax by η=++++.若0η＜,则称点1P ,2P 被直线l 分隔.若曲线C 与直线l 没有公共点,且曲线C 上存在点1P ,2P 被直线l 分隔,则称直线l 为曲线C 的一条分隔线.（Ⅰ）求证：点(1,2)A ,(1,0)B -被直线10x y +-=分隔；（Ⅱ）若直线y kx =是曲线2241x y -=的分隔线,求实数k 的取值范围；（Ⅲ）动点M 到点(0,2)Q 的距离与到y 轴的距离之积为1,设点M 的轨迹为曲线E .求证：通过原点的直线中,有且仅有一条直线是E 的分隔线.23.（本题满分18分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分3分,第2小题满分6分,第3小题满分9分.已知数列{}n a 满足1133n n n a a a +≤≤,*n ∈N ,11a =. （Ⅰ）若22a =,3a x =,49a =,求x 的取值范围； （Ⅱ）设{}n a 是公比为q 的等比数列,12n n S a a a =+++,1133n n n S S S +≤≤,*n ∈N ,求q 的取值范围；（Ⅲ）若1a ,2a ,⋅⋅⋅,k a 成等差数列,且121000k a a a +++=,求正整数k 的最大值,以及k 取最大值时相应数列1a ,2a ,⋅⋅⋅,k a 的公差.数学试卷 第5页（共14页） 数学试卷 第6页（共14页）1(1z z z ⎫=+=+⎪⎭【提示】把复数代入表达式，利用复数代数形式的混合运算化简求解即可),n a ++即【提示】由已知条件推导出a ，由此能求出数学试卷 第7页（共14页） 数学试卷 第8页（共14页）【提示】要求在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练，选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率，须先求在10天中随机选择3天的情况，再求选择的3天恰好为连33π⎛⎫【解析】解：设小白得5分的概率至少为x ，则由题意知小白得1，2，3，4分的概率为1x -，∵某游戏的得分为1，2，3，4，5，随机变量ξ表示小白玩该游戏的得分，() 4.2E ξξ=，∴4(1)5 4.2x x -+=，解得0.2x =.，又因为0AP AQ +=，数学试卷 第9页（共14页） 数学试卷 第10页（共14页）【提示】通过曲线方程判断曲线特征，通过0AP AQ +=，说明23568(0,0,1)(0,1,1)(0,2,1)(1,0,1)(1,1,1)(1,2,1)(2,0,1)(2,2,1)B P P P P P ，，，，，，，，，，则(0,0,1)AB =，1(0,1,1)AP =，2(0,2,1)AP =，3(1,0,1)AP =(1,1,1)AP =5(1,2,1)AP =，(2,0,1)AP =7(2,1,1)AP =8(2,2,1)AP =i(i 1,2,,8)AB AP =的值均为1，故选A.根据向量数量积的几何意义，i AB AP 等于AB 乘以i AP 在AB 方向上的投影，而AP 在AB 方向上的投影是定值，||AB 也是定值，∴i AB AP 为定值【提示】建立空适当的间直角坐标系，利用坐标计算可得答案.数学试卷 第11页（共14页） 数学试卷 第12页（共14页）223ABC PQ =【提示】利用侧面展开图三点共线，判断,0)(0,),+∞2)(log ,)a +∞关于原点不对称，）根据反函数的定义，即可求出cos BC BD β，【提示】（1）利用三角函数的关系式建立不等式关系即可得到结论.1,2⎤⎡⎫+∞⎪⎥⎢⎦⎣⎭2(2)||1y x +-=，即2]1x =)不是上述方程的解，即1,2)(1,2)-和2]10x -=得2]10x -=，21-，2(0)(2)(1)[16(1)15]0f k =--+<，所以方程与曲线E 有公共点，故直线综上可得，通过原点的直线中，有且仅有一条直线是【提示】（1）把A.B 两点的坐标代入η，再根据0η<，得出结论. （2）联立直线y kx =与曲线2241x y -=可解.2]1x =数学试卷 第13页（共14页） 数学试卷 第14页（共14页）131nq q-- ,,k a 的公差为(1)]1,2,,1n d k -≤-.1,2,,1k -2,3,,1k -时，由1(1)221k k ka k -=+-，即12,,,k a a a 的公差为的范围（3）依题意得到关于k 的不等式，得出k 的最大值，并得出k 取最大值时12,,,k a a a 的公差.【考点】等比数列的性质，数列的求和。
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2014年高考（上海卷）及参考答案高三2014-06-08 21:032014年高考（上海卷）及参考答案一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
⑤还有一些人尽管有寻求事实真相的意愿，却习惯于把常识当成真相，或者以常识为标准来判断事件是否真实。
□⑥我们生活的时代，受众越来越多地拥有制作和发布新闻的机会，所以，仅仅强调受众解读新闻的能力和追求真相的意愿其实是不够的，还应该提高受众参与新闻生产的能力，提高他们所生产的新闻的质量。
从新闻业的发展来看，无论对新闻受众还是对新闻工作者，这可能都有更大的价值1、第①段加点词“困境”在文中指的是的状况。
（2分）2、第④段从□□和□□两方面对新闻受众缺乏寻求真相的意愿进行了阐述。
（2分）3、把下列语句组织起来填入第⑤段方框处，语意连贯的一项是（）（3分）①把常识推上神坛，会走向主观先行和反智主义的极端。
②其实常识并不意味着就是对事实真相的认识，③常识往往受到特定观点和具体经验的限制，因人而异、缺乏普遍性和稳定性，有时会遮蔽事实真相。
④因此，有必要对常识保持警惕。
⑤常识是在过去经验的基础上形成的，能帮助我们迅速作出认知，提高判断效率，在生活中必不可少。
A、⑤③①②④B、②④①⑤③C、②①③⑤④D、⑤②③①④4、下列有关受众的“新闻素养”的表述不准确的一项是（）（3分）A、提高受众的新闻素养能够优化新闻的信息环境。
B、能够批判性地解读信息是受众重要的新闻素养。
C、提高受众的新闻素养需要提高新闻的发布门槛。
D、受众新闻素养的高低会影响当今新闻业的发展。
5、联系全文，分析第⑥段的作用。
（3分）6、根据第三段提供的解读新闻的方法，分析下面这则新闻报道。
（5分）本报讯综合多家媒体报道，昨天傍晚6点半左右，本市西北上空出现不明飞行物，从出现到消失，持续了两分多钟，本报也收到了许多目击者发来的照片。
某市民用所带的Jason品牌最新型号手机拍摄了一组照片（见本报），色彩自然，画面清晰，为“不明飞行物”的研究提供了素材。
（二）阅读下文，完成7—12题。
（19分）宁静（美）西格德·F.奥尔森①时值拂晓之前，那是众鸟还没有开始啼鸣的一段沉静。
湖泊轻轻地喘息着，像是还在睡梦之中，一起一落；依我看，它就像一块巨大的海绵将大地上所有的声音都吸了进去。
那是宁静的时光——没有吹动树叶的风，没有泛起波浪的水，没有兽叫和鸟鸣。
然而，我还是一如既往地倾听，绷紧了所有的神经去听——我也不知道听什么——只是试图捕捉到当黑暗离去时那一瞬间的意义。
②孤身站在那里，我感到充满活力，比以前任何时候都更为机警敏悟。
一声喊叫或一个举动都会打破这短暂的静谧。
这是一段宁静的时光，是与古老的节奏和时光的永恒、与湖泊的呼吸、与万物缓慢的生长保持同步的时刻。
在这里能够感受到宇宙，领悟到人与自然一体的真实含义。
③我曾经攀登过鲁滨逊山的一座高峰，在那里观看日落，俯瞰山下奎蒂科-苏必利尔荒原的湖泊河流、起伏的山丘和溪谷。
当我到达光秃的山顶时，太阳正悬在地平线上，像一个燃烧的火球，准备落入山下的黄昏。
山下更遥远的地方，在伸向湖面的一片松林里，是我那个倒写的V字形白帐篷。
当夜色来临之际，它显得十分渺小。
④当我观望和倾听时，渐渐地意识到昆虫缓慢沉稳的低鸣，透过虫鸣可以听到白喉带鹀的啼叫和隐身鸫悦耳的歌声。
但是站在高山之巅，这一切都显得遥远而模糊，渐渐地它们相互交汇，形成了一种巨大的、温柔的声音环绕于四周，那声音是如此轻柔，仿佛还不及我的呼吸声。
⑤眼下，太阳在山脊边颤动。
它充满了活力，几近流动，当我望着它落下时，我想我能感到地球在转离它，我真切地感到了地球的旋转。
总而言之，那是一种荒野的宁静，是一种人与自然一体的感觉，只有当没有任何视觉和声音的干扰时，只有当我们用内心之耳去听、用内心之眼去看时，当我们用全身心而不仅仅是用感官去感受和领悟时，才能够有这种感觉。
我认识到，没有宁静，就不可能领悟；不从外界影响中解脱出来，人就不可能理解精神的意义。
⑥一个寒冬的夜晚，我站在星空下倾听。
天气很冷，大约零下二十摄氏度，而我是在荒野中的一个湖泊的岸边。
那天夜里，繁星低垂，明亮得像是要燃烧起来似的。
银河耀眼夺目，飞溅于苍穹之上。
湖畔幽暗的林中传来一只猫头鹰阴森忧郁的叫声，那叫声突显出湖面的幽静。
宁静再度降临于此地，令我想到体验宁静的机遇是多么少见，要想达到真正的宁静和随之而来的内心平和又是多么难得，“宁静无价”的说法是多么真实贴切。
⑦我们日益意识到宁静之于我们的欢乐有多么重要。
在我们的城市里，不停地萦绕于我们原始感官的那些奇异的声浪将我们驱向精神崩溃的边缘，将我们从曾经体验过宁静的人变成了焦虑不安、喜怒无常的人，陷于摧毁了健全心智和心理平衡的刺耳杂音之中。
⑧宁静属于原始的景物。
没有它，不变的风景无非是一些岩石、树木和山脉。
但有了它，风景便充满含义，意味深长。
试想，当一架轰鸣的直升飞机在大峡谷上空盘旋时，它的那片蓝天，它的幽深和永恒的感觉会是什么样子？⑨约翰·缪尔曾说：“红杉属于千年的沉静。
”那些古老的树，其中有些早在公元前就存在，在新大陆被发现很久以前就已经成熟，具有历经沧海的宁静。
从这层含义上而言，它们不仅仅是树：它们的存在使得作为世间匆匆过客的人类清醒镇静。
⑩当奎蒂科-苏必利尔湖区的荒原被飞机的轰鸣声和大功率运输工具的声浪所淹没时会是什么情景？划独木舟旅行的魅力就在于它的那份宁静，当你沿着湖畔漂荡时，便与岩石、树木和所有生物融为一体。
倘若所有自然之声被发动机和变速器激烈狂暴的喧闹声所取代，情况将会发生怎样急速的变化？在平静的水域中，人们通常都不会高声说话，而是低声细语，因为那时任何噪声都是一种亵渎。
⑪当一个人徒步走过一片原野时，他心中是多么惬意！然而，为了享受宁静，一个人其实也不必独处。
人们常说，能与他人分享宁静是相互理解、亲善友爱的标志。
只有当陌生人聚在一起时，人们才感到必须去寻欢作乐。
只要兴趣相投，品味一致，就没有障碍去阻止人们共享宁静。
当我孤身一人在宁静的地方时，常常希望有人与我共享那份宁静，从而使这种经历更为丰富完美。
⑫我们是多么频繁地谈起荒野广漠的宁静，保持荒野宁静的重要性及在宁静中所能找到的奇妙与安宁。
当我想到宁静时，我便看到了北方的河流湖泊、泥炭沼泽地和延伸的冻原以及无路的荒凉之地。
我看到了西部的山脉和阿巴拉契亚山脉那高耸起伏的山岭。
我想象着西南部的沙漠及其色彩斑斓的全景，还有南部难以穿过的沼泽地。
它们总是在那里，它们的美丽不会改变。
然而，一旦它们的宁静被打破，就再也不会恢复。
7、第①段画线句运用了比喻的手法，形象而生动，请对此加以分析。
（3分）8、自选一个角度赏析第③段的景物描写。
（4分）9、赏析第⑥段中加点词“飞溅”的精妙之处。
（2分）10、第⑨段中，作者为什么说红杉“不仅仅是树”？（2分）11、对第⑪段的内容理解恰当的一项是（）（3分）A、置身于寂静的荒野可以获得更多的欢乐。
B、心灵互相阻隔的人在一起，无法分享宁静。
C、一个人的宁静若不与人分享，是不完美的。
D、一个人独处时更能感受到宁静的欢乐。
12、分析作者描写多种声音的意图。
（5分）（三）默写。
（6分）【任选6空作答，超过6空，按前6空评分】13、（1）贫与贱，是人之所恶也，，不去也。
（《〈论语〉七则》）（2），云之君兮纷纷而来下。
（李白《梦游天姥吟留别》）（3），万方多难此登临。
（杜甫《登楼》）（4）叹年来踪迹，？（柳永《八声甘州》）（5），五十弦翻塞外声，沙场秋点兵。
（辛弃疾《破阵子》）（6）书不尽言，。
（《周易·系辞上》）（7）沧浪之水清兮，。
（屈原《渔父》）（8）今夕为何夕，。
（袁凯《客中除夕》）（四）阅读下面的作品，完成14—16题。
（8分）镜湖女（南宋）陆游湖中居人事舟楫，家家以舟作生业。
女儿妆面花样红，小伞翻翻乱荷叶。
日暮归来月色新，菱歌缥缈泛烟津。
到家更约西邻女，明日湖桥看赛神。
14、从体裁上看，本作品属于（）（1分）A、古体诗B、近体诗C、歌行D、诗余15、对本作品分析不恰当的一项是（）（3分）A、“事舟楫”写湖边的人家日常靠船为生。
B、“乱荷叶”写女子摆动的伞把荷叶搅乱。
C、“月色新”写傍晚景色，暗示时间转换。
D、“泛烟津”写若有若无的歌声随波荡漾。
16、结合作品，对作者塑造的“镜湖女”形象加以赏析。
（4分）（五）阅读下文，完成17—21题。
（17分）①刘晏初为转运使，常以厚直募善走者，觇报四方物价。
虽远方不数日皆达使司①。
食货轻重之权，悉在掌握，国家获利，而天下无甚贵甚贱之忧。
②晏又以为户口滋多，则赋税自广，故其理财常以爱民为先。
诸道各置知院官，每旬月具州县雨雪丰歉之状白使司。
知院官始见不稔之端，先申，至某月须若干蠲免，某月须若干救助，及期，晏不俟州县申请，即奏行之。
应民之急，未尝失时，由是民得安其居业，户口蕃息。
其初，财赋岁入不过四百万缗，季年乃千余万缗。
③晏专用榷②盐法充军国之用，以为官多则民忧，故但于出盐之乡置盐官，自余州县，不复置官。