高中英语语法专题讲解：词性、成分与句子结构附练习题

高中英语语法专题讲解

词性、成分与句子结构（一）词性

一、四大词性与句子结构紧密相关

1. 名词：主语、宾语、表语、同位语

2. 动词：谓语

3. 形容词：定语、表语、补语

4. 副词：状语

二、其他词性

1. 代词：主宾表

2. 疑问词

who, whom, whose, what, which（主宾语，两个例外）when, where, why, how（状）

（二）句子成分

主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表、同位。

句子成分口诀：主谓宾，定状补，主干枝叶分清楚。主干成分主谓宾，枝叶成分定状补。

定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。

状语有时位主前，逗号分开心有数。

基本成分主谓宾，连带成分定状补。

主语宾语adj.物主代词

（定语）

n.物主代词

（主宾表）

反身代词

（宾表）

我I me my mine myself

我们we us our ours ourselves

你you you your yours yourself

你们you you your yours yourselves

他he him his his himself

她she her her hers herself

它it it its its itself

他们they them their theirs themselves

No news is good news. 没消息就是好消息。

一、主语：句子开头的、动词/助动词或be 之前的那个成分。

充当主语的有：名词、代词、名词短语、动词不定式、动名词、从句。

I like dancing.

The girl is very smart.

Xiao Ming would go to the countryside to see his grandpa.

二、谓语：主语后面的动词或动词词组。

She made a speech at the meeting.

The old man took care of the kid many years ago.

Flight 258 is taking off.

三、宾语（由名词、代词、名词短语、动词不定式、动名词、从句充当）：

牢记两个词：动宾、介宾

1. 动宾：及物动词之后的宾语。

Lao Wang is playing the piano in the sitting room.

2. 介宾：介词之后的宾语。

Tom is interested in the movie.

The teacher gave us some tips on how to learn English well.

注意：句子成分的分析，整体把握即可，没必要纠缠于每一个词分别做什么成分。

四、定语：

1. 形容词修饰名词：

Many people have a smart phone.

It is a beautiful village.

2. 形容词修饰不定代词时后置：（something，anything，nothing，someone 等）

There is nothing serious.

3. 不定式做定语时后置：

I have nothing to do now.

He thought of an idea to solve the problem.

五、状语：

1. 时间状语：

On a snowy morning, he went to work on foot.

A terrible earthquake hit/struck Wenchuan on May 12, 2008.

2. 地点状语：

Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

A tall building is being built near a river.

Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. (地点在前，时间在后)

2. 原因状语：

He was late for the lecture because of traffic jams.

3. 副词作状语：副词修饰句子、动词、形容词、副词等。Luckily, the naughty boy entered Shandong University.

六、补语（宾补）：对宾语进行补充说明。

牢记下面的结构：

1. call sb. sth. We call him Big Mouth.

elect sb. + 职务They elected the top student monitor.

paint sth. + 颜色Workers painted the wall white.

find it + adj. to do Most students find it easy to learn English well.

2. put / leave + sth. + 地点

He put the book on the shelf.

The mother left her daughter in the room.

3. have sth. left There be sth. left

The old man had nothing left for his son.