英国文学重点

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英国文学-各时期知识点梳理提纲

英国文学1.中古时期的英国文学Ballad(民谣):(1) Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. (2) Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. (3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of Ancient Marine is a 19th century English ballad.Epic（史诗）:(1) Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. (2) Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics：Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonists.Romance（罗曼文学/骑士文学）:(1) Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. (2) It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. (3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.Alliteration（押头韵）:(1) Alliteration means a repetition of initial sounds of several words in aline or group. (2) Alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature. (3) Robert Frost’s poem Acquainted with the Night is a case in point: “ I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》:(1)Beowulf , a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. (2) The epic describes the heroic deeds of Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. (3) The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil.Geoffrey Chaucer（乔叟）:(1) He is regarded as the father of English poetry. (2) The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece. (3) He presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. (4) Chaucer introduced from France rhymed stanzas of various types (heroic couplet) into English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.(5) It was Chaucer who made London dialect the foundation for modern English speech. (6) His characterization is vivid.His major works: The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯和科丽西德》, The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》, The House of Fame《声誉之堂》.Brief description of The Canterbury Tales: (1) The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s monumental success. (2) It is a collection of stories told b y a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. (3) It was influenced by Boccaccio(薄伽丘)’s Decameron（《十日谈》）. (4) In the poem Chaucer presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval society and creates a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. (5) The poem shows Chaucer’s humanism and anticipates a new era to come.William Langland (威廉•兰格伦):(1) Piers Plowman（《农夫皮尔斯》）is a poem that gives a picture of the life in feudal England. (2) It is a protest against the then social injustice.2.文艺复兴时期的英国文学Renaissance(文艺复兴):(1) the word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2) The essence of Renaissance is humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. (3) The real mainstream ofthe English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Humanism(人文主义):(1)Humanismis the essence of Renaissance. (2) It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Spenserian stanza(斯宾塞诗节):（1）Spenserian stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser .(2) It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter(六步音)，rhyming ababbcbcc. (3) Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.Conceit(奇特的比喻):(1) Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. (2) Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌):(1) Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the name of the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.(2) With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. (3)The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. (4) The imagery is drawn from actual life.Sonnet(十四行诗):（1）Sonnet is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe. (2) A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. (3) Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.Blank verse (无韵体诗):（1）Blank verse is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. (2) It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.Meter（格律）:(1) The word “meter” is derived from the Greek word “metron”, meaning“measure”. (2) In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. (3) The analysis of meter is called scansion (格律分析).Allegory(寓言) :（1）Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something, especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. (2) Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice. (3) Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress,Golding’s Lord of the Flies and Melville’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.Stanza(诗节):（1）Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan. (2) The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.University Wits（大学才子）:（1）University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabeth Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came toLondon with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “university wits”. (2) Thomas Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlow were among them. (3) They paved the ways, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.Foreshadowing（预兆）:(1) Foreshadowing, in drama, means a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. (2) In Shakespeare’s Romeo andJuliet, Romeo’s expression of fear in Act 1, scene 4 foreshadows the catastrophe to come:I fear too early; for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the stars…Soliloquy(独白):(1) Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. (2) In the lines “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act 3, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living, and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.Narrative Poem(叙述诗):（1）A Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story.(2) It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer’s The Iliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.3.启蒙主义时期的英国文学Literary TermsThe Enlightenment Movement（启蒙运动）(1)Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century. (2) The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.(3) Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. (4) It celebrated reason or rationality, equally and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education. (5) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Johnathan Swift, Richard Bringsley Sheridan, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson,etc.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）(1)In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought abouta revival of interest in the old classical works. (2) This tendency is known as neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Vigil and those of the contemporary French ones. (3) They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.The Graveyard School（墓地派诗歌）(1)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.(2) Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work. The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.Elegy（挽歌）(1)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone. (2) In Memoriam by Alfred Tennyson is a famous elegy.Satire（讽刺）(1)Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. (2) The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society , and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter. (3) Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a great satire of the then English society from different aspects.Sentimentalism（感伤主义）(1)Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. (2) In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. (3) The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.Didactic( 说教的）(1)Didactic literature is said to be didactic if it is deliberately teaches some moral lesson. The use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifications. (2) Most modern literary works during the Enlightenment period tended to be didactic.Farce（闹剧/滑稽剧）Farce refers to a play full of ridiculous happenings, absurd actions, and unreal situations, meant to be very funny.Aside（旁白）(1)Aside refers to words spoken by an actor which the other actors are supposed not to hear. (2) An actor’s asides are usually spoken to the audience. (3) Hamlet’s very first line is an aside.Denouement（戏剧结局）Denouement, pronounced Dee-noo-ma, is that part of a drama which follows the climax and leads to the resolution.Name of the WriterAlexander Pope（亚历山大.蒲柏）(1)He is a representative of the Enlightenment and the greatest poet of the Neoclassical period.(2)He is the first to introduce rationalism to England. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order , reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.Works An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》(1) An Essay on Criticism is his masterpiece. It is a didactic poemwritten in heroic couples.(2) It consists of 744 lines and is divided into three parts.(3) It sums up the art of poetry as upheld and practiced by theancientslikeAristotle, and the 18th century European classicists.(4) Pope first laments the dearth of true taste in poetic criticism of hisdayand calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Romanwriters for guidance.(5) It helped spread neoclassicist tradition in England.The Rage of the Lock 《夺发记》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》John Dryden（约翰.德莱顿）(1)He is called “the father of English Criticism”.(2)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is his masterpiece.Works An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 《论戏剧诗歌》(1) An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is John Dryden’s best work.(2) In it he discusses the works of the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, the English Renaissance, and contemporary France.(3) He was call ed “the father of English Criticism”.All for Love 《一切为了爱》Alexander’s Feast 《亚历山大的宴会》Thomas Gray （托马斯.格雷）He is the leading figure of the Graveyard School.Works Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》(1) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is the most representative workof the Graveyard School.(2)In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and themysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.(3) The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wonderingwhat the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance.Herehe reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocksthegreat ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.4.浪漫主义时期的英国文学Romanticism（浪漫主义）(1)In the middle 18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England. (2) It is characterizedby a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead , romanticism gaveprimary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. (3) In thehistory of literature, romanticism is generally regarded as the thought thatdesignates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see theindividual as the very center of all life and all experience. (4) The EnglishRomantic Period is an age of poetry. Major romantic poets include Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats. Romanticism prevailedin England from 1798 to 1837.Lyric( 抒情诗 )(1)Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion orillustrates some life principle. (2) Lyric often concerns love. “My love is like a red, red rose” is Robert Burns well-known lyric.Byronic Hero( 拜伦式英雄 )(1)Byronic Hero refers to a profound, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. (2) With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(3) Byron’s chief contribution to the English literature is the creation of “Byronic hero”.Terza Rima( 三行诗 )(1)Terza Rima is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme a b a, b c b, c d c, d e d, etc.(2) Shelly’s Ode to the West Wind is a case in point.Ottava Rima( 八行诗 )(1)Ottava Rima is a form of eight-line iambic stanza rhyming a b a b a bc c.(2) Byron’s Don Juan and William Butlter’s Sailing to Byzantium are outstanding examples.Canto( 诗章 )(1)Canto is a section of division of a long poem.(2) The most famous cantos in literature are those that make up Dante’s Division Comedy, a 14th century epic. In English poetry Alexander Pope’s The Rage of the Lock and Byron’s Don Juan are divided into cantos.Gothic Novel( 哥特式小说 )(1)Gothic Novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.(2) Gothic novel empathizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.(3) Gothic originally means in the sense of “medieval, not classical” was applied by Horac e Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otranto, a Gothic story, published in 1765.(4) With its description of the dark and irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelly are typical Gothic romance.High Comedy(正统喜剧 )High Comedy is a comedy that deals with a polite society and depends more on witty dialogue and well-drawn characters than on comic situations.Ode (颂歌)(1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric of some length,praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.(2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case inpoint.Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakes”.William Blake (威廉布莱克)(1)He is one of major English Romantic poets in the 19th century.(2)The distinctive feature of his poetry is the symbolism in wide range.(3)He is famous for his two volumes of poems: Songs of Innocence andSongs of Experience.(4)Chil dhood is central to Blake’s concern in these two volumes of poems. Works: Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.Songs of Experience 《经验之歌》Songs of Experience presents a different world, a world ofmisery,poverty, disease, war and repression with amelancholy tone.The Tiger《老虎》The Tiger is also a famous poem by Blake. Lamb in the poem is a symbol of peace and purity whereas tiger a symbol of dreadand violence.Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》Robert Burns （罗伯特彭斯）（1）H e is the greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.（2）I n his poetry he glorifies a natural man—a healthy, joyous and clever Scotch peasant.（3）H e wrote in Scottish dialect, drawing his inspiration from the treasury of Scottish folklore.（4）H is poetry is rich in such qualities as love, humor, pathos and love of nature. All these qualities suggest the coming of EnglishRomanticism.Works：A Red , Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》My Heart’s in the Highland《我的心在高原》Auld Lang Syne《友谊地久天长》Mary Shelly (玛丽雪莱)She was the wife of Percy Bysshe ShelleyWork: Frankenstein《弗兰克肯斯坦》Frankenstein is a Gothic novel.Walter Scott(沃尔特司各特)（1）H e is the creator and a master of the historical novel. His historical novel is his chief contribution to English literature.（2）H is historical novels concern the history of Scotland, English history and the history of European countries.Works: Waverley《威弗利》The Black Dwarf《黑侏儒》Rob Roy《罗伯罗伊》Old Mortality《清教徒》Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》(1)Ivanhoe is Scott’s masterpiece.(2)It is a novel of English subjectcovering the days after the Norman Conquest.5.维多利亚时期的英国文学Critical Realism(批判现实主义)（1）C ritical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.（2）I t means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction tothe criticism of society and the examination of social issues. （3）R ealist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.（4）C harles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白)（1）D ramatic Monologue，in literature, refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience.（2）R obert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, revealsnot only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of hisformer duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of hisown personality as well.Psychological novel（心理小说）（1）P sychological novel refers to a kind of novel that dwells on acomplex psychological development and presents much of thenarration through the inner workings of the character’s mind.（2）T hackeray’s characterization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.Point of View（叙述角度）（1）P oint of View can be divided by the narrator’s relationship with the character, represented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscientnarrator.（2）I n the first-person narrative, the narrator appears in the novel as “I”or “me”. In the third-person narrative, the narrator does notactually appear and all the characters are referred to as “he” or“they”. If the speaker knows everything including the actions,motives and thoughts of all the characters, the speaker is referredto as omniscient.Plot（情节）(1)Plot refersto the structure of a story.(2)The plot of a literary work includes the rising action, the climax, thefalling action and the resolution. It has a protagonist who is opposed by an antagonist, creating what is called conflict.Flashback (倒叙)（1）F lashback refers to an event which took place prior to the beginning of a story or play.（2）F lashback is used in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. In Hemingway’s The Snow of Kilamanjaro the protagonist, Harry Street, has been injured on a hunt in Africa. Dying, his mind becomes preoccupied with incidents in his past. In a flashback Street remember one of his wartime comrades dying painfully on barded wire on a battlefield in Spain.Allusion(典故/暗指)（1）A llusion means a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize andrespond to.（2）A n allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.（3）T hacker’s Vanity Fair serves as a literary example. The name of the novel is borrowed from the famous scene in John Bunyan’ ThePilgrim’s Progress.Protagonist and Antagonist(正面人物与反面人物)（1）I n a literary work Protagonist refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal (Antagonist)in accomplishing his or her objective.（2）F or example, Captain Ahab is the protagonist in Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick whereas the white whale (Moby-Dick) is the antagonist.Charles Dickens(查尔斯狄更斯)（1）H e is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. （2）H is works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19th-century England, particularly London.（3）A ll his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos Works:Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Oliver Twist criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life.David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》David Copperfield is about the debtor’s prison.Dombey and son《董贝父子》Dombey and son exposes the money-worship that dominates people’s life, corrupts the young and brings tragedy to Mr.Domby’s family.Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Bleak House attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients.Hard Times《艰难时世》Hard Times lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.Great Expectations《远大前程》Our Mutual Friends 《我们共同的朋友》Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friends expose the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people.A Tale of Two City 《双城记》The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》Little Dorrit《小杜丽》The Pickwick Papers Great ExpectationsOur Mutual FriendsRobert Stevenson Treasure Island《金银岛》（罗伯特﹒史蒂文森） Kidnapped 《诱拐》6.现代时期的英国文学Modernism （现代主义）(1)Modernism is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19 century and flourished until 1950s.(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as theoretical case.（3）The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner of an individual.(4)James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Virgina Woolf and William Faulkner are prominent modernist writers.Dadaism（达达主义）Dadaism refers to a western European artistic and literary movement (1916---1923) that sought the discovery of authentic reality through the abolition of traditional, cultural and aesthetic forms by a technique of comic derision in which irrationality, chance, and intuition were the guiding principles.Stream of Consciousness（意识流）(1)Stream of Consciousness has something to do with a method of storytelling in which the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. It is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than the events themselves.(2) Among English writers, James Joyce and Virgina Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.The Theater of Absurd（荒诞派戏剧）(1)The Theater of Absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and presents a view of absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form.(2)The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. His play, Waiting for Godot, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.。

英国文学选读笔记重点

英国文学选读笔记重点一、引言英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，其丰富的历史背景、独特的文化传统和卓越的文学成就使其在世界文学史上占有重要地位。

在英国文学选读中，我们不仅可以欣赏到众多杰出的文学作品，还可以深入了解英国的历史、文化和社会背景。

二、重点作家及其作品莎士比亚莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的作家之一，他的作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的思想内涵和卓越的艺术表现力，是英国文学的经典之作。

简·奥斯汀简·奥斯汀是英国19世纪著名的女性作家，她的作品如《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，以细腻的人物描写和精湛的心理分析而著称。

她的作品反映了当时英国社会的风俗习惯和道德观念，具有很高的社会价值。

狄更斯狄更斯是19世纪英国最著名的现实主义作家之一，他的作品如《双城记》、《雾都孤儿》等，以对社会问题的深刻揭示和对人性的深刻剖析而著称。

他的作品反映了当时英国社会的贫困、不公和阶级斗争，具有很高的社会意义。

三、重点主题爱情与婚姻爱情与婚姻是英国文学中的重要主题之一。

在许多作品中，作者通过描写爱情与婚姻的关系，探讨了人性的复杂性和生活的真谛。

例如，在简·奥斯汀的作品中，她通过对婚姻的思考，揭示了当时英国社会对婚姻的看法和期望。

社会问题社会问题是英国文学中的另一个重要主题。

许多作家通过描写社会问题，揭示了当时社会的矛盾和冲突。

例如，在狄更斯的作品中，他通过对贫困、不公和阶级斗争的描写，揭示了当时英国社会的种种问题。

人性与命运人性与命运是英国文学中的永恒主题。

许多作家通过描写人性的复杂性和命运的无常，探讨了人生的意义和价值。

例如，在莎士比亚的作品中，他通过对人性的深刻剖析和对命运的无奈揭示了人生的无常和无奈。

四、结语英国文学选读是了解英国文化和历史的重要途径之一。

通过对英国文学的学习和研究，我们可以更好地理解英国的历史、文化和社会背景，同时也可以提高我们的审美能力和文化素养。

英国文学重点知识

Colonial Period (1607-1775)---PuritanismMajor Writers & Literary WorksCaptain John SmithWilliam BradfordJohn WinthropAnne BradstreetIII. Main types of writing:diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermonsIV.Captain John Smith (1580—1631)True Relation of Virginia (1608)Description of New England (1616)General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)Puritanism in AmericaPuritanism 清教主义Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans. Doctrines:- Predestination- Original sin and total depravity (human beings are basically evil.)- Limited atonement (or the Salvation of a selected few)Puritan values (creeds):Hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety, simple tastes.Puritans are more practical, tougher, and to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure.They are optimistic.Influence-- one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.-- American literature is based on a myth, i.e. the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.-- tendency to moralize.- Puritanism can be compared with Chinese Confucianism.American Puritanism&Chinese Confucianism1) powerful shaping factor in the cultural maturity of the nation;2) burned its way into the very fabric of social life and way down into people’s consciousness;puritan style of writingfresh, simple, directrhetoric is plain, honestinfluence of biblemoralizeAnne Bradstreet (1612-1672)The first publication of a book of poems in America,the first publication by a woman in America.She also wrote The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America in 1650.Anne Bradstreet (1612—1672)安妮.布雷特兹里特The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America <美洲最近出现的第十缪斯> ----published in Britain in 1650 by her brother-in-lawSeveral Poems Compiled with a Great Variety of Wit and Learning, Full of Delight <一些风格各异，充满机智和学识的诗歌>----the first edition of her poetry in North America in 1678 after her death Contemplation <沉思>----a long poem imitated Edmund Spenser both in rhythm and themeUpon the Burning of Our HouseTo My Dear and Loving HusbandAge of EnlightenmentGeneral Backgrounds –dominant thought(1) EnlightenmentAn 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man.. It advocated reason or rationality, the scientific method, equality and human beings ’ability to perfect themselves and their society.Originated in Europe: 17th CResources: Newton’s theory; deismBasic principles: stressing education; Reason (Order); employing reason to reconsider the traditions and social realities; concern for civil rights –equality, justiceSignificance: accelerating social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism; making spiritual preparation for Am, Revolution.Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas JeffersonInfluence on LiteratureIn form: imitating English classical writersIn content: utilitarian tendency ( for political or educational purpose) （2）The Great Awakening (1730s—1740s)A series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of 18th century. The main aim is to revive people’s enthusiasm towards Calvinism. In New England it was started by Jonathan Edwards.Major writers3.1two representatives of Puritanism in two aspectsJonathan Edwards (1703—1785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹---Outstanding representative of Puritanism--the last great voice to re-assert Calvinism in America.His WorksPersonal Narrative 《自述》Freedom of the Will 《意志的自由》The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend《原罪说辩》The Nature of True Virtue 《真正美德的本质》Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God《发怒的上帝手中的罪人》Images or Shadows of Divine Things《神灵的形影》Jonathan Edwards’ Points of view(1) Regeneration of man(人的来世): He urges his people to enjoy the sweetness of “conversion”(转变).(2) God’s presence: God is the source of all being, the substance of all life. God made the world by an extension of Himself, he manifests Himself in nature and man, and that man, being a part of God, is divine(神圣的).–his sense of God’s overwhelming presence in nature and in soul anticipated the Transcendentalism.His Position1 He was the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.2 He was in part instrumental in bringing about the Great Awakening3 He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790)本杰明.富兰克林The Autobiography 《自传》—first of its kind in liter.Its Significance/1) It is the first of its kind in American literature.2) It is a puritan document of its self-examination & self-improvement. (Franklin’s 13 virtues)3) a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream4)It is regarded as one of the most important works of American literature producedduring the 18th century.5)he represents American idea--- man is basically good and free by nature, endowedby God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.7) The Autobiography is in the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. 思考题小结：Edwards vs FranklinSimilarity---Both were inheritors of the puritan tradition. Both came from the same parent stock, the Puritanism of New England.Differences----They moved in different directions: Puritan idealism vs materialism. Edwards used Calvinist beliefs and tenets to stage a series of religious revivals, --the great awakening in north America from 1735 to 1750. Franklin used deism as an effective practical support to the new ideas of progress. With him as spokesman, 18th C Am. Experienced enlightenment, reason and order like England and Europe.Thomas Paine (1737—1809) 托马斯.潘恩Fight for the rights of manHelp to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions of his agePropagandist, pamphleteer, a master of persuasion who understands the power of language to move a man to action.Main works:Common Sense 《常识》The American Crisis 《美国危机》The Rights of Man 《人的权利》The Age of Reason 《理智时代》3.2Philip Freneau (1752—1832) 菲利普.弗瑞诺1. significanceUse his poetic talents to serve his nationHe is the most important poet in the 18th CHe was entitled Father of American PoetryHe was born in New York and graduated from Princeton University.He wrote lots of poems supporting Am. Revolution and human liberty.He was the most notable Representative of dawning nationalism in literature.His poems presented Romantic spirits but his form and taste were mainly influenced by Classicism.Most famous poems “the Wild Honey Suckle” The Indian Burying Ground 《印地安人墓地》2. Works: The British Prison ship 《英国囚船》The Rising Glory of America (graduation poem in college of New Jersey) 《美洲光辉的兴起》／《蒸蒸日上的美国》The Indian Burying Ground 《印地安人墓地》—on the imagined afterlifeThe Wild Honey suckle 《野金银花》---on mortalityThe Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi 《将死之印第安人图默.凯奎》3. The Wild Honeysuckle1.It is a deistic celebration of nature, romantic use of simple nature imagery,inspired by themes of death and transience. Much of the beauty of the poem lies in the sounds of the words and the effects created through changes in rhythm.2. Flower vs Human Being, Duration vs Life3. Show us how to live an useful life.4. In a revolution, one should not do nothing for his country for fear of being hurt, harmed and destroyed.This a piece of lyric about nature, four-stanza poem, each stanza with 6 lines. Theme— it’s a hymn of wild honey suckle, of its whiteness, beauty, and purity, meanwhile sorry for silence and the frail duration. It suggests a relationship between the life of the flower and the life of human beingsIt implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. The whole poem shows slight sadness, but life and death are inevitable law of nature, so the poem hinted us that we should face life optimistically and calmly.Rhyme scheme: a regular pattern of thyme, ababccDictions—using soft consonants, such as /t/, /m/, /s/. it is sounded calmly and easily.Washington IrvingAmerican Romanticism(1820-1860) 1. Time: From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.The romantic period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, also called “ the American Renaissance”.1.General features RomanticismRomanticism•Definition: romanticism rose in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In contrastto classicism, it is associated with imagination and creation of individuality. Romantic writers attach importance to the portrayal of features of distinctive characters. They reproduce life in their writings according to their ideal and prefer imaginative, even fantastic vision to restriction of objective depiction, passion to elegance, and irregular beauty to perfect proportion.•Ideals: Democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation. Features of the romantic literatureA.stressing emotion rather than reasonB.stressing freedom and individualityC.idealism rather than materialismD.writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements. Irrationalism: opposing rationalism/neo-classicism; focusing on feelings, intuitionsand emotions; worshipping ideals, imaginationIndividualism: placing the individual and the common man against the group, against authorityBeing close to nature: the world as a living, breathing being; the close relationship between man and natureSimplicity：turned to the humble people and the everyday life，adopted the everyday language3.American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.Independent--A real new experiencea.peculiar American experience ( landscape, pioneering to the west, Indiancivilization, new nation’s democracy and dreams)—wild honey suckle, cooper, new Adam, new garden of Eden, Whitman)b.Puritan heritage (more moralizing, edifying more than mere entertainment)(careful about love and sex. Example: Scarlet Letter)5. Three periods and representativesA. Early romanticism—Washington Irving, James Fennimore CooperB. summit of Romanticism –American TranscendentalismEmerson, ThoreauC. Late RomanticismHawthorne, Melville, Poe.Whitman, DickinsonWashington Irving (1783--1859)First American to make a living as a writerFirst American storytellerFirst to get international fameFather of American literature•Appreciation of “Rip Van Winkle”Time : the pre-independent war & post-independent war timePlace: the Appalachian Mountain Area, in and old Dutch villageSetting: the pastoral, peaceful, calm but backward atmosphere•Narrative elements (1): 3-part structure & plotBeginning – Rip as a hen-pecked husband;•Middle – his venture into Catskills;•End – his returnAnalysis of the characterRip: --- idle, lazy, Hen-pecked, weak-minded, good-tempered, warm-hearted, timid, care-free, simple-minded, obedient, irresponsible, a little foolish, etc.His wife:--- virago, sharp-tempered, vulgar, rude, ill-mannered, rural-bred,responsible, strong-minded, self-important, nagging, sharp-tongued, hard-working, uneducated country woman•Analysis of the theme•1. A story of man who has difficulty in facing his age•2. Criticism of some teachings of Puritanism:•Unceasing labor, no play, all kinds of pleasures are condemned, greedy for wealth •Express a strong desire for leisure•3. The theme of escape from one’s responsibility and even one’s history•4. Bewildering about the rapid changes after the independent war.•5. Nostalgic longing for the past pastoral way of life.•6. The loss of identityTone: conservative (never accepted a modern democratic America and believed changes upset the natural order of things.)Symbolism: on his return to the village, he senses a loss of identity. His wife(ruler) is gone. (from Gorge III to George Washington)•【小说风格】是指某一时代、某一民族、某一地域或某一小说家的小说作品在思想内容和艺术表达形式上所呈现出的特点的总和。

英美文学各章学习重点

英国文学—The old and medieval periods1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。

Beowulf（贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗; 该史诗中的主角)）, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗)of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Romance (骑士抒情诗)，a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, whose motifs（主题, 主旨）of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式) with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.英国文学—The renaissance periods 1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory.The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A milke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spenser’spoetry are:1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty purity and seriousness;5) a dedicated idealism.3.《浮士德》的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on theGerman legend of a magician aspiringfor knowledge and finally meeting histragic end as a result of selling his soulto the Devil. The play’s dominantmoral is human than religious. Itcelebrates the human passion forknowledge, power and happiness; italso reveals man’s frustration inrealizing the high aspiration in ahostile moral order. And theconfinement to time is the cruelest factof man’s condition.4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题The play has a double plot:1) Bassanio——Portia2) Antonio——ShylockThe traditional theme of the playis to praise the friendship betweemAntonio and Bassanio, to idealizePortia as a heroine of greate beaulity,wit and loyalty, and to expose theinsatiable greed and brutality of theJew. Tody, many people tend to regardthe play as a satire of the christians’hypocrisy and their false standards offrindship and love, their cunning wayof pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气)and their unreasoning prejudice againstJews.5．Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained,Samson Agonistes.英国文学—The neoclassical periods1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory)，其主题及《名利场》的寓意The Pilgrim’s Progress is themost successful religious allegory inthe English language. Its purpose is tourge people to abide by Christiandoctrines and seek salvation throughconstant struggle with their ownweakness and all kinds of social evils.Its predominant metaphor —life as ajourney — is simple and familiar. Theobjects that Christian meets arehomely and commonplace, and thescence presented a typical Englishones, but throughout the allegory aspiritual signifiance is added to thecommonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizeshuman world, for “All that cometh isvanity.”Everything and anything inthis world is “vanity”, having no valueand no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a“marcket selling nothingness” of allsorts, is a dirty place originally built upby devils, but, this town “lay” in theway to the Celestial City, meaningpilgrims had to resist the tempatationsthere way through. So, the depiction ofthe “Fair” in selling things worldly andin attracting people bad, representsJohn Bunyan’s rejection of the worldlyseekings and pious longing for the pureand charming “Celestial City” hisChristian ideal.2．鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: atypical eighteenth-century Enlishmiddle-class man, with a greatcapacity for work, inexhaustible energy,courage, patience and persistence inovercoming obstacles, in stugglingagainst the hostile natural environment.He is the very prototype of the empirebuilder, the pioneer colonist.3．Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part —— LilliputThe second part —— BrobdingnagThe third part —— flying IslandThe fourth part —— Houyhnhnmland, YahooAs a whole, the book is one of themost effcetive and devastatingcriticisms and satires of all aspects inthen English and European life —socially, politically, religiously,philosophically, scientifically, andmorally.4．Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学—The romantic periods 1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper” poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景)of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2．拜伦式英雄Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbeenergies.3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows thecontrast between the permanence of artand the transcience of human passion.4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriageprovide the major theme in all JaneAusten’s novels, in which femalechatacters are always playing an activepart. In their pursuit of a marriage,they ate usually categorize into threetypes according to their differentattitudes: those who would marry formaterial wealth and social position,those who would marry just for beautyand passion, and those who wouldmarry for true love with aconsideration of the partn er’s personalmerit as well ad his economical andsocial status.5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题Pride and Prejudice mainly tellsof the love story between a rich,pround young man Darcy and thebeautiful and intelligent ElizaethBennet. None of the daughters caninherit the estate of the family for ithas been entailed upon the nearestmale heir, Willian Collins, Collinsintends to marry and he decides toshoose Elizabeth as a way of makingamends for inheriting the family’sestate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects theproposal. Another young man calledDarcy proposes her, but she hasprejudice against him because shethinks that he has nothing but pride.After many twists and turns, they arehappily united. This book tells us agreat deal about attitude towardmarriage in Austen’s time.Stories of love and marriageprovide the major themes in all hernovels, Jane Austen tries to say that itis wrong to marry just for money or forbeauty, but it is also wrong to marrywithout it.as it is said in the book that it is a truthuniversally acknowledged that a singeman in possession of a good foutunemust be in want of a wife.英国文学—The victorian periods1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。

英美文学考试要点

stanza l 6. Rewrite the second stanza of this poem in
your own words or paraphrase it.
On the evening of July 24, 2021
演讲结束，谢谢大家支持
2021/7/26
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On the evening of July 24, 2021
Courseware template
IV-2. 美国作品理解
l（人物分析，主题，写作特色等） lThe Scarlet Letter lHuckleberry Finn lGone with the Wind lThe Joy Luck Club lThe Hours
l 欧文，爱伦·坡，霍桑，惠特曼，迪金森， l 马克•吐温，詹姆斯，德莱塞，海明威，庞德， l 斯蒂文斯，菲茨杰拉德，斯坦贝克，福克纳
On the evening of July 24, 2021
Courseware template
III-1.英国文学精读部分
lHamlet (Act III) lSon 18 lThe Chimney Sweeper lA Red, Red Rose lI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud lShe Walks in Beauty lEagle lPride and Prejudice (Chapter I) lHe Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven lAraby
On the evening of July 24, 2021
Courseware template
2L.4ite理ra解ry和T运e用rm类s文（学文术语学术语）

英国文学要点总结

英国Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

英国文学要点总结

英国Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

英国文学选读考试重点

西南大学英国文学选读考试重点☆英国文学名家名著《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。

史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。

后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。

杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。

主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。

他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。

威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。

他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。

他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。

莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。

主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。

此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。

英国文学史部分重点

❝“Paradise Lost”失乐园--Milton’s masterpiece--blank verse❝Old Testamentthe creation/the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels/their defeat and expulsion from Heaven/ the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve/the fallen angels in hell plotting against God/Satan’s temptation of Eve/the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden Theme and Characterization❝Story❝Theme and Characterization-- a revolt（反抗）against God’s authority--God is no better than a selfish despot（独裁者）. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan.-- Archangel is bore. His angels are silly（愚蠢的）.-- Satan is by far the most striking character in the poem.Adam and Eve embody（体现）Milton’s belief in the powers of man. Their craving（渴望）for knowledge adds a particular significance to their characters.This longing for knowledge openbefore mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered and banished（驱逐的）giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the angels. It is always from him that deep counsels（忠告）, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds（行动）proceed. It is he who makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails（战胜）, since he has won from God the third part of angelsand almost all the sons of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs（胜利）, for the thunder which hit upon his head left his heart invincible（无敌的）.❝Though feebler（微弱的）in force, he remains superior in nobility（高贵）, since he prefers independence to happy servility （奴性）, and welcomes his defeat and his torments（折磨）as a glory, a liberty and a joy.❝Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.❝These are the proud and somber（昏暗的）political passions of the persecuted（迫害）Republicans after Restoration.Ode to the West Wind（西风颂） In the poem the poet eulogizes（颂扬）the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver, that enjoys boundless freedom and that has the power to spread messages far and wide. The poem shows the poet’s wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, and atthe same time remembering his own and common human miseries.This note of optimism following his words bewailing（悲悼）human sufferings shows at once the poet’s critical attitude toward the ugly social reality of his day and his faith in a bright future for humanity. And the forceful language couched（埋伏）in haunting （不易忘怀的）verse（诗）rhythm adds to the artistic finish of the poem and enables it to be ranked the great lyrics in theEnglish language.William Shakespeare莎士比亚The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like It and Twelfth NightThe Great TragediesOthelloKing LearMacbethHamlet哈姆雷特the summit of Shakespeare’s artan old Danish legend.Thomas Kyda tragedy of “blood and thunder” reflected his age and his own innermost thoughts and feelingsThe Character of Hamlet1 Hamlet is a humanist（人道主义者）, an idealist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded （无限的）love for the world instead of the heaven.“this goodly frame the earth,this most excellent canopy the air,the brave o’erhanging firmament,This majestical roof fretted with golden fire.”2Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.3His intellectual genius is outstanding.The melancholy（忧郁）of Hamlet His melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting (吹毛求疵的)and fruitless（不成功的）kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating （有洞察力的）habit of mind.1. Revenge is easy, but it is notmerely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks. What is more important is to expose the roots of the evil and to establish a reign of justice. His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of society.2) In spite of his melancholy anddelay in action, Hamlet still retains his active energy.Sonnet 18十八首By William ShakespeareShall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shinesAnd often is his gold complexion dimed;And every fair form fair sometimes declines,By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade.When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe,or eyes can see,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.十四行诗（其十八）威廉·莎士比亚我能把你比作夏日吗？尽管你更可爱、更温和；夏日的狂风可能会摧残五月的花儿，季节的限制又减少了可拥有的日光；天空的巨眼有时过于灼热，常使自身的辉煌无故湮没；每一种美都会消逝，不管愿意或是无奈；然而你这盛夏将永存不朽，连你所有的美都不会褪去；死神不忍逼近，生命只会长存；只要人类能呼吸，能看见；我的诗就会存在，而你的生命也会延续。

英国文学重点知识复习

名词解释1.Philosophy:The word “” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answerto life’s great questions.(哲学定义)2.Rationalism:Ancient Greeks believe that some universal truth has always existed and that reason is theprimary source of knowledge.（理性主义定义）3.Idealism:Human senses provide inexact concepts of things; only human reason can give us true knowledgeabout the world.（柏拉图Plato）(理念论/唯心主义定义）4.The Renaissance:The French word “renaissance” means “rebirth” in English. It refers to the rebirth ofknowledge in Europe, particularly the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman texts.（持续300年）(文艺复兴定义) 5.Magna Carta: The barons wrote the famous document called the Magna Carta, which they forced John toaccept on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede. This Magna Carta, also called the Great Charter, was designed to obtain public liberties and to control the king’s power.(大宪章定义)6.Puritan：The term “Puritan” comes from the desires of these English Christians to “purify” the AnglicanChurch by removing all traces of Roman Catholicism.(清教徒定义)7.Industrial Revolution(简称I.R): During the latter half of 18th century, a rapid series of changes began,especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions the whole process is often described as ~~(工业革命定义)8.The factory of the world:British was once called~~~~~, because the Industrial Revolution promoted itsdevelopment of production.(世界工厂定义)9.The Enclosure Movement: In the end of 15th century, the cloth industry increased the value of wool. Raisingsheep became more profitable. Large areas of lands were often fenced by landlords without any warning to the peasants. This process is called~~~(圈地运动定义)10.Boston Massacre: On Mach 5, 1770, angry Boston citizens died and eight were wounded. Dubbed the“Boston Massacre”, the incident was regarded as proof of British tyranny.(波士顿惨案内容)（美国革命序曲) 11.1the Declaration of Independence: On July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress officially declaredindependence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The document declared that “all men are created equal” and are “ endowed by their creator” with certain “ inalienable rights” including “life ,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”.(独立宣言定义)12.checks-and-balances: The US Constitution also provided for checks-and-balances between the three branchesof government. Executive Branch—the president行政权—总统Legislative Branch—the Congress立法权—国会Judicial Branch—the U.S. Supreme Court司法权—最高法院Each branch was given powers and duties that ensured that the other branches would not have too much power.(三权分立，分权制衡定义)13.the New Deal: Roosevelt’s program of “Relief, Recovery and Reform” was popularly known as “the NewDeal”, a program that significantly and dramatically increased the national government’s intervention in the economy.(罗斯福新政定义)14.Prohibition: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution(1919) is known as “Prohibition”, because it prohibitedthe sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.(禁酒法令定义)15.Cold War:The “Cold War”, a term popularized by Winston Churchill in 1946, means alternative forms ofwarfare that rely on limited violence and ideological, economic and political methods.(美苏冷战定义)16.Mayflower: In 1620, a group of 132 Separatists (Puritans who had “separated” or left the Church of England)boarded the Mayflower and sailed for Virginia. The Mayflower was blown off course and landed in what is now Massachusetts, far to the north of Virginia.(五月花)简答、填空、选择1.What role did Winston Churchill play in World War II? (丘吉尔在二战中起到什么作用？)⑴He played the important role in World War II.⑵In 1941, he led the country through the miracle of Dunkirk, that was 338000 allied solders’ evacuation to Britain.⑶In 1943, he met Stalin and Roosevelt at Teheran Conference and decided to open the Second Battlefield West Europe.⑷In 1945, he proposed to fight against the Japanese Army till the end of the war.2.Why did I.R firstly take place in Britain?（工业革命首先在英国爆发的原因？）There are four prerequisites.4个先决条件Firstly, the accumulation of original capital.资本的原始积累Second, the development of capitalistic farming.资本主义农业取得发展Third, the appearance of free labor reserve.自由劳动力的出现Fourth, the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.国内外市场的扩张3.New York为什么叫Big Apple?New York’s nickname is “the Big Apple”, a phrase used by jazz musicians to explain the ultimate in achievement, size and excitement.4.The first major Greek philosopher was Thales. Thales claimed that Nature is rational. He asked, “From whatdo all things come and to what do all things return?”（泰勒斯）5.Furthermore,this was the origin of metaphysics, the philosophical study which probes the nature of realityitself.形而上学6.数学家Pythagoras explained the entire natural world with numbers.(提出数字3)3=1(unity）+2（diversity）Three elements of Universe------earth, ocean, heavenThree elements of World ------animals, plants, mineralsThree elements of Gods ------Jupiter, Neptune, PlutoThree elements of Goddess ------Fate, Revenge, Beauty早期基督教教义Trinity (三位一体)人类3个indispensables------body, soul, spirit7.赫拉克利特Heraclitus is remembered because he introduced the concept of change as the onlyunchanging reality in the universe.He compared life to a flowing river:A person cannot step into the same river twice.8.德谟克利特Democritus. He argued that everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity(必然性法则).9.观点：机械论His mechanistic view of the world was accepted by western thinkers as early as the 16thcentury.10.“Atom” means “uncuttable”(原子→不可分割)11.At the time when Chinese scholars, Confucians and Taoists, were concerned with social relationships andhuman harmony with the natural world, Greek philosophers were arguing about what Nature itself was.12.Athens was famous for its writers, architects, sculptors, thinkers and sports contests, including the originsof the modern-day Olympic Games.(雅典，奥林匹克发源地)13.Socrates→Lived in Athens.(苏格拉底，雅典人)One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing.He distinguished between two types of knowledge: inner knowledge and empirical knowledge.Inner指each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical sense.Another major contribution was his question-and-answer technique.14.Aristotle亚里士多德If Plato’s motto was “Mind over Matter”, then Aristotle’s motto was “Matter over Mind”.Aristotle founded the science of logic. His method is called a syllogism which argues from a general principle to a specific examples:General Principle: All men are mortal.Connection: I am a man.Deductive Conclusion: I am mortal.15.牛顿运动定律Newton’s laws of motion explained all visible motions,from those of stars to those of tinypebbles.16.培根Bacon, a British statesman and writer, wrote the first description of the modern scientific method.“Of studies”, “Essays”17.笛卡尔Descartes has also been called the father of modern Rationalism and the father of modern westernphilosophy.(近代理性主义之父，近代西方哲学之父)I think; therefore, I am.我思故我在。

最全却最简洁最重点的英美文学考试重点

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf (national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。

3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵2、传奇ramances：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。

seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由）1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言)3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体4、Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.5、代表作：The Canterbury Tales (英国文学史的开端)内容：The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.特点：Each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. The story was endowed with what medieval romancelacked-interest of character as well as incident.观点：He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate.主要故事: ①The Knight’s Tale ②The Pardoner’s Tale ③The Merchant’s Tale④The Wife of Bath四、The Renaissance (16世纪)1、背景：14-17century,a period of the breaking of feudal relations and the establishing the foundations of capitalism. New monarchy. It is a revival of classical arts and sciences.2、主要文学成就：Poetry: Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Sidney Spenser: the poet’s poet.Drama: Marlowe: blank verse(无韵诗) the principal vehicle of expression in drama. . William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Novels:John Lyly Thomas Loge Thomas NasheEssays /prose: Francis Bacon(1561-1626)、Thomas More(1478-1535)3 works of shakespeare:37palys ,tow narrative poems and 154sonnetsFirst period (1590-1600):comdies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Second period(1601—1608):tragedies<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Third period(1609—1612)historiesLyric poem:Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggSonnet 18:Theme：The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves and eulogizes.Sonnet 29:Theme：①The poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. ②Here Shakespeare is supposed to reveal his own thoughts and feelings, especially in the first octet.The character of Hamlet:①Hamlet was a humanist, a man who is from medieval prejudices and superstitions.②Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.③His intellectual genius is outstanding.④Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.五、The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17C)1、文学特点concerned with the tremendous social upheavals, influence by puritan. 光荣革命意义the supremacy of parliament, beginning of modern England,final triumph of the political liberty2、代表人物：①John Donne“metaphysical poets玄学A. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by: verbal wit, irregular rhythms, ingenious structure and strange images or “conceits奇喻”.a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two different things.B. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning意象:compasses、golden beaten(金箔)union of body and soul,physically and spiritually②John MiltonThe indomitable Puritan sprit finds its noblest expression in him.诗歌：Paradise Lost失乐园freedom knowledge oppose to monarchy Paradise Regained复乐园戏剧：Samson Agonistes力士参孙Shorter poems: L‘Allegro Il Penseroso ;Lycidas ComusPrincipal pamphlets: Areopagitica: attacks the censorship of the press and appeals for the freedom of the pressEikonoklaste: justifies the execution of Charles IDefense for the English People: a defense of the Commonwealth and Revolution Sonnet: On His Deceased Wife(唯一的爱情诗) On His Blindness③John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬:The Pilgrim’s Progress④John Dryden(1631-1700):critic、poet、playwright六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪)1、文学特点：The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. The 18th century was an age of prose. Novel writing made a big advance in this century. In thisstage,staire was much used in writing.2. classicism(neoclassicism), (pre-romanticism), (modern novel and sentimentalism)3.emphsis on reason,order ,balance and harmony.4、文学名人及作品：①classicism/neoclassicism Richard Steele：The Spectator Addison Pope johnson②pre-romanticismWilliam Blake:Song of Innocence. London、The Tiger、The Chimney Sweeper均节选自Song of Experience经验之歌Poetical Sketches 诗的素描The Book of Thel 塞尔书The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns(1759-1796):用苏格兰方言书写, ,著有Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 <A Red, Red Rose> My Heart’s in the n Highlands> <The Tree Of Liberty>③modern novelA. realistic novelDaniel Defoe、Henry Fielding、Jonathan SwiftB. sentimentalismLaurence Sterne: Sentimental Journey Tristram ShandyThomas Gray :Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌5、Daniel Defoe①英国小说之父②Robinson Crusoe全名:The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeThe writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to the molding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.③Captain Singleton Colonel Jack Moll Flanders A Journal of the Plague Year Roxana6、Henry Fielding: comic Epic 喜剧史诗The History of Tom Jones, a foundling主要人物：Tom Jones: frank, kind, disinterested, sterlingSophia Western: brave and admirableBlifil: sly, perfidiousJoseph Andrews the journal of a Voyage to Lisbon Amelia7、Jonathan Swift（irony反讽)A Tale of a Tub 桶The battle of the Books 书之战The Drapier’s Letter 信A Modest Proposal建议Gulliver’s Travels格列佛四部分A Voyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa/ Houyhnhnms七、1.The romantic period(1798-1832):beginning of with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads,ending with Walter Scott’s death.2.Theme:sensibllity,love of nature,interest of past,mysticism,individualism,exoticpicture,strong-willed heroes,sometimes the romantics resort to symbolism.And symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas and concepts.3.emphaize on emotion4.historical backgrounds:It was greatly influenced by the industrial revolution and the french revolution.5.romantuc writersThe first generation romantic writersBurns Blake----------pre-romantisWordsworth Coleridge--------negtiveThe second generation romantic writersByron Shelley and Keats-----active romanticsHistorical novelist-----Walter Scott6.WordsworthA..style:simplicity and purity of language and love of natureB.poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.①<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> / Daffodils/ The DaffodilsTheme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.②Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏③Ode: Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女⑤Lucy Poems 露西⑥<The Prelude>序曲The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 老水手之歌The Excursion 漫游7.Lord ByronA.Byron’s language is moody and vicid,and he covers vast ares,both geographically and moyionally.B.Byronic hero:dark romancesC.works①<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记②<Don Juan>唐•璜③<Cain>该隐诗歌：<She Walks In Beauty>8.ShelleyA.the mask of anarchy 暴政的化的装游行B．the finest lyric poets in the English languageC．works<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression <The Cenci>钦契 <A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂To a Skylark>致云雀9.ScottA. a historical novelistB.worksIvanhoe 艾凡赫waverly 威弗利the lady of the lake 湖畔湖人Rob Roy罗布.罗衣10.Jane Austen作品：① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情②<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见③<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园④<Emma>爱玛⑤<Persuasion>劝导⑥<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺。

新编英国文学选读知识点梳理

新编英国文学选读知识点梳理【实用版】目录1.英国文学的历史背景及分期2.英国文学的代表作家及作品3.英国文学的风格特点及影响正文英国文学是西方文学的重要组成部分，其历史悠久，传统深厚。

英国文学的发展可分为几个阶段，其中最重要的阶段包括古英语文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期文学、17 世纪文学、18 世纪文学、19 世纪文学和 20 世纪文学。

在古英语文学阶段，最著名的作品是《贝奥武甫》。

在中世纪文学阶段，英国文学受到了欧洲大陆文学的影响，这一时期的代表作品包括《亚瑟王传奇》和《尼伯龙根之歌》等。

在文艺复兴时期，英国文学迎来了黄金时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞和马洛等文学巨匠的作品至今仍被誉为英国文学的经典。

17 世纪文学以约翰·弥尔顿、约翰·班扬和约翰·德莱顿等人的作品为代表，其中《失乐园》、《天路历程》和《论出版自由》等作品成为这一时期的经典。

18 世纪文学则以丹尼尔·笛福、乔纳森·斯威夫特、理查森·谢里丹和简·奥斯汀等人的作品为代表，这一时期的文学作品反映了工业革命时期的社会变革。

19 世纪文学是英国文学的又一辉煌时期，这一时期的代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、艾米丽·勃朗特和托马斯·哈代等。

20 世纪英国文学则以弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、威廉·萨默塞特·毛姆和阿加莎·克里斯蒂等作家的作品为代表。

英国文学的风格特点多样，受到了历史、地理和文化等多种因素的影响。

英国文学在语言运用、情节安排和人物塑造等方面都有独特的技巧，使其在世界文学史上具有重要地位。

英国文学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）

英国⽂学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）英国⽂学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization 罗马⽂明(2) Christianity 基督教(3) Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roadsB. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism 社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism 封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: Alliteration 头韵Rhymes metaphors押韵的⽐喻Understatements保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫( A folk song or poem )1. A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2. Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure(没有代表性⼈物)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的⿊暗⾯)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.Metaphors 隐喻3.UnderstatementsThe significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落⽂化) and of the era of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong andcourageous people and his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants. ( 地主和农民)2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑⼠精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in 《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》国王与他的圆桌骑⼠(metrical romance )5.The romance’s summing up in （托马斯·马洛⾥）Tho mas Malory’s《Le Morte D’Arthur》亚瑟王之死(in English prose散⽂)6.《Le Morte D’ Arthur》is a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰《Piers the plowman》农民⽪尔斯written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English Ballads 英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. （The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hood(罗宾汉) are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin Hood 罗宾汉事迹【Chaucer】乔叟（the founder of English poetry）The three periods of C haucer’s career1. Works translated from French, as《The Romaunt of the Rose》玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, as《Troilus and Criseyde》特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3. As a forerunner先驱者of humanism, he pr aises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4. Attack social evils of his timeChaucer’s Language，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of world-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不⾜道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) readingin modern English.Chaucer’s Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1．Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’ in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’or‘head rhyme’.2．Epic史诗is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3．Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4．Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1.The New Monarchy 新君主制（the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy 都铎王朝：君主集中制）2.The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改⾰；宗教⽂化精神改⾰)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰ and so was sometimes called the King James Bible. (The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.)3. The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)4. The Renaissance (⽂艺复兴) and Humanism （⼈道主义）(1). The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.(2). People had a thirsting curiosity好奇⼼for the classical literature.(3) People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.(4). People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world.5. Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.A. The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman catholic church.B. Humanism(1).Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and theworth of life in this world.(2) .Man is the measure of all things.(3) .Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.(4) .Man should enjoy the present life.【Thomas More】托马斯·莫尔1.《Utopia》is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation （dialogue）between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).2. The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature （P38Drama and Prose 散⽂)【Sir Philip Sidney】西德尼Sir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (⼗四⾏诗),《Astrophel and Stella》1591爱星者与星星, His《Apology for Poetry》为诗辩护is one of the earliest English literary essays. It“the school of abuse.”【Edmund Spenser】斯宾塞( The Poet’s Poet of the period )The Shepheardes Calendar 《牧⽺⼈⽇历》1579Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene 《荣光⼥王》/《仙后》It is an allegorical work（寓⾔作品）dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：A nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter 6-foot line. ⼀共九⾏诗，前⼋⾏⾏扬格五步⾳，第九⾏抑格六步⾳（abab baba c）Spenser’s position in English literature : Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can betraced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.【Francis Bacon】培根（famous for his Essays；Of Studies随笔集）The founder of English materialist philosophy. 唯物主义哲学1)his inductive method of reasoning and learning(归纳推理法) proved to be seminaland critically important to the development of modern science and the progress of humankind2)his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in Englishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）Bacon was the founder of modern science in England.The English version of his part forms his《Advancement of Learning》学问的发展.Then followed his《New Instrument》新⼯具论.A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, studies, youth and many others.作品⽂风：Clearness, brevity and forceEnglish Drama : the miracles（神迹剧）—the morality（道德剧）—the interlude （幕间剧）—the classical dramaThere was a group of so-called “university wits”⼤学才⼦（Lyly，Peele，Marlowe，Greene，Lodge and Nash）who wrote for the stage of the time.【Marlowe】马洛：the most gifted of the “university wits”works:《Tamburlaine》帖⽊⽿⼤帝《The Jew of Malta》马⽿他岛的犹太⼈《Doctor Faustus》浮⼠德博⼠（Marlowe’s masterpiece）Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers（拓荒者）of English drama.Marlowe first made blank verse（留⽩：对莎⼠⽐亚影响重⼤）the principal medium of English drama.P55【William Shakespeare】Drama:37四⼤悲剧Great tragedies:《》麦克⽩《King Lear》李尔王《Othello》奥赛罗四⼤喜剧Great comedies: 《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》仲夏夜之梦《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商⼈(“grave comedy”) 《As You Like It》皆⼤欢喜《Twelfth Night》第⼗⼆夜In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creation Blank verse is the principal form of his dramasShakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609 The Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”Themes: love、Beauty、mortality、the effects of timeStyle: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in toneFeatures of Shakespeare’s Drama:(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2)Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms：the song, the sonnet, the couple, and the dramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(5)Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.评价：1.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest playwright or poet in the whole world.2.All English writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespeare’sinfluence.(影响单⼀：⽂艺复兴)【Ben Jonson】本·琼森（他的去世标志着伊丽莎⽩时代的结束）he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗⼈）and the first literary dictator（⽂学泰⽃）in English history.Roman Tragedies:Sejanus 《席阶纳斯》Cateline 《克蒂琳》Comedies:Every Man in His Humor《个性互异》V olpone, or the Fox 《福尔彭奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist 《炼⾦术⼠》Bartholomew Fair 《巴梭罗缪市集》his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy,Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》Jonson’s comedies are “comedies of humours”幽默的喜剧（behaviour, thoughts and manner of speech）In 1616 he published his Works《作品》, the complete collection of his poetrybring the classic form of the tree unities——unity of action, unity of time, andunity of place——back to the stage（把古典的三⼀原则——情节⼀致，时间⼀致和地点⼀致带回舞台）the heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）that he used in the poem was to become atyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basicprinciple in 18th century literary criticism【King James’ Bible】(最终形成于3世纪初)1)consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约2)The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the Jews3)The New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of theChristian faith (创世)4）the authorized bible came into being in 1611【The 17th Century】basic features of the literature of the period:Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address thequestion of values through violence and sexualityThe main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.P116【John Donne】约翰邓恩Metaphysical Poetry/Poe t ⽞学派诗歌/诗⼈Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea《跳蚤》Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 《告别》The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of acompass圆规【John Milton】约翰弥尔顿The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century.His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:1）The early phase of reading and lyric writing 抒情2）The middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution （清教）andpamphleteering（⼩册⼦）for it3）The last phrase of epic writing史诗( the greatest)作品：Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People《为英国⼈民辩护》More in Defense of the British People《再为英国⼈民辩护》Paradise Lost《失乐园》：religious work, blank verse；One notable feature of the epic is evident ambiguity in the poet’s attitude toward God, the devil, and man.Samson Agonistes《⼒⼠参孙》：Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（物化）the poet’s own unflinching spirit ；Samson is Milton.Lycidas《利西达斯》【John Dryden】约翰德莱顿：第⼀位新古典主义作家He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing politicalclimate of his day.In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirablywell for his country’s literature.His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberance and turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第⼀位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptable for poetry.English literary criticism英语⽂学批评：The father of English criticismH is tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William Shakespeare’sAntony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan】约翰班扬When he was in prison he wrote--The Pilgrim’s Progress.《天路历程》is areligious allegory. 宗教寓⾔The Celestial City in The Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair.名利场It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. 《天路历程》被称为“英国⼈的圣经”Chapter 6P127【Neo-classicism】新古典主义：18世纪中期到19世纪盛⾏【Alexander Pope】亚历⼭⼤蒲柏Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape Of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》：Mock epic讽刺史诗: of five cantos about “a Homeric struggle of the tea cups”Essay on Men《⼈论》An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿布斯诺医⽣书》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》P178【Richard Brinsley Sheridan】谢⽴丹：He is considered to be the only important English dramatist of the 18th century.作品：The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》:a great comedy of mannersa great comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)【Romanticism】浪漫主义P195【William Blake】布莱克pre-romantic writerHis major works, Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》and Songs of Experience《经验之歌》are his voluminous prophetic and mystical writings.天真：The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩⼦经验：A Little Boy Lost and The Tiger ⽼虎【Robert Burns】罗伯特·彭斯pre-romantic writer （regard as the national ofScotland）His Poems : Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰⽅⾔诗集》Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship ：A Red, Red RoseMain Works：“John Anderson, my Jo ”约翰.安德⽣，我的爱⼈The Tree of Liberty ⾃由树A Red Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart's in the Highland 我的⼼在⾼原P138【Jonathan Swift】乔纳森斯威夫特1) one of the realist writers.2) expresses democratic ideas in his works.3 ) one of the greatest masters of English prose.The Battle of the Books《书战》A Tale of a Tub 《⼀只⽊桶的故事》, one of his greatest satires Pamphlets: The Drapier’s Letters 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal 《⼀个温和的建议》Gulliver’s T ravels 《格列夫游记》：the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Swift: a man intensively critical of his fault, and believing in progress and the goodness of human nature and all the 18th century values.Swif t is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.P146【Daniel Defoe】丹尼尔·笛福Pamphleteer 政治宣传册作家Defoe was a kind of jack-of –all-trades. 多才多艺He was a radical nonconformist (不信奉国教的⼈) in religion.His works：Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》, Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders and Colonel Jacque (adventure)P153【Samuel Richardson】查理孙epistolary novel 书信体⼩说Pamela《帕梅拉》became a “best-seller” of the day .Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves.P156【Henry Fielding】亨利菲尔丁“Father of the English realistic novel”He was the first to give the modern novel its structure and genre (style). Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟⼤的乔纳森·王尔德》Tom Jones the Founding《弃⼉汤姆琼斯》H e n r y F i e l d i n g’s m e t h o d o f r e l a t i n g a s t o r y i s t e l l i n g t h e s t o r y d i r e c t l y b y t h ea u t h o r.S a t i r e ab o u n d s e v e r y w h e r e i n h i s w o r k.Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, smooth and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.P128【Addison and Steele】The two names linked together because of their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Steele and The Tatler闲谈者Addison and The Spectator旁观者1)They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. Intheir hands, English essay has completely established itself as a literature genre.2)Literary Term: Free EssayP265【Scott】司各特W a l t e r S c o t t was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature.O n t h e h i s t o r y o f S c o t l a n dWaverleyOld MortalityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianO n E n g l i s h h i s t o r yIvanhoeO n t h e h i s t o r y o f F r a n c e a n d o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e sQuentin DurwardP244【Keats】济慈His aesthetic theory of “negative capability”Main Works：Poems，《诗集》，his first book.Five long poemsEndymion,《恩底弥翁》his first long poemIsabella《伊莎贝拉》The Pot of Basil芳⾹的草本植物The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前⼣》Lamia 《莱⽶亚》Hyperion 《赫坡⾥昂》Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Psyche ⼼灵颂Ode on Indolence 懒惰颂【Shelley】雪莱Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his hatred towards tyranny. Shelley is one of the most important dramatists of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus Unbound.His Works：Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark云雀颂The Cloud云Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗⽶修斯》Queen Mab 麦布⼥王The Masque of Anarchy 《专治魔王的化装游⾏》The Necessity of Atheism《⽆神论的重要性》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》【Byron】拜伦Main Works：Don Juan（Byron’s masterpiece）《唐?璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》When We Two Parted 《昔⽇依依别》She walks in Beauty《她在美中⾏》Poetic Drama:ManfredCainThe Two FoscariOriental Tales：The GiaourThe CorsairLaraB y r o n i c H e r o：a proud revolutionary figure of noble origin, rising single handed against any kind of tyrannic rules in government or religion or moral society with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. . For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.【Coleridge】柯勒律治In 1797 he began his friendship with Wordsworth. In 1798 they published The Lyrical Ballads.Demonic poems神祗诗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古⾈⼦吟》Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》ChristabelConversational poems 对话诗Frost at MorningDejection: An OdeEssaysBiographia Literaria ⽂学传记Lectures on Shakespeare.Coleridge is a great Romantic poet. His poetic imagination is unique. He is fond of unusual and supernatural things.【William Wordsworth】威廉·华兹华斯1)L y r i c a l B a l l a d s《抒情歌谣集》f o l l o w e d b y“T h e P r e f a c e t o t h e L y r i c a lB a l l a d s”—s e r v e d a s t h e m a n i f e s t o o f t h e E n g l i s h R o m a n t i c M o v e m e n t i n p o e t r y.2)f a m o u s s h o r t p o e m s：A b o u t n a t u r e：“I w o n d e r e d L o n e l y a s a C l o u d”“独⾃漫游似浮云”，o r“T h eD a f f o d i l s”“咏⽔仙”“I n t i m a t i o n o f I m m o r t a l i t y”“不朽颂”【George Eliot】(Victorian era)She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner , Middlemarch , and Daniel Deronda , most of themset in provincial England and known for their realism and psychologicalinsight.【Thackeray】1.Thackeray was a representative of critical realists of the 19th century England2.Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and hishumor subtle(精妙的).3.Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all hisnovels.1) The Book of Snobs《势利⼈脸谱》2) Vanity Fair《名利场》(A Novel Without a Hero)3) The History of Pendennis《彭登尼斯》4) The Newcomes《纽克姆⼀家》5) The History of Henny Esmond《亨利?埃斯蒙德》6) The Virginians《弗吉尼亚⼈》P277【Dickens】The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克先⽣外传》Oliver Twist《奥列佛?特维斯特》：FaginNicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯?尼克尔贝》The Old Curiosity Shop《⽼古玩店》Barnaby Rudge《巴纳⽐?拉奇》American Notes《游美札记》Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁?朱什尔维特》A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》Dombey and Son《董贝⽗⼦》David Copperfield《⼤卫?科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉⼭庄》Hard Times《艰难时事》Little Dorrit《⼩杜丽》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(Dickens takes the French Revolution as the subject of his novel, and the “two cities” are Paris and London in the time of that revolution) Great Expectations《远⼤前程》Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.【Charlotte Bronte】Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece, tells the story of an orphan girl.S h i r l e y,《舍丽》V i l l e t t e,《维莱特》【Emily Bronte】Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights .【Jane Austen】简?奥斯丁Works：Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbeyPersuasionRomanticism has five prominent characteristics:1. The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.2. Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.A Comparison Between Byron, Shelley, Keats：1. Under the influence of the ideas behind the revolutions in America,especially in France, all three looked at the world in a new and striking way.Their poetry reflected discontent against outworn tradition and conditions.But their attitudes, resulted from frustrations of their efforts in revoltingagainst the established code and the ugliness of society, are different. Byron turned somewhat pessimistic, even cynical; Keats showed certain aloofness from the interests of worldly life and seemed seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams; only Shelley never lost his optimism. All his life he cherished the hope for a better world.2.All of their poetry excels in imagery. In Byron’s poems, the imagelargely created through allusions; in Keats’s poems they are createdchiefly through elaborate and decorative description of nature, showingthe beauty of line, color, shape, odor and taste; in Shelley’s theexquisiteness of figurative language and symbolism extols 赞美thevisionary scenes, while the spontaneous flow from the poet’s heart isfull of youthful freshness and enthusiasm.3. Their poetry has a powerful musical effect. The stirring rhythms of Byron’s poems grip and hold the reader like martial 战争的music; in Keats’s it is touching melody; Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a wild symphony交响乐, and his many other poems are like some ethereal 天上的music, seemly descending from some heavenly place, appealing profoundly to the heart.4.Byron employs a manly and racy有活⼒的style, Shelley’s poetry shows excellence of artistry and the unification of ideas and form; in many aspects, Keats’s the best workman of t hem all. His poetry shows the mastery of artistic form, and the harmony of word and thoughts shows more perfection of artistic finish 完美.Lake Poets 湖畔派诗⼈In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。

英国文学选读重点

英国文学选读一、中世纪文学（约5世纪——1485）。

有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。

《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国的民族史诗，《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ,1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德、是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。

二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期——17世纪初）。

三、17世纪文学四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期——18世纪中期）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798——1832）。

1798年，威廉华兹华斯与塞穆尔泰勒柯勒律治合作出版了一本小诗集《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）标志着英国浪漫主义文学的崛起。

浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张反哺归真。

六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代——1918）。

客观地、冷静地观察现实生活，按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写，力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。

七、现代主义文学时期（1918——1945）。

追求心理真实，注重直接观察人物的心理活动，直接体验人物的内心感受，在内心世界这面镜子上折射出丰富多彩的外部现实。

杰弗里•乔叟（1343-1400），Geoffrey Chaucer，英国文学之父。

主要作品有：《公爵夫人之书》（The Book of the Duchess）1836《百鸟会议》（The Parliament of Fowls）1380《声誉之堂》（The House of Fame）1374-1384《特洛勒斯与克丽西德》（Troilus and Criseyde）1380-1385《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）1386-1400威廉•莎士比亚（1564-1616），William Shakespeare。

主要作品：四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）《奥赛罗》（Othello）《李尔王》（king Lear）《麦克白》（Macbeth）四大喜剧：《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）《皆大欢喜》（As You Like It）《第十二夜》（Twelfth night）Sonnet的格式：1. 有14行。

大学英国文学重点诗歌及选文赏析

诗歌赏析1) 诗名 2) 作者 3) 赏析a. 结构：共几节——每节几行+韵律b. 文化背景：从何而来+主题【精神+意识】c. 常用修辞：如metaphor （隐喻）d. Personification （拟人）e. Parallelism （排比）f. 小节内容：如“以某物（意象）烘托出……情感/意境”g. 主旨Sonnet 18——William ShakespeareQuatrainⅠ：a ：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?b ：a ：b ：QuatrainⅠ：c ：d ：And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;c ：d ：Quatrain Ⅰ：e ：f ：e ：f ：Couplet ：g ：So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, g ：So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 我可能把你和夏天相比拟？你比夏天更可爱更温和：狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地，夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过；有时太阳照得太热，常常又遮暗他的金色的脸；美的事物总不免要凋落，偶然的，或是随自然变化而流转。

但是你的永恒之夏不会褪色；你不会失去你的俊美的仪容；死神不能夸说你在他的阴影里面走着，如果你在这不朽的诗句里获得了永生；只要人们能呼吸，眼睛能看东西，此诗就会不朽，使你永久生存下去。

It’s a typical English or Shakespeare sonnet. The major feature of this poem is analogy.By putting his love’s beauty into the form of poetry, the poet is preserving it forever by the power of his written words.Literature will keep transient beauty ever lasting./ Power of artA. Structure1. Sonnet 18 can be divided into four parts: three quatrains and a couplet.The first quatrain is from line 1 to line 4, the second from line 5 to line 8, and the third from line 9 to line 12. The couplet is the group of last two lines.2. The rhyme scheme of sonnet 18 is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.Sonnet 18 contains 14 lines. The ends of line 1 and line 3 have the end rhyme /ei/, line 2 and line 4 rhyme with /eit/. And these four lines form the first quatrain. The line 5 and line 7 have the end rhyme/ /, while line 6 and line 8 have the same form is used in line 9 and line 11 and line 10 and line 2, which end with the rhyme /eid/ and /ost/. However, the last two lines have their own end rhyme which is /i:/.3. Sonnet 18 is iambic pentameter.Each line of Sonnet 18 has five feet with an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable.Examples are as follow：“Shall I / compare/ thee to / a sum / mer’s day?” has accents on”shall”, “com”,”thee”,”a, mer”respectively.“Thou art/ more love / ly and/ more tem / perate”has accents on”thou”, “more”, “ly”, “more”,”pe” respectively.B. Language use1. Several kinds of rhetoric are used.Metaphor: “The eye of heaven”means the sun.Simile: “Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?” uses simile to compare the loved to a summer’s day.Personification:”his gold complexion” personates the summer’s day and”shake the darling buds”uses “shake” to personate the rough winds.Inversion: “And every fair form fair sometimes declines can be in the order likethis:”And every fair sometime declines from fair”“By chance, or nature's changing course intrimme'd” can be in the order like this: “untrimmed by chance or nature's changing course”2. Images”A summer's day” means the season of summer.“Day” means a period of time.“Lease”means allotted time.“The eye of heaven” means sun.“His its” means sun.“Fair”means something beautiful.“This” means this poem.C. Appreciation1. Shakespeare compares his friend to a summer’s day. From line 1 to line 8, then he pays attention to praise his friend’s permanence, while from line 9 to line 14, and his focus is shifted towards expressing that poetry is immortal.2. Sonnet 18’s first line asks a question: how can I compare you to a summer's day? Line 2 answers the question that the loved one is more gentle and lovely.From line 4 to line 8, poet says summer is too short. And sometimes it will shine too much and can be burning while sometimes it will be dimmed when cloudy or overcast. All the beautiful things will finally lose their perfection for nature’s change and instability.From line9 to line14, poet starts praising an eternal beauty. This beauty is the beloved one and also the poems, and it is the poems make the loved everlasting.3.The theme of sonnet 18 is that love is the only thing that can conquer all the things in the world and the beauty is the immortal thing that can never be replaced.Song ”Go and Catch A Falling Star ”——John DonneGo and catch a falling star, Get with child a mandrake root, Tell me where all past years are, Or who cleft the Devil's foot, Teach me to hear mermaids' singing, Or to keep off envy's stinging, And find What windServes to advance an honest mindIf thou beest born to strange sights, Things invisible to see,Ride ten thousand days and nights, Till age snow white hairs on thee, Thou, when thou return'st, wilt tell me All strange wonders that befell thee, And swear No whereLives a woman true, and fair.If thou find'st one,let me know, Such a pilgrimage were sweet; Yet do not, I would not go, Though at next door we might meet; Though she were true when you met her, and last till you write your letter, Yet she Will beFalse, ere i come, to two, or three.Rhyme: abab cc ddd + Conceit 奇喻1.This poem chiefly concerns the lack of constancy in women. The tone taken is one of gentle cynicism and mocking.2. John Donne has lost his naive views of love. His confidence in the power of love has been waned and now he appears more cautiousand almost bitter.3. The title, "Song", leads us to expect certain things: a lyrical element to the words, and a musical rhythm, which are fulfilled by this neatly crafted poem. It is also very ambiguous, not hinting at the subject matter of the poem.4. Each stanza is nine lines, it allows for the more complex and abstract ideas, which are archetypal of metaphysical poetry.The first stanza is the most forceful, employing the imperative to achieve a sense of command, and implying that he is talking to one specific person.The second stanza is full of convoluted images and hyperbole; it is as if Donne is mocking the idea of a love poem in itself.The final stanza begins in a sardonic manner.5.He appears to be expressing the opinion that a woman of character and beauty is implausible.Form and Structure1.However this naïve rhyme does add to the phonological quality of the poem, as the simplicity is perhaps more songlike than the rest of the poem.2.The regular rhyme and meter of the poem also help to create this feeling. There is a very tight verse structure, which consists ofa sestet of ABAB rhyme preceding the rhyming triplet in each stanza.3.The triplet shows an insistence of opinion,it emphasises the points being made but also creates a lilting rhythm to the end of each verse, like the refrain to a song.4.The two very short lines immediately precede a farlonger one, thus creating contrast, which mirrors the contrasting images in the poem.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud——William WordsworthA host, of goldenContinuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never -ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced; but they Out -did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company:I gazed ---and gazed ---but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils .1. The definition of poetry:Poetry is “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.” 2. The Function of poetry:The poetry is to give an unexpected splend or to familiar and commonplace things, to incidents and situations from common life. 3. The themes of his poetry:➢ beauty of nature + rural life + harmony between human and natureComposition and ThemeThe four six-line stanzas of this poem follow a quatrain-couplet rhyme scheme: ABAB CC. Each line is metered in iambic tetrameter.Like most works by Wordsworth, it is romantic in nature; the beauty of nature, unkempt by humanity, and a reconciliation of man with his environment, are two of the fundamental principles of the romantic movement within poetry.The plot of the poem is simple. Wordsworth believed it "an elementary feeling and simple impression".ConclusionThis poem was written by William Wordsworth, the representative poet of the early romanticism. It consists of four six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABAB CC rhyme scheme. At the beginning of the poem, Wordsworth compares himself to a cloud, enjoying freedom but suffering from loneliness. But the sight of a cloud of dancing daffodils makes him drunk. What's more, it brings him great courage to face depression and loneliness in the following days. Here, the daffodils is the nature. All the time,his poems concentrate on the relationship between human and nature. As William Wordsworth believed, nature can have greet healing power effect on the mind.Daffodils: symbolize living a life as rich in experience and sensation as would make a life worth living.Ode on a Grecian Urn——John KeatsThou still unravish’d bride of quietness, 你委身“寂静”的、完美的处子，Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time, 受过了“沉默”和“悠久”的抚育，Sylvan historian, who canst thus express 呵，田园的史家，A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: 你竟能铺叙一个如花的故事，比诗还瑰丽:What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape 在你的形体上，岂非缭绕着古老的传说，以绿叶为其边缘;Of deities or mortals, or of both, 讲着人，或神，In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? 敦陂或阿卡狄？What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? 呵，是怎样的人，或神！What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? 在舞乐前多热烈的追求！少女怎样地逃躲！What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? 怎样的风笛和鼓谣！怎样的狂喜！Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard 听见的乐声虽好，但若听不见却更美；Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; 所以，吹吧，柔情的风笛；Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd, 不是奏给耳朵听，而是更甜，Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: 它给灵魂奏出无声的乐曲；Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave 树下的美少年呵，你无法中断你的歌，Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; 那树木也落不了叶子；Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, 鲁莽的恋人，你永远、永远吻不上，Though winning near the goal—yet, do not grieve; 虽然够接近了——但不必心酸；She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss, 她不会老，虽然你不能如愿以偿，For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! 你将永远爱下去，她也永远秀丽！Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed 呵，幸福的树木！Your leaves, nor ever bid the spring adieu; 你的枝叶不会剥落，从不曾离开春天；And, happy melodist, unwearied, 幸福的吹笛人也不会停歇，For ever piping songs for ever new; 他的歌曲永远是那么新鲜；More happy love! more happy, happy love! 呵，更为幸福的、幸福的爱！For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd, 永远热烈，正等待情人宴飨，For ever panting, and for ever young: 永远热情地心跳，永远年轻:All breathing human passion far above, 幸福的是这一切超凡的情态，That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd, 它不会使心灵餍足和悲伤，A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. 没有炽热的头脑，焦渴的嘴唇。

英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。

英国文学考试重点(上下两册)

1、The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁撒克逊时期(strength & somberness)The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan 异教and Christian基督教Cynewulf 基涅武甫the author of poem on religious subject 宗教诗Caedmon 凯德蒙the father of English song 用诗歌的形式译圣经The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England's national epic and its hero Beowulf--- one of the national heroes of the English people.作者不明Grendel格伦德尔-a monster half-humanThe only existing manuscript of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705.The whole epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be decided into 2 parts with an interpolation between the two.The forefathers of the Jutes2、The Anglo-Norman Period盎格鲁-诺曼底时期（bright，romantic tales of love and adventure English language became)The three chief effects of the conquest were: 1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England 2. the growth of nationality 3. the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in ChaucerThree classes: the Matter of France, the Matter of Greece and Rome, the Matter of BritainKing Arthur「亚瑟王」Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文骑士和绿衣骑士3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟(首创heroic couplet)，the ＂father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. It is characteristic that his allegories and symbols are already tinged with realistic images.English tonico-syllabic verseLondon dialectThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（本应有32个香客，128个故事，最终只完成了24个）Prologue总引is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. In this poem Chaucer's realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus became.4、The Renaissance 文艺复兴The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Thus Wyatt 怀亚特was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Christopher Marlowe made blank verse无韵体诗William Shakespeare was one of the first founder of realism. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. “to be or not to be”.Francis Bacon培根his work of three classes: philosophical, literary, professional works. The largest and important works Maxims of the law and Reading on the Statute of Uses. Of Truth & Of studies5、Revolution & RestorationMetaphysical poets玄学诗Restoration（witty and clever, but on whole immoral and cynical）John Milton约翰弥尔顿（文艺复兴之子）his greatest work Paradies lost presents the his views in an allegoric religious form. Paradies lost(12 books marked for its intricate and contradictory composition, based on the bible legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race, Adam, Eve, Satan)John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程written in the old-fashion, medieval form of allegory and dream.6、Enlightenment (man)Three main divisions: the reign of so-called classism, the revival of romantic poetry, the beginning of the modest novel. Prose rather than poetry.代表人物Joesph Addison& Richard SteelePope( elaborate heroic couplets) Henry Field and Tobias George Smollet are the real founders of bourgeois realistic novel. The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels. -(Lilliput) Sentimentalism---Laurence Sterne Pre-romanticism“Gothic Novel”Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7、The Romantic PeriodWilliam Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism.William Wordsworth’s Lyrical BalladsThe most important and decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.Thus, a new class, proletariat, had sprung into existence.The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of class distinctions.“liberty, equality and fraternity”The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political power to the middle class.Romanticism beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, ending with Walter Scott’s death.The 18th century was distinctively an age of prose.Poetry is the highest form of literary expressionColeridge and Southey, Wordsworth, so-called Lake PoetsThe great literary impulse the age is the impulse of Individualism in a wonderful variety of forms.Byron拜扬（Don Juan）Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱（To the skylark-waking or asleep; teach me half the gladness）John Keats (Ode on a Grecian Urn-beauty is truth, truth beauty) Walter Scott (the father of Europe historical novel) Jane Austen (pried and prejudice) 8、The Victorian AgeCritical realismThe greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens(Oliver Twist雾都孤儿）.Another critical realist - William Makepeace Thackeray was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.Chartist literature宪章文学, the struggle of the proletariat for its rightsR. Browning, humanismCharlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre简爱) Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄）9、The 20th Century LiteratureThe first disturbing factor was imperialism帝国主义Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D’Urebervilles)wrence (Oedipus complex 恋母情结）“art for art’s sake”with Oscar Wilde奥斯卡维尔德Anti-realistic art and literature反现实文学Oscar Wilde is the most conspicuous 颓废派writer and poet of the English decadence.Virginia Woolf & James Joyce are novelist of Stream-of-consciousness。

英国文学复习重点资料

Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》/The Book of the Duchess《悼公爵夫人》/The House of Fame《声誉之宫》/The Parliament of Foules《百鸟会议》/The Legend of Good Woman《贤妇传说》/The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇诗集》/Edmund Spenser斯宾塞Faerie Queen《仙后》/Epithalamion《婚曲》/The Shepheardes Calender《牧人月历》/A View of The Present State of Ireland《爱尔兰之现状》莎士比亚（William Shakespeare悲剧TragediesMacbeth麦克白/King Lear 李尔王/Hamlet哈姆雷特/Othello奥赛罗喜剧comediesAs You Like It皆大欢喜/A Midsummer Night's Dream仲夏夜之梦/Twelfth Night第十二夜/The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人/The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘/Much Ado About Nothing无事生非Marlowe马洛Tamburlaine the Great帖木耳大帝/Doctor Faustus浮士德博士Ben Jonson琼森The Alchemist《炼金术士》John Bunyan约翰·班扬The Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》John Milton弥尔顿Paradise Lost《失乐园》Alexander Pope蒲柏The Rape of the Lock《鬈发遇劫记》/The Dunciad《愚人志》/An Essay on Criticism《批评论》Jonathan Swift斯威夫特The Drapier's Letter《布商的书信》/A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）奥斯丁（Austen）Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见/Persuasion 劝导/Mansfield Park 曼斯菲德庄园/Emma 爱玛/Sense and Sensibility理智与情感/Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺William Blake威廉·布莱克Songs of Innocence 《纯真之歌》/Songs of Experience《经验之歌》华兹华斯（William WordsworthThe Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》拜伦Lord Byron唐璜（Don Juan）/Manfred/Cain雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）Queen Mab《麦布女王》/The Mask of Anarchy 《暴政的假面》狄更斯DickensThe Old Curiocity Shop《老古玩店》/Great Expectations 《远大前程》/David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特Jane Eyre《简·爱》艾米莉·勃朗特Emily BronteWuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》George Eliot乔治·爱略特Adam Bede《亚当·比德》/The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》/Middlemarch米德尔马契Thomas Hardy托马斯•哈代Tess of t he D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》/Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》。