Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯(课堂PPT)
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coherence 连贯 优质课件
Van Dijk把连贯看作一个语义概念 (semantic concept)。连贯不仅是线性的 (linear)、顺序性(sequential)的、也是层级 性的(hierarchical);不仅有微观结构(microstructure)，还有宏观结构(macrostructure)。
Danes在其主位推进程序理论中，以连接性 来讨论连贯概念。他强调主位在语篇组织 中的积极作用。语篇的连贯程度由主位推 进程序的连续性表现出来，而主位推进程 序则由相似语言中一位之间的连接体现出 来。如果这种连接出现空缺，主位推进程 序就会出现不连续现象，造成语篇连贯的 中断。
在语言交际中的许多实例都证明， 连贯的语篇不一定都是衔接的。 如:
(3) A: How did you like the performance?
B：It is a nice theater.
从语篇角度看，这两句话缺乏必 要的衔接机制，但从含义理论的 角度看，A和B的话语是连贯的， B的回答故意违背了“质准则” 和“方式准则”，其含义为“表 演差极了”。
2. Van Dijk的宏观结构理论(macrostructure theory)；
3. Widdowson的言外行为理论 (illocutionary act theory);
4. Brown和Yule的心理框架理论 (psychological framework theory ).
综合起来,这些理论可以分为两大类: 1.认为语篇连贯有形式上的体现(formal
连贯 coherence
衔接(cohesion) 语篇的有形网络
(tangible network)
连贯(coherence) 语篇的无形网络
(intangible network)
Cohesion语言学衔接(课堂PPT)
anaphora
cataphora
(前指）
（后指）
.
6
Endophoric reference
Endophoric reference: which refers to an item whose referent can be retrievable within the text. Two types of relationship are recognized: anaphoric relations look backwards for their interpretation, and cataphoric relations look forwards.
a) This is the house that Jack built. b) Algy met a bear. The bear was bulgy. The bulge was Algy.
.
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Demonstrative Reference
The locative demonstratives here and there are also used as reference items; here may be cataphoric, or anaphoric and ‘near‘; there is anaphoric but not ‘near’.
he/him
Singular Plural
Feminine Neuter
she/her it they/them
deictic possessive
his
his
hers her
[its] its theirs their
.
12
Demonstrative Reference
Discourse：Cohesion and Coherence语篇的衔接和连贯
reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones.
Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
记录
• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
记录
• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接和连贯.ppt
Texture
A semantically coherent text must have texture. Texture distinguishes text and n your son? B: He is seven.
(2) A: How old is your son? B: She is playing in the garden.
Text vs. Discourse
We can say that the terms do not refer to different domains (speech and writing) but reflect a different in focus. Discourse is the umbrella term for either spoken or written communication beyond the sentences.
Cohesion is achieved by cohesive ties. Some may call them cohesive devices. Cohesive ties are the forces that keep the text together in the original order and what we manipulate when we try to regain a text’s meaning after a recording of its sentences.
(anaphoric relations)
Substitution
Another kind of formal link between sentences is the substitution. Here a word in the second sentence refers not to exactly the same entity as does the related word in the first, but to some other entity to which the same term would be applicable.
Lecture 12 cohesion andcoherence 英语词汇学 教学课件
Conjunctions
Conjuncts have a fundamental role in the cohesion of a text and may have various functions
Listing (indicating that what follows is a list of propositions) To start with, First, Second, Third
Chapter 12 Cohesion & Coherence
Revision Causes for Meaning Change in Words
1. Historical 2. Social 3. Psychological 4. linguistic
Pencil”, for instance, is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”. Later, when it was made of wood and graphite, it was still called a “pencil”. “Engine” originates in Latin word “ingenium, natural ability”. But when stream power was developed in the first quarter of the 19th century, the term “engine” comes to mean “a railroad locomotive”, and in contemporary English it means “any machine that uses energy to develop mechanical power, esp., a machine for starting motion in some other machine”
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接和连贯
打造百年企业的四个因素大志有恒，眼光要放得远一些；明道取势，把握时代脉搏；修身聚能，做好企业公民；制度保障，打造有主人的企业。
创百年企业，这四个方面缺一不可。
文│王均金均瑶集团董事长今天我们为什么要探讨中国企业的百年之路？这是因为中国的民营企业已站在面临代际传承的关键时刻，在为什么打造、怎么打造百年企业方面，希望在社会上能形成部分共识。
100年，在历史的长河中可谓弹指一挥间，但对于致力于打造百年的企业，则需要几代人不懈的努力。
大家知道，我国民营经济发展最快的阶段应该是改革开放以来，我们集团也经历了20年的发展，得益于生得逢时，得益于改革开放的政策，得益于我们穷则思变的团队努力，得益于社会各界人士的呵护。
我们不仅根本上改善了物质生活，而且开始追求新的健康的生活方式。
按照马斯洛的需求理论，我们已经进入了实现自身价值的需求阶段。
我在2005年提出建设“百年老店”的目标，提出我们的企业使命：为了人们生活得更加健康和舒心，我们致力于创造超出人们想象的价值，成为卓越的国际化的现代服务业百年老店。
就是想给自己定一个长期的追求目标，鞭策自己不断往前走，做到安全、稳健、可持续发展，在建设百年老店的过程中实现自己的人生价值。
在经济全球化的今天，我给“百年老店”定位为国际化的、品牌的现代服务业企业集团，力求抓住难得的战略机遇期，发挥民营企业的优势，在公司治理、人才集聚等方面有较大的作为，广泛吸收国内外企业的成功经历，结合实践和思考，创百年企业的目标是可以期待的。
我对于“百年企业”的思考主要有这几个方面：一是大志有恒。
我们都听说过鲲鹏之志这个成语，指大鹏的翅膀从海面击水而起，海水震荡三千里，它在空中乘强风而起，直上九万里的青天，一旦升空飞行，就一直飞个不停，要六个月后才会停下来休息。
这个典故告诉我们，人一定要志向远大，加上持之以恒的努力，才能施展鲲鹏之志。
当然，百年企业的建设，需要几代人的不懈努力，所以我们还要理解“愚公移山”的积极意义，汲取“铁棒磨成针”的精神。
coherence 连贯PPT课件
显性连贯的语篇即语篇具有明显的形 式衔接手段，这方面的研究当以 Halliday和 Hasan(1976, 1985)对英语 的研究最具代表性。他们提出英语衔 接手段分为语法衔接(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)两类.前者包括：照应 (reference)、替代(substitution)、省 略( ellipsis)和连接(conjunction)；后 者包括词汇复现(reiteration)和词汇同 现或搭配（collocation）。他们先后 多次强调形式衔接手段的重要性，并 认为衔接是连贯的必要条件之一。
连贯 coherence
衔接(cohesion) 语篇的有形网络
(tangible network)
连贯(coherence) 语篇的无形网络
(intangible network)
Research on Coherence
1. Danes和Fries的主位推进理论(thematic progession theory)；
Brown和Yule认为：决定语篇连 贯的条件在语言外，包括语境的 一般特征、话语结构的规则、交 际功能、社会文化知识和推测等。
Widdowson第一次把连贯概念 置于一个理论框架中，他把衔接 看作是由句子表达的命题之间的 显性关系，把连贯看作言外行为 之间的关系，所以它是一个语用 概念。
连贯
Van Dijk把连贯看作一个语义概念 (semantic concept)。连贯不仅是线性的 (linear)、顺序性(sequential)的、也是层级 性的(hierarchical);不仅有微观结构(microstructure)，还有宏观结构(macrostructure)。
连贯 coherence
衔接(cohesion) 语篇的有形网络
(tangible network)
连贯(coherence) 语篇的无形网络
(intangible network)
Research on Coherence
1. Danes和Fries的主位推进理论(thematic progession theory)；
Brown和Yule认为：决定语篇连 贯的条件在语言外，包括语境的 一般特征、话语结构的规则、交 际功能、社会文化知识和推测等。
Widdowson第一次把连贯概念 置于一个理论框架中，他把衔接 看作是由句子表达的命题之间的 显性关系，把连贯看作言外行为 之间的关系，所以它是一个语用 概念。
连贯
Van Dijk把连贯看作一个语义概念 (semantic concept)。连贯不仅是线性的 (linear)、顺序性(sequential)的、也是层级 性的(hierarchical);不仅有微观结构(microstructure)，还有宏观结构(macrostructure)。
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接和连贯.ppt
Text vs. Discourse
We can say that the terms do not refer to different domains (speech and writing) but reflect a different in focus. Discourse is the umbrella term for either spoken or written communication beyond the sentences.
Some of linguistic connectors: and, moreover, or, otherwise, but, so, if, as, before…etc
Four types of Conjunction
additive adversative causal temporal
(Halliday and Hasan,1976)
Some (Coulthart) think that text only refers to written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language.
E. Hemingway, A Farewell To Arms
Conjunction
Conjunction is a cohesive relation which obtain between clauses as well as sentences of a text which are indicated connectors.
Five types of the general phenomenon of Cohesion
高考英语英汉翻译中的衔接与连贯问题研究课件
要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心加自律精神。此外，一个人应对挫折 的能力也是影响他一生事业的一个重要因素。
▧b.无锡南临太湖，西金惠山，这两处都是当地的主要名胜。另外，古老的 京杭大运河和京沪铁路也途经这里。
Wuxi is bordered by Taihu Lake on the south, and Huishan Hill in the west. They are the major scenic spots there. In addtion, the ancient Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou was dug to run through the city, as was the BeijingShanghai Railway.
说一个人自私自利，并非说他图私利，而是说他漠视他人的利益. (英语并列结构中的省略，汉语译文中可使用词汇重复来实现衔接。)
Clausal ellipsis
汉译英时，有时需要根据英语的行文习惯将省略的部分补齐， 以使译文结构完整、衔接自然。
d.她们轻轻划着船，船两边的水哗，哗，哗。顺手从水里捞上一颗菱 角来，菱角还很嫩很小，乳白色。顺手又丢到水里去。那颗菱角就又 安安稳稳浮在水面上生长去了。
Correlation:
“
▧cohesion =>coherence ?
! not necessary
! not sufficient
! helpful
The king died. The queen died of grief.
A: Can you go to Edinburgh tomorrow? B: B.E.A. pilots are on stike.
▧b.无锡南临太湖，西金惠山，这两处都是当地的主要名胜。另外，古老的 京杭大运河和京沪铁路也途经这里。
Wuxi is bordered by Taihu Lake on the south, and Huishan Hill in the west. They are the major scenic spots there. In addtion, the ancient Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou was dug to run through the city, as was the BeijingShanghai Railway.
说一个人自私自利，并非说他图私利，而是说他漠视他人的利益. (英语并列结构中的省略，汉语译文中可使用词汇重复来实现衔接。)
Clausal ellipsis
汉译英时，有时需要根据英语的行文习惯将省略的部分补齐， 以使译文结构完整、衔接自然。
d.她们轻轻划着船，船两边的水哗，哗，哗。顺手从水里捞上一颗菱 角来，菱角还很嫩很小，乳白色。顺手又丢到水里去。那颗菱角就又 安安稳稳浮在水面上生长去了。
Correlation:
“
▧cohesion =>coherence ?
! not necessary
! not sufficient
! helpful
The king died. The queen died of grief.
A: Can you go to Edinburgh tomorrow? B: B.E.A. pilots are on stike.
衔接与连贯
• eg. Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of these differences.
Cohesion and Coherence
Cohesion and coherence are terms used in discourse analysis （话语分析）and text linguistics（篇章语言学） to describe the properties of written texts.
英语写作中的衔接与连贯讲义PPT(18张)
• 例3 反义词(antonym)
• Failure is the mother of success. • 例4 上 \下义词(hyponymy)
• It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victim.
and in class. As a result,（结果）when he graduates
from school he can do nothing. For （原因）everything
is different from what teachers told him. He may even be
称指代） was the candidate of the new Republic Party. This Party （指示指代）opposed the creation of new slave states. • 2. 替代substitution • This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.(名词性替代） • “ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.” • “I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully.（分句性替代） 3. 省略ellipsis (zero stitution) “how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours the first day,” said Tom.（分句性省略） • 4. 连接conjunction • A. 通过标点符号衔接 • I came, I saw , I conquered.( Julius Ceaser) • The sun is growing warm, frogs are waking in the marshes, planting time will be soon here. • B. 通过连接词衔接 • 5. 词汇衔接lexis • (Halliday /Hasan :Cohesion in English 1976)
• Failure is the mother of success. • 例4 上 \下义词(hyponymy)
• It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victim.
and in class. As a result,（结果）when he graduates
from school he can do nothing. For （原因）everything
is different from what teachers told him. He may even be
称指代） was the candidate of the new Republic Party. This Party （指示指代）opposed the creation of new slave states. • 2. 替代substitution • This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.(名词性替代） • “ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.” • “I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully.（分句性替代） 3. 省略ellipsis (zero stitution) “how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours the first day,” said Tom.（分句性省略） • 4. 连接conjunction • A. 通过标点符号衔接 • I came, I saw , I conquered.( Julius Ceaser) • The sun is growing warm, frogs are waking in the marshes, planting time will be soon here. • B. 通过连接词衔接 • 5. 词汇衔接lexis • (Halliday /Hasan :Cohesion in English 1976)
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“衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出 的。后来在他与Hasan合著的Cohesion in English一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内 部，使之成为语篇的意义关系”
Five types of Cohesion——五种衔接
照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、 省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）。
B. Yes, I have (been playing football.) 都可分为三类：名词、动词和小句。 Ones替代名词；playing football替代动词。 ⑵A: Has he been ever to Beijing? B: I think so。 So 替代整个小句 (he has been to Beijing.)
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应” （人称代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引 出歧义。
Cohesion and Coherence ——衔接与连贯
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯
❖What is cohesion ? ❖Types of the cohesion ❖What is the coherence ? ❖Relationships between cohesion and coherence ❖天净沙秋思分析
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
Three types of Substitution
Nominal: one, ones, same Verbal: do (inflectional forms: does, did) Clausal: so, not. 名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代
1)A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one.
内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项
下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项
李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，‘他’回指 前文提到的‘李林’） 我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指‘李林’） （手指某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）
Three Types of Reference:
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
简瞧见她的兄弟和朱莉亚走进图书馆。
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have. (nominal substitution)
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do).
例如：
①Jane watched Julia walk into the library with her brother．
（Jane看见Julia和谁的兄弟走进图书馆？）
例中的Jane和Julia都是女性，以致后面的her既可指Jane，也可 指Julia。可以改写成：
Jane watched her brother and Julia walk into the library．
Cohesion is expressed partly through grammar and partly through vocabulary. We can refer therefore to GRAMMATICAL COHESION and LEXICAL COHESION.
其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类于词汇衔接 手段
语篇的衔接手段
语篇就好比是一棵大树 —— 一个条理清 晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那么 语篇是靠什么形成的呢？
——靠衔接手段。
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)
照应(Reference)指用代词等语法手段表示的语义关系。
There is also reference to what is outside the text, exophoric (ex), （语外照应，外指）
endophoric (en) (语内照应，内指）
外照应——独立于上下文之外的词项
Five types of Cohesion——五种衔接
照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、 省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）。
B. Yes, I have (been playing football.) 都可分为三类：名词、动词和小句。 Ones替代名词；playing football替代动词。 ⑵A: Has he been ever to Beijing? B: I think so。 So 替代整个小句 (he has been to Beijing.)
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应” （人称代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引 出歧义。
Cohesion and Coherence ——衔接与连贯
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯
❖What is cohesion ? ❖Types of the cohesion ❖What is the coherence ? ❖Relationships between cohesion and coherence ❖天净沙秋思分析
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
Three types of Substitution
Nominal: one, ones, same Verbal: do (inflectional forms: does, did) Clausal: so, not. 名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代
1)A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one.
内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项
下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项
李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，‘他’回指 前文提到的‘李林’） 我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指‘李林’） （手指某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）
Three Types of Reference:
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
简瞧见她的兄弟和朱莉亚走进图书馆。
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have. (nominal substitution)
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do).
例如：
①Jane watched Julia walk into the library with her brother．
（Jane看见Julia和谁的兄弟走进图书馆？）
例中的Jane和Julia都是女性，以致后面的her既可指Jane，也可 指Julia。可以改写成：
Jane watched her brother and Julia walk into the library．
Cohesion is expressed partly through grammar and partly through vocabulary. We can refer therefore to GRAMMATICAL COHESION and LEXICAL COHESION.
其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类于词汇衔接 手段
语篇的衔接手段
语篇就好比是一棵大树 —— 一个条理清 晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那么 语篇是靠什么形成的呢？
——靠衔接手段。
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)
照应(Reference)指用代词等语法手段表示的语义关系。
There is also reference to what is outside the text, exophoric (ex), （语外照应，外指）
endophoric (en) (语内照应，内指）
外照应——独立于上下文之外的词项