Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯(课堂PPT)

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内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项
下照应(后照应)——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应(前照应)——意义依赖于后述词项的词项
李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。(内指,‘他’回指 前文提到的‘李林’) 我讨厌你,李林!(内指,下指‘李林’) (手指某物),那是你画的吗?(外指)
Three Types of Reference:
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
照应(Reference)指用代词等语法手段表示的语义关系。
There is also reference to what is outside the text, exophoric (ex), (语外照应,外指)
endophoric (en) (语内照应,内指)
外照应——独立于上下文之外的词项
Cohesion is expressed partly through grammar and partly through vocabulary. We can refer therefore to GRAMMATICAL COHESION and LEXICAL COHESION.
其中前三类属于语法手段,第四类属于逻辑手段,最后一类于词汇衔接 手段
B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have. (nominal substitution)
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do).
简瞧见她的兄弟和朱莉亚走进图书馆。
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称,表示前面的apples These—指示,指前面的them和apples So—比较,把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
例如:
①Jane watched Julia walk into the library with her brother.
(Jane看见Julia和谁的兄弟走进图书馆?)
例中的Jane和Julia都是女性,以致后面的her既可指Jane,也可 指Julia。可以改写成:
Jane watched her brother and Julia walk into the library.
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时,被省略掉,或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如,上例中的ones就用以替代apples,如: ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
B. Yes, I have (been playing football.) 都可分为三类:名词、动词和小句。 Ones替代名词;playing football替代动词。 ⑵A: Has he been ever to Beijing? B: I think so。 So 替代整个小句 (he has been to Beijing.)
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应” (Personal Reference)。
在使用人称代词的时候,必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象,如果这一点含糊不清,就会模棱两可,引 出歧义。
Cohesion and Coherence ——衔接与连贯
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯
❖What is cohesion ? ❖Types of the cohesion ❖What is the coherence ? ❖Relationships between cohesion and coherence ❖天净沙秋思分析
பைடு நூலகம்
语篇的衔接手段
语篇就好比是一棵大树 —— 一个条理清 晰,上下连贯(语篇特征)的整体,那么 语篇是靠什么形成的呢?
——靠衔接手段。
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)
“衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出 的。后来在他与Hasan合著的Cohesion in English一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内 部,使之成为语篇的意义关系”
Five types of Cohesion——五种衔接
照应(reference)、替代(substitution)、 省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunction)及词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)。
Three types of Substitution
Nominal: one, ones, same Verbal: do (inflectional forms: does, did) Clausal: so, not. 名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代
1)A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one.
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