跨文化交际英文版10 Cultural Influence on Perception
跨文化交际相关的英语作文
跨文化交际相关的英语作文Living in a multicultural society, we are constantly exposed to different customs, traditions, and ways of thinking. It can be both enriching and challenging to navigate through the complexities of cross-cultural communication.When interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds, it's important to be open-minded and respectful. We should strive to understand and appreciate their perspectives, even if they differ from our own.Language barriers can often pose a challenge in cross-cultural communication. It's important to be patient and understanding when trying to communicate with someone who speaks a different language. Using simple and clear language, along with gestures and visual aids, can help bridge the gap.Non-verbal communication, such as body language, facialexpressions, and gestures, varies across cultures. What may be considered polite in one culture could be seen as rudein another. It's important to be aware of these differences and adapt our non-verbal communication accordingly.Cultural norms and etiquette also play a significant role in cross-cultural communication. What may be acceptable behavior in one culture could be taboo in another. It's important to familiarize ourselves with the cultural norms of the people we are interacting with to avoid unintentionally causing offense.Misunderstandings are inevitable in cross-cultural communication, but it's important to address them with empathy and a willingness to learn. Instead of jumping to conclusions or making assumptions, we should seek clarification and strive to understand the root of the misunderstanding.In conclusion, cross-cultural communication requires an open mind, patience, and a willingness to learn and adapt. By being respectful, understanding, and empathetic, we cannavigate the complexities of multicultural interactions and foster meaningful connections with people from diverse backgrounds.。
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 10 School Culture(to Ss)
the Selected Scene—Headmaster vs. Keating
1. Basics of School Culture
In the West, the term of “school culture” is generally used while in China people often use the term of “校园e
School Climate
A positive school culture broadly conceived includes the school’s： social climate intellectual climate rules and policies traditions and routines structures for giving staff and students a voice in ways of effectively partnering with parents norms for relationships and behavior
1.2 Diversity of School Culture
(1) Weak and Strong School Culture Weak culture: the members of the organization do not typically follow a particular thought pattern or some usual way of behavior. Receiving limited influence from their organization Internal environment has littler shaping power
chapter6跨文化交际.ppt
Human Information
Auditory Stimuli (officer’s police whistle)
Visual Stimuli (officer directing traffic)
Tactile Stimuli (other pedestrian bumps into you)
be seen is lost or distorted (扭曲) in transit to the human brain.
b. Hearing
Chapter 6 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Hearing refers to the ability to detect sounds. Human beings’ hearing is performed by ears. As with sight, there is a normal loss of fidelity（精确度）estimated at between 22% and 25%.
Chapter 6 Culture’s Influence on Perception
e. Touch
Touch may simply be considered as one of five human senses;however, when a person touches something or somebody, this gives rise to various feelings. Thus the term "touch” is actually the combined term for several senses.
跨文化交际第七章
Thank You!
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
Cultures differ in people's value orientations, and these differences sometimes cause conflict in the workplace. Religious practices Human rights
1.1 The Importance of Diversity in Advertising
Example: Nordstrom (诺德斯特龙百货公司) At the beginning, it presents persons of color as models in their catalogs. Now, over one-third of the models display diverse characteristics. It also features persons with disabilities in their advetisements. It pays particular attention to its multicultural market and creats a special boutique of women's clothing in petite sizes .
Value conflicts
Language problems The rapid increase of women Racial and ethnic discrimination
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
跨文化交际的英文作文
跨文化交际的英文作文英文：Cross-cultural communication is an important aspect of our globalized world. As someone who has lived in bothChina and the United States, I have experienced firsthandthe challenges and rewards of communicating across cultures.One of the biggest challenges is language. Even if both parties speak the same language, there may be differencesin vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that can cause misunderstandings. For example, in China, it is common to use indirect language and avoid saying "no" directly. As a result, when I first arrived in China, I had a hard time understanding when someone was saying "no" without actually saying it.Another challenge is nonverbal communication. In China, eye contact is not always expected or even consideredpolite in certain situations. In the United States, however,it is seen as a sign of honesty and trustworthiness. This can lead to misunderstandings if one person is expecting eye contact while the other person is avoiding it.Despite these challenges, there are also many rewards to cross-cultural communication. Learning about different cultures can broaden our perspectives and help us become more empathetic and understanding. For example, in China, it is common to show respect for elders by addressing them with specific titles and using formal language. This can teach us the importance of respecting our elders and valuing tradition.In conclusion, cross-cultural communication is both challenging and rewarding. By being aware of the differences in language and nonverbal communication, we can navigate these challenges and learn from each other's cultures. 。
(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
munication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.2.Culture: The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings,hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a moredominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.4.Intercultural communication:It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions andsymbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent theexperiences within a cultural community.7.Perception: the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create ameaningful picture of the world.8.Value: is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally orsocially preferable to another.9.Culture patterns: refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceiveand think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.10.Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups andout-groups.11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associatedwith ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness. 12.A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either inthe physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of thatevent.14.World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, theuniverse and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world.15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have anargot if it is to be considered a co-culture.16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that aregenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guidesour behavior toward a group of people.19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physicaldiscomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.20.Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.21.Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation togeneration, based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.22.Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation andcultural diversity.23.Individualism:refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single mostimportant pattern in the US.24.Hofstede’s Value Dimensions:four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, and masculinity and femininity.25.Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance,power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.26.Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.27.Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.28.the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.29.problems of translation and equivalence：vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slangequivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence, conceptual equivalence.30.The use of argot reflects a co-culture’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.sharemembership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.31.Functions of communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.32.The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics. Kinesic cues are those visible bodyshifts and movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. our emotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.33.Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2.help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.34.kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.。
Culture’s Influence On Perception 跨文化交际英语ppt
Chapter3 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Text A Human Perception
曹可欣 自控1603
Do you know what this is? Do you like it? If you are an African, what do you think of this food?
a. Perception
Perception is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. It is an active rather than a passive process. When we read a book, hear a concert, touch a surface, smell cologne(科隆香水), or taste caviar(鱼子酱), we experience far more the immediate sentry stimulation. Our perception are only partly a function of the outside world; in a large measure they are a function of our own culture, experiences, our desires, our needs and our love and hatred.
大学英语跨文化交际chapter8-Cultural-influences
Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts
4.Management in Japan
日本企业是在60、70年代经济高速发展时期迅速地发 展壮大起来的，他们的发展壮大不仅有经济的原因，还 有社会的原因，其中也有当时的国际形式带来的好机遇。 欧美是十分突出各人作用的，以理性的思维考虑一切问 题，往往是六亲不认。而日本人恰恰相反，他们突出的 是群体的作用，以“和“为“贵”，这种思想来源于中 国的儒家学说。在日本，企业经营就是以此作为其理论 的依据。
Culture's Influence
Management
Business Etiquette Norms
Role Behaviors of
Students
and
Teachers
Classroom Participation
Turn Taking
Family and Gender Roles
Conversational
Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts
3.Management in Germany
In Germany, the manager is not a cultural hero.
In fact, Germans do not have a very strong concept of management. (权利分散)
Cultural Influences on Contexts
Communication and Context
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The Business Context
The Educational Context
大学英语跨文化交际总结
Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on thecharacteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes. One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a fewpeople or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成) of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编码।/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to matchthe appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style. The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedbackof the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping(definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication—anxiety and uncertainty,assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problemsEthnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles 不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of differentlanguages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to aspecial or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication （repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics 时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various ways of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the same nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment—these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver.Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger, sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or suppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction.Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world.Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and armsare the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent.Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values 价值观3.norms 行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation(mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation(value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation(value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time andthat lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably boundup with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3)Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d, omg onentat10n; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is how gender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specificculture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is notdevoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Context may consist of the social, political, and historical structuresin which the communication occurs. Communication in three areas is most influenced by context: business, education and health care.In the business field, management has become a crucial issue and the managing styles vary from culture to culture. These differences are apt to cause troubles for intercultural communication. In add 山on to management, many concrete business practices such as appointment seeking, greeting, gift giving and negotiation are also posing problems for the business interaction. People need to understand and practice the rules in intercultural business context to be competent communicators.The educational context is another significant area where intercultural communication frequently occurs. All participants in the educational context—teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff—bring their cultures' beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them. All of these can influence behaviors on how students and teachers relate to each other in the classroom.。
跨文化交际教案英文版chapter 6 culture's influence on perception
Chapter VI Culture’s Influence on PerceptionⅠTeaching Objectives1. To identify Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and cultivate students to be able to understand thevarious implications of cultural values for international communication2. To identify how culture affects sensing3. To identify the process of human perception4.To identify the distinction between high and low context culturesⅡLeading inⅢT eaching ProceduresStep1Have students look at the following lead-in pictures:Ask students warming-up questions:What can you see in these pictures?What kind of ability do you employ to identify these pictures?Step26.1SensingGeneral IntroductionSensation is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment. Of human senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are the most studied.The Human Information Receptor People’s Senses and Their LimitationsTactile StimuliOlfactic Stimuli(Smell of exhaustfumes)Auditory Stimuli’s police whistle)Tactile Stimuli(other pedestrian bumps into you)to you)Auditory Stimuli(car horns)Visual Stimuli(color ofstoplight)Visual Stimuli(officer directingTaste StimuliTaste Stimuli(flavor of bitter)e. TouchTouch may simply be considered as one of five human senses; however, when a person touches something or somebody, this gives rise to various feelings. Thus the term "touch" is actually the combined term for several senses.Effects of Culture on SensingDuring intercultural communication, many of the stimuli come from the cultural, microcultural, andenvironmental context.No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same. The routefrom stimulus to sensation is in part conditioned by culture.Stinky tofu (Strong-smelling preserved bean curd) is disfavored by quite a large number of people,however, it is favored greatly by people in the south, esp. in Hunan Province.6.2 PerceivingThe Process of PerceptionThe process of perception can be divided into three stages: selection, organization, and interpretation. a. SelectionThe first step is selection. Within their physiological limitations, people are exposed to more stimuli than they could possibly manage.b. OrganizationThe second step is organization. Along with selecting stimuli from the environment, peoplemust organize it in some meaningful way.What are they doing?Culture can affect the process of perception when communication takes place. When communicators come from different cultures, however, not only the meanings, but also the mental categories are very different.Cross-cultural Difference in Sensation and PerceptionThere are four reasons for which people differ across cultures in their ability to gather incoming information:a. Conditions of the physical environmentb. Indirect environmental conditionsc. Genetic differencesd. Cultural differences in how people interact with their environment 6.3 High versus Low ContextHave students listen tothe lead-in case High-context Culture and Low-context culture .Ask students warming-up questions:● Why did the Chinese doctor feel unhappy and distressed?● What are the differences in ways of expression between the Chinese doctor and the Canadiandoctor?● Are the differences in their ways of expression and their communicative conflicts caused, tosome extent, by the different cultures in which they were brought up? ⏹ High-Context CultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context culture.An American standing on chair in restaurantgiving speech at his leaving his hometown⏹Low-Context CultureCultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high-context culture.Tea Ceremony⏹Comparisons Between High-Context Culture and Low-Context CultureIn low-context cultures, verbal messages are elaborate and highly specific. Logic and reasoning are expressed in verbal messages; in high-cultures, most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person.Case Analysis: Chinese Style—Nonverbals●What are the differences in communication styles between the Chinese old scholar and thewestern traveler?●Can you imagine some problems or communicative barriers caused by differentcommunication styles of high-context and low-context culture.Do you think they will have communication problemsdue to their different communication styles.Step3Distinguishing between High-context Culture and Low-context Culture:辨别高语境文化和低语境文化：教师通过辨别不同的文化现象引导学生了解高语境文化和低语境文化。
(跨文化交际)不同文化对观点的影响(culture's influence on perception)英文PPT
(some culture may categorize certain things in great
detail-----snow in Eskimo)
•
culture
snow in Eskimo
• • • • • • • Aput Qana Piqsirpoq qimuqsuq akerolak” Perksertok Pokatok
• Be aware of perceptual inaccuracies
Hold no prejudice. Question your interpretations
Culture’s Influence on Perception
First stage of perception
• Selection
• Enormous amount of information
First stage of perception
• Selection
How to improve your perceptual skill intercultural communication
perceptual skill in intercultural communication
• Question your perception Don’t take your conclusions about others for granted. Understand the difference.
Different countries have different
cultures
Different cultures lead to different perceptions
跨文化交际英语作文
Stereotypes and preconceived notions about different cultures can hinder effective cross-cultural communication. It is important to challenge and overcome these stereotypes by approaching intercultural interactions with an open mind and a willingness to learn from others. By recognizing the individuality of each person and their cultural background, meaningful and respectful communication in English can be achieved.
1. Understanding Cultural Differences
In cross-cultural communication, it is crucial to understand and respect the cultural differences that exist between individuals and groups. These differences can manifest in various ways, such as in nonverbal communication, social norms, and values. When utilizing English as a common language for communication, it is important to be mindful of these cultural nuances to ensure effective and respectful interaction with others.
跨文化交际unit5Cultural Influences on Perception and Belief Systems
Polemic (有争议的 as it is, the Spir-Whorf 有争议的) 有争议的 Hypotheses does shed light on (make it clearer) our understanding of relations between language and perception and the unique reality we live in.
ⅡDiversity in Belief Systems
Warm-up Questions
Why do many restaurants in China have fish tanks？ ？ And why do many office buildings have lion statues in front of the main door？Do these ？ special arrangements help their business? What’s the meaning of life to you? Do you believe in any kind of religion? How does it influence your attitude toward life and your everyday behavior?
该尺度描述的是在一个特定的社会里个人与集体的关系反映的是人们生活在一起的方式它体现在各种价值观上
Chapter 3 Cultural Influences on Perception and Belief Systems
L/O/G/O
Warm-up questions:
What do fallen leaves tell you? (If you were a farmer/a poet/a child/an old lady?) Why do you think they have different reactions?
跨文化交际 英语作文
Crosscultural communication is an essential skill in todays globalized world.It involves the exchange of information and ideas between people from different cultural backgrounds.Effective crosscultural communication can lead to better understanding, cooperation,and mutual respect among individuals and groups.Here are some key aspects to consider when engaging in crosscultural communication:nguage Proficiency:While English is a common language for international communication,it is crucial to understand that English proficiency varies among nonnative speakers.Being patient and using simple language can help in conveying messages clearly.2.Cultural Awareness:Understanding the customs,traditions,and social norms of different cultures is vital.This awareness can prevent misunderstandings and show respect for the other persons culture.3.NonVerbal Communication:Body language,facial expressions,and gestures can have different meanings in different cultures.Being mindful of these differences can help avoid misinterpretations.4.Adaptability:Being flexible and adaptable to different communication styles is important.This may involve adjusting your tone of voice,pace of speech,or even the way you present information.5.Active Listening:Listening attentively to the speaker and showing interest in what they are saying is a sign of respect and can lead to a more productive conversation.6.Empathy:Putting yourself in the other persons shoes can help you understand their perspective and respond in a way that is sensitive to their feelings and experiences.7.Cultural Sensitivity:Being aware of cultural sensitivities and avoiding topics that may be considered offensive or inappropriate is crucial.This includes understanding the importance of certain dates,symbols,or practices in different cultures.8.Direct vs.Indirect Communication:Some cultures value direct communication,while others prefer a more indirect approach.Understanding these preferences can help in choosing the right communication style.9.Time Perception:Different cultures have different attitudes towards time.Some may be more punctual and value time efficiency,while others may have a more relaxed approach.Being aware of these differences can help in planning and managing timeeffectively.10.Respect for Diversity:Recognizing and valuing the diversity of cultures is the foundation of crosscultural communication.It encourages an openminded approach and fosters a sense of inclusion.In conclusion,crosscultural communication is a dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation.By being open to different perspectives and showing respect for cultural differences,individuals can build bridges across cultural divides and create a more harmonious global community.。
跨文化交际英文版图文稿
跨文化交际英文版集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）C r o s s–c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o nThesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries.Outline:Chapter 1: Language and culture in communicationChapter2: Culture shockChapter3: What’s in a name?Chapter4: Social interactionChapter 5: Roles and relationsChapter6: Non-verbal communicationChapter 7: In other words.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageConclusionChapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance.What is communication?In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However,different people hold different opinions about communication.In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchangeof information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself.Communication not just exist in human-beingsThere are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other.For human beings, how can we communicatewith each other?Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message.What is social situationWhen there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social sA social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in social situation.Chapter2: Culture shockWe should not only know what communication is but we should know what culture shock is.In contemporary society, as our country is developingfaster and faster, more and more foreigners will come to our country. Communicating with foreigners is an interesting thing. However, there is no doubt that it can easily cause misunderstanding which is called culture shock. There are several kinds of culture shock.Hospitality: First of all, in Britain, hospitality can not be judged by whether hosts put the food into your dishes, in there, everyone has own dishes, everyone helps themselves. By contrast, in our country, when we have guests, hosts may put the food into guest’s dishes to show thei r hospitality, sothis is different.Politeness: When it comes to this word, in many case, foreigners were described as being polite than Chinese. For example, when we finish work, foreigners may say thank you to us, although it is out duties. However, for Chinese, they seldom say thank you because they think someone who serves them are their duties.What’s more, when we get along with foreigners, we should avoid asking their salaries, jobs and religious and so on. For the young, it’s all right to ask thei r ages, for the adults, this question is not allowed, especially for the females. Butin china, these questions are allowed.In conclusion, when we face these culture shocks, it is better to keep a cool head, and then make an adjustment toward it, finally, we can cope with it. As time goes by, we can adapt it. For example, American Jewish and Israel, the two groups are equal and integration. Both groups have positive attitudes toward one another. So I am sure that after learning this unit, we can know a lot about culture shock and can easily communicate with foreigners.Chapter 3: What’s in a name?The topic of unit three is “what’s in a name?” As is known to all, the English name is different from the Chinesename .The Chinese name consists of family name and givenname ,with family name put first. But in contrast, the family name of English name is coming last. Most English people have three names. The last name , or surname is the familyname .This is the family name of the father and is given to all his children. And the first name is given to the child at birth, which is called “given name”. And another name used to referto them is Christian name.However, Chinese name can give all sorts of information about a Chinese people .they may give the address, thebirthday ,and also tell us about the family relationship, ethic groups, sex and the parents’ expectation for their children.At the same time, in Chinese the use of kin terms is closely related to age politeness, such as that children are expectedto call an old lady, Granny and call a male adult who is older than their fathers, elder uncle. The appropriate and extend use of kin term according to age is taken as reflecting good manners.Chapter4: Social interactionWhat is “social interaction”. It is the topic of unit four. Social interaction is an important way of human existence, and it is different from other animals’ communication. Andit’s meaningful. Different countries have different social interactions. Many Chinese people tend to ask age, marital status, and even salary when they meet each other first. To the Chinese people, these are open conversational topic. and Chinese people pay much attention to family life. So in their spare time, they will talk about the family member features as a common topic. It is so natural. And the salary is not a secret .and when a Chinese offers refreshments or drinks to his colleague, his colleague often declines the offer politely, because he don’t want to trouble the person who offers. And it also shows his politeness. But in western countries, if you ask the person who meet you first about these, they will feel so bad. They think it is not polite.Do you know how English native negotiate a time tomeet .from the text I know that you may find their way of settling on a time is quite similar to our own, that is , normally one gives or suggests a time, then the other may find it is not suitable and suggest another time, and finally a time is fixed which suits both.Consequently, you can know from above, different countries have different habits.Chapter 7: In other words.Different languages cause some misunderstandings There are many countries that their language is the same. such as America , British, Canada, Australia，and so on, they all speak English, people from America and British speak different varieties of English. They usually find little difficulty in understanding each other. However, there are some differences which may cause some misunderstanding, because of profusion of synonyms that they use different words to refer to the same thing. But for other countries which do not speak English they hardly understand the idioms, for example “face the music” in America it means to accept the criticisms, unpleasant consequences, etc . it probably comes from the custom in some Western armies of punishing soldiers to the sound of beating drums, if a person who is come from China may comprehend that enjoy himself by listening to music. on the contrary，they can not understand the meaning of Chinese idioms.There are some similar in languagesWith the exception, both English and Chinese have many such idioms that refer to animals, and some animals have similar associations in both cultures: deer, for example , are bloodthirsty and cruel, ect . But some other animals haverather different associations, like dogs, in the eyes ofEnglish-speaking people，dog is loyal ,but in the eyes of Chinese it aways contains derogatory sense are seen rather differently from the way appear to us. About proverb, since human experiences and observations of the world are in many respect similar. in spit of the dissimilar cultural backgrounds of the Chinese and the English-speaking peoples, the number of proverbs or saying in two language that are equivalent or closely approximate is rather surprising.Swearwords is the taboo for every countries Every language contains a special group of taboo words which people avoid using because they find them embarrassing or offensive. In many languages, swearwords are taboo, this is generally true of both English and Chinese. In English, certain swearwords seem to be more offensive than others and consequently the social prohibition against their use is stricter.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageAnimals might have astonishing ways of showingtheir emotions and feelings.This unit takes us back in to history, inviting us to reflect upon how man has extended his limbs and senses by using newtechnologies. Nowadays, the technologies are so advanced that communication over long distance can be done in a split of a second. People all over the world are living, quite literally,in a global village. In the textbook, we have learned that animals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotionsand feelings. The way different kinds of animals behave, have fascinated great minds since Plato and AristotleCommunication is covering everywhereOne point that is beyond doubt is that our ancestorswere extremely handicapped --- in comparison with us now --- in communication. From the Stone Age, to the present day, over2,000,000 years, man has done his best to extend himself inorder to improve his way of communication. Writing, printing technology, postal services, telegraph, telephone, radio,picture communication, television, computer and laser technology, internet --- these have extended man’s mouth, eyes, ears, hands, legs, in short the whole body beyond a house, a village, a county, a province, a country, an ocean, a continent, and even beyond the mother earth to the moon and the Mars.Going global is great, but an entirely different tone was heard: Globalization is a menace to mankind. Globalization will makethe powers more powerful but the weak is weaker and the poor is poorer.ConclusionDifferent countries have their own cultures, so it causes the different cultures .Consequently, sometimes the people come from different places may cause some misunderstandings. After learning this textbook we can getalong well with people all over the world.Finally, through this paper, we can learn more knowledge.。
3Culture’s Influence on Perception
Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Learning objectives:
For a European coming to China, at firs all rice will just taste like rice. They may not notice differences in types and quality until someone points out their characteristics In learning Chinese it is especially difficult for speakers of Western languages to hear the tones of Chinese words because words in their languages do not have tones For Westerners who have climbed Chinese mountains get very confused at the Chinese way of climbing mountains. Often there is nothing to see at the top of the mountain or the scenery is in mist or cloud. The mountain is not challenging and there are paved steps from the foot to the top. And there are a lot of old people and young children climbing up and down the steps
跨文化交际英文版15 Developing Intercultural Competence
Unit 12 Cultural Differences in Education Unit 13 Cultural Difference in Etiquette and protocol And your AWESOME presentations!!
Master Skills
Appreciating similaritieUnit 15
Developing Intercultural Competence
In today’s class, we will…
learn a four-step approach to intercultural communication; have a general review of the course.
Developing empathy
Keeping an open mind
Four-step Approach to Intercultural Communication
Step 4
Master Skills
Step 3
Enhance Motivation
Step 2
Obtain Knowledge
Step 1
Raise Awareness
Consciousness of One’s Values and Biases
Becoming Comfortable with Differences
Raise Awareness
Self Awareness Sensitivity to Circumstances
I think it’s terrible that in your country children leave their parents when they are so young. Something that shocks me even more is that many parents want their children to leave home. I cannot understand why children and parent don’t like each other in your country.
跨文化交际英文版 Cultural Influence on Perception ppt课件
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II. Culture
Perception
( attention, past experience & expectations, education, knowledge, empathy, culture, etc.)
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
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We see what we choose to see. We hear what we choose to hear.
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(2) Each member of the group has to participate in the preparation as well as the delivery of the presentation speech.
(3) It is strongly recommended that each group use computer aid when giving their presentations.
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I. What is perception?
Sensations are simple sensory experiences. Perception is the process of attaining awareness or
understanding of the environment by organizing and interpreting sensory information. Perception can be shaped by learning, memory and expectation. It’s two-stage process:
跨文化的英语作文
跨文化的英语作文Cross-Cultural Communication。
In today's globalized world, cross-cultural communication has become increasingly important. With people from different cultural backgrounds interacting on a daily basis, it is crucial to understand and appreciate the differences that exist between various cultures. This essay will explore the challenges and benefits of cross-cultural communication and provide some strategies for effective communication across cultures.One of the biggest challenges of cross-cultural communication is the potential for misunderstanding. Different cultures have different communication styles, norms, and values, which can lead to misinterpretation and confusion. For example, in some cultures, direct communication is valued, while in others, indirect communication is preferred. This can lead to misunderstandings and conflict if not properly understood.Another challenge is the potential for cultural stereotypes and biases to influence communication. When interacting with people from different cultures, it is important to be aware of our own biases and to approach communication with an open mind. Stereotyping can lead to assumptions about a person's behavior or beliefs based on their cultural background, which can be detrimental to effective communication.Despite these challenges, there are many benefits to cross-cultural communication. It allows for the exchange of ideas, perspectives, and experiences, which can lead to greater creativity and innovation. By understanding different cultural perspectives, individuals can gain a broader worldview and develop greater empathy and understanding for others.To effectively communicate across cultures, it is important to approach interactions with respect, openness, and a willingness to learn. One strategy for effective cross-cultural communication is to practice activelistening. This involves fully engaging with the speaker, asking clarifying questions, and seeking to understandtheir perspective. By actively listening, individuals can demonstrate respect for the other person's ideas and beliefs.Another strategy is to be mindful of nonverbal communication. Different cultures have different norms for body language, gestures, and facial expressions. Being aware of these differences can help to avoid misunderstandings and ensure that communication is effective.In addition, it is important to be flexible and adaptable in cross-cultural communication. This may involve adjusting one's communication style to better fit the cultural norms of the person or group with whom they are interacting. By being open to different ways of communicating, individuals can build stronger relationships and avoid potential conflicts.In conclusion, cross-cultural communication presentsboth challenges and benefits. By understanding and appreciating the differences between cultures, individuals can develop greater empathy, creativity, and understanding. By practicing active listening, being mindful of nonverbal communication, and remaining flexible and adaptable, individuals can effectively communicate across cultures and build stronger relationships with people from diverse backgrounds.。
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Cultural Influence on Perception
In today’s class, we will…
discuss the definition of perception
understand the various ways of interpretation are influenced by culture get to know generalizations and stereotypes
Quality hardworking honest brave
in 1966
37 7
In 1972
74 20 17
religious
intelligent practical
14
14 8
18
32 27
ignorant
artistic progressive sly treacherous warlike cruel
Thinking Patterns
Analytical
Synthetic
Holistic Mind vs Analytic Mind
1. Names Oriental (Chinese) names family name + given name Occidental (western) names given names +family names
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13 7 20 19 23 13
10
26 28 19 12 13 9
Movie — “The Forbidden Kingdom”
Self-check List
What is perception? How does culture influence perception? What is generalization? What is stereotype?
Students of each class will be organized into small groups of 2 people, with each group working on one of the topics suggested. The presentation topics involve comparative studies on some specific aspects between Chinese culture and English culture. When researching on the topics, students are suggested to include the following parts in the presentation: (1) Find out similarities / differences on the given topic between two cultures. (2) Provide adequate examples to show the similarities and differences you find. (3) Explore on how different cultural values in each culture are reflected through your study. Requirements for the Presentation: (1) Each group will make a presentation of about 10 minutes on the topic they choose. (2) Each member of the group has to participate in the preparation as well as the delivery of the presentation speech. (3) It is strongly recommended that each group use computer aid when giving their presentations. (4) It is also strongly recommended that no two groups within one class choose the same topic.
东方看整体、西方重解析
2. In medicine Chinese traditional medicine Consider the whole body system of health to treat a local problem
局部的病症要通过对全身系统的调理来解决
Western medicine To find out what particular virus to deal with
究其病原直接深入到分子原子，病菌病毒
The Local People’s interpretations Seeing former chief approaching younger brother marrying the elder brother’s widow Hamlet’s mother getting married one month after his father’s death the dead chief having only one wife
Friend
Friend Coworker
Friend
Friend
Coworker
Independent view of self
Dependent view of self
Collectivist cultures
Individualist cultures
Interdependence Relationships Social obligations
Suggested Topics for Presentation 1. A comparative study on Chinese martial artists vs. the Western knights. 2. A comparative study on the rules of gift-giving and gift-receiving in Western culture and Chinese culture. 3. A comparative study on Western and Chinese painting 4. A comparative study on Western and Chinese architecture 5. A comparative study on school education in America and China 6. A comparative study on family education in America and China 7. A comparative study on wedding customs in different countries 8. A comparative study on Western and Chinese table manners 9. A comparative study on Western and Chinese advertising 10. A comparative study on the use of euphemisms in Chinese and English
What matter most is how you see yourself！
The Structure of Self-Concept
Self-concept
Who am I?
Self-esteem
My sense of self-worth?
The self Self-knowledge
How can I explain ricans’ views of themselves Informal, friendly, casual Egalitarian Direct, aggressive Efficient Goal/achievement oriented Profit oriented Individualistic Progressive Enthusiastic Open
Foreigners’ views of Americans Undisciplined, too personal and familiar Insensitive to status Blunt, rude, oppressive Obsessed with time, opportunistic Promise more than they deliver Materialistic Self-absorbed Tend to equate “new” with “best” Deceptive Untrustworthy
Independence Aspirations Achievements
Culture and Perception
Discuss Chinese cultural perceptions of color. What do Chinese associate with the following? black white red blue yellow Do Americans associate these colors with something the same or different?
We see what we choose to see. We hear what we choose to hear.