2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P26—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P26—法学类Passage 26There is a bitter battle over how to combat the nation’s fastest-growing crime problem, juvenile offenders.While overall crime statistics in America’s largest cities has dropped there is one category where it has skyrocketed. That category is homicides committed by youths under the age of 17. Between 1984 and 1994, murders committed by youths under 17 tripled. Demographic studies show that there will be a surge in the teen population in the coming years and experts believe that 25 percent of all murders committed by the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.Violence (i.e. Aggravated assaults) committed with guns by youths has also increased at roughly the samepace as homicides. After years of statistical decline, drug use by teens is also on the rise. None of these statistics would appear to bode well for future. It now seems that everyday we are hearing about horrendous violent crimes being committed by juveniles.The most famous of late was the 6-year-old in northern California who almost beat to death a small baby. The baby was just released from the hospital on Thursday and has suffered brain damage from the attack by the 6-year-old.There is also the case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis. In Miami, two 16-year-old males have been charged with the murder of a Dutch woman tourist who just happened to end up in the wrong neighborhood. A 15-year-old New York boy tried to steal a pair of earrings from a woman.During the attack, the young woman fell to her death under a New York subway train. In Fort Meyers, Florida, a group of teenagers shot and killed a high school band teacher. This case will be the subject of an upcoming ENN report, but a police investigation into this group of teens turned up “would-be junior terrorists”that could have rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.There seems to be growing awareness now of this juvenile crime problem in the United States. Several experts, as well as this publication, have been trying very hard to get the word out. People who have become victims of these young felons are angry and are calling for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system.It has been a long-standing belief in the United States that juveniles who kill, rape and rob be treated differently than adult offenders. But this may soon change. In 1899, juvenile courts were established to help protect “juvenile delinquents.”But it seems that today, the reasoning for the protection of the youths in the criminal justice system may be outdated and changes need to be made to accomodate these “14-year-old harden felons.”Many critics, today, say that in reality too many hard-core juvenile offenders are arrested held and released time-after-time in a process that is called a revolving door. It seems to only come to an end when a truly heinous crime is committed.Because of the rise in juvenile crime and the experts predictions that the problem is going to get worse before it gets better, many cities, states and even congress are trying to wrestle with the problem. Tallahassee, Florida has been experimenting with a couple of different programs to deal with troubled youths. In one case, Tallahassee Police received a report of a teenager breaking into an auto. Immediately, officers knew their suspect. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant. This 16-year-old who was on parole, had been known to commit 32 similar offenses. Officers had kept the suspect tracked on a point scale. He was arrested after he barricaded himself inside an apartment building. Because of his extensive criminal record prosecutors immediately sent him to trial in an adult court. This can be called the “get-tough”approach.1. As you read the first paragraph, which kind of crimes are increasing while the crime statistics in America’s largest cities has dropped?[A] Homicides committed by youths.[B] Murders committed by adults.[C] Drug abuse.[D] Violation.2. Read the third paragraph carefully and then answer the question: What happened to the “6-year-old”?[A] The “6-year-old”had been killed.[B] The “6-year-old”had almost killed another small baby.[C] The “6-year-old”had been sent to prison.[D] The “6-year-old”had suffered brain damage.3. What thing will be report by ENN?[A] A high school teacher had been killed by a group of teenagers.[B] Junior terrorists.[C] The case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis.[D] Both A and B.4. Who called for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system?[A] Journalists came from Florida.[B] The parents came from the juvenile’s families.[C] Teachers came from the juvenile’s school.[D] The victims of these young felons.5. As the author use the example of the case of Tallahassee, what did he mean?[A] To illustrate the importance of changes that should be made in the juvenile justice system..[B] To state that teenagers who committed crimes should be sent to trial in an adult court.[C] To express that the old law was not fit for the new phenomenon.[D] To express that the author hated the juvenile crimes.[疑难长句翻译与注解]1. Demographic studies show that…the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.[译文]统计学的研究表明，在即将到来的一年里，青年人口将有迅猛的增长。
2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律
2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律日前在微博上频发大招，发布了许多对考生十分受用的备考信息。
与美国法律相关的阅读文章向来是考研英语命题的高频语料，下面各位考生就随KK教授来一起学习一下。
一、美国法律常识美国国会，是执行美国宪法规定立法权力的机构，由参议院和众议院组成。
参议员由各州选民直接选出，每州2名，实行各州代表权平等原则，现有议员100名，当选参议员必须年满30岁，作为美国公民已满9年，当选时为选出州的居民，任期6年，每2年改选 1/3，连选得连任。
美国国会（Congress，United States）行使立法权（legislative authority）。
议案（bill）一般经过提出、委员会审议、全院大会审议等程序。
就立法过程来说，经国会参众两院认可的成文法或决议文（resolution）必须经过以下任一程序才可成为法律：美国总统的签署、在国会开议期间，总统收到法案后十天内不作为（不做任何回应，十天的期限不含星期日），或在总统否决后由国会於会期内发起再审（法案必须获得三分之二以上的投票支持才可忽略总统的否决）。
经由前两种程序通过的法案将由总统“颁布”（promulgation）实行。
若法案是经由第三种方式通过，最后再审期间国会的监票委员负责颁布法律。
二、相关词组参议员 senator参议院 states senate政府 administration官僚 bureaucracy首席法官 chancellor诉讼委托人 client国会，议会 parliament=congress委员会 council宣告 declare给以权利 entitle审判 judgement陪审团 jury游说团 lobby三、真题连线以2013年考研英语真题阅读理解Text 4 为例，该文章选自2012年6月25日The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》，可见其实效性。
需要去读一些实效性非常强的西方报刊杂志上的文章。
2015英语考研真题阅读第二篇
2015年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读第2篇1.数字资料 digital data2.宪法到底在多大程度上保护你的数字资料Just how much does the Constitution protect yourdigital data?3.最高法院即将讨论 The Supreme Court will now4.警察是否能够搜集手机内容consider whether police can search the contents of a mobilephone5.手机内容the contents of a mobile phone6.在没有搜查令的情况下 without a warrant7.嫌疑人身上或旁边的的手机内容 if the phone is on or around a person8.在逮捕的过程中during an arrest.9.加利福尼亚州California10.已请求法官们has asked the justices11.不要做出to refrain from12.一刀切裁决 a sweeping ruling,13.加利福尼亚州已请求法官们不要做出一刀切裁决California has asked the justices torefrain from a sweeping ruling,14.尤其是 particularly15.推翻这一旧有的假定的一切裁决 one that upsets the old assumptions16.执法当局 that authorities17.可搜查嫌疑犯的财务 may search through the possessions of suspects18.在逮捕时at the time of their arrest.19.该州政府认为the state argues,20.法官很难评估It is hard, for judges to assess21.快速变化的新技术可能带来的影响the implications of new and rapidly changingtechnologies.22.最高法院那真是谦虚的不计后果 The court would be recklessly modest23.如果要是听从加利福尼亚州的建议if it followed California's advice.24.已经有足够的影戏现在能够看的出来Enough of the implications are discernable,25.甚至很明显 even obvious,26.因此，法官能够也应该so that the justice can and should27.提供更新的指导性意见provide updated guidelines28.向警方，律师以及被告to police, lawyers and defendants.29.他们应该首先摒弃加利福尼亚州的蹩脚观点They should start by discarding California'slame argument30.即翻看智能手机的内容 that exploring the contents of a smartphone--31.一个庞大的数字信息库 a vast storehouse of digital information32. is similar to say,33.相当于翻查嫌疑犯的钱包going through a suspect's purse .34.最高法院已经裁决 The court has ruled that35.警方并不违反宪法第四修正案 police don't violate the Fourth Amendment36.警方搜捕被捕人的钱包或者钱袋when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of anarrestee37.在没有搜查令的情况下without a warrant.38.但是查看一个人的智能手机 But exploring one's smartphone39.更像是进入他或她的家is more like entering his or her home.40.一个智能手机肯能存有A smartphone may contain41.被捕人的阅读记录an arrestee's reading history,42.财务记录病史记录financial history, medical history43.以及近期通信往来的详细记录 and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.44.与此同时云记录的发展The development of "cloud computing," meanwhile,45.也让那种查看更为容易has made that exploration so much the easier.46.美国人应该Americans should47.采取措施take steps to48.保护他们的数字隐私protect their digital privacy.49.但是把敏感的信息保存在这些设备上 But keeping sensitive information on these devices50.正日益成为正常生活的一种需求is increasingly a requirement of normal life.51.不过美国公民有权Citizens still have a right to52.要求私人文件expect private documents to53.保持不公开 remain private and54.并且受到宪法禁止无理搜查条款的保护protected by the Constitution’s prohibition onunreasonable searches.55.这是常有的事 As so often is the case,56.申明原则 stating that principle57.并不能减轻 doesn’t ease58.界限划定的挑战the challenge of line-drawing.59.在很多情况下In many cases,60.也不会太麻烦 it would not be overly burdensome61.当局获得搜查令 for authorities to obtain a warrant62.在搜查手机信息to search through phone contents.63.他们可以悬置第四修正案的保护条例They could still invalidate Fourth Amendmentprotections64.在面临严峻紧急的情况下 when facing severe, urgent circumstances,65.他们也可以采取适当的措施 and they could take reasonable measures66.以保证手机数据不被删除或更改to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered67.在等待搜查令之时while a warrant is pending.68.尽管如此，最高法院或许想要The court, though, may want to69.为警方提出空间 allow room for police70.有权行使更多自主行为的情形to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom71.但是法官们不应该轻易接受加利福尼亚的所有观点But the justices should not swallowCalifornia's argument whole.72.新的颠覆性技术New, disruptive technology73.有时需要对sometimes demands74.进行创新性的应用 novel applications75.对宪法保护条例of the Constitution's protections.76.法学教授奥林克尔 Orin Kerr, a law professor,77.爆炸和可获取性 compares the explosion and accessibility78.数字信息的of digital information79.21世纪的in the 21st century80.汽车的使用确立为 with the establishment of automobile use81.生活的必须 as a vitrual necessity of life82.20世纪in the 20th:83.法官们不得不The justices had to84.明确新规定 specify novel rules85.为一新兴私人领域 for the new personal domain86.小客车of the passenger car then;87.他们必须去解决they must sort out88.第四修正案是如何how the Fourth Amendment89.去适应数字信息的问题applies to digital information now.。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—法学类Passage 23Few lawyers did more to help George W. Bush become president than Barry Richard. As Bush's quarterback in the Florida courts during last fall's bruising recount, the white-maned Tallahassee, Fla., litigator became a familiar figure to TV audiences. He got the GOP equivalent of rock-star treatment when he came to Washington last January for Bush's Inauguration. At one ball, recalls law partner Fred Baggett, a heavyset Texas woman lifted Richard off the floor and planted a big kiss on his cheek, exclaiming, "I love you for giving us our president!"But Richard has discovered that the Bushies' gratitude has its limits. More than four months after the U.S. Supreme Court ended the 2000 election, he and his firm, Greenberg Traurig, are still owed more than $800,000 in legal fees. The firm, which sent 39 lawyers and 13 paralegals into court battles all over the state, is one of a dozen that have so far been stiffed. The estimated total tab: more than $2 million. The situation, NEWSWEEK has learned, has gotten increasingly sticky. While lawyers complain privately about foot dragging (Richard says he's not among them), Bush advisers are griping about "astronomical" bills--including one from a litigator who charged for more than 24 hours of work in a single day. "What you've got here is a bunch of rich lawyers bellyaching," says one former Bush campaign official. "Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this."The lawyers were supposed to get their money from the Bush Recount Committee, a fund-raising vehicle set up when the Florida fight began. A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million--more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. To avoid charges that the recount was being bankrolled by special interests, the Bushies imposed a $5,000 cap on individual donations, a PR gesture they now regret. After paying off caterers, air charters and the army of GOP Hill types who came to Florida as "observers," the "kitty ran dry," says one source.The Bush camp says it intends to pay up. But Ben Ginsberg, the former chief campaign counsel who has inherited the mess, hasn't yet figured out how. As for the law firms, they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients, for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices. Greenberg Traurig now represents electric power companies, drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests willing to pay big money for access to policymakers. Whether Richard and company collect or not, that $800,000 could end up being a smart investment.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 04/23/2001, Vol. 137 Issue 17, p28, 2/3p, 1c注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象是1995年真题text 3(1，2，3，5题)，第4题模仿1995年真题text 4 的第1题。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类Passage 5(Minor Problems?)Every time Americans tune into local news broadcasts or read daily papers，they are likely to be shocked at the increasing number of serious crimes committed by youths who are only sixteen years old or even younger.It is sometimes difficult to imagine these youngsters behaving like hardened criminals，but statistics continually prove that their crimes are often just as brutal as those committed by their adult counterparts.Inevitably，people begin questioning how successful the juvenile justice system is in reforming these youths and debating whether violent juveniles should be tried as adults in our legal system.I feel there is no question that juveniles convicted of serious crimes should face the same consequences as adults.While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade，violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.It is common knowledge that the youth murder-arrest rate has climbed dramatically.Examples of teen crime are vivid and terrifying.Newspapers and television frequently report that youths with no apparent motives have shot and killed other people.The effect on both families and society is large.Despite the increase in serious crimes committed by young offenders，the punishment which juveniles receive has traditionally almost never fit the severity of the crimes.Since the system has historically viewed children as not being fully developed，physically or mentally，it has prevented them frombeing held accountable for their wrongdoing.Although many of these“children”commit horrible crimes，they have been routinely treated as victims of society.Until very recently，1ighter sentences and court proceedings have been the norm.The message they sent to serious juvenile criminals is that crime “pays”because there are no serious consequences for their actions.When the system lacks an element of fear，there is nothing to prevent youthful offenders from committing future crimes.The current trend of assigning adult sentences to youths who commit serious crimes is absolutely just if the punishment is to fit the crime.Most pro-rehabilitation advocates argue that juvenile criminals are completely different from adult ones and should，therefore，be treated differently in the justice system.However，the cost to society is the same regardless of the age of the criminal.What comfort does it give to the family of a killed or injured victim that the person who killed or hurt their loved one was a minor? Families suffer no less because their relatives are shot by young offenders.Instead of treating the loser who murders innocent people like a victim of society，this person should be treated like any other person who victimizes society and causes pain to individuals and communities.Tougher measures must be taken to combat this growing problem of juvenile crime.In today’s society，too many juveniles count on light sentences given by the juvenile justice /doc/1117899597.html,wyers can help a vicious criminal receive a short sentence，and return to the streets to commit more crimes.When there are no harsh consequences of being caught，committing crimescan be perceived as having positive benefits.As a result，juveniles are continuing to become more violent and 1ess concerned with the value of human life.Rehabilitation，recommended by many as the solution to juvenile crime，should be directed only towards youths who have committed minor offenses.However，the juveniles who commit serious crimes should be tried as adults.A message has to be sent that we will no longer tolerate brutal crimes simply because of the age of the criminal.These youths must be held completely accountable for their crimes，suffering harsh consequences and ultimately realizing that they are no longer protected by the law.1.It can be inferred that juvenile criminals are those____.[A]who are under the age of 16 years old[B]who are not accountable for the crimes they commit[C]who can not tell major crimes from minor crimes[D]who are more likely to become victims of the society2.That violent juvenile crimes are on the rise is manifested by the fact that____.[A]penalty for juvenile criminals is becoming more and more serious[B]the society can no longer tolerate juvenile crimes[C]youth murder-arrest rate has dramatically increased[D]the young population has increased in the last ten years3.The reason why young people are becoming increasingly violent is that____.[A]the older they become，the stronger they are[B]they receive lighter punishment than they should[C]they do not know the value of human life[D]there is now too much violence in newspaper and on television4.According to the author，one reason why violent juvenile criminals should suffer the same fate as their adult counterparts is that____.[A]there are as many juvenile crimes as adult crimes[B]they have done equivalent injuries to the victim or the society[C]they are clearly aware of what they are doing at the time of offence[D]no other penalty can prevent them from committing future crimes5.Pro-rehabilitation advocates insist that____.[A]rehabilitation be directed only towards youths who commit minor crimes[B]stricter sentences be given only to youths who commit brutal crimes[C]a different justice system be applied to minors since they are not fully developed[D]minors be held completely responsible for any kind of crimes they commit答案与题解1.[A] 参阅第一段第一句。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P17—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P17—法学类Passage 17“This is not the type of place where this happens," city council president George Carlton told a reporter, after the horror became public in his hometown, Sylacauga, Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper, Texas, a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago, even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13,000, halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery, Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries, textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga, like Jasper, became a chapter in the recent history of hatred.According to police, Steven Eric Mullins, 25, and Charles Monroe Butler Jr., 21, plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither, 39. On Feb. 19, they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There, says Coosa County Sheriff's Deputy Al Bradley, "they took him out of the trunk, took an ax handle and beat him to death." They set two old tires aflame, says Bradley, "then they put the body on the fire." They did it all, the deputy says, because Gaither was gay.Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. "It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama," says state Representative Alvin Holmes, who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard, a gay student, was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October, an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard, Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay, though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga's Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins' and Butler's allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither's brother Randy told CNN: "Regardless of his personal life or anything, he doesn't deserve to be killed for this.""The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens," says Tracey Conaty, spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.Before Gaither's murder, activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27, the task force will launch its "Equality Begins at Home" campaign, with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty: "These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message." The March events, says Urvashi Vaid, director of the task force's policy institute, will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid: "It's more than just a gaything."注(1)：本文选自By Sylvester Monroe Time; 03/15/99, Vol. 153 Issue 10, p47, 2/3p, 3c, 1bw 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题Text 41. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred[B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago[C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death[D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga2. The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation[B]people want to extend the hate-crime law[C]the gays are really in a terrible fix[D] people are indifferent to the gay student3. Alvin Holmes’attitude toward the gay victims is _________.[A]indifferent[B]sympathetic[C]outrageous[D]considerate4. Similar to Matthew Shepard, Gaither’s death ________.[A]aroused people’s sympathy for the gay[B] sharpened people’s awareness[C]gave legislation some momentum[D]failed to have any change in the legislation5. The text intends to express the idea that __________.[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors[B]the gay people shouldn’t be regarded as second-class citizens[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched答案：CABDC篇章剖析本文采用提出问题-----分析问题的模式。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P7—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P7—法学类Passage 7There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents.More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11，000 miles each year.Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher.For the average adult，over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels.One third of drivers who have been drinking，but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers，demonstrate these levels.1)Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes，the probability of their involvements is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which drinking plays a role.Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country’s population，it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both.While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most，anyone who drinks at all would be punished by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at drinking drivers.In some states，the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers committing any traffic offense and higher BAC can be the basis for arrest.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates，however，that even with increased arrests，there are about 700 violations for every arrest.At this level there is little evidence that laws are effective ways to reduce drunk driving.In Britain，motor vehicle accidents fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. 2) As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped，the effectiveness declined，although in the following three years the death-rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic drinks will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most accidents is unclear.One thing is clear，however：unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic drinking plays a role，many will continue to die.1.The author is primarily concerned with____.[A] interpreting the results of surveys on traffic accidents[B] reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to reduce drunk driving[C] analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic deaths[D] making an international comparison of experience with drunk driving2.It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain____.[A] changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined drunk driving[B] made it illegal for the drunk driver to drive[C] increased the number of drunk driving arrests[D] placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks3.The author implies that a BAC of 0.1 percent ____.the sale of alcoholic drinks[A] is unreasonably high as a definition of drunk driving[B] penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limit[C] is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal crashes[D] proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time4.The author cites the British example in order to____.[A] show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the U.S.[B] prove that stricter laws against drinking drivers would reduce traffic deaths[C] prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of drunk drivers will not deter drunk driving[D] suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws5.The word“deter”in the last paragraph probably means____.[A] prevent [B] encourage [C] punish [D] threaten答案：1.[B] 本文探讨了饮酒和汽车事故率的关系，以及相应的限制酒后驾驶的法律对事故率的影响。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类Passage 11Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur，leather，wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer，formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors，and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs，harassing hunters in the wild，or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault，armed terrorism，and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals，most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.The results of the protests and other tactics have been panies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well—known designers have stopped using fur.While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely，most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem，since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation.1.1 975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because[A]many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year[B]a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement[C]the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection[D]the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world2.Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to[A]wipe out cruel people [B]stop using animals in the laboratory[C]attack hunters in the wild [D]catch full public attention3.By saying“the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed”(Line 1，Para.3)，the author means[A]the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects[B]the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing[C]the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public[D]the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical4.The word“marshaling”(Line 5，Para.4)probably means[A]conducting [B]popularizing [C]changing [D]outraging5.It seems that the author ofthis article[A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement[B]is in favor ofthe animal rights movement[C]supports the use of violence in animal protection[D]hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes阅读小帮手核心词汇advocate n.提倡者philosophy n.哲学predecessor n.前辈tactics n.策略identical adj.同样的oppose vt.反对impetus.促进radicaladj.激进的reliance n.依赖publication .出版vocaladj.有声的assault n.攻击fake adj.假的译文：号召人道对待动物的倡导者们从1975年起将自己的目标扩大到反对利用动物来获取毛皮、皮革、毛织品和食品的行为。
法律英语考试之美国法基础-最新范文
法律英语考试之美国法基础A FEDERAL LEGAL SYSTEM：OverviewThe American legal system has several layers, more possibly than in most other nations. One reason is the division between federal and state law. To understand this, it helps to recall that the United States was founded not as one nation,but as a union of 13 colonies, each claiming independence from the British Crown. The Declaration of Independence （1776） thus spoke of“the good People of these Colonies” but also pronounced that “these United Colo nies are, and of Right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES.” The tension between one people and several states is a perennial theme in American legal history. As explained below, the U.S. Constitution （adopted 1787, ratified 1788）began a gradual and at times hotly contested shift of power and legal authority away from the states and toward the federal government. Still, even today states retain substantial authority. Any student of the American legal system must understand how jurisdiction is apportioned between the federal government and the states.The Constitution fixed many of the boundaries between federal and state law. It also divided federal power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government（thus creating a “separation of powers”between each branch and enshrining a system of “checks-and-balances”to prevent any one branch from overwhelming the others）, each of which contributes distinctively to the legal system. Within that system, the Constitution delineated the kinds of laws that Congress might pass.As if this were not sufficiently complex, U.S. law is more than the statutes passed by Congress. In some areas, Congress authorizes administrative agencies to adopt rules that add detail to statutory requirements. And the entire system rests upon the traditional legal principles found in English Common Law. Although both the Constitution and statutory law supersede common law, courts continue to apply unwritten common law principles to fill in the gaps where the Constitution is silent and Congress has not legislated.。
美国法律英文作文
美国法律英文作文英文：As a legal professional in the United States, I have a deep understanding of the complexities of American law. One of the most significant aspects of American law is its federal system, which divides power between the national government and individual states. This means that each state has its own set of laws and regulations, in addition to federal laws that apply across the entire country.One example of this is the difference in gun laws between states. Some states have very strict gun laws, while others have more relaxed regulations. For instance,in California, individuals must obtain a permit to carry a concealed weapon, while in Texas, anyone over the age of 21 can carry a concealed weapon without a permit. This illustrates how state laws can vary widely, even on a topic as controversial as gun control.Another important aspect of American law is the role of the judiciary. The United States has a common law system, which means that judges have the power to interpret and apply the law in individual cases. This allows for a great deal of flexibility in the legal system, as judges can adapt the law to fit the specific circumstances of each case. However, it also means that the law can be somewhat unpredictable, as different judges may interpret the law in different ways.Overall, American law is a complex and multifaceted system that requires a great deal of expertise to navigate. From the federal system to the role of the judiciary, there are many factors that contribute to the legal landscape in the United States.中文：作为美国的法律专业人士，我深刻理解美国法律的复杂性。
2015考研英语(一)深度解析——阅读理解Text2
2015考研英语（一）深度解析——阅读理解Text2阅读理解第二篇文章是关于个人隐私数据保护的问题，文章的内容与时俱进，但是题目却比较简单，几乎都可以在原文中迅速找到答案。
第26题，The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_____.(最高法院需要裁决在逮捕过程中什么是否合法)。
根据题目定位到第一段，中心词语是主语supreme court和形容词legitimate，第一段的第二句话就解决了这个问题The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant…(最高法院正在考虑是否允许警察在逮捕过程中没有搜查许可证而搜查嫌疑人手机内容信息)。
根据这句话可以很快排除C、D选项。
A选项具有迷惑性，search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant..错在search for(寻找手机)上，与原文不符，原文说的是search the contents of a mobile phone(搜查手机信息内容)。
B选项正确，其中check suspects’phone contents without being authorized…check可以替换为search。
第27题，The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of______.这个是观点态度题，需要从文中推断。
选项分别为[A] tolerance.(宽容);[B] indifference. (不关心)——可立刻排除;[C] disapproval.(不赞成);[D] cautiousness.(谨慎)。
2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律案例
2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律案例2015考研英语:阅读热点之美国法律案例考研英语真题的特点是阅读量⼤，为了在考场上获得较⾼的分数，平⽇⼤量的阅读积累必不可少，尤其是重点阅读考研英语真题同源期刊上的⽂章，掌握最话题素材。
考研英语命题⼈对真题⽂章的筛选有严格的选择性和针对性，经研究发现80%阅读理解的⽂章来源于《经济学⼈》、《时代周刊》等英⽂报刊杂志。
这类期刊杂志的⽂章阅读对考⽣来说⼗分有益，今天的⽂章正是选⾃《经济学⼈》。
在看⽂章之前我们⾸先做⼀个知识点拓展，美国联邦最⾼法院是美国的最⾼审判机构，由总统征得参议院同意后任命的九名终⾝法官组成，其判例对全国有拘束⼒，享有特殊的司法审查(judicial review)权，即有权通过具体案例宣布联邦或各州的法律是否违宪。
通过上⾯的知识点拓展，各位考⽣都知道了美国最⾼法院有九个⼤法官，这篇⽂章的开头也⼗分有意思：THE Nine, in J.R.R. Tolkien’s“ The Lord of the Rings”, are fearsomely powerful black-robed characters who serve the Dark Lord. In Washington, DC, the Nine are fearsomely powerful black-robed characters who serve the law. 【翻译】指环王⾥⾯有九个为暗⿊领主服务的九个令⼈⽣畏、法⼒⽆边的⿊袍护法。
在华盛顿特区也有九个为法律服务的九位⿊袍⼤法官。
今年，这些法官不仅要决定美国的同性恋是否合法，⽽且也会为⼀些奇葩的案件作出判决，⽂章中所说的案例就⼗分有意思，下⾯我们接着看： On October 7th the court will hear Holt v Hobbs, which concerns a prisoner called Gregory Holt, who slit his girlfriend’s throat and threatened to kidnap President George W. Bush’s daughters. As a Muslim, Mr Holt says he is obliged to grow a beard, but Arkansas prison rules forbid it. His lawyers cite a law that bars prisons from substantially burdening inmates’religious liberty without a compelling reason to do so. Arkansas retorts that facial hair poses a security risk: even a short beard can hide “needles, home-made darts, pieces of broken razors, drugs, and SIM cards”. 【解析】⼀个穆斯林杀了⼥朋友，还要威胁绑架布什的⼥⼉，后来被关在阿肯⾊州的监狱;他说他是教徒，要留胡⼦，监狱说不准。
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：法学类(25套)
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：法学类(25套)Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by LawWhen you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But atleast we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings is[A] not very high.[B] high.[C] contemptuous.[D] critical.2. The main idea of this passage is[A] vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.[B] people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.[C] to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.[D] people are bloodthirsty in sports.3. That the author mentions the old Romans is[A] To compare the old Romans with today’s people.[B] to give an example.[C] to show human beings in the past know nothing better.[D] to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.4. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?[A] Three.[B] Five.[C] Six.[D] Seven.5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is[A] that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.[B] that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.[C] that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.[D] to show law is the main instrument of social change.Vocabulary1.relish 从……获得乐处，享受y 狂欢，放纵3.arena 竞技场，活动或斗争的场所4.blood-thirsty 残忍的，嗜血的5.bear-baiting 逗熊游戏6.bull-fight 斗牛7.batter 猛击，连续地猛打/捶，乱打8.pulp 成纸浆，成软块9.burst into flames 突然燃烧起来/着火10.grim 令人窒息的，简陋的11.coop up 把……关起来写作方法与文章大意作者采取先对比、后分析的写作手法。
2015考研英语阅读真题及答案完整版.doc
2015年考研英语一真题及答案Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ―mere‖ politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‘ continuing popularit y polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats‘ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility‘s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals ―have most to fear‖ because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California‘s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California‘s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‘s purse. The court has ruled that police don‘t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exp loring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee‘s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of ―cloud computing,‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private do cuments to remain private and protected by the Constitution‘s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn‘t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California‘s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applicat ions of the Constitution‘s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects‘ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author‘s attitude toward California‘s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one‘s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one‘s historical records.[C] scanning one‘s correspondences.[D] going through one‘s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr‘s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California‘s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.―Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Ask ed whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: ―The creation of the ‗statistics board‘ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‘s overall dr ive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.‖Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖ He agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.‖John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is ―a most welcome step forward‖ and ―long overdue.‖ ―Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,‖ he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line,―engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process‖. Vaux says that Science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‗the papers that need scrutiny‘ in the first place‖.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase ―flagged up‖ (Para. 2) is the clos est in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science‘s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers‘ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‘ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‘s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the ―unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions‖ Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only ―sorting mechanism ‖in society should be profit and the market .But ―it‘s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ‖.Driving her point home, she continued: ―It‘s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.‖ This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today‘s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies‘ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] GlemMulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‘s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.2015年考研英语二真题及答案Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1,most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives[B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands[D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills[B] energy[C] earnings[D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox”in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close”ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’and take advantage of college resources,”they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage anddisadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,”said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision,values, passion, and purpose,”said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars”of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,”you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.”In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent)above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people , especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance。
2015考研英语题源阅读：Digitalprivacy
2015考研英语题源阅读：Digitalprivacy 数字信息隐私在现代社会变得越来越重要了，出国⽹考研英语频道为⼤家提供2015考研英语题源阅读：Digital privacy，⼤家可以阅读⼀下!⼤家可以把好的词语和句⼦记下来，说不定写作⽂的时候能⽤得到哦! 2015考研英语题源阅读：Digital privacy Cryptography for dummies To the alarm of some lawmakers, scrambling data becomes easy as encryption turns into the default option on digital devices A CAMPAIGN by American and British lawmakers and security officials to get social-media companies to take more responsibility for handing over information about criminals and terrorists using their networks gathered pace this week. It is happening because, following the documents leaked by Edward Snowden, a former American spy, technology companies are beefing up the encryption of data to protect users’ privacy, making it more difficult for law-enforcement agencies to find out what people have been up to online. In Britain, a report into the jihadi-inspired killing of a soldier in London said websites such as Facebook provide a “safe haven for terrorists” to communicate. Such statements echo similar concerns made in America. James Comey, the director of the FBI, has said the encryption of computers, smartphones and other digital gadgets largely benefits paedophiles, criminals and terrorists. This is not how technology firms see it. Apple and Google, for instance, say they are making their mobile operating systems more secure because people and businesses want their data to be protected. This encryption is not only robust but often cannot be disabled. Moreover, it may require little or no effort on the part of a user to render data stored on their devices or being sent to another person impossible for all but the most determined governments or criminal organisations to retrieve. This is a big change. In the past built-in security, if provided, was often easily subverted. Most devices and software came with the doors wide open and only geeks knew how to shut them. Now, although plenty of users may not be aware of it, spying on them is getting harder. This is not universal. Applications and data that are stored online in the cloud, for instance, might still be accessible by third parties, although the links to and from them have been locked down. Routinely encrypting attachments in e-mails also remains something of a work-in-progress. Many of the elements used to provide this greater level of privacy have long been available for users of specific systems. Apple, for instance, has encrypted all data passing through its FaceTime and iMessage applications since their inception. Securing it Now WhatsApp, an instant-messaging service with more than 600m users, has adapted a highly regarded open-source system called TextSecure for its app running on Android-based devices. WhatsApp, which is owned by Facebook, provides the new security in a routine update which reduces almost to zero the possibility of messages being intercepted or decrypted. Moxie Marlinspike, one of TextSecure’s developers, says the software was designed to be simple to add to apps. WhatsApp now plans to extend it to devices using other operating systems. Earlier this month, Facebook itself launched what it describes as an experiment to improve access to its service using the Tor network, which makes it possible to surf the internet virtually anonymously. Such connections are already possible but Facebook says it wants to make them more secure. This could appeal to users in countries such as China and Iran whereaccess to Facebook is blocked. Protecting information stored on a device is also becoming easier. Apple and Microsoft have offered full-disk encryption (FDE) for their desktop operating systems for years, in which a user’s login or other token unlocks an encryption key that is then used for all data read from and written to a disk drive. Destroy the key, and the disk’s data is unreadable for ever. FDEs were fiddly and slow, but now can be turned on during a software upgrade with only a mouse click. Faster processors and custom-made chips also eliminate slowdowns. Android, Apple’s iOS and other mobile platforms adopted similar forms of encryption a few years ago but the protection has only recently become complete. The new level of security builds on efforts by hardware- and software-makers to divorce themselves from the ability to decipher or recover users’ data from mobile devices. As Tim Cook, Apple’s boss, said recently: “If the government laid a subpoena to get iMessages, we can’t provide it. It’s encrypted and we don’t have a key.” Apple’s Touch ID fingerprint-recognition on iPhones or iPads is a further example. Rather than having its data reside in the normal memory of those devices, or have it sent to a secure repository in the cloud, Apple developed custom circuitry it calls Secure Enclave. This incorporates into its processors a way to stash scrambled data into a one-way memory cache that neither the operating system (nor Apple) can directly access. Bruce Schneier, a veteran American cryptographer and security expert, says robust, configuration-free encryption by itself is not new. Rather it is the additive effect of its much broader implementation by more and more people that makes the change powerful. This is being driven, he believes, by people and companies paying more attention to what is happening to their data following Mr Snowden’s revelations about the extent of the surveillance programmes run by America’s National Security Agency. There have also been reports of snooping by firms, invasion of privacy by criminals and lax treatment of payment details and personal data. This heightened public concern about privacy has overcome stalled efforts in some corners of the internet to deploy encryption, validation and anti-tampering options that had been left idle. Often cost and complexity were cited as reasons by companies not to bother, except for e-commerce, financial transactions and health data. As Mr Schneier notes, the Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security standards used to protect web-browsing for e-commerce date back to the late 1990s, and have been strengthened continuously since. (Separate and significant flaws in various software implementations of the standard across all major operating systems were found and fixed in 2014, most before being exploited.) Now secure web-browsing is about to go much further. On November 18th the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), a privacy advocacy group, announced the formation of a new consortium with members including Cisco, which makes networking equipment, Mozilla, producer of the Firefox browser, and Akamai, a leading cloud-computing and content-delivery network. The group has created a standardised process called Let’s Encrypt for websites and other online services to secure their systems automatically and at no cost. The service, planned for release in mid-2015, will offer a simple installation process in which web operators will apply to receive digital certificates that can be used to prevent the interception of information when it is passing between a web browser and an internet server. Closed by default Let’s Encrypt will also renew a digital certificate on its expiration without any administrative intervention—a common failing even for large e-commerce and content sites. One of the project’s leaders, Peter Eckersley of EFF, says of Let’s Encrypt and other efforts, that “Within a year or two, if we complete these projects successfully, internet users should have their browsing, their e-mail and their messaging encrypted in most or all cases by default.” While clamping down on the passage of unencrypted data makes monitoring or intercepting it harder for profit or malicious intent, not all avenues will be closed to the FBI and others. WhatsApp and iMessage offer end-to-end or peer-to-peer encryption, but a secure web interaction still terminates on a server somewhere in a data centre, where the data is decrypted to be acted upon. Apple, for instance, sets up encrypted connections by default to its e-mail servers, but the e-mail itself may be read by those at Apple with access, and turned over if required to authorities armed with the necessary legal niceties. Likewise, data stored in the cloud passes to and from Dropbox, Google Drive and other services with strong encryption and is scrambled when it is stored. But those services encrypt the data on their servers using keys that they control, not their users. The EFF’s Mr Eckersley says that the various efforts now in place, along with improvements that are coming and those planned for the future, do not prevent interception by authorities or others completely. “Rather, we might have a chance to protect everyone else who isn’t being targeted for surveillance,” he adds. 推荐阅读:。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P3—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P3—法学类Passage 3(Strictly Ban smoking)If you smoke and you still don’t believe that there’s a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain for instance, cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its way to smoky, cancerous death.You don’t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It’s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone, the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivable, be harmful, it doesn’t do to shout too loudly about it.This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether.Of course, we are not ready for such a drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples, you’d think they’d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisement always depict virile, clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life, with beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!For a start, governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning –say, a picture of a death’s head –should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals, we are certainly weak, but if governments acted honestly and courageously, they could protect us from ourselves.1.Why do a few governments take timid measures toward smoking?[A] because they are afraid of people.[B] Because diseases cost a lot.[C] Because they are afraid of the cutting down of their revenue.[D] Because they are afraid of manufacturers.2.The tone of this passage is[A] critical.[B] ironical.[C] distaste.[D] amusing.3.What does the sentence “because you are in good company”mean?[A] you are backed by the government.[B] You are not alone.[C] You have good colleagues.[D] Governments are blind to evils of smoking too.4.What is the best title of this passage?[A] World Governments should conduct serious campaigns against smoking.[B] World governments take timid measures against smoking.[C] smoking is the most important source of income to many countries.[D] tobacco industry spends a large sum of money on medical research.Vocabulary1.a wishful thinking 根据愿望的想法，不顾事实的想法2.puff 喷3.puff its way to 一路吞云吐雾走向(指抽烟抽到死)4.lukewarm 冷淡/漠然5.insidious 阴险的，狡猾的6.virile 年富力强的写作方法与文章大意这是一篇“要求政府禁烟”的论说文，采用因果对比手法。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P15—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P15—法学类Passage 15It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks "creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance".The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.注(1)：本文选自Economist; 11/24/2001, V ol. 361 Issue 8249, p58, 1/2p注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2001年真题text 5(其中因2001年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第5题模仿参照对象为1999年Text 1的第4题。
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2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律日前在微博上频发大招，发布了许多对考生十分受用的备考信息。
与美国法律相关的阅读文章向来是考研英语命题的高频语料，下面各位考生就随KK教授来一起学习一下。
一、美国法律常识美国国会，是执行美国宪法规定立法权力的机构，由参议院和众议院组成。
参议员由各州选民直接选出，每州2名，实行各州代表权平等原则，现有议员100名，当选参议员必须年满30岁，作为美国公民已满9年，当选时为选出州的居民，任期6年，每2年改选 1/3，连选得连任。
美国国会（Congress，United States）行使立法权（legislative authority）。
议案（bill）一般经过提出、委员会审议、全院大会审议等程序。
就立法过程来说，经国会参众两院认可的成文法或决议文（resolution）必须经过以下任一程序才可成为法律：美国总统的签署、在国会开议期间，总统收到法案后十天内不作为（不做任何回应，十天的期限不含星期日），或在总统否决后由国会於会期内发起再审（法案必须获得三分之二以上的投票支持才可忽略总统的否决）。
经由前两种程序通过的法案将由总统“颁布”（promulgation）实行。
若法案是经由第三种方式通过，最后再审期间国会的监票委员负责颁布法律。
二、相关词组参议员 senator参议院 states senate政府 administration官僚 bureaucracy首席法官 chancellor诉讼委托人 client国会，议会 parliament=congress委员会 council宣告 declare给以权利 entitle审判 judgement陪审团 jury游说团 lobby三、真题连线以2013年考研英语真题阅读理解Text 4 为例，该文章选自2012年6月25日The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》，可见其实效性。
需要去读一些实效性非常强的西方报刊杂志上的文章。
该文章主要讲了联邦政府与州政府之间就移民问题产生的分期。
第一段用来自法院对政府权利的决定做引子，提出了对于移民法律实施的议题。
第二段进一步解释了为什么法院会否定亚利桑那州的提案。
在后文中解释了否定的原因，分析了州政府拥有的权利以及导致联邦失力的决议，从而得出为什么法官们会投对联邦政府不利的反对票。
本文的难点在于理解法院的作用，这就需要考生们认真熟悉美国法律常识，因为一旦涉及美国法律的文章出现，势必会牵扯相关内容。
四、模拟练习冲刺期间，模拟题也必须给力！下面是KK教授给出的一道涉及美国法律，同时接近真题的阅读题目：The framers of America’s constitution knew nothing about mobilephones, but they knew a thing or two about unreasonable searches. In Riley vs California, the Supreme Courtconsidered“whether the police may, without a warrant, search digitalinformation on a cellphone seized from an individual who has been arrested.”Unanimously on June 25th, the justices said no, or, to be more pr ecise, veryrarely.David Riley, a member of the Bloods street gang who was sentenced to15 years to life for attempted murder, and Brima Wurie, sentenced to 262 monthson a drug charge, will be happy to hear this. Except in true emergencies wheresearching a mobile phone could, say, avert a terrorist attack, police pryingwithout a warrant violates the Fourth Amendment’s bar on “unreasonable”searches, the justices decided. Since both Riley and Wurie’s convictions werebased on evidence gleaned from such search es, they will be overturned.The reason why the case of David has the possibility of being invalidated is thatAThe evidence associated with hisconviction violates the Fourth Amendment.BThe conviction will be overturned asjustices decided in Riley vs Californiacase.CHis charge of attempted murder is not based on true emergencies when police prying.DThe way to attain evidence isunconstitutional according to an unanimous decision.【答案】D通过今天的学习，相信各位考生对美国法律这个高频语料有了进一步的掌握，希望考生学习过后能勤总结、多练习，在做题中积极联想今天学到的知识。
时间已然不多，努力才是王道。
预祝各位考生都能取得自己满意的成绩！考研成功难又不难，一旦大家开始准备就要全力以赴。
自制力差的学生可以找几个研友，互相激励，因为坚持下来也确实不容易，也看个人习惯，有的同学可能一个人学习更有效率；在这个过程中更主要的还有大家坚持的信念，坚持完成一件事情本身就是成功。
在三百多天的日子里，老师会一直陪伴着大家，里边的每条微博、微信、咨询都是温暖大家并激励大家前行的动力。
奔跑吧，2016的考生们！虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一门语言，除非有天生的语言天分，否则偷不得半分懒，只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。
一遍不懂读两遍，默念不行就大声念出来，遇到不认识的单词就查，不懂的句子就静下心来拆分结构。
总之，读书百遍、其义自现，英语学习之路上没有笨蛋，只有懒人。
综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有考生2016考研有个好成绩。
凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯；凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里；信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿；使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构；激情：永不言弃，乐观向上；敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业；服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作，为学员服务，为学员引路。
如何选择考研辅导班：在考研准备的过程中，会遇到不少困难，尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说，通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足，可以大大提高复习效率，节省复习时间，大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班，或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。
师资力量：师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素，考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价，询问往届学长然后选择。
判断师资力量关键在于综合实力，因为任何一门课程，都不是由一、两个教师包到底的，是一批教师配合的结果。
还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。
凯程考研名师云集，李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。
而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课，对知识点把握和命题方向，欠缺火候。
对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。
在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元，考取五道口15人，清华经管金融硕士10人，人大金融硕士15个，中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人，北师大教育学7人，会计硕士保录班考取30人，翻译硕士接近20人，中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。
在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。
对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。
最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。
建校历史：机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素，历史越久，积累的人脉资源更多。
例如，凯程教育已经成立10年（2005年），一直以来专注于考研，成功率一直遥遥领先，同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。
有没有实体学校校区：有些机构比较小，就是一个在写字楼里上课，自习，这种环境是不太好的，一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境，大学校园这样环境。
凯程有自己的学习校区，有吃住学一体化教学环境，独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全，这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。
此外，最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。