2013美赛ABC试题及翻译
2013年美赛MCM题目A评委点评中文翻译
介绍今年的焦点问题是如何实现质量和数量的平衡。
在质量方面，尽可能使热量均匀地分布。
目标是降低或避免矩形烤盘四个边角发生热量聚集的情况。
所以解决热量均匀分布这方面的问题，使用圆形烤盘是最佳的选择。
在数量方面，应该使烤盘充分的占据烤箱的空间。
所以我们的目的是使用尽可能多的烤盘来充分占据烤箱的空间，此时矩形烤盘是最佳选择。
对于这方面的问题的解决，就要考虑烤盘在烤箱水平截面上所占的比率。
在这个评论中，我们首先描述判断步骤，然后再讨论队伍对于三个问题的求解。
下一个话题就是论文的灵敏度和假设，紧随其后讨论确定一个给定方法的优势和劣势。
最后，我们简短的讨论一下参考和引用之间的区别。
过程第一轮的判别被称为“分流轮”。
这些初始轮的主要思想是确定论文应被给予更详细的考虑。
每篇论文应该至少阅读两次。
在阅读一篇论文的时候，评审的主要问题是论文是否包含所有必要的成分,使它成为一个候选人最详细的阅读。
在这些初始轮中，评审的时间是有限制的，所以我们要尽量让每一篇论文得到一个好的评判。
如果一篇论文解决了所有的问题，就会让评审觉得你的模型建立是合理的。
然后评审可能会认为你的论文是值得注意的。
有些论文在初轮评审中可能会得到不太理想的评论。
特别值得注意的是，一篇好的摘要应该要对问题进行简要概述，另外，论文的概述和方法，队员之间应该互相讨论，并且具体的结果应该在某种程度上被阐述或者表达出来。
在早期的几轮中，一些小细节能够有突出的表现，包括目录，它更便于评委看论文，同时在看论文的时候可能会有更高的期待。
问题求解也很重要。
最后，方法和结果要清晰简明的表达是至关重要的。
另外，在每个部分的开始，应该对那个部分进行一个概述。
在竞赛中，建模的过程是很重要的，同时也包括结论的表达。
如果结果没有确切和充分的表达，那么再好的模型和再大努力也是没有用的。
最后的回合最后一轮阅读的第一轮开始于评委会会议。
在这个会议中，评委将进行讨论，他们会分享他们各自认为的问题的关键方面。
2013年美赛A中文翻译(标准版)
问题A：终极布朗妮平锅当用长方形平底锅炒菜时，热集中于四个角，因此四个角的食物就炒糊了（四个边上的食物炒糊的程度略微轻一点）。
用圆形平底锅时，热会均匀地分布在整个外部边缘，因此锅边的食物就不会炒得太过。
然而，大多数炉子在形状上都是长方形的，那么考虑到炉子的空间使用，用圆形平底锅就不是很经济。
建立一个模型来说明热在不同形状的平底锅外部边缘的分布——长方形平底锅，圆形平底锅或介于两都者之间的其他形状的平底锅。
假设：1.长方形炉子的宽长比为W/L。
2.每个平底锅必须有一个面积A。
3.最初的时候，炉子里两个层架的空间是均匀的。
建立一个模型，基于以下条件，用以选择最好的平底锅（形状）：1.使适合炉子的平底锅的数量最大化（N）。
2.使平底锅上热（H）的平均分布最大化。
3.优化条件（1）和（2）的组合，条件（1）和（2）的权重P和（1－P）是用来表示结果是如何随着W/L和p的取值变化而变化的。
除了根据MCM格式要求的解决方案外，你还需为新一期的“布朗妮美食杂志”准备一到两页的广告页来突出你的设计和结果。
Hewlett-PackardHP LaserJet 1018PROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie PanWhen baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.Assume1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.2. Each pan must have an area of A.3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different values of W/L and p.In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.。
2013年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛C类
2013 NationalEnglish ContestforCollegeStudents(LevelC - Final)参考答案及作文评分标准PartIListening Com prehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)1—5 ACBBCSection B (10 marks)6—10 CCABA11—15 BCBCASection C (5 marks)16—20 ACBACSection D (10 marks)21.prescription22.drugaddiction23.lenientapproach24.distinguished between25.arelicensed to 26.singletransaction27.Proponents28.legitimate29.campaigns30.therebyPartIIVocabulary and Structure(15 marks)31—35 DBBCB36—40 CABAD41—45 ABACAPartIIICloze(10 marks)46.height47.both48.surprising49.mistakenly50.through51.hungry52.scientific53.Sleepiness54.connection55.evilPartIV Reading Com prehension (40 marks)Section A (10 marks)56.risks57.innocentrmation59.gang60.requestingSection B (10 marks)61.F62.T63.F64.Itprovidesstudentswith an onlinelearningenvironment.65.Theyreceivetheindividualsupportandadvicetheyneedtosucceed in theirstudy.Section C (10 marks)66.enduring 67.starved68.moredramatically69.D70.CSection D (10 marks)71.BecausetheEgyptiansworshipedcatsasholyanimalsandtherewerelawsprotectingthem.72.TheDarkAgesin Europe.1--73.About10 percent.74.猫惯有“巫师的助手”之称。
2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛试题
2013 Contest ProblemsMCM PROBLEMSPROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie PanWhen baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.Assume1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.2. Each pan must have an area of A.3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different valuesof W/L and p.In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.PROBLEM B: Water, Water, EverywhereFresh water is the limiting constraint for development in much of the world. Build a mathematical model for determining an effective, feasible, and cost-efficient water strategy for 2013 to meet the projected water needs of [pick one country from the list below] in 2025, and identify the best water strategy. In particular, your mathematical model must address storage andmovement; de-salinization; and conservation. If possible, use your model to discuss the economic, physical, and environmental implications of your strategy. Provide a non-technical position paper to governmental leadership outlining your approach, its feasibility and costs, and why it is the “best water strategy choice.”Countries: United States, China, Russia, Egypt, or Saudi Arabia。
2013 全国大学生英语竞赛B类 真题答案
2013 National English Contestfor College Students(Level B - Preliminary)参考答案及评分标准Part I. Listening Comprehension（30 points）1—5CBCBA 6—10 AABBC 11—15 BACAB 16—20 BABAC21. a dictation 22. keep pace. 23. An active listener 24. the topic 25. heading26. paraphrasing 27. summarising 28. rewrite 29. thoughts and comments 30. useful study aid Part II援Multiple Choice (15 points)Section A (10 points)31—35 ACBBC 36—40 DACBASection B (5 points)41—45 ABCBDPart III援Cloze (10 points)46. popular 47. adopted 48. available 49. longer 50. nervous51. space 52. sufficiently 53. but 54. affectionate 55. retiredPart IV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A (10 points)56. D 57. C58. ordering a hamburger 59. ignorant and inexperienced 60. primary source materialsSection B (10 points)61. For sport or because it蒺s part of a traditional culture.62. Stuff and mount the dead animals.63. Overpopulation of certain species.64. Outbreaks of fowl cholera.65. They kill a limited number of bowheads a year.Section C (10 points)66. a smaller firm 67. promotion prospects 68. morale69. his/her life miserable 70. got on withSection D (10 points)71. N 72. Y 73. Y74. 在我们的竞争对手感到拮据的时候出现这种情况，让人感到非常振奋。
2013年数学建模美赛题目中文翻译_共4页
Problem c:背景：社会正致力于运用和开发模型来预测地球的生物和环境情况。
很多科学研究总结了逐渐增长的地球环境和生物系统压力，但很少有人用全球范围的模型来检测这些观点。
联合国发表的千年生态系统评估综合报告发现：近三分之二的地球生命支持生态系统——包括净水，洁净的空气，稳定的气候——正在因非可持续性使用而逐渐衰减。
其中大部分破坏归咎于人类行为。
暴增的对于食物，淡水，燃料，木材的需求导致了剧烈的环境变化；从森林砍伐到空气，土壤和水污染。
尽管已存在大量关于局部习惯和地区因素的研究，目前的模型还不能告知决定人他们的局部策略是如何影响整个地球的健康的。
许多模型忽略了复杂的全球因素，这些模型无法判断重大政策的长期影响。
尽管科学家们意识到巨大环境和生物系统中存在的复杂关系和交叉作用，当前的模型通常忽略这些管理或限定了系统间的影响。
系统的复杂性体现在多元交互（多个元素的相关性），反馈，突发行为，即将发生的状态变化或触发点。
最近的自然杂志中一篇由22位国际知名科学家撰写的题为“迫近地球生物圈的状态变化”的文章讨论了许多有关科学模型对于预测行星健康系统潜在状态变化的重要性与必需性。
文章提供了两种具体定性的模型，并寻求更好的预测模型：1）通过在全球模型中加入相关系统的复杂性（包括局部情况对全球系统的影响，反之亦然）来优化生物状态预测。
2）辨别不同因素在产生非健康全球状态变化中的作用并展示如何运用有效的生态系统管理来预防或限制这些即将发生的状态变化。
研究最终归结于问题：我们是否能利用全球健康的局部或地区性组成部分预测潜在状态变化来帮助决策者制定基于对全球健康状况潜在影响的，有效的策略。
尽管有越来越多的警示信号出现，没人知道地球是否确实在接近全球性的转折点（极端状态），这种极端的状态是否是不可避免的。
自然杂志等研究指出了地球生态系统中的一些重要工作元素。
（例如：局部因素，全球变化，多维元素与关系，变化的时间与空间范围）。
2013年美赛真题题目
现在需要他们的解决方案文件太solutions@为Word或PDF附件的电子邮件提交电子副本（汇总表和解决方案）队（由学生或者指导教师）。
COMAP的提交截止日期为2013年2月4日美国东部时间下午8:00，必须在收到您的电子邮件。
主题行COMAP是你的控制示例：COMAP 11111点击这里下载PDF格式的完整的竞赛说明。
点击这里下载Microsoft Word中的格式汇总表的副本。
*请务必变更控制之前选择打印出来的页面的数量和问题。
团队可以自由选择之间MCM问题MCM问题A，B或ICM问题C.COMAP镜像站点：更多：/undergraduate/contests/mcm/MCM：数学建模竞赛ICM：交叉学科建模竞赛2013年赛题MCM问题问题A：终极布朗尼潘当在一个矩形的锅热烘烤时的4个角落中浓缩，并在拐角处（以及在较小程度上在边缘处）：产品会过头。
在一个圆形盘的热量被均匀地分布在整个外缘和在边缘处的产品不过头。
然而，因为大多数烤炉使用圆形平底锅的形状是矩形的是效率不高的相对于使用在烘箱中的空间。
开发一个模型来显示横跨平底锅平底锅不同形状 - 矩形之间的圆形和其他形状的外边缘的热量分布。
假设1。
的宽度与长度之比的W / L的形状是矩形的烘箱。
2。
- 每个盘必须具有的区域A的3。
最初，两个机架在烤箱，间隔均匀。
建立一个模型，可用于选择最佳的泛类型（形状）在下列情况下：1。
适合在烤箱的锅，可以最大限度地提高数（N）2。
最大限度地均匀分布热量（H），泛3。
优化的组合的条件（1）和（2）式中的权重p和（为1 - p）被分配的结果来说明如何随不同的值的W / L和p。
在除了MCM格式解决方案中，准备一到两页的广告片的新布朗尼美食杂志突出自己的设计和结果。
问题B：水，水，无处不在新鲜的白开水是在世界大部分地区的发展限制约束。
建立一个数学模型，为确定有效的，可行的和具有成本效益的水资源战略于2013年，以满足预计的用水需求，从下面的列表]中选择一个国家，到2025年，确定最佳的水战略。
2013年大学生英语竞赛C类试题答案2013NationalEnglishContestforCollegeStudents(Clevel)
2013 National English Contest for College Students (Level C - Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks) 1—5 ABCCBSection B (10 marks) 6—10 ABBCB 11—15 CABABSection C (5 marks) 16—20 CACBBSection D (10 marks) 21. yearn for 22. flush out 23. tends to recommend 24. compensate for 25. lack of evidence 26. separated into 27. assessed 28. medication 29. contradictory 30. wrinklesPart II Vocabulary and Structure (15 marks) 31—35 CDCCB 36—40 BADCA 41—45 ADBCAPart III Cloze (10 marks) 46. hiding 47. surprising 48. pressure 49. presidency 50. existence 51. with 52. place 53. gravity 54. Additionally55. afternoonPart IV Reading Comprehension (40 marks) Section A (10 marks) 56. money 57. comparing 58. unique 59. altered 60. privacySection B (10 marks) 61. F 62. F 63. T 64. Pansies are more hardy than busy lizzies. 65. Potentillas.Section C (10 marks) 66. extreme lengths / great lengths 67. compatible with 68. on condition 69. C 70. B Section D (10 marks) 71. Glaciers and forests. 72. 24 cubic miles of ice. 73. They have increased in numbers. 74. 阿拉斯加的大部分土地曾经是常年冰冻，或是一年中多数时间都保持冰冻状态，以此保持它的完整。
2013年美赛数模A题翻译
2013 Contest ProblemsMCM PROBLEMSPROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie PanWhen baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.Assume1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.2. Each pan must have an area of A.3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different valuesof W/L and p.In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.终极蛋糕烤箱当用矩形烤盘烘焙时，热量集中在4个角落，在角落的食物容易被烤糊（边上的热量较少），在一个圆形烤盘上，热量均匀的分布在盘的整个边缘，而且分布在边缘的食物不会被过度加热。
2013全国大学生英语竞赛真题试卷(C类)_word版(含完整图片)
2013 National English Contest forCollege Students(Level C – Preliminary)(总分：150分时间：120分钟)Part I listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once .After each conversation, there will be a twenty-second pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer .Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.1.Why did n’t the man go to see Macbeth last week ?A.He didn’t manage to get a ticket.B.He had to attend a conference.C.He had a better production to match.2.What does “Fill Me In” refer to in this conversation?A.A type of upgraded mobile phone.B. A well-selling magazine.C. A writer’s new book series.3.Why does n’t the woman like bag?A.She doesn’t like the pattern.B.It’s not easy to carry.C. A writer’s new book series.4.What makes a bad CV according to the man?A. Fake informationB. Terrible writingC. Undesirable length5. How will Cathy continue her Spanish learning/A. She’s going to make a friend in Spain.B. She’ll communicate with a Spanish friend in Spanish.C. She’ll practice speaking Spanish with an English friend.Section B (10 marks)In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the questions and the three choices marked A, Band C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centreConversation One6. What traffic accident are the apeaker talking about?A. A kid was knocked down by a carB. Two cars crashed into a shopC. A car ran into a wrong place7. Why did the accident happen according to the woman?A. There were many shops aroundB. The crossing is in a wrong placeC. There was no crossing there8. Which of the following is the suggestion they made?A. More traffic lights should be installedB. A speed camera should be mountedC. More policeman should patrol that area9. Where was the woman mentioned , has got improved traffic?A. Her own neighbourhoodB. Her big brother’s neighbourhoodC. Her parents’ neighbourhood10. How was the man punished for his traffic offence?A. He was fined 100 ponds with extra penalty pointsB. He had to pay 150 pounds and got 6 penalty pointsC. He finally paid 600 pounds without any penalty pointsConversation Two11. Why is the expert opposed to the view that memory aids make your memory wrose?A. There is no evidence showing that memory aids are invalidB. Human beings’ brain functions mainly through memory aids in an effective wayC. Memory aids encourage an organised approach which helps yhe brain unctioneffectively12. What is the interviewer’s attitude towards the idea visual images help the memory?A. It is hard to believeB. It is nothing strangeC. It is obvious nonsense13. Who developed the system of memory aids centuries ago?A. Inhabitants on an isolated islandB. The Ancient GreeksC. A great psychologist14. How does mapping out notes affect the brain?A. It is helpful in reflecting the way people link information in the brainB. It prevents people from arranging things logicallyC. It makes people’s brain function the opposite way15. What tends to affects people’s ability to link clearly?A. Upbringing and innate differencesB. Worry and anxietyC. Their aptitudeSection C (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short news items. After each item, which will be read only once, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.16. How can social media influence the presidential elections in the USA according to thelatest research?A. It can help voters choose their presidentB. It can help to ensure the fairness of the clectionsC. It can help to increase the number of voters17. What honorary title ha Yaya Toure been granted?A. The African Player of the YearB. 2012 Star of the Confederation of African FootballC. the Ivory Coast star18. Why did Reshma Saujni set up the organization “ Girls Who Code”?A. to raise women’s status in the field of scienceB. To improved girls’ aptitude and performance in STEMC. To arouse girls’ interest in science and technology19. Which tablet computer’s hardware inside is more powerful?A. The CNET KunB. he Google Nexus 7C. The Apple iPad Mini20. What does the company announce that it can do for the United States?A. It can reduce the amount of plastic wasteB. It can help to rely the plastic wasteC. It can increase the amount of oil exportsSection D (10 marks)In this section, you will hear a short passage. There are 10 missing words or phrases. Fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you hear. The passage will be read twice. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.If you (21)_______smooth skin that glows with youth, the chances are that at some point you will have heard the exhortation to drink lost ofwater in order to(22)_______those evil toxins andkeep your skin healthy.The exact amount people suggest varies.US-based advice advice (23)_______eight glass aday, while in hotter climates people are advised todrink more to (24)______higher rates of sweating.But regardless of the exact volume of watersuggested, the principle behind the advice remains the same-taking extra water on board will keep your skin hydrated. In other words , water acts like a moisturizer , but from the inside out.This is such a common idea you might be surprised at the (25)______to back up. You might expect there to be countless studies where people are(26)_________two groups , one assigned to sip water all day , the other to drink a normal amount . Then the smoothness of the skin could be (27)______a month or so later establish whether sipping more led to smoother skin.In fact such studies are rare, partly because water can’t be patented , so it is hard to find anyone to fund such research when there will be no new (28)_______or cosmetic to sell that could repay the cost . A review by the dermatologist Ronni Wolf at the Kaplan Centre in Israel found just one study looking at the effect of long-term water intake on the skin. But the result were (29)________. After four weeks , the group who drink extra mineral water showed a decrease I nskin density , which some believe suggests skin is retaining more moisture , while those who frank tap water showed an increase in skin density. But regardless of the type of water they drank , it made no difference to their (30)_______or to the smoothness of their skin.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (15 marks)There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.31. The new star said to the journalists that she _________the opportunity to show she could play a serious film role .A. greetedB. rejoicedC. welcomeD. cheered32. We haven’t really ________a solution to the problem yet, which makes the boss really frustrated.A. built upB. fallen back onC. brought overD. come up with33. Personally , I am ______banning cigarette smoking completely , especially in public areas .A. in touch withB. apart fromC. in favor ofD. regardless of34. Until a firm agreement has been reached, I am not ____to accepting the offer.A. accustomedB. dedicatedC. committedD. entitled35.The government is making every effort to ________an economic crisis , but it seemsnothing could help.A. eliminateB. avertC. impedeD. swerve36. _________a serious crime, what exactly should you do?A. Unless you witnessB. If you were to witnessC. If only you witnessD. Since you witness37. During examinations candidates are always supposed to stay in seats , keep their eyes onthe work, _________to anyone.A. and not speakB. but could not speakC. rather than speak C. instead of speaking38. Realising that he hadn’t got enough money and _________to borrow any feom parents , he decided to sell his house.A. wanted notB. not to wantC. wanting notD. not wanting39. There’s o point waiting here any longer. we ______ go and have something to eat .A. can hardlyB. are bound toC. might as wellD. will have to40.While many people any refer to up-to-minute news , it is unlikely television and the internet _______the Northern Ireland .A. will replaceB. replaceC. are replacingD. have replaced41. She married a very nice young architect from Belfast, _______she met on a bus during her journey to Northern Ireland.A. whoB. whenC. whichD. where42. It is a kind of illness that can result in total blindness if __________.A. to leave untreatedB. is left untreatedC. leaving untreatedD. left untreated43.-----I’m so disappointed with my son ! He just wouldn’t practice piano!-----Take it easy . You can lead ______to water , but you can’t make it drink.A. a duckB. a horseC. a cowD. a dog44. ----Good morning , madam! I’d like some information about the course.A. I’m afraid I don’t know more than you editorB. Is there anything I can do for you?C. What exactly would you like to know?D. How much information did you know?45. ----How do you feel about countries that don’t try to reduce global waring ?----__________, those countries care more about money than saving the planet.A. As far as I’m concernedB. It’s none of our businessC. We’re not to blameD. Things are under controlPart III Cloze (10 marks)Read the following passage and fill in each blank with one word. Choose the correct word in one of the following three ways: according to the context, by using the correct form of the given word, or by using the given letters of the word. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.According to recent surveys, 72% of all Americans believe that the United States governments is (46)_________information about UFOs . Almost 68% of people think that thegovernment has secret knowledge of extraterrestrial life. It is not (47) ___________(surprise) that the government has come under more and more (48)__________to declassify its UFO records and make them public. A variety of different groups have been involved in these efforts.One group become involved is called CFI, the Coalition for Information . John Podesta , who was White House Chief of Staff during Bill Clinton’s (49)___________(president), is one of the many high-powered people active in this group . CFI’s aim is not to prove (50)__________(exist) of extraterrestrial life , but to take it easier for scientists in general to study unexplained aerial phenomena . Podesta and his group have asked the Pentagon to declassify its UFO records and therefore provide scientist (51)_________data that will help in the study UFOs.CFI has requested the of information on several UFO cases , staring with the Kecksburg , Pennsylvania , incident . This incident took(52)_____________in 1965 when a large acornshaped object , the size of a small ca , crashed in Pennsyivania . Some analysts say it could have been the apacecraft Ksomos 96 that had been lauched towards Venus by the Soviet Union , but failed to spacecraft Earth’s (53)g_________. Others say the oject didi not look anything like spacecraft built on Erath in 1965.(54)Add ___________, the people of Kecksburg want to know what happed .On that(55) af________________, hundreds of eyewitness watched a fiery streak of light descend from the sky towards Earth . Officials explained that nothing was found or recovered and that maybe the fireball in the sky was a metor . But many witness say they saw a number of military personnel from the Army and the Air Force search the woods , and later that evening , saw a large military tractor-tralier coming from the area carrying a large object under a trap.Part IV Reading Comprehension (40 marks)Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.Section A (10 marks)Questions 56—60 are based on the following passage.The average automatic teller machine (ATM) is not very smart . It will give money to anyone who has the right card and punches four or ive keys in the right order . Some analysts estimate that as many 30% of ATM trasactions wordwide are case of theft . To increase security at cash manches , some banks have tried to make their ATMs a little smarts . A small camera on the manches loks directly into the eye of every customer . It scans one iris and compares the tiny patterns of ridges , dots , and other features to a code in its computer .If there is a match , the ATM will start counting out cash . If not, a message is automatically sent to the nearest police station.Iris-scanning is one fast-growing form of biomentric identification-determining who someone is by examing features of the body. One of the earliest biometric techniques was fingerprinting. The lines on fingertips are unique to each person , so not even identical twins have the same fingerprints. Fingerprinting has become famous as a way of finding out whocommitted a crime , but it very often fails .A careful criminal can wear gloves , avoid touching things , or even alter his fingerprints by burning , cutting , or scraping them . In the search for a more reliable system , security experts have focused on the eye.Like a fingerprint, every iris is , for all practical perpos e , unque .Each person’s right iris is even different from hie or er left one . A low-cost digital camera , like the kind installed at ATM machines , can easily detect hundreds of different features in the iris. The chance of two irises having the same features is close to zero. Test have shown that iris-scanners are very hard fool. They can tell the difference between a real iris and a false ne. They can see right through coloured contact lenses, eyeglasses , and even mirroed sunglasses .Although many criminals are willing to burn or cut their fingers in pursuit of the perfect crime ,few would be willing or able to alter their irises.To make iris-scanning work, a computerized database has to match certain iris featyres with certain people.This means that each ATM customer has to allow a bank to photograph his or her iris and keep that highly personal information in a computer .Some people have worried, however ,that a increased use of iris-scanning will lead to a dangerous loss of privacy. By mounting iris-scan cameras in public places, governments could track a private citizen all day long without the person’s knowledge .This would be a great advantage to the police ,but it could also give corrupt officials a new way to control their opponents. The military’s development of tiny robots suggests that government iris-scanners could even invade private homes!Questions 56—60Conplete the summary with words from the message , changing the form where necessary , with only one word for each blank.ATM transactions are often cases of theft, where an unauthorized user takes(56)________.To decrease insecurity , some banks have installed iris-scanning machines at ATMs. These small cameras scan the user’s iris, recording its features and(57)________them to a digital file Every person has a (58)________iris, making iris identificationnhighly reliable . Earlier efforts at biometric identification often relied on fingerprints. However, fingerprints can easily be(59)________through cutting , burning or scraping . Iris scanners are so effective that they can even see through contact lenses and mirrored sunglasses. Use of iris scanners would provide great advantages to the police . However , others worry about a loss of (60)___________.Section B (10 marks)Questions 61-65 are based on the following passage.Seed catalogues feature hundreds of different flowering species. For the person just beginning a garden this can be bewildering ,and below are the details of some popular choices, nearly all of which should be sown in the spring . With the exception of busy lizzies , which need a little car, they are all very easy to grow from seed.DahliasThese are sturdy plants bearing showy flowers in a wide range of rather gaudy colours .Sow in a frame in April and plant the seedling out when frosts are over . Dahlias flowerthroughout the summer and into the autumn .When autumn frosts begin to make them lookunhappy , you should dig up the tuberous roots and save them . A frosts-free loft, shed orgarage is the ideal place. The following spring you plant the instead of seed again.LupinsLupins are hardy perennials. This means that the plants will stay in your garden andcarry on flowering year after year. Seed sown in April will usually give you some spikes ofolours in the first summer, and year by year the plants get bigger and flowering stems gettaller and grander . Selective breeding has led to the introduction of some fine, bicolouredvarieties in some dazzling shades . The short-lived flowers make a real midsummer spectacle.Busy lizziesLike dahlias , busy lizzes need to be started offunder glass, as they cannot stand frost , and plantingout is the best done in May. Outdoor flowering endsin September , so beat the frost and bring yourfavourite specimens indoors to give your homesome sinter colour! Indoors they will carry onflowering indefinitely , though you may like to plantthem out again when spring returns. Likepansies(below) they do very well in sun or shade ,but the soil must be moist. Most varieties grow to aheight of only 20 cm or so.PotenillasPotenillas are hardy shrubs. In other words , the woody branches spring from groudlevel-there is no central trunk. The seed is probabky best sown in autumn, in which case youshould keep the plants in a sheltered spot until April offers favourable conditions for plantingout. One flowering begins in early summer the best varieties (such as Melton Fire) will stay inblom almost ceaselessly for years on end while at the same time spreading out to provideground cover or a low hedge.PansiesPansies have a good long flowering season year after year , and some varieties can besown in spring to give truly splendid the first autumn . Unlike dahlias and lupins , which caneasily grow a metre tall , pansies grow no higher than 10 or 20 cm. Their soil , position andmoisture requirements are just like those of busy lizzes but differ in bring hardy. Give them atry!Questions 61—63Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.61. Both dahlias and lupins, which are sown in April , need protecting from frost.62. Brought indoors in autumn , dahias , busy lizzies and peotentillas will carry on flowering almost non-stop.63.Among all the flowers busy lizzies are not very easy to grow from seed..Questions 64—65Answer the following questions briefly according to the passage.64. What is the difference between busy lizzies and pansies?65. Which plant has the longest gap between sowing and flowering?Section C (10 marks)Questions 66—70 are based on the following passage.When looking for love , people may go to some extreme lengths. They might go on blind dates set up by family and friends . They might write personal ads to p;ace in newspapers. Or they might use a computer to help them in their search for a soul mate by joining an online dating service. Some people have been tried to find their perfect match through game shows on television. Many of these TV dating shows, including the Bachelor and Who to Marry a Multimllionaire ? Have proved to be rating blockbusters, with millions of viewers watching each week to find out which the contestants will find true love.Of all these game shows , perhaps the one with the most unexpected ending was Mr. Right , which was shown in England in 2002 . On the show , a bachelor , thirty-five-year-old Lance Gerrard-Wright , dated fifteen women to find the one who was his ideal partner. The host of the show was Ulrika Jonsson, an English celebrity originally from Sweden. For seven weeks on the show, Gerrard-Wright took turns going on dates with each of the women , taking them to expensive and exotic locations. He even met women’s families and introduced them to his own. Then at the end of episode , he would choose between one and three of the contestants with whom he had felt the least compatiable , and say goodbye to them.At one point during the series , one contestant volunteered to leave because she said she didn’t find him attractive . After two dates she said she had had enough , and she couldn’t see it working , “He wasn’t my cup of tea.” In another episode the woman he was on a date with burst into tears when he called her by another constant’s name. “you called me by another girl’s name. I can’t believe you did that. I really liked you ,” she sobbed.But in the final episode , the woman he eventually chose decided she didn’t want to carry him after all . “I think you’ve chosen me because you have to chose someone ,” she said. Maybe this was because she already knew he had fallen in love—with the show’s host!After leaving the show , Gerrard—Wright and Jonsson were seen dining together and attending parties around London more and more often. Finally , on May 1, 2003, Gerrard—Wright proposed to Jonsson on the steps of St. Paul’s Cathedral. And she accept his proposal right away , although it was a conditional acceptance. Jonsson has two children from previous relationships----an eight –year-old son , Cameron , and a two-year-old daughter , Bo. She had to make sure that they agreed to the marriage . Luckily, they did. Gerrard-Wright said ,”In the end the show did work for me . I grabbed an opportunity to get a girlfriend and I did . Ulrika’s gorgeous.”Questions 66—68Complete the following sentences with information given in the passage in a maximum of 4 words for each blank.66. Lance Gerrard-Wright went to________ to go on the show Mr. Right in order to find his perfect match.67. On the show, Lance had the opportunity to date many gorgeous women among whom there might be one that he was most___________.68. Ulrika accepted Lance’s proposal________ that her children agreed to their marriage aswell.Questions 69—70Choose the best answer according to the passage.69. Which of the following did NOT happen on the show?A. Lance went on dates with several women.B. The acndidates went to some very good restaurants.C. Ulrika consulted her parents before she made her decision.D. The women met Lance’s family70. What happened after seven weeks of doing the shows?A. All of the women found their belovedB. Lance started to date the show’s hostC. One of the women on the show couldn’t help cryingD. Ulrika asked Lance to marry herSection D (10 marks)Questions 71—75 are based on the following passage.Alaska is disappearing slowly but surely. Since the 1950s, it is estimated that as much as 15 percent of Alaska’s area has disappeared. But how can a whole state be disappearing?One reason for Alaska’s gradual disappearance is the melting of its glaciers. According to one geologist as the US Geological Survey, about 98 percent of Alaska’s glaciers are either unmoving or diminishing. This diminishing seems mainly due to the increase in global temperatures. Since the 1960s, the average year-round temperature has increased by 5F. Furthermore, the average winter temperature has increased by 8F. Presently, an estimated 24 cubic miles of ice is disappearing from Alaskan glaciers every year. It may be more in the near future, as some scientists predict that the average word temperature could go up 2.5 to 10F by the year 2100.Another problem contributing to Alaska’s gradual disappearance is its thawing permafrost. (74)Much of the land in Alaska was permanently frozen, or frozen for most of year, thus maintaining its integrity. Now, the thawing permafrost is causing a number of problems on the land. Roads and utility poles are collapsing. Also , the hard permafrost which originally prevented beaches from eroding during violent storms is now melting. Affected villages are forced to relocate. For villages on small low islands, one terrible storms could wipe out the entire community.The melting permafrost and increasing temperature are laso having a native impact on the forest of Alaska. As the permafrost under the forests melts , increase that normally don’t turn up until the warmer season are appearing sooner. The spruce-bark beetle, for example , is increasing in number as a result of global warming. It usually takes about two years for these beetles to grow and reoroduce in very could weather. However , due to the increase in temperatures , spruce-bark are damaging as many trees in one year as they previously damaged in two. At this rate, Alaska’s forest won’t survive the turn of the century.Some scientists believe that human activity is linked to a global increase in wether temperature. Whether the rising temperatures are caused by human activity or nature changes, the fact remains that Alaska is warming . Some others argue that global warming may be a mormal trend on the Earth’s chart. (75) One theory argues that we are the end of a so-called “Little Ice Age”, and the retreat of the glaciers is a nature result of this cycle. Whether natural or produce by humans, there is little hope for immediate future of glaciers as we know them. Horribly , this could be a preview of what will happen to the rest of the world in the next cenury.Questions 71—73Answer the following questions briefly according to the passage.71. What are disappearing in Alaska actually?72. How much ice is melting each year according to the survey?73. Why do insects damage more trees than before?Questions 74—75Translate the underlined sentences in the passage into Chinese.74. Much of the land in Alaska was permanently frozen, or frozen for most of year, thus maintaining its integrity75. One theory argues that we are the end of a so-called “Little Ice Age”, and the retreat of the glaciers is a nature result of this cycle. Whether natural or produce by humans, there is little hope for immediate future of glaciers as we know them.Part V Translation (10 marks)Translate the following sentences into English, using the hints given in brackets. Remember to write the answer on the answer sheet.76. 宴会时间就要到了，但她仍纠结于是否应该去。
2013全国大学生英语竞赛A类决赛答案
2013National English Contestfor College Students(Level A-Final)参考答案及作文评分标准Part I Listening Comprehension(30marks)Section A(5marks)1—5BACBCSection B(10marks)6—8CBA9—10BA11—15BCBCASection C(5marks)16—20ABCAASection D(10marks)21.Germany22.passengers and pete with24.diameter25.circus animals26.Every safety precaution27.Cigarette lighters28.Special materials 29.Leaking gas30.groundedPart II Vocabulary and Structures(15marks)31—35DCBAB36—40CAADC41—45ABCDDPart III Cloze(10marks)46.to47.startling48.least49.driving50.being51.As52.miscalculates53.only54.Wrong55.civilizedPart IV Reading Comprehension(40marks)Section A(10marks)petitive aspect/competitive quality57.increased pressure58.pre-match preparation 59.(nervous)tension(state)60.exhaustionSection B(10marks)61.Sexual selection is the driving mechanism of the evolution of peacocks’tail.62.According to Wallace,peacocks’train is an advertisement for some genuine contribution to survival.63.Peacocks with the most eye-spots on the train do indeed attract the most mates.64.The proposal of Fisher’s Runaway in the thirties.65.Fisher’s Runaway would vindicate Darwin’s“beauty for beauty’s sake”.Section C(10marks)66.T67.T68.F69.历史证据显示，古人遇到了比我们大得多的生存挑战，然而他们生存了下来，并取得了成功,甚至获得了幸福。
2013美赛MCM A题 标准翻译
PROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie PanWhen baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.Assume1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.2. Each pan must have an area of A.3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different values of W/L and p.In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.Problem A: 终极布朗尼锅当在一个矩形的锅里烹煮食物时，受热集中在锅的4个角落里，因此食品在这4个拐角处被过度烹饪（在边缘程度会稍微轻点）。
2013年美赛A题
2013年美赛A题最终的布朗尼锅摘要关键字：目录引言题目背景近年来，电烤箱普遍采用远红外加热技术，使电烤箱的技术含量增加，耗能降低，深受广大用户的欢迎。
利用红外线加热物体，就是利用辐射波长与物体接收波长一致时，物体吸收大量的红外能，从而加剧物体内部的分子运动，使之加热升温。
加热时间短，能耗低，使用方便。
但是，当我们使用矩形烤盘烘烤食物时，热传导方程，加上一些边界条件，导致方形烤盘热量集中在的四个角上，因此四个角上的物体会因过度受热（以及在较小程度的边缘处）而变焦。
如果用圆形烤盘，热量会平均分布在整个外围边缘，在外围的物体就不会过度受热。
然而，由于大多数的烤箱都是矩形的，所以用圆形的烤盘就不能较好的利用烤箱的空间。
给烘烤食物的朋友带来了很大的不便。
为什么角部的食物肉容易烤焦，以及选择哪种形状的烤盘，，这是令人很费解的问题。
电烤箱工作原理电烤箱利用电热元件所发出的辐射热来烘烤食品，利用它我们可以制作烤鸡、烤鸭、烘烤面包、糕点等。
根据烘烤食品的不同需要，电烤箱的温度一般可在50-250℃范围内调节。
电烤箱主要由箱体、电热元件、调温器、定时器和功率调节开关等构成。
其箱体主要由外壳、中隔层、内胆组成三层结构，在内胆的前后边上形成卷边，以隔断腔体空气；在外层腔体中充填绝缘的膨胀珍珠岩制品，使外壳温度大大减低；同时在门的下面安装弹簧结构，使门始终压紧在门框上，使之有较好的密封性。
电烤箱的加热方式可分为面火（上加热器加热）、底火（下加热器加热）和上下同时加热三种。
电烤箱技术参数温度范围室温-200℃（300℃）温度稳定度±0.5℃温度分布均匀度±2℃（特佳）排气烟道叶片式设计可调出风量符号和定义l：多边形边长L: 多边形周长k: 周长与面积的比G：单位圆的周长C: 单位椭圆周长a: 椭圆的长半轴b: 椭圆的短半轴假设1、烤箱内温度同一层表分布均匀且稳定2、烤箱内风扇使空气及时流通3、假设烤盘之间相互不影响4、假设各层之间相互不影响5、假设烤盘的深度影响忽略不计6、假设烤箱内垂直分布的热辐射场为递增针对问题1问题1的说明针对问题1，考虑同一层烤架上温度稳定且分布均匀，我们提出了两个模型。
2013年最新美国数学竞赛试题及答案(AMC2013A)
A1Square has side length . Point is on , and the area of is . What is ?2A softball team played ten games, scoring , and runs. They lost by one run inexactly five gam es. In each of the other gam es, they scored twice as m any runs as their opponent.How many total runs did their opponents score?3 A flower bouquet contains pink roses, red roses, pink carnations, and red carnations. One third of thepink flowers are roses, three fourths of the red flowers are carnations, and six tenths of the flowers are pink. What percent of the flowers are carnations?4What is the value of5Tom, Dorothy, and Sammy went on a vacation and agreed to split the costs evenly. During their tripTom paid , Dorothy paid , and Sammy paid . In order to share the costs equally, Tom gave Sammy dollars, and Dorothy gave Sammy dollars. What is ?6In a recent basketball game, Shenille attem pted only three-point shots and two-point shots. She wassuccessful on of her three-point shots and of her two-point shots. Shenille attem pted shots. How m any points did she score?7The sequence has the property that every term beginning with the third is thesum of the previous two. That is, Suppose that and. What is ?8Given that and are distinct nonzero real numbers such that , what is ?9In , and . Points and are on sides , , and ,respectively, such that and are parallel to and , respectively. What is the perimeter of parallelogram?(9th)（11 th）10Let be the set of positive integers for which has the repeating decimal representationwith and different digits. What is the sum of the elem ents of ?11Triangle is equilateral with . Points and are on and points and are onsuch that both and are parallel to . Furthermore, triangle and trapezoidsand all have the sam e perimeter. What is ?12he angles in a particular triangle are in arithmetic progression, and the side lengths are . Thesum of the possible values of equals where , and are positive integers. What is ?13Let points and . Quadrilateral is cut intoequal area pieces by a line passing through . This line intersects at point , where thesefractions are in lowest term s. What is ?14The sequence, , , ,is an arithm etic progression. What is ?15Rabbits Peter and Pauline have three offspring—Flopsie, Mopsie, and Cotton-tail. These five rabbits are to be distributed to four different pet stores so that no store gets both a parent and a child. It is not required that every store gets a rabbit. In how many different ways can this be done?16, , are three piles of rocks. The m ean weight of the rocks in is pounds, the m ean weightof the rocks in is pounds, the m ean weight of the rocks in the com bined piles and ispounds, and the m ean weight of the rocks in the combined piles and is pounds. What is thegreatest possible integer value for the mean in pounds of the rocks in the com bined piles and ?17A group of pirates agree to divide a treasure chest of gold coins am ong them selves as follows. Thepirate to take a share takes of the coins that rem ain in the chest. The number of coins initially in the chest is the sm allest number for which this arrangement will allow each pirate to receive apositive whole number of coins. How many coins doe the pirate receive?18Six spheres of radius are positioned so that their centers are at the vertices of a regular hexagon of side length . The six spheres are internally tangent to a larger sphere whose center is the center ofthe hexagon. An eighth sphere is externally tangent to the six sm aller spheres and internally tangent to the larger sphere. What is the radius of this eighth sphere?19In , , and . A circle with center and radius intersects at pointsand . Moreover and have integer lengths. What is ?20Let be the set . For , define to m ean that either or. How m any ordered triples of elem ents of have the property that ,, and ?21Consider . Which of the following intervals contains ?22A palindrome is a nonnegatvie integer number that reads t he sam e forwards and backwards when written in base 10 with no leading zeros. A 6-digit palindrome is chosen uniformly at random. Whatis the probability that is also a palindrome?23is a square of side length . Point is on such that . The square regionbounded by is rotated counterclockwise with center , sweeping out a region whosearea is , where , , and are positive integers and . What is ?24Three distinct segm ents are chosen at random among the segments whose end-points are the vertices of a regular 12-gon. What is the probability that the lengths of these three segm ents are the three side lengths of a triangle with positive area?25Let be defined by . How m any complex numbers are there suchthat and both the real and the imaginary parts of are integers with absolute value atmost ?1. E2. C3. E4. C5. B6. B7. C8. D9. C10. D11. C12. A13. B14. B15. D16. E17. D18. B19. D20. B21. A22. E23. C24. E25. A。
2013年大学生英语竞赛C类初赛真题及详解
2. What does “Fill Me In” refer to in this conversation? A. A type of upgraded mobile phone. B. A well-selling magazine. C. A writer’s new book series. 【听力原文】 M: So, how well is your “Fill Me In” selling? W: Oh, great, in fact it’s only the fourth week of publication of the first issue, and we’ve had to reprint another 2000. We’ve sold about 2300. Mostly in alternative bookshops that cater for people who are... er different. M: Congratulations!
Part V Translation (10 marks) Part VI Error Correction (10 marks) Part VII IQ Test (5 marks) Part VIII Writing (30 marks)
I (10 marks) II (20 marks)
Part I Listening Comprehension (30 marks)
Part II Vocabulary and Structure (15 marks) Part Ⅲ Cloze (10 marks) Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (40 marks) Part V Translation (10 marks) Part VI Error Correction (10 marks) Part VII IQ Test (5 marks) Part VIII Writing (30 marks)
2013年美国数学建模B题
PROBLEM B: Water, Water, EverywhereFresh water is the limiting constraint for development in much of the world. Build a mathematical model for determining an effective, feasible, and cost-efficient water strategy for 2013 to meet the projected water needs of [pick one country from the list below] in 2025, and identify the best water strategy. In particular, your mathematical model must address storage and movement; de-salinization; and conservation. If possible, use your model to discuss the economic, physical, and environmental implications of your strategy. Provide a non-technical position paper to governmental leadership outlining your approach, its feasibility andcosts, and why it is the “best water strategy choice.”Countries: United States, China, Russia, Egypt, or Saudi Arabia水, 水, 无处不在(美国竞赛2013年B题)淡水资源逐渐成为这个世界大多数国家发展的极限约束。
2013年美赛c题 生态系统评价 英文版.
For office use onlyT1________________ T2________________ T3________________T4________________Team Control Number15879Problem ChosenAFor office use onlyF1 ________________F2 ________________F3 ________________F4 ________________ Small Leaf, Big WorldAbstract地球的生态状况越来越受到人们的关注,但评价地球这个大生态系统的健康状况一直是个难题。
本文我们主要通过主成分分析分析各国家(节点的健康状况,利用有向复杂网络构建了一个可以联系各节点的网络,并对地球健康状况进行GM(1,1预测来分析复杂的地球生态系统。
地球是一个庞大而复杂的生态系统,就像一个网络。
对此,我们选取国家作为我们分析地球这个复杂网络的节点,因为地球上的国家较多,我们通过考虑地理位置和国家发展状况选取典型的国家,最终确定21个国家作为我们分析的节点。
对于各个节点健康状况,我们根据生态学的相关知识确定了社会、经济、环境和人这四个因素范围内的11个地球健康指标,并在世界银行数据库查得21个国家的11个指标在1991年到2010年这20年的数据,以及世界总的相关数据。
我们分析这个复杂的地球生态系统主要有以下三个方面:(1对每个节点的健康指数求解。
我们采用主成分分析法对21个节点以及世界的11个指标进行综合分析,把11个指标抽象成5个主成分进行健康指数的求解,我们以2000年的数据用MATLAB进行编程求解,结果显示五个主成分的累积贡献率高达92%,结果可靠。
我们同时对各个节点的综合值Z(健康指数进行排名,排名靠前的是美国、澳大利亚、加拿大等发达国家,排名靠后的是Morocco、Egypt Arab Rep. China、Kenya等发展中国家且生态保护较差的国家。
2013美赛C题requirement翻译
Requirement 1:Build a dynamic global network model of some aspect of Earth's health (you develop the measure) by identifying local elements of this condition (network nodes) and appropriately connecting them (network links) to track relationship and attribute effects.Since the dynamic nature of these effects is important, this network model must include a dynamic time element that allows the model to predict future states of this health measure. For example, your nodes could be nations, continents, ocea ns, habitats, or any combination of these or other elements which together constitute a global model. Your links could represent nodal or environmental influences, or the flow or propagation of physical elements (such as pollution) over time. Your health measure could be any element of Earth's condition to include demographic, biological, environmental, social, political, physical, and/or chemical conditions. Be sure to define all the elements of your model and explain the scientific bases for your modeling decisions about network measures, nodal entities, and link properties. Determine a methodology to set any parameters and explain how you could test your model if sufficient data were available. What kinds of data could be used to validate or verify the efficacy of your model? (Note: If you do not have the necessary data to determine parameters or perform verification, do not throw out the model. Your supervisor realizes that, at this stage, good creative ideas and theories are as important as verified data-based models.) Make sure you include the human element in your model and explain where human behavior and government policies could affect the results of your model.通过识别在这种情况下的本地元素（网络节点）建立一个地球健康方面的（发展的措施）动态全球网络模型，适当连接它们（网络链接）来跟踪关系和属性效果。
大学生英语竞赛C类决赛真题及详解ppt课件
my timetable this term, I mean, the last thing I need is three lectures on a Friday. I wish they wouldn’t change the timetable every term. W: Oh dear. I think last term was much better.
【听力原文】 M: I have to have an appointment first thing in the morning.
The doctor wants to do me tests and I mustn’t eat for twelve hours before that. I’m right, aren’t I? W: Yes. She said the best way is to go without breakfast and come in early. M: Yeah. Then I can have a snack and not miss too much time at work.
Part II Vocabulary and Structure (15 marks) Part Ⅲ Cloze (10 marks) Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (40 marks) Part V Translation (10 marks) Part VI Error Correction (10 marks) Part VII IQ Test (5 marks) Part VIII Writing (30 marks)
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2013 Contest ProblemsMCM PROBLEMSPROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie PanWhen baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.当在一个矩形的锅中烘烤时热量集中在烤箱的4个角落中，并在角落处的食物烤的过了（在某种程度上边缘也是这样）。
在一个圆形盘的热量被均匀地分布在整个外缘，在边缘处的食物烤的不会过头。
然而，因为大多数烤箱是方形的，使用原型的平底锅效率是不高的相对于烤箱中的空间。
Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.建立一个模型来说明不同形状的锅(圆形方形或其他形状)的外边缘热量的不同分布。
Assume1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.2. Each pan must have an area of A.3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.假设1.矩形烤箱的的宽度与长度之比是W / L。
2.每个盘子的面积都是A3.最初，两个机架在烤箱，间隔均匀。
Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different valuesof W/L and p.建立一个模型，在下列情况下，可用于选择最佳的锅（形状）：1.可以放到烤箱中的锅的最大数量是（N）2.烤箱里最大限度地均匀分布热量为（H），3.优化的组合的条件（1）和（2）式的权重p和(1 – p)，用来说明如何随不同的值的W/L和P的变化而影响最终结果。
In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.除了你的格式化的解决方案,准备一个一到两页的广告页为新布朗尼美食杂志突出自己的设计和结果。
PROBLEM B: Water, Water, EverywhereFresh water is the limiting constraint for development in much of the world. Build a mathematical model for determining an effective, feasible, and cost-efficient water strategy for 2013 to meet the projected water needs of [pick one country from the list below] in 2025, and identify the best water strategy. In particular, your mathematical model must address storage and movement; de-salinization; and conservation. If possible, use your model to discuss the economic, physical, and environmental implications of your strategy. Provide a non-technical position paper to governmental leadership outlining your approach, its feasibility and costs, and why it is the “best water strategy choice.”Countries: United States, China, Russia, Egypt, or Saudi Arabia问题B:水,水,到处都是淡水已经是约束世界上大部分国家发展的一个限制条件。
建立一个数学模型来确定一个有效的、可行的,和有成本效益的水侧罗,以满足从2013年开始[选择一个国家从下面的列表]到2025年的水需求,和确定最佳水策略。
特别是,你的数学模型必须解决水的存储和移动;去盐碱化;环保等问题。
如果可能的话,用你的模型来讨论经济、物理和环境影响的战略。
提供一个非技术意见书给政府领导概述你的方法,其可行性和成本,以及为什么它是“最好的水策略选择。
”国家:美国、中国、俄罗斯、埃及或沙特阿拉伯ICM PROBLEMPROBLEM C: Network Modeling of Earth's HealthClick the title below to download a PDF of the 2013 ICM Problem.Your ICM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet and your solution cannot exceed 20 pages for a maximum of 21 pages.Network Modeling of Earth's Health2013 ICM ProblemNetwork Modeling of Earth's HealthBackground: Society is interested in developing and using models to forecast the biological and environmental health conditions of our planet. Many scientific studies have concluded that there is growing stress on Earth's environmental and biological systems, but there are very few global models to test those claims. The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth's life-supporting ecosystems—including clean water, pure air, and stable climate—are being degraded by unsustainable use. Humans are blamed for much of this damage. Soaring demands for food, fresh water, fuel, and timber have contributed to dramatic environmental changes; from deforestation to air, land, and water pollution. Despite the considerable research being conducted on local habitats and regional factors, current models do not adequately inform decision makers how their provincial polices may impact the overall health of the planet. Many models ignore complex global factors and are unable to determine thelong-range impacts of potential policies. While scientists realize that the complex relationships and cross-effects in myriad environmental and biological systems impact Earth's biosphere, current models often ignore these relationships or limit the systems' connections. The system complexities manifest in multiple interactions, feedback loops, emergent behaviors, and impending state changes or tipping points. The recent Nature article written by 22 internationally known scientists entitled "Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere" outlines many of the issues associated with the need for scientific models and the importance of predicting potential state changes of the planetary health systems. The article provides two specific quantitative modeling challenges in their call for better predictive models:背景：建立并使用模型去预测我们星球的生态环境条件是现在社会最感兴趣的话题。