国际商务英语课文电子版+课后习题答案 lesson(1)
商务英语课后题答案
商务英语课后题答案-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1UNIT ONE Ⅰ. 1. 世界贸易组织 2.国际商会3. 联合国贸易和发展会议4. 世界银行5.国际货币基金组织6. 中华人民共和国商务部7. 中国国际贸易促进委员会8. 中华人民共和国海关总署9. 国家质量监督检验检疫总局Ⅱ.（F）（T）（T）（F）（F）Ⅱ. .（F）（F）（T）（F）（T）Ⅲ. ( 4 ) A. Gree air conditioner( 6 ) B. Dengcun Green Tea( 3 ) C. soy bean( 2 ) D. mineral ore ( 5 ) E. paintings( 7 ) F. construction equipment( 8 ) G. medicine( 1 ) H. T-shirt Ⅳ. 1．AC2009 is our newly developed product, it is of superior quality, fashionable design and reasonable price. 2. 500 metric tons is the biggest amount we can supply at present. 3. We have received the sample which you sent to us last Friday and we are satisfied with the sample quality. 4. If the quality of the first consignment is satisfactory，we will place a repeat order in large quantity. 5. The landed quantity instead of the shipping quantity shall govern.Ⅱ. 1.用铁桶装，每桶净重190公斤。
商务英语基础上册Unit one 课后练习参考答案
Unit 1 Introductions and GreetingsI: Listening & SpeakingTask Two :Listen to the dialogue again and fill in the missing words.1. boss2. meet3. lot4. business5. seat6. card7. mine8. CoffeeTask Three: Listen to the dialogue twice and decide “T” or “F”.1. T2. F3. T4. TPracticeComprehension of the TextI. Read the passage and decide whether the following statement are True or False.1. F2. F3. T4. FII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.恰当的介绍是以后沟通的好的开端。
2.握手是显示你对另一方的信任和尊敬。
3.一旦你被介绍，你将引起别人的关注。
4.通过重复另一方的名字来问候对方。
Word StudyIII. Give the English words or phrases for the meanings provided.1.customer2. communication3. attract4. custom5. company6. request7. respect8. properIV. Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below.1. respect2. requested3.look forward to4.introduce5. heard of6. communication7. respond8. customerGrammar ExercisesV. Complete the following sentences with the words in blanks.1. When people meet for the first time2. First, names and positions3. a secretary4. three basic rules5. the beginning of the first meetingVI. Choose the best answer.1. A2. D3. C4. D5. B6. B7. D8. A9. A 10. BBusiness Knowledge ExtensionsVII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. 首次见面，握手是很惯常的事。
国际商务英语_廖瑛_课后答案修改
Chapter1 international business商品交换或交易exchange or trade for goods 世界经济舞台the world economic scene 国外直接投资foreign direct invest 多国企业multinational enterprises 商业和投资银行commercial investment bank 有价证券投资portfolio investment 金融风险financial risk 交付差额balance of payment 法律文件legal document 有效经营effective operationChapter2 business organizations独资商sole proprietorship 普通合伙商general partnership 法人fictional person 合股公司joint stock company 董事会board of directors 国有公司public corporation 资本摊缴capital contribution by partners 多数股权controlling interest 优先股股东preferred stockholders 公司章程articles of corporationChapter3 ways of business最终消费者（用户）ultimate consumer 增值价值value added 批发商wholesaler 产品花色品种product assortment 地方效用place utility 邮售mail order selling 专业商店specialty store 现金流量cash flow 存货控制inventory control 市场分区（分片）market segmentation Chapter4 a guide to economics总体运行：overall operation 宏观经济学：macroeconomics 微观经济学：microeconomics 通货膨胀：inflation 扩展性的货币政策：an expansionary monetary policy 紧缩性的货币政策：a restrictive monetary policy 货币流通：currency circulation or circulation of money 货币投放量：the size of money supply 经济萧条：economic depression 均衡数量：equilibrium quantity Chapter5 the market economy 市场经济：the market economy 计划经济：planned economy 股市：stock market 经济力：economic forces 供给力：supply forces 需求力：demand forces 经济体系：economic system 市场价格：market price 供求均衡：the equilibrium of supply and demand 购买力：buying power 供给量：the quantity suppied价格体系：price system Chapter6 what is marketing营销观念marketing concept 服装零售商retail clothier 购买动机motivation to purchas 最终用户final user 非赢利性机构nonprofit institution 采购制度purchasing system 产品规格product assortment 招标request bids 低价产品low -price product 可自由支配的收入discretionary income 多人挣钱型家庭multieaners families 价格和质量比较投币式自动售货机veding machines 营销调研marketing research Chapter7 the marketing mix & product promotion营销战略marketing stategy 促销产品策划品牌名称市场总销售产品生命周期分销渠道中间商批发商促销技巧成功地进入国际市场熟悉外国文化的人们与顾客沟通的主要方式促销策略对他们广告竞赛的成功很关键特定的出口市场其他广告和促销的形式有价值的建议要设计得能吸引顾客的注意力海外销售代理广告对消费品的销售作用很大我们应该十分重视产品的包装不同国家具有不同的购买习惯一般说来，美国公司的广告费用要占销售额的5%以上电视是一种很有效的广告媒介Chapter8 international payment & settlementAlthough China has enacted the bill of exchange law，it would still be useful to know something about Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code （UCC）—Commercial paper of the United States since most of our international payment instruments are denominated in the U.S Dollar . Article 3 of the UCC defines the terms of commercial paper and set forth the rights and liabilities of all the parties who deal with drafts，checks，notes and certificates of deposit . If an instruments does not meet all the requirements listed at the beginning of this unit，is it not a negotiable one under the terms of the UCC，though the parties involved may still be willing to use and accept it.However，the “Non-negotiable instrument” is treated still as a negotiable instrument so far as its form permits. Since it lacks of negotiability，there can be no holder in due course of such an instrument. Any provision of any selection of the UCC—Commercial Paper peculiar to a holder in due course cannot apply to it. With this exception，such instruments are covered by all sections of the Article 3 of UCC. 翻译：虽然中国已经颁布了票据法，但了解一下统一商法法典——美国商业票据的第三款仍是有用的。
商务英语1, 2单元课后练习答案和课文翻译
Task 1（1）You should place it with this side up.( 2 ) You should keep it try.( 3 ) You can drink it safely.( 4 ) You should handle with care.( 5 ) This food should be health and safety.（6）This stands for the level of food safety（7）This product has passed Quality Safety check（8）It has passed a food safety certificate.（9）It has passed a drinking safety certificate.（10）This is green food.Task 2 Discuss with your partner and match the world famous advertisement slogans 1-6 with logos A-F.1. All the news that’s fit to print --------New York Times2. Better things for better living through chemistry----------Du Pont3. Finger一lickin’good---------Ken- tucky Fried Chicken4．I’m lovin’ it.---------McDonald’s5. Something special in the air．----------American Airlines6. We bring good things to life.---------- General Electric1E 2．F 3．A 4. C 5．D 6．BUnit TaskTask 1 Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F) according to the passage.1.F2. F3.T4.F5.FTask 2 Match the following terms with their Chinese meanings.1. d2.f3.b4.j5. c6.i7.h8.e9. a 10. gTask 3Complete the following sentences with the words or phrase given below。
国际商务英语课后答案
Unit 1 GlobalizationPart I Business V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence.1 There are too many examples in aviation and other _____ B _____ of what has happened to companies that have tried to do that.A sectionsB sectorsC segmentsD components2 It would not _______ A ________ earlier mistakes such as attempting to enter the train or boat-building business.A repeatB makeC recognizeD produce3 He is impressed, he says, by the way in which oil companies have ____ D _____ from losing national images.A obtainedB gotC reachedD benefited4 Royal Dutch/Shell is another group which manages to ______D_________ itself asa local company in which it operates.A displayB exhibitC showD present5 When the Japanese tyre group Bridgestone entered the US market, it made an _________ C _______, buying the local production base of Firestone.A saleB purchaseC acquisitionD overpayment6 If a company wishes to enter the Chinese market, it usually looks for a local ________ D ________ who will cooperate in setting up a joint venture.A manB talentC managerD partner7 If you’re ______ C ______ don’t go to Oslo – it’s Europe’s most expensive city.A hardB hardyC hard upD hard down8 A survey has _______A_________ with some interesting information about the cost of living in our major cities.A come upB show upC put upD live up9 Meals at restaurants cost a _________ C ________ and drinks are very pricey.A expenseB priceC fortuneD fate10 Being kept waiting, being connected to voice mail or being passed on to someoneelse are all common ________ D _______.A flashesB firesC firecrackersD flashpoints11 Reasons for this are ________ B _________, according to Reed.A three piecesB threefoldC threeD triple12 Increasing numbers of transactions take place entirely by phone, from ___ D ____insurance to paying bills.A doingB sellingC buyingD arranging13 As companies move towards ‘remote working’, the need for the right tone of voice_______ A _______ to every level of the organization.A extendsB stretchesC expandsD attaches14 However, globalization has brought problems in the compan y’s overseas plants,and this is having a bad ________ A _______ on its share prices.A effectB influenceC affectD consequence15 A journalist from the Eastern Economist Review suggested recently that thecompany could become the _______ B _______ of a takeover if it didn’t sort out its problems soon.A aimB targetC objectiveD purpose16 Although this helps to lower costs, the materials are often of poor quality. This hasresulted in _______ C _______ orders.A placedB placingC cancelledD canceling17 Recently, a German distributor refused a D of 50,000 blouses.A dealB transactionC cargoD consignment18 When customers want last-minute changes to clothing, the plants cannot meetcustomers’ tight _______ D ______.A timesB periodsC datesD deadlines19 Its latest _______ B ______ were described by a famous fashion expert as ‘boring,behind the times and with no appeal to a fashion-conscious buyer’.A seriesB collectionsC sequencesD present20 Factory workers complain about their wages. They are often expected to work_______ C ________ without extra pay.A overB timeC overtimeD timelyPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 资本外逃fight of capita2 福利welfare beneifts3 相互让步give-and-take4 国家形象national image5 航空航天公司aerospace company6 全球化公司global company7 就业问题employment problems8 生活水准living standard9 跨文化问题cross-cultural problem10 合资企业joint venture11 本地合伙人local partner12 许可协议licensing agreement13 通货膨胀率inflation rate14 市场调研market research15 远程办公remote working16 全球会议global conference17 股票价格share price18 顾客需求customers’ needs19 低价战略low-pricing strategy20 员工流动率staff turnoverPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1.There are too many examples in aviation and other sectors of what has happenedto companies that have tried to do that.在航空业和其他行业中想要原地踏步而以失败告终的例子比比皆是2.People are much more likely to express anger over the phone, rather than inwriting or face to face.和书信及面对面交流比起来，人民更容易在电话上发火。
国际商务英语简要和课后答案[1].docx
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International Business EnglishLesson 1International BusinessBusiness Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA.Differences in legal systemsB・ Differences in currenciesC.Differences in cultural backgroundD.Different in natural and economic conditionsThe major types of international businessA.Trademodity tradeb.Service tradeB.Investmenta.Foreign direct investmentb・ Portfolio investmentC.Other types3.Licensing and franchisingb.Management contract and contract manufacturingc.Turnkey project and BOTTrade Terms:1.Customs area 关税区：2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visible trade 有形贸易：The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting andimporting goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption orresale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4.Invisible trade 无形贸易：The form of transportation, communication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FD1 外国直接投资：Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling theenterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolio investment 证券投资：Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purposeother than controlling.7.Stocks 股票：Capital stocks or bonds.& Bonds 债券：The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest・9.Maturity （票据等）到期10.Certificate of deposit 人额存单11・Licensing 许可经营：In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the fonn of royalty・12.Franchising 特许经营：Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in thename of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty・13.Trade Mark 商标14.Patent 专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright 版权17.Licenser 许可方1& Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser 特许方：A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brandnames, logos and operating techniques for royalty・20.Franchisee 被特许方：A firm is allowed to operate in the name of anothe匚21.Management contract 管理合同：Under a management contract, one companyoffers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular periodfor a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume・22.Value chain 价值链23.Turnkey project"交钥匙”工程：For an international turnkey project, a firmsigns a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing,contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter uponcompletion.)24. |B OT建设、经营和移交:Build, Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty许可使用费28.International investment 国际投资：Supplying capital by residents of onecountry to another.29.Contract manufacturing 承包牛产3(). GATT 关贸总协定：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.International business 国际商务：Transaction between parties from differentcountries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export・32.Intellectual property 知识产权33.Oil deposit:石油储备=oil reserves34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
国际商务英语课后答案.docx
国际商务英语课后答案问：在架设三角架时，借助于三角架上的气泡将三角架。
答：调平问：碧石的颜色通常为<p>答：不一定问：进入职场的注意事项有哪些？答：注意职场礼仪尽快了解公司文化，快速度过试用期工作不满一年辞职需谨慎注意财务部分的管理问：《荀子 . 劝学》中有“木受绳则直，金就砺则利”之说，这里的“木”是指木料。
答：对问：原文:华氏40度以上译文:above forty degrees Fahrenheit答：√问：商界男士所穿皮鞋的款式应是（）答：A问：不矛盾律的适用范围是（）。
答：具有矛盾关系的判断具有反对关系的判断具有可同假不可同真关系的判断问：碧石的主要矿物成分是<p>答：石英问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是乾、坤、坎、离，分别代表天、地、水、火。
答：对问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是（），分别代表（）。
<p>答：1 乾兑坎艮 4乾坤坎离 8天地水火问：什么是柔性基础？答：用抗拉、抗压、抗弯、抗剪均较好的钢筋混凝土材料做基础；用于地基承载力较差、上部荷载较大且基础埋深较大的建筑。
问：1. Mark the letter that identifies the tone for each of the following sentences. _____ 1) Baseball was invented as an urban game in order for owners to make money, players to become arrogant, and spectators to drink overpriced beer. A. objective B. nostalgic C. humorous答：humorous问：欧珀的最重要产地是<p>答：澳大利亚问：“上善若水”启示人们要具备如水一样的“十一种”美好品德。
商务英语unit1课文译文及练习答案
课文A世界经济发展世界经济比以往任何时候都更富裕，但是国家内部与国家之间财富显然分布不均衡。
世界上最富裕国家如卢森堡的年人均收入比世界最贫穷国家如塞纳里昂年人均收入高出一百多倍。
国与国之间经济发展不平衡倾向表现各异。
20世纪50、60年代，发展中国家经济获得了飞速而持续的发展。
然而，自80年代以来，除了少数几个主要亚洲国家经济成功地获得快速发展、更多全球开放市场外，其他发展中国家面临了经济不稳，社会福利收效甚微的问题。
全球化并没有缩小贫富国家收入差异。
富裕国家比贫困国家往往能更优先进入资本市场，吸引更多外国资本直接投资，更有弹性地应对全球商品市场。
现在，埃塞俄比亚居民平均收入不及出生于欧洲或美国居民的1/35，而在50年代，埃塞俄比亚人均收入是发达国家人均收入的1/16。
同样，美国目前人均收入比尼伯尔人均收入从50年代的19倍上升到了27倍。
世界上大多数最贫困国家或多或少在某种程度上相对滞后。
尤其是70年代中期以来，发展中国家经济增长进入停滞与不稳定的交替期，只有少数几个发展中国家在最近几十年能持续增长，这些国家中尤以两个世界人口大国中国和印度著名。
中国可以看作是成功进行体制改革的例子。
20世纪70年代后期改革开放以来，中国经济一直保持了高速发展。
除一些社会、经济不稳定因素之外，最近20年，中国经济改革所取得的成就解决了几千万人的温饱问题。
因为没有现存的改革经验可借鉴，中国经济改革的过程被看作是“摸着石头过河”。
实际上，经济发展是改革的落脚点和最终目标。
中国经济体制改革是以全面提高经济效益为目的，依靠发挥个人积极性，培育各种类型的市场竞争。
通常，中国向市场经济的转型过程是个缓慢的经济改革过程，表现在三个不同时期。
第一个时期从1978年至1993年，改革主要是改善激励机制和扩大市场对资源的配置范围。
这一时期以成功进行农业体制改革和双重价格体系改革为特点；第二个时期开始于1994年，这一时期中国政府决定把最终建立现代市场经济体制作为改革目标；最新时期，重点是处理好由于经济增长所带来的地区差异和贫富悬殊。
国际商务英语课文电子版
Lesson 1 International Business（国际商务）★International business refers to transaction between parties（当事人、参与者）from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas （关税区）of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The followings(下列各项) are some major differences between the two:★ 1. The countries involved often have different legal systems（不同的法律体系）, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with（遵照、遵从） the foreign law.2. Different countries usually use different currencies（不同的货币） and the parties will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards（关于） conversion （兑换） etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3.including language, customs,traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business. 4. Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.With the development ofeconomic globalization（经济全球化）,few people or companies can completely stay away from（置身于外）international business. Some knowledge in this respect（方面） is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement（个人进步）.International business first took the form of commodity trade（商品贸易）,.（即）exporting andimporting goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale(消费或转售) in another. This form of trade is also referred to as（被称为）visible trade（有形贸易）. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting（咨询）, information（信息业） etc. gradually became more andmore important. This type of trade is called invisible trade（无形贸易）. Today, the contribution of service industries(服务业) of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products（国内生产总值）and account for(占…) an increasing proportion of world trade. ★Another important form of international business is supplying capital byresidents of one country to another, known ascan be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments（外国直接投资）or FDI for short is made for returns（回报）through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country(东道国).The host country is a foreigncountry where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of investor is located is called the home country（投资国）. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment（证券投资）, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets（金融资产） for a purpose other than controlling.Such financial assets may be stocks（股票）, bonds（债券）or certificate of deposit（大额存单）. Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds（股本或股份）.★Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period（到期时间）of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25thousand US dollars.★Besides trade and investment, international licensing（国际许可）and franchising（特许经营） are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases（出租）the right to use its intellectual property（知识产权） to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks （商标）, brand names（品牌）,patents（专利）, copyrights （版权） or technology（技术）. Firms choose licensing is because they don’t have to make cash payment to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（知识产权/专利使用费）. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation(当地经营优势) without any obligation in ownership or management. Theuse of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty（关税） and non-tariff barriers（非关税壁垒） on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing agreement in countries with weak intellectual property protection（知识产权保护）since the licensor（许可方）may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement（执行许可协议）.Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee （特许使用方）, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser（特许授予方） who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos（公司标志）, and operating techniques（经营技巧） for royalty（特许使用费）. In comparison with therelation between the licenser（许可授予方） and the licensee（许可使用方）, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.★The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a businesswith established（已获认可的）products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business. Other forms for participating in international business are management contract（管理合同）, contract manufacturing （生产合同）, and turnkey project（“交钥匙”工程）. Under a management contract, one company offersmanagerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment（固定费用） or a percentage of the relevant business volume(相关业务总价值). ★Sometimes bonuses（分红）based on profitability or sales growth are also specialized (注明) in management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certainindustries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical （切实可行的）choices enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets. By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain（价值链）, e. g. marketing, while contractingwith foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages(当地优势) from production in host counties. ★However, loss of control over the producing process may give rise to（产生） problems in respect of quality and time of delivery （交货期）.For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at a fixed total price or on a cost plus basis（在实际成本之外收取一定费用）. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser.★BOT（建设、经营、移交）is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after buildingit up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.。
国际商务英语函电答案
国际商务英语函电答案【篇一：世纪商务英语外贸函电(第二版)课后习题答案】 letter 1.at, of, with, in, forletter 2.from, into, with, of, top40rming, interesting, dealing, sample, details, quality, prices, applied, items, inquiryunit 3p55letter 1.from, for, by, with, onletter 2.with, in, of, in, fromp562.referring, established, cost, quality, opinion, responsibility, part, satisfied, information, decisionunit 4p71letter 1. to, of, at, in, byletter 2.with, in, with, for, withp732.advertisement, leading, interested, details, dealers, line, market, replying, over, itemunit 5p88letter 1.for, with, at, by, toletter 2.for, for, by, at, by/underp892.inquiring, quotation, receipt, subject, confirmation, discount, catalogue, brochure, separate, appreciateunit 6p105letter 1.of, on, in, with, toletter 2.of, in, by, for, atp1062.offer, regret, price, sold, level, difference, transaction,counter-offer, samples, acceptanceunit 7p122letter 1.to, of, of, in, for,letter 2.with, for, for, within, ofp1232.order, customers, confirm, stated, shipment, satisfied, range, enclosing, catalogue, furtherunit 8p141letter 1: in, for, on, at, atletter 2: to, for, in, with, forp1422. order, accept, terms, enclosed, contract, duplicate, return, file, delivered, entireunit 9p165letter 1: to, in/for, for, in/for, inletter 2: of, to, on, at, againstp1662. inform, under, ready, stipulations, shipment, received, establish, s/c, point, effectunit 10p181letter 1: for, of, to, with, from/againstletter 2: for, on, for ,from, by/inp1822. refer, boxes, strong, sea/ship, container, around, cost, prevent, rough, accountunit 11p197letter1: from, for/of, to, in, onletter 2: with/in, in, for, in ,withoutp1982. reply, regret, port, booked, permit, punctual, understand, obtaining, receiving, issueunit 12p214letter1: with, against, for, at, byletter 2: of, from, to, at, within/inp2152. insure, breakage, fragile, insured, rate, insurer, consignment, packing, coverage, adviceunit 13p232letter 1: of, upon/on, by, against, toletter 2: in, into, about, for, againstp2332. shipment, regret, contain, into, error, apology, delivered, documents, account, dispose【篇二：商务英语函电1-9课翻译及答案】roduction译文信件一进口商自我介绍麦克唐那和伊万有限公司美国纽约劳顿大街58号福建鞋业进出口公司中国福建福州保定大街45号送交：销售部吴刚先生敬启者:我们从伏特威廉公司得知贵司商号与地址，特此来函，希望能同贵司发展商务关系。
国际商务英语课后题答案
6.
We are given to understand that you are a prospective buyer of Chinese arts and crafts which come within the frame of our business activities. 7. We are striving to expand economic cooperation and exchange of technology with foreign countries and will utilize common and reasonable international practices in a flexible way. 8. As requested, we are sending you, under separate cover, our latest catalogues and pricelist. 9. We are writing to offer you an opportunity to develop trade. 10. Your letter expressing the hope of establishing business connections with us has been received with thanks.
7. B: You talk the words out of my mouth. 8. B: Certainly. In order to give you a general idea of the various kinds of our products now available for export, I’d like to give you our latest catalogues and price list. 9. B: sure. We have mainly adopted some usual international practices. 10. B: Thank you. I propose a toast to the health of every one here and to the success of our future negotiations.
外经贸商务英语函电课文翻译及练习答案(L1-L8)
Chapter II Establishing Business RelationsLesson One Developing Client BaseChinese Version:敬启者：我方从贸易向导网获悉贵方行名与email地址，并得知你方需求购圆珠笔。
我们在此介绍本公司及产品，以期与你方建立业务关系。
我们专营圆珠笔的生产和出口已超过六年，我们的产品品种多样，质量上乘，价格极具竞争力。
欢迎登录我们的网站了解我公司概况及最新产品信息。
如果你对我们任何产品感兴趣，请告知，我们乐意提供详情。
作为积极的制造商，我们每月都有推出新产品。
如果你们感兴趣，我们乐意定期为你们提供新信息。
谨上Key to ExercisesI. Translate the following expressions into Chinese or vice versa:1.进出口2.建立业务关系3.想要购买4.贸易向导5.最新设计6.specialize in7.be of interest to8.be on the market9.manufacturerpany profilesII. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper preposition：1. in, for2.of, of, to3.into,with,in,of4.from,of, in, with, for, of5.of,ofIII．Fill in the missing words in the following blanks with the first letter given：introduce, range, attach, trust, items, interest, interested, receiving, which,quotationsIV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1.伦敦史密斯有限公司向我们介绍，贵公司是纺织品的主要进口商。
商务英语第一课答案Key1
第一课练习答案：I．Put the following into English by using the words or phrases in the text:1. The modes (forms) of operation enterprises and governments can use when pursuing international business2. Get involved in (Enter) international business through importing and exporting3. Merchandise exports, the major source of international revenue for all countries4. Service exports and imports are an increasingly more important mode of international business for all countries.5. Earnings from foreign tourism have been an important source of foreign exchange earnings for the United States.6. License a foreign distributor to sell one's products7. Earn royalties from allowing others to use their trademarks and other assets8. After the Second World War, foreign direct investment increased (grew, expanded) rapidly throughout the world.9. A joint venture in which the enterprise from (of) the host country holdsa controlling interest10. Portfolio investment is the main form of foreign indirect investment11. Domestic enterprises which engage in service exports and importsthrough different means12. Multinational enterprises take a global approach to foreign markets and production.13. Multinational corporations played an essential role in the development of international business in the post war era.14. Research on different modes of international business conducted (pursued) by academic circles.II. Translate the following sentences into English:1. In the postwar period, increasingly large numbers of enterprises and governments of different countries were involved in different modes of international business in addition to exporting and importing.2. The tourist industry of this scenic country, which is of critical importance to the country's economic growth, is likely to double and redouble its foreign exchange earnings in the coming year.3. The multinational corporation doing auto business, which undertakes production and marketing on a global basis, has integrated its operations in China into its global business program in recent years.4. In order to reduce costs and increase foreign sales, the multinational enterprises of many developed countries have transferred their equipment and personnel along with their capital to low-cost developing countries.5. The commerce minister stated recently that our country must vigorously expand exports in exchange for the merchandise and servicesour country urgently needs and should also be active in attracting foreign investment so as to promote the rapid economic development of our country.III. Translate the following into Chinese:扩大国际商务活动的方法从经营国际贸易这一较为简单的途径扩展到收购外国公司或建立新的子公司这个更复杂的途径。
(完整word版)第一课第一篇含答案与讲解(word文档良心出品)
Passage 1I.Read the following p assage and answer the questions.1.Class warfare is a politically charged term these days, from the Wall Street protests to the Cap itol Hill negotia tions over cut ting the nation ' debt ・ But a new con gressi onal an alysis, obta ined by Newsweek, may fuel pop ulist outrage by show ing the exte nt of gover nment subsidies that go to the weaIthiest people in America ・2.From unemployment payments to subsidies and tax breaks on luxury items like vacati on homesand yachts, America ns earning more tha n $1 millio n collect more than $30 billion from government each year, according to the rep ort assembled by Sen. Tom Cobur n, a Rep ublica n from Oklahoma・ In all, milli on aires receive hefty help from Un cle Sam. What is more, the gover nment disclosed to Cobu rn that some rec ipients of farm subsidies got it by mistake・ Tax records show that more than three fourths of high earners collecting farming money list their p rimarv reside nee in a city --------------------------------------------------------------------- land un suitable for farmi ng.3.T op ear ners, surprisin gly, also get sig ni fica nt amounts of unemployment in sura nee and disas ter p ayme nts ・ The bigges t money comes or goes, :rat her t hrough unp aid t axes ・坷0“ tha n 1,500 milli on aires p aid no in come tax last year, according to federal records, mainly due to tax loopholes and experienced accountants. Tax breaks taken by millionaires on things like mortgage in terest, ren tai expen ses and electric vehicles kee p cash from en teri ng the federal treasury.4.“ Thecountry is sucking wind right now, " Coburn says. “ Weend up subsidizing the very wealthy and not helping the ones who really need the help・” The Oklahoma n is one of the fewep ublica ns who support tax in creases as part of a plan to reduce the deficit. Mean while, an titax activist Grover Norquist, a freque nt opponent of Cobur n, says the whole system is too comp lex, and too un fair, and that lawmakers n eed to get rid of loop holes and to lower :rates across the board.5.Cobur n' s report is certa in to gen erate argume nts on the other side abouttax fairness・ Why, some might wonder, shouldn ' people who feed the gover nment get to reap its ben efits? Milli on aires “ pay a lot into the system,says Jose ph Thorn dike, head of the Tax History P roject・“ TJoa/er nmentcomes to the rescue of people in bad mome nts, and it should do that bli ndly. "6.~Yet the crux of the argument that millionaires are using the social safety net as a luxury sheIter—fuels an ongoing campaig n by the White House to raise some taxes on top earners “ Republicansieed to stop supporting tax breaks for the richest America ns so we can use some of that money to create jobs and reduce the deficit, ” says White House sp okes person Amy Brun dage・ Or as Obama likes to put it, folks like him can afford to give more and take less.1.Which of the following is true according to the first three p aragra phs?[A]Both the Wall Street p rotests and the Con gress n egotiati ons are about class warfare・[B]The in adequacies of tax rules can help many milli on aires avoid in come tax.[C]Only the high-i ncome gro up can enjoy tax breaks on luxury items.[D]All milli on aires get unemployment in sura nee and farm subsidies・2.The expression “sucking win( Line 1, Paragraph 4 ) most probablymeans __________ .[A]making great efforts in vain [B] sufferi ng econo mic dep ressi on[C] looki ng for a solutio n ]D[ p erformi ng very po orly3.Jose ph Thorndike s po int is cited in P aragra ph 5 to ____________________ .[A]voice a totally differe nt opin io n on tax equality[B]dem on strate the popu larity of the Tax History P roject[C]stress milli on aires ，con tributi ons to the gover nment[D]show that milli on aires have the right to get ben efits4.We lear n from the last p aragra ph that _______________ .[A]tax in crease for milli on aires is the on ly way to reduce the deficit[B]the White House has bee n fighti ng for rais ing taxes on top earners[C]the White House and Republicans disagree on tax breaks for milli on aires[D]milli on aires should take respon sibility for creati ng more jobs5.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A]Welfare for America n milli on aires raises heated argume nts・[B]Billio ns of dollars of gover nment ben efit the weaIthiest citize ns.[C]America is facing trouble in deali ng with tax fair ness.[D]Tax breaks and loop holes make America n economy worryi ng.答案：l.B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. AII. Translate into Chinese the underlined sentences in the above p assage. 1・ More tha n 1，500 millio naires p aid no in come tax last year, accord ing to federal records, mainly due to tax loopholes and experie need acco untan ts.联邦政府的记录表明，去年1500多个百万富翁没有缴纳所得税，这主要是税收漏洞和老练的会计避税造成的。
商务英语练习答案(1_2_5_7课)
Lesson One: Modes of International BusinessI. 1. modes of operation which can be chosen from by enterprises and governments who are engaging in (carrying out) international business2. to be involved in international business activities by means of import and export3. merchandise export as a main source of international revenue4. service imports is an increasingly important means of international business for different countries.5. tourism revenue has become an important source of foreign exchange income for the US6. license (franchise) granted to a dealer (franchisee) abroad for the sale of products7. to receive royalties by licensing others to use their assets such as trademarks8. World War II witnessed a rapid development of Foreign Direct Investment9. a joint venture with the majority stake (interest, shares) on the part of the hosting country10. portfolio investment is a major form of foreign indirect investment11. local enterprises engaging in service imports by different means12. multinational enterprises take a global approach towards global market13. multinational corporations played an active role in the development of international business after the war14. study of international business in different modes conducted in the academic circle (academia, sector, community)II. 1. More and more enterprises and government were involved in international business activities in addition to import and export trade.2. Tourism in this scenic country is of critical importance to the economic growth of the country, and is likely to double its foreign exchange income in the years to follow.3. The multinational corporation dealing in automobiles conducts its production and sale on a global basis, and in recent years, its operations in China has been integrated into its global operation scheme.4. Many MNEs in developed countries have transferred their equipment and staff, along with the capital into low-cost developing countries to reduce the cost and boost foreign sales5. Commerce minister lately pointed out that we have to increase our export as much as possible in exchange for merchandises and services we are pressing for, and take active actions to attract foreign investment to promoteLesson 2: Reasons for Recent International Business GrowthI.1. The speed of the increase of international business of late is well beyond that ofglobal production.2. Shares taken by foreign enterprises in domestic production in China is everincreasing3. Reasons for companies to engage in international business, such as expandingsales and obtaining resources etc.4. Difficulties in international business arising from increased global competition.5. to liberalize limitation on cross boarder movement of commodities and resources6. government policies to facilitate international commodity and service trade.7. technological advancement (improvement) which has tremendous impact oninternational business.8. Improvement of business operation abroad resulting from development oftransportation9. to induce countries to lower their barriers to the movement of commodities andservices10. Liberalization will enable companies to take better advantage of internationalbusiness opportunities.11. Banks have developed effective means for companies to receive payment for the irforeign sales.12. Companies will respond quickly to foreign market and production opportunities.13. Companies experienced in international market can shift production quickly toforeign countries.14. Many firms have to become more global to maintain competitiveness.II.1. In recent years, owing to foreign trade facilitated by powerful economicdevelopment, the volume of import and export increased by 20% from 1993 to 2003, as compared with 7.5% increase between 1982 and 1992.2. Improved transportation resulting from technological advancement speeds up themovement of goods, personnel and information among different countries, bringing about the rapid growth of international business.3. Nowadays, governments impose few restrictions on cross-border movements ofcommodities and services. This enables people in different countries to get access to commodities and services at lower prices and domestic producers to become more efficient as a result of foreign competition.4. Companies and governments have developed services to support and facilitateinternational business, such as the establishment of bank credit agreements, clearing arrangement and the conclusion of postal agreements among counties, to ensure smooth development and expansion of international business.5. Under the pressure of increased foreign competition, to maintain thecompetitiveness and strive for its survival and development, companies have to expand their business into international markets to respond to overseas sales opportunities and expand its international business activities.Lesson 5: The Export Process%I.1. to process export orders as per established company policies.2. to have a careful check and log of the origin of orders received by the exporter3. The exporter should be fully aware of specific requirements of customers abroad.4. to conduct a careful check of the importer with regard to his/her credit.5. to obtain a credit report respecting credit standing of the buyer.6. The buyer and the seller negotiate on sales terms and conditions7. liabilities of both parties stated in the contract (the contracted liabilities of bothparties)8. Such clauses as name of the product, price, delivery stipulated in the contract9. The export goods are properly delivered at the negotiated point of delivery.10. The export goods are duly shipped at the negotiated point of shipment.11. Title of the export goods transfers at the point of delivery.12. to procure import license to meet regulations of the importing country13. The goods pass through customs process upon arrival at the destination.14. to complete all the documentation necessary for the export transaction.II.1. To efficiently transfer the goods to the importing country, the exporter shouldperform three necessary functions involved in a export transaction.2. Before an export transaction, the exporter should either examine financial andcredit position of the new customers through an international credit report, or conduct a recheck (double check, revision) of the credit standing and payment record of repeat customers.3. As an integrate part (component) of the export process, the importer and theexporter should negotiate on issues covering sales terms and conditions, obligations of both parties as well as other terms of the sales contract.4. The agreement (entered into) between the exporter and importer on sales termsand conditions becomes a binding contract, and is a confirmed commitment acceptable to both sides after a written confirmation by bother parties.5. In the process of export, an import license is required from the buyer, as well as aforeign exchange permit sometime, to conform to regulations of the buying country for successful arrival of the goods at the importing country.Lesson 7: International Commercial TermsI.1. The seller transfers the goods to the buyer at his own premises or warehouse.2. The seller should hand over the goods to the carrier designated by the buyer.3. losses of or damage to the goods arising from incidents (events) after loading anddeparture of the vessel4. to bear all expenses and take all risks necessary to ship the goods to the country ofdestination5. to pay all expenses and freight necessary to ship the goods to the named port ofdestination6. to procure marine insurance against losses of or damage to the goods of the buyeren route7. the seller delivers when the goods are cleared for export and handed over to thebuyer8. all risks and expenses on the part of the seller, inclusive of tariff, taxies and otherexpenses9. The seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port ofshipment10. Under CIP terms, the seller should procure the insurance contract and pay thepremium11. 10,000 electronic calculators at US$10 CIF Manila per piece12. Please make us an offer on CFR Tianjin together with all details.13. the most favorable price on CIF Guangzhou, stating shipment date and p aymentterms14. The price we offered for Phoenix brand bicycles is US$55 CFR New Your per pieceII.1. Trade terms (commercial terms) are used to specify structure of export prices andthe reliability of both parties involved in the delivery of the goods from seller to the buyer with regard to the procedure, cost and risks.2. Under CIF terms, the seller also has to provide a full set of shipping documents,inclusive of documents for transportation and insurance for the buyer with all costs on his own account. (with all costs to be borne by himself / herself).3. How much can be deducted from the CIF price if we transact the business with youon CFR? This will enable us to make a comparison of the two prices.4. Can you make us an for Forever brand bicycles, 26”? Please quote us 1000 piecesfor a minimum order of 10,000 pieces on CIF New Your.5. We (This firm) make you a quotation on terms and conditions as follows:Commodity: Spring locks for drawersPrice: US$ 5 EXW Shanghai per pieceAnnual minimum order: 100,000 piecesPacking: in cartonsPayment: by irrevocable letter of creditDelivery: 60 days after receipt of letter of credit.。
商务英语第一课课后练习答案
第一课课后练习答案Part Five1. target savvy launch whim generate capitalize on2.1.confirm 2.possessed3.yield4.differentiate5.showcases6.piloting7.scratched8.prohibits9.tapping into 10.eroded 11.coordinated 12.strive 13.split 14.exploiting 15.fueled 16.phased out 17.aligned with 18.priority 19.manipulate 20.substitute3.mockery/mock mockexecution executiveexplosion explosivegraph graphmanipulation manipulatingrefer referentialcoordination coordinatecollaborate collaborated preoccupation preoccupiederosion erosiveComprehensive Practice1.o f2.about3.than4.of5.on6.for7.out8.in9.for 10.for 11.of 12.into 13.for 14.with 15.inTranslation:1.F iant launched a tiny “city car”especially for Europe’s narrow crowded street.2.T he rain forest theme products tap into consumer’s interest in the environment.3.T he company may target its effort on preferred locations like India and Thailand.4.A strong president would further erode the power of the Congress.5.M ost of the measures will be phrased out next year.6.G overnment securities have traditionally yielded less than stocks.1.O n December 8th, 2009, president Barack Obama launched a set of proposals toaddress unemployment and made it clear that he wanted to tap into some of the unspent funds(money set aside to support failing banks)to help pay for them. No precise figure was given. Some $50 billion will be spent on infrastructure projects. But the effort represents a broad push to support small businesses.2.A merica’s most recent recession has hit small businesses hard. The very small, with fewer than 50 workers---employing almost one-third of working Americans---have suffered around 45% of the job losses of the downturn.3.The stimulus package passed last spring offered tax benefits and targeted the flow of credit to small businesses. The results were disappointing. The main problem with small businesses is lending. Obama’s recent plan is likely to scratch the surface if he does not tackle credit crunch.判断正误：1.N 2.N 3.Y 4.Y 5.Y 6.N。
国际商务英语函电全部答案
国际商务英语函电全部答案Chapter II Establishing Business RelationsLesson OneExercisesI. Translate the following expressions:1.cotton piece goods 6.另函2.state-operated corporation ７. 供你⽅参考3.import and export 8. 商务参赞处4.business lines 9. 盼望5.establish business relations 10. 最新的商品⽬录II. Translating the following into English:1.We are informed that _______________________________________(你公司是经营化⼯产品的国营公司).2.We shall let you know our comments_________________________________(⼀俟收到你⽅的报价).3.We are ______________________________________(专门从事中国⼯艺品出⼝).4.We hope to _______________________________________________(与你们建⽴贸易关系).5.________________________________(兹航寄) three sample books.6.______________________________________________(我们已经和世界上⼀百多个国家的商号建⽴了关系) on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods.III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1.We have the pleasure of introducing ourselves to you as a state corporation specializing in the export business of canned goods, and express our desire to enter into business relations you.2.Our company is one of the import and export corporations in Shanghai commercial circle authorized by the Ministry for Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. We have enjoyed a good reputation in the world market for a long time.3.We are one of the leading exporters of first class cotton and rayon goods and are enjoying an excellent reputation through fifty years? business experience.4.Through the courtesy of the Chamber of Commerce in Tokyo, we have learned that you have been supplying the best quality foods all over the world.5.We are desirous of enlarging our trade in various agricultural products, but unfortunately have had no good connections in the southern part of Russia. Therefore we shall be obliged if you kindly introduce us to some of the most capable and reliable importers.IV. Translate the following sentences into English :1.承蒙外国商会介绍得知你公司的名称地址。
自考国际商务英语1-4课课后问答题答案
Lesson 1International Business1. What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business anddomestic business.A: International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export. Some major differences between international business and domestic business is following: (1) Differences in legal systems (2) Differences in currencies (3) Differences in cultural background (4) Different in natural and economic conditions 2. Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more andmore important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade. The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, consulting, information information information etc. etc. etc. is is is called called called invisible invisible invisible trade trade trade or or or service service service industries. industries. industries. The The The later later later is is is become become become more more more and and and more more important. 3. Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.4. Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference? A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host host country. country. Portfolio investment refers to to purchases purchases purchases of of of foreign foreign financial assets assets for for for a a a purpose purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit. 5. What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in in another country. They choose another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. 6. What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee. 7. What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. When a government forbids foreign foreign ownership ownership ownership in in in certain certain certain industries industries industries it it it considers considers considers to to to be be be of of of strategic strategic strategic importance importance importance but but but lacks lacks lacks the the the expertise expertise expertise for for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets. 8. What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it? A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, designing, contracting contracting contracting and and and facility facility facility equipping equipping equipping before before before handing handing handing it it it over over over to to to the the the latter latter latter upon upon upon completion. completion. completion. For For For a a a BOT BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit profit from from from operating operating operating the the the project project project for for for a period a period is the major major difference difference difference between between between BOT BOT BOT and and and the the common turnkey project Lesson 2 Income Level and the W o rld Market orld Market 1. Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably? A: GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor labor owned owned owned by by by the the the residents residents residents of of of an an an economy. GDP economy. GDP (Gross (Gross Domestic Domestic Domestic Product) Product) Product) measures the measures the market market value value value of of of all all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between them is that GNP focuses on ownership of the factors of production while GDP concentrates on the place where production takes place. The difference between GNP and GDP can be ignored since it very small in most cases. Therefore, we can use them interchangeably. 2. In what different ways are GDP and per capita income significant in assessing the potential of a particular market? A: Total Total GDP GDP GDP indicates indicates indicates the the the overall overall overall size size size of of of an an an economy, economy, economy, which which which is is is important important important in in in market market market assessment assessment assessment for for for durable durable equipment or bulk goods (grain, steel or cement). Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables. 3. What are meant by high income, middle income, and low-income countries according to the W orld Bank? Cite some examples for each group. A: High-income countries: those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above. In this group comprise three types of countries; most members of OECD, rich oil producing countries of the Middle East, small-industrialized countries or regions. Middle-income countries: those with annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765. Included in this category category is is is most most most East East East European European European countries countries countries and and and most most most members members members of of of the the the Commonwealth Commonwealth Commonwealth of of of Independent Independent Independent States, States, States, six six OECD members, quite a number of Latin American countries and some comparatively developed countries in Asia, South Africa and oil-producing countries in African. Low-income countries: those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or even less. Most African countries, some Asian countries and a few Latin American countries are included in this group. 4. 4. Why Why Why are are are high-income high-income high-income countries countries countries important important important to to to trade trade trade and and and investment? investment? investment? Should Should Should we we we neglect neglect neglect low-income low-income countries in international business? A: High-income High-income countries countries countries often often often have have good good infrastructure, infrastructure, infrastructure, high high high purchasing purchasing purchasing power, power, power, and and and advanced advanced advanced technology, technology, efficient management and favorable environment for trade and investment. They offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment. In international trade the low-income countries should not be neglected, because they constitute markets for lower-priced staple goods, provide cheap labor and are often rich in resources. Once tapped, the business potential of these countries will one day become real business opportunities. 5.W as China a low-income country a few years ago? How about now?A: China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago. 6.What does the term“Triad ” refers to? What is meant by Quad? A: The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world; the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. The scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad. 7. How much do you know about OECD? Please make a brief account.A: OECD OECD means means means Organization Organization Organization for for for Economic Economic Economic Cooperation Cooperation Cooperation and and and Development. Development. Development. The The The organization organization organization is is is included included included 29 29 members, 23 of them are high-income countries and 6 are middle-income countries. The headquarters is in Paris. 8. What is the best policy for China to develop business opportunities?A: So far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and a bit farther away Australia. These countries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportunities or are developing fast with very promising market potential. And their geographical proximity to China is a great advantage for us in developing business relations with them. Lesson 3Regional Economic Integration1. What is a free trade area? Make a brief account of the most notable free trade area in the world. A: Free trade area is the loosest form in the regional economic integration. Members in this form removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. The most notable one is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars. 2. In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area?A: The Customs Union goes a step further by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves. Imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff. 3. What are the characteristics of a common market? Which organization remained a common marketfor some years in the past?A: The common market is further up the scale of regional economic integration. Besides free movement of goods and and services services services and and and adoption adoption adoption of of of common common common external external external trade trade trade policy, policy, policy, factors factors factors of of of production production production such such such as as as labor, labor, labor, capital capital capital and and technology are free to move among members so that they can be utilized in a more efficient and productive way. In the past, the European Community remained a common market for some years.4. How much do you know about economic an economic union? union? Can members of economic an economic union union keep all oftheir national sovereignty?A: The economic union is the highest form of economic integration, which is characterized by integration of the domestic domestic policies policies policies of of of its its its members members members in in in respect respect respect of of of economy, economy, economy, finance finance finance etc. etc. etc. in in in addition addition addition to to to absence absence absence of of of trade trade trade barriers, barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility. The members of an Economic Union are required required not not not only to only to harmonize harmonize their their their taxation, taxation, taxation, government government government expenditure, expenditure, expenditure, industry policies, industry policies, etc., etc., but but but also also also use use use the the same currency. The member countries of an economic union are required to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is eroding the tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states. 5. Make a brief account of the origin and development of the EU. A: The first community, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1952, which set the stage for more ambitious integration efforts. The signing of the monumental Treaty of Rome in 1957 marks the establishment of the European Economic Community with the aim of gradually realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well as the harmonization of economic policies of the member countries.Ten years later in 1967, the European Community was formed by merging EEC, ECSC and European Atomic Energy Community (EURA TOM). 1992 it became a true common market as envisaged by the Single European Act . Then on January 1, 1994 the European Union (EU) came into being on the strength of the Maastricht Treaty . From the beginning of 1999 most of the members began to use the common European currency for accounting and settlement and in 2002, euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation. 6. What is the most powerful institution of the EU? What is the executive body of the EU? How does itoperate?A: The most powerful institution of the EU is the Council of Ministers. Its executive body is the European Commission composed of 20 commissioners overseeing 23 departments in charge of different affairs. Decisions Decisions of of of the the the council council council are are are made made made by by by votes votes votes allocated allocated allocated to to to member member member countries countries countries on on on the the the basis basis basis of of of their their their size. size. size. Different Different ministers attend the council meeting depending on the matters discussed. The council even has the power to pass legislation.7. Explain briefly the five layer organizational structure of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.A: a. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders b. Dual-Ministerial Meeting c. Ministers Responsible for Trade d. The Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) e. Subordinate committees under SOM: Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Sub-committee of SOM and Budget Management Committee. 8. What are the tenet and objectives of APEC? What do its two wheels mean?A: The tenet and objectives of APEC are inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system and reduction of regional trade barriers. Its Its two two two wheels wheels wheels mean mean mean trade trade trade and and and investment investment investment liberation liberation liberation and and and facilitation facilitation facilitation (TILF) (TILF) (TILF) and and and economic economic economic and and and technical technical cooperation (ECOTECH).MNEs are generally enormous in size and and pricing. pricing. pricing. They They They are are are also also also more more more able able able to to to take take take advantage advantage advantage of of of changes changes changes in in in the the the international international international economic economic economic environment. environment. Such multi-nationality also enables MNEs to engage in worldwide integrated production and marketing. 8. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?A: MNCs are under the legal jurisdiction of their host governments that can impose various rules, regulations, and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets. 9. What are the four types of multinational enterprises? Describe each of them briefly.A: The four types of multinational enterprises is that: d. Multi-domestic corporation: it is a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. The parent company delegates sufficient power to each subsidiary to manage the production and marketing in the host country for the needs of local customers.e. Global corporation: it it operates operates operates and and and views views views the the the world world world market market market as as as an an an integrated integrated integrated whole. whole. whole. Power Power Power and and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manages production and marketing to achieve the economies of scale as much as possible.f. Transnational Corporation: The The activities activities activities and and and resources resources resources of of of the the the transnational transnational transnational corporation corporation corporation are are are highly highly neither neither centralized centralized as as the the the second second second type type type nor nor nor decentralized decentralized decentralized as as as the the the first first first type type type but but but are are are integrated integrated in in an an interdependent network of affiliates.g. W orld Company: t heir national identities are blurred to a large extent.their national identities are blurred to a large extent.10. Are there may world companies at present? Imagine their future role in complete globalization.A: Now it is very few. When such companies become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may be greatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.。
国际商务英语教程第三版课后答案
Lesson 2II1.In recent years, as the country’s vigorous economic development hasfacilitated its foreign trade, its total export and import value between 193 and 2003 increased by 20%, as compared with only 7.5% between 1982 and 1992.2.The greatly improved communications and transportation resultingfrom technological progress have speeded up the movements of merchandise, personnel and information between different countries and lowered operating costs, thus bringing about the rapid growth of international business.3.Today fewer restrictions on the cross-border movements ofmerchandise and services imposed by governments of all countries enable these countries’ residents to have access to goods and services at lower prices and make it possible for domestic enterprises to raise efficiency because of foreign competition.4.In order to support and facilitate international business, companies andgovernments have developed relevant services such as the establishment of bank credit agreements, the conclusion of clearing arrangements and the enactment of the international postal agreement, thus ensuring the successful handling and growth of international business.5.Under the pressure of increased foreign competition, in order tomaintain competitiveness and seek survival and development, companies have to extend their operations to international markets, respond to foreign sales opportunities and vigorously increase their international business.Lesson 3I.1. Large increase in industrial and agricultural production in manycountries and regions2. Lead to industrial countries’rapidly rising demand for food and rawmaterials3. The import volume of industrial products that has increased 15 times4. A drastically/sharply increased demand for agricultural exports fromdeveloping countries5. A decrease in the demand for natural raw materials such as cotton andnatural rubber.6. The development of the production of synthetic substitutes and anincrease in their output.7. Contribute to the industrial development and economic growth ofdeveloping countries8. The important beneficial effects that international trade has on theeconomic development of all countries9. be conducive to the development of less developed countries’manufacturing and production of manufactured goods.10 stimulate and facilitate the international flow of capital betweendeveloped and developing nations11. The vehicle for the transmission of new technology and newmanagerial skill12. The less developed countries that have reaped major benefits frominternational trade.13. The relationship between international trade and long-run economicdevelopment14. Absorb advanced technology from developed nations at a faster rate. II.1.The emergence and development of international trade has promotedthe normal operation and constant expansion of all countries’ process of reproduction, raise their levels of productive forces, contributed to the internationalization of production and capital and brought about the economic development in other fields.2.Focusing on the effects of exports on employment and income,Keynes and his followers hold that a trade surplus can expand means of payment, lower interest rates and spur a price increase and investment, thus contributing to the alleviation of a country’s domestic crisis and an increase in employment.3.Some other economists believe that the emergence and developmentof international trade can expand commodity markets, promote technological progress and an improvement in the process of production, spur an increase in output and contribute to a change in the structure of investment, thus leading to the development of the entire national economy.4.The development of foreign trade achieved by developing countriesbrings about an increase in foreign exchange earnings and the introduction/ importation of advanced/ up-to-date foreign technology, which plays an important role in making good these countries’shortage of capital and promoting their technological progress.5.In the past years, along with absorbing foreign capital, China hasspared no effort to develop its foreign trade, imported large quantities of precision machinery and equipment and sophisticated technology, exported various kinds of industrial and agricultural products, thus greatly contributing to economic development and the achievement of socialist modernization.Lesson 4 II1．Nontariff trade barriers，which refer to the protectionist measures characterized by quantitative import restrictions，are used by developed countries and some developing countries to interfere with and impede the free flow of merchandise and services be．tween nations．2．Since the mid．1970s，as a result of the outbreak of the global economic crises，accompanied by the intensification of contention for international markets, the developed countries have been forced to resort to nontariff trade barriers designed to restrict imports, in an attempt to overcome their difficulties．3．Like tariff trade barriers，nontariff trade barriers have the effects of restricting imports and bringing about price increases in the domestic market of an importing country，thus imposing a heavy burden on the people of Western developed countries.4．In recent years, some trade policies and regulations carried out by the United States have discriminated against China and imposed severe restrictions on some of its exports to the United States．5．It is likely that in the future the United States and other Western countries will still impose restrictions 011 the exports of China’s textiles and other labor—intensive products，to which China will strongly(decidedly)0biect．Lesson 5II1.In order to move efficiently the goods to importing country, the exportfirm must perform three essential functions involving a series of activities in the export transaction.2.Before an export transaction is carried out, the exporter must eitherconduct a check on the new customer’s financial and credit standing through an international credit report or revise the old customer’s credit standing and payment record.3.As an important component of the export process, the exporter andimporter negotiate the sales terms and conditions, the obligations of both parties, and other terms of the sales contract.4.An agreement that the exporter and importer have entered into onsales terms and conditions becomes a binding contract, which is a firm commitment that is acceptable to both buyer and seller after it is confirmed by both parties in writing.5.In the whole export process, the importer is often required to obtain animport license and sometimes also a foreign exchange permit in order that the goods conform to the importing country’s import regulations and smoothly reach the importer.Lesson 6II1．A sales channel in international trade refers to the process of circulation in which goods flow from a country’s producer to the foreign ultimate customer or user and to the intermediary commercial establishments through which title to goods is transferred．2. In the process of international commodity circulation，whether a saleschannel is unimpeded and highly efficient or not directly affects the turnover rate，profit and market share of goods．3．Acting as the export sales department for many manufacturers，an export management company either purchases goods directly from manufacturers and then resells them overseas for its Own account Or operates on a commission basis．4．Acting as an independent sales agent on a case-by-case basis, an export trading agent on a case-by-company performs a sourcing or wholesale function between buyer and seller without assuming any responsibility to either party in a transaction．5．Local distributors in the host country are used by many manufacturers as a sales channel to facilitate foreign sales，since they are familiar with the host country’s market situation and its social and economic environments and are able to carry out the best market strategy and manage after-sale customer service．Lesson 7 II1. Trade terms are used to specify the structure of export prices and thedivision of responsibility and liability between the seller and the buyer with regard to procedures, cost and risks that are involved in delivering goods to the buyer by the seller.2. Under the CIF term, the seller must also provide a complete set ofshipping documents including transportation and insurance documents at his own expense.3. If we conclude business with you on CFR basis, how much can youreduce from your CIF price so that we can make a comparison (…so that we can compare them)4. Will you please make us an offer for Forever Brand Bicycles 26”?Please quote your lowest CIF New York price based on a minimum order of 10,000 units.5. We can make the following offer:Article: HL 302 Drawer LockPrice: at U.S. $5 per piece EXW ShanghaiAnnual minimum order: 100,000 piecesPacking: in cartonsPayment: by irrevocable L/C available by sight draftDelivery: 60 days after receipt of L/CRevision 1IV.1.In 1980, the average annual growth rate of low income developingcountries’GDP was 5.9 percent, as compared with 3.5 percent of middle-income countries and 1.4 percent for industrialized countries.2.The completion of this railroad and its opening traffic will contributeto the expansion of economic exchange between China’s southwesternregion and its coastal region and the economic development and prosperity of the country’s entire southwestern region.3.The economic situation of this less developed country resulting/arising from the drastic/ sharp decrease in foreign market demand is characterized by a substantial decline in exports, the reduced industrial and agricultural production, a drastic increase in unemployment and an enlarged payments deficit.4.As the management of this large supermarket realized that theemployees were most familiar with/ were well aware of the problems in business management, it decided to rely more on them rather than on a few managerial personnel in improving the enterprise’s business management.5.The renowned/ well-known economist stated at a symposium thatprivate enterprises could play an important role in the country’s economic construction by virtue of their large numbers of business units and personnel scattered all over the country and their enormous capital and facilities.6.In 2004 the huge U.S. current account and budget deficits and theselling of U.S. dollars in large amounts in international financial markets brought about the continuous devaluation in the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies.7.The foreign exchange regulations recently issued by the financialauthorities of that Asian country are designed mainly to crack down on foreign exchange speculation and stabilize foreign exchange markets.8.At that time, the top executives of many large U.S. companies stressedthat the restrictions imposed on the exports of high-tech products to China by the U.S. government caused/did great harm not only to China but also to the U.S. economy.9.In late 2003, the former Vice Minister of the Ministry of ForeignTrade and Economic Cooperation held the post as dean of that university’s School of Management on a full-time basis.10.As the United States has restricted some of the European Union’sagricultural exports to it, it is likely that the European Union will retaliate by imposing restrictions on the imports of some agricultural products from the United States.11.As a result of the rapid development of the Chinese economy, China,which has a population of 1.3 billion and makes up about one-fifth of the world population, accounts for an increasingly large share in the consumption of goods and products in the world ranging from aluminum to washing machine.12.In the all of that year, at a meeting held in New York, the U.S.Secretary of State and the Chinese Foreign Minister discussed a series of important bilateral and international issues, focusing on China’s accession to the WTO.13.Since China’s resumption of its legitimate seat at the United Nations,it has had access to loans from the World Bank used to finance the important projects in its economic and cultural construction.14.A s a high-tech enterprise producing sophisticated products, the jointventure has access to preferential loans in both the domestic and foreign currencies so as to ensure the funds needed for the development of its production.15.T hat year, at the U.N. General Assembly, the representative of thatdeveloping country strongly objected to the proposal made by a few developed countries designed to discriminate against the developing countries in the field of international trade.Lesson 81.In export trade/ in exporting, railroad transportation, which ischaracterized by large shipments and high speed of transportation and is not subject to seasonal changes and climatic conditions, can be undertaken/ conducted regularly, systematically, accurately and throughout the year.2.Air transportation, which ensures the quick and punctual arrival at adestination of goods of small size, light weight and high value as well as those of timeliness, has accounted for an increasing share in the transportation in international trade.3.The insurer is obligated to compensate for a total loss or partial loss ofor damage to goods incurred in an accident to the carrier in the process of transportation in international trade.4.The insurer is not obligated to compensate for any losses or costsaccounted for by decreases in the prices and delays in the transportation of goods insured in the process of international air transportation.5.The departmental manager of an exporting firm, who is acquaintedwith shipping and insurance maters, arranges for shipping and insurance of export goods after receiving an order for goods from abroad.Lesson 91.In export transactions/ in exporting, the export firm is required topresent various documents issued/ made out by itself and other units or government agencies, which represents the partial fulfilment of export contractual obligations.2.A commercial invoice, which is a list of delivery sent/ issued/ madeout to the importer by the exporter and with which the latter receives payment from the former, is the major document for the delivery of goods and clearance of accounts between the seller and the buyer.3.An ocean bill of lading, a document issued by the captain or an agentof the carrier, certifies the receipt of the specified goods and ensures the shipment of them to the named destination and the delivery ofthem to the consignee.4.Special inspection certificates are those issued by the commodityinspection agency after its inspection and identification of the content of containers or means of transport in the shipment of import and export goods.5.The adoption by the customs of the importing country of differentpolicies toward and different kinds of tariff treatment for imports from different countries is based on a certificate of origin, which is designed to certify the place of origin or production of the merchandise. Lesson 101.The choice of the international commercial terms of payment dependson such factors as the burden of funds, market conditions and costs and procedures as well as the credit standing of the opposite party in the transaction.2.For the exporter, letters of credit are the most favorable term ofpayment except for cash in advance, under which he ordinarily can receive payment if he presents proper documents to a specified bank in the exporting country.3.With the issuance of a letter of credit, payment must be made by thebuyer when proper documents are presented by the seller, but since the seller sometimes fails to comply with the terms of the contract, the buyer should assume the seller’s credit risk.4.A bill of exchange is a document drawn by the exporter which ordersthe importer as the drawee to make an unconditional payment of a certain amount of money to a specified payee either immediately or within a certain period.5.Cash in advance is the most favorable term of payment for theexporter, for sine he can receive payment before getting the goods ready for shipment, he hardly needs to assume the buyer’s credit risk and can complete the transaction without need of investing any funds.。
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Lesson (1)International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The followings are some major differences between the two:1．The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law. 2．Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3．Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. Often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4．Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement. International business first took the form of commodity trade, i. e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade.Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60 ％of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade.Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investment. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit. Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars.Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks , brand names , patents , copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensingbecause they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However, it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business. Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specialized in management contracts. Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e. g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.Answer the following questions:What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business and domestic business.A:International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.Some major differences between international business and domestic business is following:Differences in legal systemsDifferences in currenciesDifferences in cultural backgroundDifferent in natural and economic conditionsPlease explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade. The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries. The later is become more and more important.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business? A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference?A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it? A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project.。