高考科技说明文题型阅读
2013高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案2
2013高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案2高考阅读2013-06-30 16182013高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案2【新课标1】阅读下面的文字完成（1）~（4）题（25分）“飞虎将军”陈纳德20世纪三四十年代，中国人民正遭受着日本法西斯的疯狂蹂躏。
战争中，从空中给予日本敌机致命打击的，是赫赫有名的美国“飞虎队”，其队长则是有着“飞虎将军”美称的陈纳德。
1937年，中日之战一触即发，增强中国空军作战能力迫在眉睫，当时，陈纳德已经从美国空军退役，他的朋友，在中国担任中央信托局机要顾问的霍勃鲁克非常欣赏他精湛的飞行技术和过人的军事才能，推荐他来华担任国民政府航空委员会顾问，并给他寄去国民政府航空委员会秘书长宋美龄的亲笔邀请信。
5月，陈纳德来到上海作为期三个月的考察。
再伤害，陈纳德收到民众的热情欢迎和宋美龄的接见。
他在日记中写道“我终于在中国了。
希望能在这里为正在争取民族团结和争取新生活的人民效劳。
”7月7日卢沟桥事变，日本发动全面侵华战争。
陈纳德听到消息，当即决定留在中国，表示愿在任何能尽其所能的岗位上服务。
他认为“中国对日之战，是美国也将卷入的太平洋之战的序幕”，他要为中国，也为自己即将卷入战争的祖国尽一份力量。
此后，陈纳德在芷江，昆明等地筹建航校，训练飞行员，悉心传授战斗机飞行技术和作战技术，他多年前的军事理论著作《防御性追击的作用》终于有了用武之地。
同事，他着手建立一个全国性的地面空袭报警系统，以便战斗机驾驶员及时拦击敌机。
为了增强空军的战斗力，1940年10月，陈纳德赴美招募志愿者，虽然遭遇了很多挫折，但从未放弃。
经过将近一年的艰苦努力，志愿队组建成功，后被编入美国陆军航空队.1942年12月7日，珍珠港事件爆发，太平洋战争全面展开。
20日，志愿队在昆明和日军进行第一次正面交锋。
日军来犯的10架轰炸机有6架被击落，逃跑的4架中又有3架损于途中，而志愿队的飞机全部安全返航，只有1名驾驶员受轻伤。
历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文(含答案)
历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文（2023年1月浙江卷）CA machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the sys tem knows what it's talking about.”What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.28.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph?A.To explain the use of a software program.B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater.C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater.D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition.29.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Arguments.B. Doubts.C. Errors.D. Differences.30.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond?A. Create rules.B. Comprehend meaning.C. Talk fluently.D. Identify difficult words.31.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed.C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.（2023年1月浙江卷）DAccording to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed ( 安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Mackn ick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” s olar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home garde ns, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soilimprovement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.32.What do solar developers often ignore?A.The decline in the demand for solar energy.B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms.D.The most recent advances in solar technology.33.What does InSPIRE aim to do?A.Improve the productivity of local farms.B.Invent new methods for controlling weeds.C.Make solar projects environmentally friendly.D.Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.34.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?A. To conserve pollinators.B. To restrict solar development.C. To diversify the economy.D. To ensure the supply of energy.35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Pollinators: To Leave or to StayB. Solar Energy: Hope for the FutureC. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Solar Farms: A New Development(2022年全国乙卷）CCan a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s eyes in the sky technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-valueservices for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.B.Drones ability to work at high altitudes.C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.D. Drones reliable performance in remote areas.29. What does maintenance underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Personnel safety.B. Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair.D. Construction of infrastructure.30. What function is expected of the rail drones?A. To provide early warning.B. To make trains run automatically.C. To earn profits for the crews.D. To accelerate transportation.31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB. How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC. What Difficulty Drone Development Will FaceD. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways（2022年全国Ⅰ卷）DHuman speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touchingthe lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.（2022年全国Ⅱ卷）DAs we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner."Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of non aerobic（无氧）exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health."We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump（泵送）a lot more blood during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says."The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The right way of exercising.B. The causes of a heart attack.C. The difficulty of keeping fit.D. The aging process of the heart.33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A. Diet plan.B. Professional background.C. Exercise type.D. Previous physical condition.34. What does Levine's research find?A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?A. Making use of the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.C. Conducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.（2022年北京卷）DQuantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of do llars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparin g what we are doing with others.”Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend oranyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?A.His dominance in physics.B.The competition in the field.C.His confidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment of tech companies.33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?A.Open.B.Cool.eful.D.Resistant.34. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?（2022年浙江卷）BAll around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to natur e is often not that easy,” says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from theatmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.24. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?A. It has achieved notable success.B. It is led by a number of schools.C. It began in Europe in the 1970s.D. It will spread to the countryside.25. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?A. To promote eco-tourism.B. To improve forestry research.C. To popularise gardening.D. To get people close to nature.26. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.C. They are foreign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.（2021年全国Ⅱ卷）DAn Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags （标签）on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape，color and texture （质地）of grass. That way，cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concems about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their valuehas risen, making them appealing targets.32.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?A. Soil pollution.ck of workers.C.Aging machines.D. Low profitability.33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?A.Monitor the quality of grass.B.Cure the diseased cattle.C.Move cattle to another field.D.Predict weather changes.34.Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?A. He wants to help them earn a living.B.He thinks men can do the job better.C. He is inexperienced in using robots.D.He enjoys the traditional way of life.35.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?A.Increase the value of cattle.B. Bring down the cost of labor.C.Make the job more appealing.D.Keep cattle from being stolen.（2021年全国乙卷）You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin V on Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of V on Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, V on Wong wanted to illustrate（说明）a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” V on Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（倾倒）from a truck all at once.V on Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.28.What are V on Wong's artworks intended for？______A.Beautifying the city he lives in.B.Introducing eco-friendly products.C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D.Reducing garbage on the beach.29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3？______A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.B.To explain why they are useful.C.To voice his views on modern art.D.To find a substitute for them.30. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers？______A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text？______A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic SafetyB.Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC.Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures（2020全国I卷）DThe connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow（发光）in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team f ound that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can besprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source（电源）—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants’ lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?（2020年全国II卷）BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.。
说明文——2024届高考英语高考阅读理解文体分类练(含答案)
说明文——2024届高考英语高考阅读理解文体分类练学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Medical artificial intelligence (AI) can perform with expert-level accuracy and deliver cost- effective care. IBM's Watson diagnoses (诊断) heart disease better than cardiologists (心脏病专家) do. Chatbots give better medical advice to patients in place of nurses. Some forecast that medical AI will enter 90% of hospitals and replace as much as 80% of what doctors currently do. Yet, as our recent research suggests, patients show a strong resistance to medical AI.The reason, we found, is not the belief that AI provides lower care. Nor is it that patients think that AI is more costly or less informative. Rather, resistance to medical AI seems to come from a belief that AI does not take into account one's specific circumstances. People view themselves as unique. By contrast, they think medical care delivered by AI providers is suited to treat an average patient but unsuitable to account for the unique circumstances that apply to an individual. No wonder that medical AI providers are given a cold welcome.There are a number of steps that care providers can take to overcome patients' resistance to medical AI. For example, if an AI provider is capable of tailoring its recommendation for whether to have a surgery to each patient's unique characteristics and medical history, patients would be likely to follow the treatment recommendations of the AI provider. In addition, health care providers could also deliver individualized health care by explaining how the algorithms (算法) work and sharing patients' reviews with the media. Having a physician confirm the recommendation of an AI provider should make people more willing to accept AI-based care. People are comfortable using medical AI if a physician remains in charge of the ultimate decision.AI-based health care technologies are being developed and employed at an impressivethem will require that we first overcome patients' doubt of having an algorithm, rather than a person making decisions about their care.1．What made people resist the medical AI?A. A sufferer's temper ignored by medical AI.B. People's lasting trust in a human doctor's ability.C. The concern about its personalization in treatment.D. The accuracy of the information from medical AI.2．What can be a solution to patients' resistance according to the author?A. Treating sufferers as average patients.B. Providing a more specific treatment.C. Getting the algorithms prioritized in time.D. Keeping away from the influence of a physician.3．Which word can replace the underlined word "harnessing" in the last paragraph?A. Weakening.B. Storing.C. Destroying.D. Using.4．What is the suitable title for the text?A. Advantages of Medical AIB. Potential Application of AIC. How AI Replaces Nurses in HealthcareD. The Challenge That Medical AI FacesWith nearly a quarter of global greenhouse gas coming from all types of transportation, can we keep ourselves off gas-powered vehicles to avoid the worst effects? As more governments push for urgent action on climate change, quite a few companies are betting their future—that millions of consumers are finally ready for electric-powered vehicles. Modern battery-powered cars are selling fast and zero-emission(排放) planes are coming. These changes, both leading to a more sustainable future, are reinventing how we get from here to there.Cars and trucks have undergone their greatest improvement since the automobile's existence more than a century ago. Almost overnight, the era of the electric car has arrived. Electricity has the advantage that it works without smell and with less noise. Global annual sales of electric vehicles are expected to soar from just over 3 million today to 14 million by2025. Just a month after Ford unveiled an electric version of the popular F-150, customers had reserved more than 100,000 of them. The price is about $10,000 above the gas-powered one, but Ford says the electric model will cost much less to maintain. Everything creating a green revolution on the ground is of limited help in the sky for the time being.High-storage batteries are useless at present when it comes to the technological challenge of launching a few hundred people into the sky and carrying them thousands of miles. No battery yet invented can power, say, a Boeing 747 from New York to London. Promising improvements, however, do add up. Developments with zero-emission, battery-powered electric engines are already happening in commercial flights, involving trips of limited duration and distance. Airlines specializing in short journeys with small planes will lead theway to electric flights.Our planet's health depends on zeroing out carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, and yet, by the timetable needed to address the climate challenge, the shift away from gas-powered vehicles remains far too slow. Nevertheless, the train has left the station. Someday, electric-powered transportation will be as common5．Why are many companies switching to electric-powered vehicles?A.To reinvent the way we travel.B.To cut the costs of car production.C.To improve the quality of products.D.To pursue sustainable development.6．What do we know about the electric car?A.It came into use a century ago.B.It enjoys increasing popularity.C.It sells better than the traditional one.D.It costs less than the gas-powered one. 7．What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 3?A.To show the disadvantages of battery power.B.To emphasize the significance of short flights.C.To state the developments of commercial flights.D.To stress the future prospects of electric planes.8．What does the author mean by saying "the train has left the station"?A.Train transportation has improved.B.Green transportation is on its way.C.The electric train is running regularly.D.The gas-powered train has become the past.Technology has revolutionized (使革命化) the way we work in many ways. One of the most significant changes has been the shift towards remote and flexible work. With the rise of internet and cloud-based software, workers are no longer tied to a physical office and can work from anywhere with an internet connection. This has allowed for greater flexibility and work-life balance, as well as reduced commuting (通勤) time and costs.Another major change is the increasing use of automation and artificial intelligence in the workplace. This has the potential to increase efficiency and productivity, as well as reduce the need for certain types of work. However, it also raises concerns about job displacement and the need for workers to adapt to new technologies.Finally, technology has greatly expanded the types of jobs available. With the rise of the gig (临时工) economy and freelance (自由职业者) work, workers can now find opportunities in areas such as graphic design (平面设计), copywriting (文案撰写), and socialmedia management. This has created opportunities for individuals to work in areas that were previously inaccessible or did not exist.9．What is the shift in the way we work brought about by technology?A. Flexible and remote work.B. Tying people to a physical office.C. Increased commuting and travel.D. Higher costs and lower productivity. 10．What is the impact of internet and cloud-based software on the way we work?A. It has reduced work-life balance.B. It has increased commuting time and costs.C. It has allowed for greater flexibility and work-life balance.D. It has caused job displacement.11．What are the potential benefits of automation and AI in the workplace?A. Increased job displacement.B. Reduced efficiency and productivity.C. Increased efficiency and productivity.D. Increased commuting and travel.12．What has technology allowed for in terms of job availability?A. Technology has decreased the number of available jobs.B. Technology has created opportunities for individuals to work in areas that were previously inaccessible or did not exist.C. Technology has only impacted traditional office jobs.D. Technology has increased commuting time and costs.Penguins are survivors. Modern species of the adorable birds resist freezing temperatures or dive deep in swift currents. In fact, penguins have been doing their adorable thing for millions of years. Prehistoric penguin species date back to the days of the dinosaurs. A team of researchers in New Zealand have discovered one more member of the ancient family, a tiny and distinctly precious species newly known as Eudyptula wilsonae. Its name, which comes from a New Zealand respected seabird researcher Kerry-Jayne Wilson MNZM, means Wilson's little penguin. Explaining in their recent paper, the researchers detail how the examination of small fossilized skulls(颅骨) led to the classification of this cute creature who lived 50 million years ago.Two fossils were discovered on New Zealand's North Island. Only the skulls are still in existence, and they are slightly narrower than those of modern little penguins which currently frolic(嬉戏) along the island's coasts. From the one young and one adult skull, the researchers determined it was a new species. They likely stood just about a foot tall and weighed2 pounds, much like the modern penguins. In fact, the new species may bea late Pliocene ancestor of the modern birds."This is important when thinking about the origins of these penguins, the evolution of the seabird diversity of New Zealand and the dynamic environment in which they live," co-author Daniel Thomas said in a statement. "For one thing, the climate has changed a lot over this time, and this lineage has been robust(强健的) to those changes." In fact, recent warming has resulted in new challenges for modern little penguins-many starved to death in 2022 as fish moved to cooler waters beyond the diving abilities of the penguins.Ancient penguins' ability to survive when temperatures were warmer in their own time might have modern applications. As cute as these fossilized small penguins are, the modern variety needs humans to look beyond their sweet nature to recognize the complexity of their survival.13．What is Eudyptula wilsonae's name related to?A. A site.B. A shape.C. A person.D. Penguin's appearance.14．What is the feature of the new species?A. They look like modern birds.B.They enjoyed playing by the coasts.C. They share similar heights to modern penguins.D. They are heavier than modern penguins.15．What can be inferred from the third paragraph?A. Thomas attached insufficient importance to the finding.B. The living environment of penguins is worsening.C. The changing climate has little effect on penguins.D. Many fish died due to changes in water temperature.16．Where is the text most likely from?A. An essay from a scientific magazine.B. An introduction to a book.C.A guidebook to biology research.D. A review of penguins' evolution.“Pale Moon rains. Red Moon blows. White Moon neither rains nor snows.” For generations, people have watched the Moon for signs of changes in the weather. The Moon does, in fact, affect the Earth’s climate and weather patterns in different ways.The most obvious effect the Moon has on the Earth can be seen in the ocean tides. A world without tides would have very different weather systems. Tides are one factor that influences the movement of ocean currents, which move warm or cool water around the Earth. Thus, the water temperature changes. Warm ocean currents bring warmer and wetter weather,while cold ocean currents bring colder and drier weather.the amount of Arctic ice. Tidal forces (潮汐力) act to break up ice sheets and change ocean heat flows, changing the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean. Satellite measurements have shown that the poles are 0.55℃ warmer during a full Moon.The Moon’s influence, sometimes slight and sometimes strong, has had an important impact on life on Earth. Some scientists argue that it is the Moon that made life possible in the first place. The Moon makes the Earth move steadily as it is spinning (自转), helping to give us a steady climate. Without it, the Earth would lose balance. The Moon is our closest friend, without which the Earth would be a very lonely place.17．Why do people watch the Moon according to Paragraph 1?A. To appreciate the moon.B. To record weather patterns.C. To prepare for extreme weather.D. To observe signs of weather changes 18．What impact does the Moon have on the Earth?A. It influences water temperatureB. It makes weather hard to predictC. It turns the earth colder and drier.D. It changes the size of ocean currents. 19．What does the underlined word “fluctuations” mean?A. Change.B. Increase.C. Flow.D. Measurement. 20．What is the best title for the passage?A. Changes of Ocean Heat Flows.B. Patterns of the Earth’s Climate.C. Causes of Changes in Polar Weather.D. Effects of the Moon on Global Weather Osa is an athletic yet stubborn 62-pound German shepherd. The six-year-old dog has mastered the art of sniffing(嗅,闻) out cancer and is key to a research project that has the potential to change oncology(肿瘤学).Osa is part of an ambitious effort launched five years ago at the University of Pennsylvania that aims to develop one of the most powerful scent-detection(气味探测) machines in the world: the canine nose. She is able to distinguish between blood samples (样本) taken from cancer patients and healthy people simply by sniffing them.In fact, Osa is one of five cancer-detection dogs trained by Annemarie DeAngelo and her workmates at the university’s Penn Vet Working Dog Centre. The most important goal is to develop an “electronic sniffer” that can have similar cancer-sniffing superpowers of Osa and her pals. Osa arrived at the Penn Vet Working Dog Centre from a breeder at two months ofage. Ever since, she has taken training. The process is demanding, challenging and repeated until the dog has mastered the most basic task of all. Finally, she has succeeded in sniffing out cancer. To change Osa’s outstanding abilities into an electronic nose, researchers use a similar way to train the machine.An electronic nose prototype(原型,模型) has been built, and it’s successful in sniffing out cancer 90 to 95 percent of the time. That team has also correctly detected different types of cancer, and is building a cancer-detecting device for the National Institutes of Health. One aim is to be able to distinguish between early-stage and late-stage cancer. “It would be amazing to ide ntify people at an early stage and really have an effect on saving lives,” says a researcher. “The dogs have been able to detect that. With that ability, a blood test could be sent to a central lab, or ideally performed in a doctor’s office, making some hi dden cancers a thing of the past. We expect that the cancer-sniffer device will be completed soon. 21．What can we learn about Osa from the first two paragraphs?A. She uses nose to detect the presence of cancer.B. She can change the course of the oncology.C. She was too stubborn to join the research.D. She used to be an athletic German shepherd.22．Which of the following best describes the training according to Paragraph 3?A. Purposeful.B. Boring.C. Strict.D. Endless.23．What can we infer from t he researcher’s words?A. Distinguishing cancers is important in early experiments.B. Blood tests will be more difficult in the future.C. There will be more dogs tested for detecting cancer.D. The hidden cancers may be detected by an electronic nose soon.24．What is the text mainly about?A. The result of a study on dogs’ life.B. The role of dogs in detecting cancers.C. The importance of having a blood test.D. The ways to distinguish cancers.参考答案1．答案：C解析：细节理解题。
高考语文科技类说明文阅读复习题
掌门1对1教育高中语文高三语文测试—科技类说明文阅读一在英国权威的科学杂志《自然》上刊登的一篇美国科学家的论文说，研究人员在实验室里把抗虫害转基因玉米“BT 玉米”的花粉撒在苦苣菜叶上，然后让蝴蝶幼虫啃食这些菜叶。
四天之后，有44%的幼虫死亡，活着的幼虫身体也较小，而且没有精神。
而另一组幼虫啃食撒有普通玉米花粉的菜叶，就没有发生类似现象。
另据英国科学家的研究，与一般大豆相比，耐除草剂的转基因大豆中，防癌的成分异黄酮减少了。
这些结论引起了科学家的担心，也引起了世界范围的不安。
苏格兰科学家普斯陶伊的转基因土豆研究，情况却有所不同。
去年秋季，普斯陶伊称，自己一项未经发表的实验结果证明，年幼老鼠食用转基因土豆10天后，其肾脏、脾和消化道都出现损伤，而且免疫系统也遭到破坏，他将这一切归咎于对土豆的基因操作本身。
他的结论据说得到了14个国家20名科学家的支持。
但英国最具权威的科研机构英国皇家学会宣布，该学会组织的6人专家组经过详细评估发现，他的研究无论在设计上，还是在操作和数据上，都充满漏洞，他的结论无法成立。
然而，这场在英国引起并跨出国界的轩然大波却至今未平。
转基因技术是一项先进的生物科学技术，这一点已在世界范围内取得共识。
美国是转基因技术最先进的国家，据统计，美国的大学、科研机关和企业等已经开发出上百个转基因作物品种，其中仅有43个品种的安全性得到了美国食品和药物管理局的确认。
面临转基因玉米和大豆正在进行大面积种植与大量出口以及由此引发争议的现状，美国国家科学院已经郑重承诺，将就转基因食品的安全性问题展开全面调查。
看来，在发展转基因技术的同时，也是应当注意吸取任何一种现代工业技术发展过程中的教训的。
1．引起“科学家的担心”和“世界范围的不安”的原因是（）A．“BT 玉米”抗虫害能力并不能达到百分之百，某些转基因大豆可能会致癌。
B．某些转基因作物会对生态环境造成污染，还有一些会削弱作物对人体健康的作用。
C．转基因作物会毒杀昆虫或影响昆虫的发育，并会降低人体自身的防癌功能。
高考英语阅读理解复习-科技类20篇(含解析)
科技类词汇对应阅读passage1A snake﹣robot designer，a technologist，an extradimensional physicist and a journalist walk into a room.The journalist turns to the crowd and asks：Should we build houses on the ocean？Like a think﹣tank panel，members of the team dream up far﹣out answers to the crucial problem，such as self﹣driving housing units that could park on top of one another in the coastal city center.The setting is X，the enterprise which considers more than100ideas each year，in areas ranging from clean energy to artificial intelligence.Although only a tiny percentage become"projects"with far﹣reaching creativity，these projects exist，ultimately，to change the world，like Waymo，the biggest self﹣driving﹣car company.In the past60years，something strange has happened.As the academic study of creativity has thrived （蓬勃发展），the label innovation may have covered every tiny change of a soda can or a toothpaste flavor，but the rate of productivity growth has been mostly declining since the1970s.John Fernald，an economist，points out that the notable exception to the post﹣1970decline in productivity occurred when businesses throughout the economy finally figured out the breakthrough technology﹣information technology.John Fernald says，"It's possible that productivity took off，because we picked all the low﹣hanging fruit from the IT wave."Actually，the world economy continues to harvest the benefits of IT.But where will the next technology shock come from？Breakthrough technology results from two distinct activities﹣invention and innovation.Invention is typically the work of scientists and researchers in labs，while innovation is an invention put to commercial use.Seldom do the two activities occur successfully under the same roof.They tend to thrive in opposite conditions；while competition and consumer choice encourage innovation，invention has historically progressed in labs that are protected from the pressure to generate profit.Allowing well﹣funded and diverse teams to try to solve big problems is what gave us the computer and the Internet.Today，we fail to give attention to planting the seeds of this kind of ambitious research，while complaining about the harvest."Companies are really good at combining existing breakthroughs in ways that consumers like.But the breakthroughs come from patient and curious scientists，not the rush to market，"says Jon Gertner，the author of The Idea Factory."Technology is a tall tree，"John Fernald said."But planting the seeds of invention and harvesting the fruit of innovation are entirely distinct skills，often mastered by different organizations and separated by manyyears."As for me，both of them are essential for technology，although they are relatively independent.I don't think X is a planter or a harvester，actually.It is like building taller ladders.Nobody knows for sure what，if anything，the employees at such enterprises are going to find up on those ladders.But they're reaching.At least someone is.（1）What is the main purpose of the first two paragraphs？A．To present the process of group discussion.B．To illustrate X's worry about big problems.C．To reveal the importance of the crazy ideas.D．To stress the varied backgrounds of the team.（2）What can we learn from the passage？A．Breakthroughs must stand the test of the market.B．Innovation on necessities can promote productivity.C．Invention develops slowly under the pressure of profit.D．The harvest of innovation lies in some ambitious research.（3）Regarding John Fernald's view on technology，the author is.A．supportiveB．cautiousC．uncertainD．critical（4）What can be inferred about X from the passage？A．It will focus on innovation.B．It will have its outcome soon.C．It may give in to its fruitless reality.D．It may bring an encouraging outlook.【分析】这是一篇说明文。
高考英语真题科技说明文阅读理解精选训练(含答案)
高考真题阅读理解科技说明文汇编（科技类说明文是阅读中的难点，学生容易失分，有很大的区分度。
因此，开展有针对性的训练很有必要，本汇编精选近年高考真题，以求把握难度，总结规律，达到事半功倍的效果，）（2020全国卷I ）话题：植物新科技DThe connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show whe n they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow（发光）in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source（电源）—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants’ lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?（2019全国卷I ）话题：利用生物信息进行身份识别CAs data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence （节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard couldoffer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to —regardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word ＂touch＂four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?A. Computers are much easier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?A. It’ll be environment-friendly.B. It’ll reach consumers soon.C. It’ll be made of plastics.D. It’ll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine.（2018全国卷I）话题：不同电器设备耗电研究DWe may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what’s the solution (解决方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.(2020全国卷II) 话题：海狸鼠毛皮的利用问题CWhen you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装）enthusiasts are tryingto bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have（showcased）nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”,says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species（物种）.It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us." says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He s ays it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A. To promote guilt-free fur.B. To expand the fashion market.C. To introduce a new brand.D. To celebrate a winter holiday.29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.B. Nutria are an endangered species.C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Boomed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?A. It’s formal.B. It’s risky.C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditional.（2017全国卷I）话题：户外自制蒸馏器DA buld-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器）is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup —to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up —and out —the side of the hole.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment zxxk out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A. It’s delicate.B. It’s expensive.C. It’s complex.D. It’s portable.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube.B. The still.C. The hole.D. The cup.34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?A. Dig a hole of a certain size.B. Put the cup in place.C. Weight the sheet’s center down.D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .A. the plastic tubeB. outside the holeC. the open airD. beneath the sheet（2016全国卷I）话题: 不同文化背景下的沉默内涵The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry. Silen ce may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gapwith conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and vie w it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of co mmunicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is spea king and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person inauthority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.32.What does the author say about silence in conversations?A.It implies anger.B.It promotes friendship.C.It is culture-specific.D.It is content-based.33.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A.The Chinese.B.The French.C.The Mexicans.D.The Russians.34.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.B.Break it while treating patients.C.Evaluate its harm to patients.D.Make use of its healing effects.35.What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold参考答案：DACCDCBAADBAAADBDBCDCADB。
高考英语外刊阅读天天练科技说明文阅读理解专题
高考英语外刊阅读天天练：科技说明文阅读理解专题①Women with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) tend to have more symptoms than men and are more likely to develop increasingly severe symptoms over time, according to initial results from a major study.It is already known that women are at higher risk of CFS, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and the latest study, called DecodeME, provides new insights into how their experience differs from men. The study found that women who have ME/ CFS for more than 10 years are more likely to experience increasingly severe symptoms as they age.ME/CFS is estimated to affect more than 250,000 people in the UK, of all ages and from all social and economic backgrounds. A key feature, called post-exertional malaise, is a dramatic worsening of symptoms after minor physical effort. Other symptoms include pain, brain fog and extreme fatigue that does not improve with rest.Scientists are still working to understand the causes of ME/CFS, although there is some evidence that infections can trigger the condition, while a recent study suggested that a protein may disrupt cells’ ability to generate energy. There is currently no diagnostic test or cure and doctors continue to be divided on the best way to help patients recover or manage symptoms. The latest research analysed anonymous survey questionnaires from more than 17,000 people with ME/ CFS. Women reported, on average, more symptoms than men: 42, compared with 36. The most common of these symptoms were brain fog (a term commonly used to describe the cognitive impairment experienced by participants), unrefreshing sleep and muscle pain. Experts also identified that being a woman and having ME/CFS for more than 10 years increased the risk of severe symptoms, which increase in intensity as people age.Sonya Chowdhury, the chief executive of Action for ME and chair of the management group of the study, said: “These findings highlight the very serious impact ME/CFS has on women, who are disproportionately affected. It’s important to also recognise the impact that it has on men who have ME/CFS.” In the next stage of the study, the researchers hope to recruit further participants and analyse at least 20,000 individual DNA samples to explore whether there is a genetic component to ME/CFS.【The Guardian (August 24, 2023)】1. What conclusion did the study DecodeME come to?A. Women are at higher risk of CFS than menB. Women are more likely to suffer myalgic encephalomyelitisC. Women who are affected by CFS / ME have different experience from the men counterpartsD.Men who have ME/ CFS are more likely to experience severe symptoms as they age2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. ME/CFS is estimated to be the most quickly spread disease in the UKB. Brain fog is a dramatic worsening of symptoms after minor physical effortC. Post-exertional malaise is rare as ME/ CFS symptomsD. There is no best way at present to help patients recover or manage symptoms of ME/ CFS3. What does the data indicate in the fifth paragraph?A. The latest research didn’t survey enough questionnairesB. Averagely, Women with ME/ CFS reported more symptoms than menC.The cognitive impairment is more experienced by men participantsD. Women will definitely become severe as they age4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. These findings are of great value to ME/CFS researchB. the research has fatal mistake which needs to be completely wiped outC. the research has confirmed that there is a genetic component to ME/CFS.D. various individual DNA samples are neededScientists have solved the mystery of why tens of thousands of octopuses cluster on the foothills of a giant underwater mountain, two miles down off the coast of California. The pearl octopuses, so named because from a distance they look like scattered gems, seek out warm water seeping through the seabed and use it to speed up the hatching of their eggs. This was the initial hunch scientists had when they discovered the “octopus garden” near Davidson Seamount in 2018, the second of four known deep-sea octopus aggregations(聚集).Returning more than a dozen times with a remotely operated deep-diving robot, a team led by researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) gathered evidence that backs up this theory and provides astonishing new insights into life in the deep.The mauve, grapefruit-sized female octopuses each lay about 60 eggs and cement them to the bare rock, then guard them until they hatch. Temperature probes showed the water bathing the eggs ranged from 5C to 10C (40-50F), while less than a metre away it dropped to a frigid 1.6C. Revisiting individual nests, the team saw that rather than taking a decade or longer to hatch, as would happen in the very cold deep sea, baby octopuses emerge from their cosy nests after less than two years, dramatically boosting their chances of survival.Based on photographs covering a small portion of the site, researchers estimate the entire 333-hectare garden contains more than 20,000 octopuses, the largest aggregation scientists have found.Time-lapse cameras left among the nests tracked the molluscs’ comings and goings. “Instead of this horde of octopuses, they turned into a bunch of individuals,” says the leading scientist Barry. All through the year, new adult females and males arrived. They were never seen feeding and were never joined by smaller octopuses, indicating that the site is used exclusively for mating and nesting. As with most octopuses, male pearl octopus die shortly after mating, while females try to hang on until their eggs hatch. Barry describes seeing sea anemones chewing on octopus carcasses. These and other scavengers form a thriving ecosystem sustained by the dead octopuses. A short way off, in similar areas of rocky seabed, animal life is far less dense.Mysteries remain, including how far the octopuses migrate to the nest sites and whether, like salmon, they return to the spot where they were born. Octopuses have a good sense of smell and may follow the scent plume drifting from so many of their dead relatives.【The Guardian (August 24, 2023)】1. What did scientists feel when they discovered the “octopus garden” in 2018A. The pearl octopuses are so named because from a distance they look like scattered gemsB. Octopuses cluster to use the warm water to speed up the hatching of their eggsC. The pearl octopuses usually inhabit on the foothills of a giant underwater mountainD. Octopuses are hard to speed up the hatching of their eggs2. What did the remotely operated deep-diving robot find?A. Baby octopuses emerge from their nests after a decade or longerB.The temperature of the water in the “octopus garden” is around 1.6CC. Female octopuses each lay about 60 eggs and guard them until they hatchD. The very cold deep sea dramatically boosts the chances of octopus’s survival3. Why does Barry say“instead of this horde of octopuses, they turned into a bunch of individuals” ?A. The “octopus garden” is the largest aggregation scientists have foundB. The “octopus garden” is used only for mating and nesting instead of feedingC. The “octopus garden” is only composed of females trying to hatch their eggsD. The “octopus garden” is a thriving ecosystem sustained by the dead octopuses4. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. An octopus’s garden in the shade is discovered in the deep seaB. A remotely operated deep-diving robot is used to explore the deep seaC.Female octopuses migrate to two miles down off the coast of CaliforniaD. Octopuses cluster on the foothills of a giant underwater mountain to prevent huntingDigestion problems such as constipation or difficulty swallowing can double the chance of Parkinson’s disease, according to research. A study has established that four gut conditions could be an early warning sign of Parkinson’s disease. It “is the first to establish substantial observational evidence” that a clinical diagnosis of gut issues “might specifically predict the development of Parkinson’s disease”, the authors conclude.Researchers compared the medical records of 24,624 people in the US with Parkinson’s, 19,046 people with Alzheimer’s and 23,942 people with cerebrovascular disease(心脑血管疾病). Those with Parkinson’s were matched with patients in the other groups for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and length of diagnosis to compare the frequency of gastrointestinal（胃肠的）conditions in the six years before diagnosis. They also compared the medical records of everyone in the study diagnosed with any of 18 gut conditions to those without that particular condition over five years to see how many of them developed Parkinson’s disease or other neurological disorders.Both comparisons found a higher risk of a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis for patients with gut issues. Those with constipation, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and gastroparesis, where food takes longer to move from the stomach into the small intestine, were more than twice as likely to develop Parkinson’s disease in the five years before diagnosis, while IBS without diarrhoea was associated with a 17% higher risk. Some gastrointestinal symptoms, including functional dyspepsia (burning sensation or fullness of the stomach with no obvious cause), IBS with diarrhoea, and diarrhoea plus faecal incontinence, were found to be more common among patients who developed Parkinson’s disease too.However, other gut issues such as inflammatory bowel disease did not increase the likelihood of developing Parkinson’s, the study found. And patients who had their appendix removed were less likely to develop Parkinson’s, the authors calculated. They added that the findings “warrant alertness” for gut issues in those patients at higher risk of Parkinson’s disease and call for further investigation of the links between gastrointestinal conditions and Alzheimer’s, strokes and aneurysms.Kim Barrett, vice-dean for research at the University of California, Davis, said that it may be important for doctors to “take note” of these gut conditions when evaluating patients at risk for Parkinson’s, “even prior to the onset of neurological symptoms”, but urged caution.【The Guardian (August 25, 2023)】1. What kind of close relationship does the study reveal?A. Gut issues and digestion problemsB. difficulty swallowing and observational evidenceC. Gut issues and Parkinson’s diseaseD. cerebrovascular disease and digestion problems2. How does researchers conduct the study?A. by citing dataB. by referring to previous paperC. by grouping and comparingD. by theoretical research3. Which of the following conclusions is true?A. Those with IBS without diarrhoea was associated with a 17% higher risk to develop Parkinson in the five years before diagnosisB. Inflammatory bowel disease did increase the likelihood of developing ParkinsonC. Patients who had their appendix removed were at higher risk of developing ParkinsonD. Some gastrointestinal symptoms were found to be less common among Parkinson’s patients4. What’s the best title of the passage?A. Differences should be found among Parkinson, Alzheimer and cerebrovascular diseaseB. Digestion issues could be warning sign of Parkinson’s diseaseC. All gut conditions could be an early warning sign of Parkinson’s diseaseD. What doctors should do to solve gut conditionsBCBA CCAB。
阅读理解(科普类说明文)
2020高考英语全国II卷BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidence.B. Developing spatial skills.C. Learning self-control.D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imagination.C. Parents’ education.D. Child-parent relationship.26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?A. They play with puzzles more often.B. They tend to talk less during the game.C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method.B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologistD. A teaching program.2020山东卷阅读理解DAccording to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she’s having” effect. However, we’ll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.15. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.2020深圳第二次线上测试Pinocchio may be just a children’s fairy tale, but Spanish scientists at the University of Granada recently investigated this so-called “Pinocchio effect” and found that our noses don’t grow when we tell a lie, but actually shrink a bit.Dr. Gómez Milán and his team developed a lie detector test that used thermography（体温计）to tell if people were lying, and found that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful, the temperature of the tip of their nose dropped up to 1.2℃, while the temperature of their forehead increased up to 1.5℃. Scientist also found that drop in temperature at nose level actually caused it to slightly shrink, although the difference is undetected by the human eye.“One has to think in order to lie, which rises the temperature of the forehead,” Dr. Gómez Milán explained the findings. “At the same time we feel anxious, which lowers the temperature of the nose.”For this study, researchers asked a number of 60 students to perform various tasks while their temperature is scanned by technology. One of these tasks required making a 3 to 4 minutes call to their parents or a friend and telling a significant lie. Participants had to make up the lie themselves during the call. Interestingly, this lie detector picked up the “Pinocchio effect” temperature difference in 80 percent of the test subjects, which is a better rate of success than that of any modern lie detector.“With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy”, said Dr. Gómez Milán, who added that law enforcement interviewers could one day combine other lie detection technology with thermal imaging to achieve better results.1.Why does the writer talk about Pinocchio in the first paragraph?A.To tell a fairy tale.B.To give an example.C.To talk about a scientist.D.To introduce the topic.2.What is “Pinocchio effect”?A.Our noses will grow when we tell a lie.B.Our noses will shrink when we tell a lie.C.The temperature of the forehead falls if we lie.D.The temperature of the student rises for anxiety.3.How did Dr. Gómez Milán feel about the lie detector?A.Doubtful.B.Surprised.C.Confident.D.Puzzled.4.What lesson can we learn from the text?A.A lie will travel very hard.B.Many ways to bring a liar to light.C.A lie never lives to be old.D.Once a liar always a liar.2018北京高考阅读CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alon e was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. The ir findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains, “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.2020高考英语全国II卷B keys:BCDB24.B 细节理解题。
(完整)高考英语阅读理解科普类说明文4篇--较难(有答案)
高考英语说明文4篇1Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t makeus tire. It sounds absurd/əb'sɜːd/荒谬的. But a years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage 阶段of fatigue /fə'tiːg/(疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we tooka drop of blood from a day laborer劳动者, we would find it fullof fatigue toxins /'tɒksɪn/ (毒素) and fatigue products. But if wetook blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show nofatigue toxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly很快地at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain istotally tireless. So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional(情绪的) attitudes. One of England’s most outstanding scientists, J.A. Hadfield, says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin /'ɒrɪdʒɪn/起源. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.”Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction?No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety/æŋ'zaɪətɪ/焦虑, tenseness紧张, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated---those are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.1. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?A. Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood.B. Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn after a day’s work.C. The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.D. A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.2. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?A. Challenging mental work.B. Unpleasant emotions.C. Endless tasks.D. Physical labo3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ idea?A. He agrees with them.B. He doubts them.C. He argues against them.D. He hesitates to accept them.4. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to ________.A. have some good food.B. enjoy their workC. exercise regularlyD. discover fatigue toxins2They baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quietbut alert /ə'lɜːt/（警觉）. Twenty centimeters厘from her face researchershave placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze（凝视）starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots,is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness 名，新奇? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise （同样地）when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.5. The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s__.A. sense of hearingB. sense of sightC. sense of touch D sense of smell6. Babies are sensitive to the change in______.A. the size of cardsB. the colour of picturesC. the shape of patternsD. the number of objects7. Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.B. To see howbabies recognize sounds.C. To carry their experiment further.D. To keep the babies’interest.8. Where does this text probably come from?A. Science fiction.B. Children’s literature.C. An advertisement.D.A science report3Last night’s meteor(流星) 英/'miːtɪə/ shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding 苛求的；要求高的；吃力的answers. According to Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valley’s mayor市长, people gathered in thesuburbs /'sʌbɜːb/of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightene by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead. “My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointments.”Astronomers- /ə'strɒnəmə/n. 天文学家--scientists who study stars and planets---- have beencomplaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fightagainst it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur /ˈæmətə(r)/美 /'æmə.tʃʊr/n. 爱好者star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的)birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “100million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes 撞碎with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animals casualties(伤亡）result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase pers on’s chances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona/,æri'zəunə/美 /,æri'zəunə/n. 美国亚利桑那州, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.英 /əb'zɜːvət(ə)rɪ/美 /əb'zɝvətɔri/n. 天文台；气象台；瞭望台Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement isunderway 进行中的to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so thatother creatures can share the night.9.It happened last night thatA. the city’s lights affected the meteor watchingB. the meteors flew past before being noticedC. the city light show attracted many peopleD. the meteor watching ended up a social outing10. What do the astronomers complain about?A. Meteor showers occur less often than beforeB. Their observation equipment is in poor repairC. Light pollution has remained unsolved for yearsD. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting11. What the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?A. Birds may take other migration pathsB. Animals living habits may changesuddenlyC. Varieties of animals will become sharplyreducedD. Animals’ survival is threatened byoutdoor lighting12. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona areput into effect toA. Lessen the chance of getting cancerB. create an ideal observation conditionC. ensure citizens a good sleep at nightD. enable all creatures to live in harmony13.What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselvesB. Great efforts should be made to save energyC. Human activities should be environmentally friendlyD. New equipment should be introduced for space study4Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know，however，that they existed over 5,500years ago in ancient Asia.The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5，100 years old. Evidence suggests thatwheels for transport didn't become popular for .while, though . This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carryingfarming tools and humans around.But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design.In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design of road--a base layer (层)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman苏格兰人improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs英 /hʌb/美 /hʌb/n. 中心；毂；木片(the central part of a wheel)、came into being, followed by the Wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(泊油路). As wheel design took off,vehicles got faster and faster.14. What might explain why transport wheels didn’t become popular for some time?A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.B. Humans carried farming tools just aswell. C. Animals were a good means oftransport.D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.15. What do we know about road design from the passage?A. It was easier than wheel design.B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.16. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By giving examples.B. By making comparisons.C.By following time order.D.By making classifications.17.What is the passage mainly about ?A.The beginning of road deaign.B.The development of transport wheel.C.The history of public transport.D.The invention of fast-moving vehicles.。
2023届高考英语 时文阅读 航天航空
2022届高考英语时文阅读航天航空“It will be marvelous. It will be spiritual.” This is the ____1____ tagline that Virgin Galactic used in 2004 to attract potential customers to its planned space tourism services. It promised that, within five years, it would take a total of over 3,000 passengers on life-changing trips in its spaceships. On July 11, 2021, after a last 90-minute delay, Virgin Galactic finally began its fulfillment of that original ____2____. For four minutes, its six temporarily weightless passengers, including the firm’s British co-founder, Sir Richard Branson, saw the planet against the blackness of outer space.Back on the ground, Sir Richard called the experience “magical”. He may have ____3____ the fact that he was able to reach space earlier than Jeff Bezos, a fellow billionaire but much wealthier. On July 20, Bezos would go slightly higher, for slightly less time, in a vehicle that had been built by his own spacefaring company, Blue Origin.The two tycoons (大亨) are among a growing number of ____4____ who believe that space tourism’s time has come. Suborbital (亚轨道的) tourism is part of a broader space economy that has rapidly grown over the past decade ____5____ technological advances. However, it is highly ____6____ that this will be true.For now, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic will offer ____7____ suborbital flights to payingcustomers. Blue Origin is focusing much more on the development of a large new rocket that will be used for the launching of satellites, on selling advanced rocket engines to other companies, and on bidding (投标) on NASA contracts such as the recently announced plan to send humans back to the moon. ____8____, Bezos doesn’t see Blue Origin as a provider of services to adventure-seekers.Even this 4-minute suborbital travels have a(n) ____9____, apparently. A major survey found that nearly two in five people with a net worth of over five million dollars would consider paying $250,000, Virgin Galactic’s current price, for a ticket. The business could be ____10____, once regular flights begin to offset (抵消)the rockets’ development costs. But how fast and by how much is ____11____. Without tourist-friendly destinations to visit (the capacity of the International Space Station is strictly limited), orbital tourism, with its far higher ticket prices, will not be a huge earner.Another challenge —and the industry’s biggest remaining uncertainty — relates to ____12____. History has shown that a disaster, ____13____ in the early stages of an industry, can set progress back by years. NASA ____14____ its plan to send the untrained to orbit in 1986 after a school teacher was killed along with the rest of the crew in the Challenger tragedy. It was another 15 years before the next untrained person would ____15____ the journey on a Russian craft.1．A．modest B．demanding C．motivational D．unclear 2．A．obligation B．commitment C．requirement D．survey 3．A．felt ashamed of B．kept an eye on C．felt content with D．got upset with 4．A．optimists B．opponents C．experts D．objectors 5．A．thanks to B．but for C．apart from D．in spite of6．A．impossible B．undoubted C．probableD．favorable7．A．long-lasting B．inexpensiveC．automatic D．brief8．A．On the contrary B．What’s more C．In the long run D．Above all9．A．shortcoming B．limitation C．advantage D．appeal10．A．profitable B．uneconomic C．eco-friendly D．globalized11．A．predictable B．essential C．irrelevant D．uncertain12．A．development B．security C．stability D．novelty 13．A．particularly B．critically C．precisely D．unforeseeably 14．A．initiated B．drafted C．modified D．suspended 15．A．brave B．abandon C．steer D．pause02After circling Earth for six months, the three crew members of China’s Shenzhou XIII mission have departed from the Tiangong space station and returned to the mother planet on Saturday morning, finishing the nation’s longest manned spaceflight.Zhai Zhigang, who was the mission commander, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu breathed fresh air for the first time after the half-year space journey as ground recovery staff opened the door of their reentry capsule (返回舱) at 10: 03 am.Medical service workers on the site told China Central Television that the astronauts are in good condition. Carrying the mission crew, the Shenzhou XIII spacecraft left from the Tiangong station at 12: 44 am. In the last hours of their stay inside the Tiangong, the astronauts worked with ground controllers to adjust the station, sending some experimental data back to Earth and sorting out materials.The crew has set a new record for China’s longest spaceflight, almost doubling the previous record of 92 days created by their colleagues in the Shenzhou XII mission who travelled with Tiangong from mid-June to mid-September last year.During the Shenzhou XIII mission, the astronauts carried out two spacewalks that totaled more than 12 hours. They tested components on the station’s robotic arm and used it to practice spacewalk. Wang took part in the first spacewalk on Nov 7, becoming the first female Chinese spacewalker.The crew members also carried out two science lectures from the space station for Chinese students. In one experiment, Wang used a Bing Dwen Dwen toy, the popular mascot (吉祥物) of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games, to display how objects fly in weightless environment. The space-based lessons marked the start of the Tiangong Class series, China’s first space lecture series that aims to popularize space science and inspire youngsters to pursu e their “science and space dreams”, according to the manned space agency.1．What mission did the crew members accomplish?A．Living in space for half a year.B．Controlling the space station on their own.C．Opening the door of the reentry capsule.D．Departing from the planet on Saturday morning.2．Which was the achievement of the astronauts?A．They completed a 12-hour spacewalk.B．They conducted two science experiments.C．They became the first Chinese spacewalkers.D．They checked parts on the station’s roboti c arm.3．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．Teenagers will be sent into space station to explore.B．There will definitely be more space lectures in the future.C．“Science and space dreams” will be the top aim among teenagers.D．Astronauts will use more Bing Dwen Dwen toys to do experiments.4．Which is the best title of the text?A．Inspire Youngsters to Pursue Space DreamsB．The Mission Commander of Tiangong StationC．Space-based Lessons Marked the Start of the Tiangong ClassD．Crew Members of the Shenzhou XIII Mission Returned to Earth03阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
高考英语真题分项解析：专题16+科普类说明文
专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文1.【·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space St ation. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Meanwhil e your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。
高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案
[上海]阅读下面(de)文字,完成7-9题病毒不同于其他所有生物,它不是由细胞组成(de).一个细胞中(de)结构要进行生命活动：进食、产生能量、生长、对环境(de)改变作出反应.但这一切病毒都没有.当它呆在细胞外时,它实际上是很小(de)、无生命(de)、懒惰(de)颗粒.它进入细胞后,灾难就来了.所有(de)病毒都由两部份组成：核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质,在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂(de)包膜.蛋白质外表或类脂包膜（如果有(de)话）使病毒依附上细胞膜----然后病毒进入细胞.实际上这并不容易.病毒外衣(de)表面必须刚好依附在细胞膜(de)“接收器”(de)位置.即使在理想(de)条件下,病毒与合适(de)细胞(de)几千次撞击中,也只有一次能使它们正确地连接.这就可以解释为什么通常(de)病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用.狂犬病和感冒则是最明显(de)例外,它们能感染(de)范畴级广.一旦病毒依附上细胞,它有几种方法穿过细胞膜进入细胞.在细胞膜上开一个小洞让它进去,有脂肪包膜(de)病毒能将它们(de)包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞.当病毒进入细胞,它就开始回复成它自己了.要理解它都干了些什么,我们必须更进一步了解它(de)核酸中心.核酸存在于每个活(de)细胞和病毒中.它们有两种基本种类——DNA和RNA.DNA构成基因组合.这意味着一个特定(de)DNA里储藏了构造和维持一种特定生物体(de)信息.DNA是怎样决定生物(de)形式和功能(de)呢它控制细胞和生物体制造蛋白质.不同(de)DNA产生不同(de)蛋白质,不同(de)蛋白质构成不同(de)生物体.RNA是干什么(de)呢 RNA在细胞中(de)主要功能是充当信息(de)传递者.它将信息从DNA（在所有细胞(de)细胞核中）传递到合成蛋白质(de)地方（在细胞核外）.DNA像模板一样造出正确(de)RNA,RNA又同样制造出正确(de)蛋白质.病毒要么有DNA,要么有RNA,但不会两样都有.在病毒中,RNA不是信息(de)传递者而是基因物质.病毒进入并强迫细胞制造出更多(de)病毒,必须有一些蛋白质和核酸(de)组合与细胞(de)类似.这种与正常分子成分惊人(de)相似性不是偶然(de),它来自病毒对细胞或它(de)宿主长期(de)适应.实际上,自从地球上有生命以来,病毒和细胞就共同存在,共同进化.有一种曾经很流行(de)说法,认为病毒是在细胞之前出现(de).这种说法现在看来不太好.一种更可信(de)可能性是说,病毒是在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质.随着时间(de)变迁,这些“逃出来(de)基因”提高了独立(de)能力,能自我复制,在细胞中寄生——病毒.对它们(de)宿主细胞越适应(de)病毒,危害性越小.这就是病毒进化(de)形式.大部分(de)病毒感染完全没有危害,但那些进化得不完美(de)病毒引起(de)危害和痛苦则是巨大(de).病毒有修复4000种人类混乱基因(de)特殊能力.把准确(de)基因附在经过处理没有感染性(de)病毒身上,使它进入有缺陷(de)细胞,这是修复这些细胞最好(de)方法.这种基因疗法还可能用来修复癌细胞(de)DNA.（选自在岩石上漂浮,有删改）7．下列关于“病毒”(de)表述,正确(de)一项是A、病毒实际上是很小(de)、无生命(de)、懒惰(de)颗粒.它没有进食、产生能量、生长、对环境(de)改变作出反应(de)生命活动.B、所有(de)病毒都由核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质组成.这层蛋白质外衣使病毒依附上细胞膜——然病毒进入细胞.C、病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用.即使在理想(de)条件下,病毒与合适(de)细胞(de)几千次撞击中,也只有一次能使它们正确地连接.D、病毒和细胞共同存在,共同进化.病毒对它们(de)宿主细胞越适应,危害性就越小；而那些进化得不完美(de)病毒引起(de)危害和痛苦则是巨大(de).答案D解析A、信息取自第一段“当它呆在细胞外时,它实际上是很小(de)、无生命(de)、懒惰(de)颗粒.”这里有前提“当它呆在细胞外时”B、信息取自第二段开头“所有(de)病毒都由两部份组成：核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质,在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂(de)包膜.”题目中“所有(de)病毒都由核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质组成”错了.依据原文“在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂(de)包膜”判断.C、注意第二段结尾部分“这就可以解释为什么通常(de)病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用.”依据句中(de)“通常(de)”判断题目中“病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用”错了.8、下列对文章内容(de)理解,不恰当(de)一项是A、一旦病毒依附上了细胞,穿过细胞膜进入细胞(de)方法就是,将它们(de)包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞.B、DNA控制细胞和生物体制造蛋白质,不同(de)DNA产生不同(de)蛋白质,不同(de)蛋白质构成不同(de)生物体,DNA就是这样决定生物(de)形式和功能(de).C、RNA在细胞中(de)主要功能是充当信息(de)传递者；而在病毒中,RNA 不是住处(de)传递者,是基因物质.D、病毒强迫细胞制造更多病毒,必须有一些蛋白质和核酸(de)组合与细胞(de)类似,这种惊人(de)相似性来自病毒对细胞或它(de)宿主长期(de)适应.答案A解析信息取自第三段“一旦病毒依附上细胞,它有几种方法穿过细胞膜进入细胞.在细胞膜上开一个小洞让它进去,有脂肪包膜(de)病毒能将它们(de)包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞”句中分析(de)是“有脂肪包膜(de)病毒”“穿过细胞膜进入细胞”(de)方法,不是指所有病毒.9、从全文看,下列表述符合作者观点(de)一项是A、“病毒是在细胞之前出现(de)”这一说法是错误(de),实际上病毒是在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质.B、病毒作为在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质,一旦逃出就提高了独立(de)能力,能自我复制.C、狂犬病和感冒病毒能感染(de)范围极广,它们对所有(de)细胞都起感染作用,免疫系统对它们无能为力.D、把准确(de)基因附在经过处理没有感染性(de)病毒身上,使它进入有缺陷(de)细胞(de)基因疗法,可能用来修复癌细胞(de)DNA.答案D解析A、依据倒数第三段“有一种曾经很流行(de)说法,认为病毒是在细胞之前出现(de).这种说法现在看来不太好.一种更可信(de)可能性是说,病毒是在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质”判断,作者并没有说“病毒是在细胞之前出现(de)”这一说法是错误(de),而是说有另一种“更可信(de)可能性”.B、题目中“一旦逃出就提高了独立(de)能力”(de)“一旦就”说法错了,作者说还要“随着时间(de)变迁”.C、“它们对所有(de)细胞都起感染作用,免疫系统对它们无能为力.”属无中生有.[广西]阅读下面(de)文字,完成5 7题.（9分,每题3分）大多数环境学论着认为,人类大量排放二氧化碳等温室气体,导致全球气温上升,而全球变暖将使地球两极(de)冰川融化,海平面上升,进而给人类(de)生存造成威胁.但是,荷兰学者克罗宁博格所着(de)人类尺度：一万年后(de)地球一书中(de)观点,似乎可以让人稍稍缓解一下在气候变暖问题上(de)紧张感.作者(de)基本观点是：当下发生(de)所有气候变化,从地球(de)立场出发,都是“正常运作”.大自然(de)变化类似与四季交替,只不过是它(de)时间尺度要长得多.根据作者(de)描述,大自然“春天”是在一万年以前开始(de),那时,天气已开始转暖,曾经覆盖了当今人类广泛活动区域(de)冰层逐渐在阳光下融化,海平面上升,而人类祖先(de)生活方式则开始从渔猎转向定居农业.到现在,人类已经处于“夏季,因此我们没有必要担心气温上升可能会带来(de)危害”.“夏季”终将过去,这也是自然规律,只不过是要再等待一段漫长(de)时间,“秋季”才会来临.那时海平面将会下降,而今天人们因为气温上升所引发(de)讨论也将随之结束.克罗宁博格面对当前全球气候变暖(de)趋势,以及由此造成(de)极端天气频繁、荒漠化加重、物种灭绝加速等情况,之所以显得十分淡定,在于他看待这一问题时使用了与众不同(de)时间尺度.通常人们只考虑几十年或几百年(de)事情,并且一直在用这种人类(de)尺度去衡量大自然,结果每个人都为现在(de)气候最大值紧张不已.其实,这在克罗宁博格看来只不过是大自然循环中出现(de)“一丝波纹而已”.如果我们超越现阶段人类思考问题(de)尺度,观察一个漫长(de)周期,情形也许就不会那么令人沮丧了——那就是一万年(de)时间尺度,为什么要一万年(de)时间尺度因为人类现在所处(de)地质时代开始于一万年以前；地质学(de)只是也告诉我们,类似月我们现在所处(de)温暖期一般不会超过一万年；大约一万年前爆发(de)火山目前都处在活动期等等.与地质学应用(de)时间尺度相比,人类(de)尺度就不那么适用了.这也难怪他要嘲讽因为气候变暖、海平面上升而变得异常焦虑(de)人民,“为什么要大张旗鼓地围着小周期内出现(de)现象团团转”人类尺度：一万年后(de)地球这本书(de)观点有助于提升人类面对气候变暖、海平面上升所带来(de)挑战(de)勇气,正像作者所说(de)那样：穿着熊皮、拿着石斧(de)石器时代(de)人类尚且知道如何在冰期生存下来,我们难道无法运用现代高科技去解决海平面上升一米带来(de)后果吗当然,与此同时我们也应该意识到,即使人类(de)活动对于全球气候变暖(de)作用微不足道,我们也不能从此以后就不加节制地区排放温室气候,大量地消耗资源和排放二氧化碳已经严重破坏了自然生态和人类(de)生存环境,所以克罗宁博格也表示,“我们应该节约能源”一保护有限(de)资源. 5．下列关于本文第一、二两段内容(de)表述,不符合原文意思(de)一项是( B )A．以二氧化碳为主(de)温室气体是导致全球变暖(de)罪魁祸首,这已经成为大多数环境学论着(de)观点,但是克罗宁博格对此并不认同.学优高考网B．温室气体使全球变暖,并由此造成地球两极冰川融化(de)现象,从地球(de)立场出发,这实际上属于大自然(de)“正常运作”.学优高考网C．全球变暖会导致一系列灾难性(de)后果,例如极端天气频发、荒漠化加重、物种灭绝加速,这给人类(de)生存造成了威胁.D．面对当前全球气候变暖(de)趋势,克罗宁博格并没有使用“人类(de)尺度”来衡量这一问题,所以他显得十分淡定.6．下列理解,不符合原文意思(de)一项是( A )A．克罗宁博格对地球(de)未来做出了预测,并以此为基础,从地质史上(de)火山爆发以及气候变化等自然进程(de)角度进行了论证.B．克罗宁博格认为,如果我们超越现阶段人类思考(de)尺度,从一个漫长(de)周期来观察温室效应(de)话,那么可能就不会如此焦虑了.C人类尺度：一万年后(de)地球向二氧化碳排放与气候变暖二者密切相关(de)观点提出了挑战,为我们思考气候(de)变化提供了新(de)角度.D．大量地消耗自然资源会严重破坏人类(de)生存环境,这是无法回避(de)事实,所以克罗宁博格也表示“我们应该节约能源”.7．根据原文内容,下列推断不正确(de)一项是( B )A．在大自然(de)“春天”降临之前(de)远古时期,气候异常寒冷,广大区域都覆盖着冰层,因此人类(de)祖先当时并没有采取定居农业(de)生活方式.B．通常人们只考虑几十年或几百年(de)事情,克罗宁博格却改变了研究(de)视野：他不考虑明年,也不考虑一百年后(de)事,而是将目光投向了一万年以后.C．克罗宁博格采取一万年(de)时间尺度来观察、分析地球气候变暖(de)问题,这并不意味着地质学上(de)时间尺度都是以一万年为单位(de). D．石器时代(de)人类能在冰期中生存下来,与今天我们试图解决海平面上升带来(de)问题相比,虽然形式不同,实质都是积极利用知识应对危机(de)表现.湖北读下面(de)文章,完成6－8题.（共9分,共3小题,每小题3分）乡土本色费孝通从基层上看去,中国社会是乡土性(de).那些被称土气(de)乡下人是中国社会(de)基层.我们说乡下人土气,这个土字用得很好.土字(de)基本意义是指泥土.乡下人离不了泥土,因为在乡下住,种地是最普通(de)谋生办法.靠种地谋生(de)人才明白泥土(de)可贵.农业直接取资于土地,种地(de)人搬不动地,长在土里(de)庄稼行动不得,土气是因为不流动而发生(de).不流动是从人和空间(de)关系上说(de),从人和人在空间(de)排列关系上说就是孤立和隔膜.孤立和隔膜并不是以个人为单位(de),而是以住在一处(de)集团为单位(de).中国乡土社区(de)单位是村落,从三家村起可以到几千户(de)大村.孤立、隔膜是就村和村之间(de)关系而说(de).孤立和隔膜并不是绝对(de),但是人口(de)流动率小,社区间(de)往来也必然疏少.我想我们很可以说,乡土社会(de)生活是富于地方性(de).地方性是指他们活动范围有地域上(de)限制,在区域间接触少,生活隔离,各自保持着孤立(de)社会圈子.乡土社会在地方性(de)限制下成了生于斯、死于斯(de)社会.常态(de)生活是终老是乡.假如在一个村子里(de)人都是这样(de)话,在人和人(de)关系上也就发生了一种特色,每个孩子都是在人家眼中看着长大(de),在孩子眼里周围(de)人也是从小就看惯(de).这是一个“熟悉”(de)社会,没有陌生人(de)社会.在社会学里,我们常分出两种不同性质(de)社会：一种并没有具体目(de),只是因为在一起生长而发生(de)社会；一种是为了要完成一件任务而结合(de)社会.用一位外国学者(de)话说,前者是“有机(de)团结”,后者是“机械(de)团结”.用我们自己(de)话说,前者是礼俗社会,后者是法理社会.生活上被土地所囿住(de)乡民,他们平素所接触(de)是生而与俱(de)人物,正像我们(de)父母兄弟一般,并不是由于我们选择得来(de)关系,而是无须选择,甚至先我而在(de)一个生活环境.熟悉是从时间里、多方面、经常(de)接触中所发生(de)亲密(de)感觉.这感觉是无数次(de)小磨擦里陶炼出来(de)结果.这过程是论语第一句里(de)“习”字.“学”是和陌生事物(de)最初接触,“习”是陶炼,“不亦说乎”是描写熟悉之后(de)亲密感觉.在一个熟悉(de)社会中,我们会得到从心所欲而不逾规矩(de)自由.这和法律所保障(de)自由不同.规矩是“习”出来(de)礼俗.从俗即是从心.“我们大家是熟人,打个招呼就是了,还用得着多说么”——这类(de)话已经成了我们现代社会(de)阻碍.现代社会是个陌生人组成(de)社会,各人不知道各人(de)底细,所以得讲个明白；还要怕口说无凭,画个押,签个字.这样才发生法律.在乡土社会中法律是无从发生(de).“这不是见外了么”乡土社会里从熟悉得到信任.乡土社会(de)信用并不是对契约(de)重视,而是发生于对一种行为(de)规矩熟悉到不加思索时(de)可靠性.从熟悉里得来(de)认识是个别(de),并不是抽象(de)普遍原则.在熟悉(de)环境里生长(de)人,不需要这种原则,他只要在接触所及(de)范围之中知道从手段到目(de)间(de)个别关联.在乡土社会中生长(de)人似乎不太追求这笼罩万有(de)真理.我读论语时,看到孔子在不同人面前说着不同(de)话来解释“孝”(de)意义时,我感觉到这乡土社会(de)特性了.孝是什么孔子并没有抽象地加以说明,而是列举具体(de)行为,因人而异地答复了他(de)学生.在我们社会(de)急速变迁中,从乡土社会进入现代社会(de)过程中,我们在乡土社会中所养成(de)生活方式处处产生了流弊.陌生人所组成(de)现代社会是无法用乡土社会(de)习俗来应付(de).于是,“土气”成了骂人(de)词汇,“乡”也不再是衣锦荣归(de)去处了.6．下列对“中国社会是乡土性(de)”(de)理解,符合原文意思(de)一项是（ A ）A．乡民是中国社会(de)基层,他们以种地为基本生存方式,从土地中获取生活资源,因此与土地分不开,为土地所束缚.B．人与人在空间排列上(de)不流动性,造成乡土社会里乡民个体之间彼此(de)孤立与隔膜,所以才有三家村式(de)微型村落(de)存在.C．乡土社会里(de)个体为了谋生这一共同目标,分工协作,有机地聚合在一起,形成没有陌生人(de)“熟人”社会.D．无论是生活(de)环境还是所接触(de)人物,对乡民而言都是生而与俱,再熟悉不过(de),于是他们选择固守乡土,终老于斯.7．下列理解和分析,符合原文意思(de)一项是（ C ）A．生活在乡土社会(de)人们,彼此之间相互了解,没有隔阂,相比现代社会,更容易获得一种从心所欲(de)自由.B．依附于土地(de)乡民从小习得礼俗,与周围(de)人都熟如亲人,因为大家感情深厚,所以对他们来讲“从俗即是从心”.C．乡民之间(de)交往是基于彼此(de)熟悉和信任来进行(de),法律不是调节乡土社会中人际交往和人际关系(de)基本依据.D．乡土社会(de)信用产生于对一种行为规矩熟悉到不加思索(de)可靠性,这种信用远胜于法理社会中(de)一纸契约.8．根据原文内容,下列理解和分析不正确(de)一项是（ B ）A．乡土社会实际上就是熟人社会、礼俗社会,而现代社会是陌生人组成(de)社会、法理社会,两者(de)人际交往原则有别.B．礼俗是乡土社会里应对社会生活(de)根本原则、抽象真理,也是人们处理具体事务时目(de)与手段间(de)普遍联系.C．乡土社会中,人们从熟悉里获得(de)认识是个别(de).论语中孔子因人而异地解释“孝”,能让我们体会到这种特性.D．在乡土社会进入现代社会(de)过程中,原有(de)生活方式与现代社会不相适应,暴露出弊端,“土气”一词因而有了贬义.新课标Ⅰ适用地区：河南、河北、山西、陕西阅读下面(de)文字,完成1～3题老子其人其书(de)时代,自司马迁史记以来即有异说.清代学者崇尚考据,对此议论纷纷,如汪中作老子考异,力主老子为战国时人,益启争端.钱穆先生说：“老子伪迹不彰,真相大白,则先秦诸子学术思想之系统条贯始终不明,其源流派别终无可言.”大家都期待这个问题有新(de)解决线索.过去对于古书真伪及年代(de)讨论,只能以纸上材料证明纸上材料,没有其它(de)衡量标准,因而难有定论.用来印证老子(de)古书,大多收到辨伪家(de)怀疑,年代确不可移(de),恐怕要数到韩非子、吕氏春秋和淮南子,但这几本书成书太晚,没有多少作用.近年战国秦汉简帛佚籍大量出土,为学术界提供了许多前所未见(de)地下材料,这使我们有可能重新考虑老子(de)时代问题.1973牛长沙马王堆三号汉墓出土(de)帛书,内有老子两种版本,甲本字体比较早,不避汉高祖讳,应抄写于高祖即帝位前,乙本避高祖讳,可以抄写于文帝初.这两本老子抄写年代都晚,无益于老子着作年代(de)推定,但乙本前面有黄帝书四篇,系“黄”、“老”合抄之本,则从根本上改变了学术界对早期道家(de)认识.郭沫若先生曾指出,道家都是以“发明黄老道德意”为其指归,故也可称之为黄老学派.老子和黄帝书是道家(de)经典,在汉初被妙写在老子前面(de)黄帝书显然在当时公众心目中已据有崇高位置,不会是刚刚撰就(de)作品.同时,黄帝书与申子、慎子、韩非子等有许多共通文句,而申不害、慎到、韩非三人均曾学黄老之术,这些共通之处可认作对皇帝书(de)引用阐发.申不害和慎到(de)年代,前人推为战国中期,皇帝书不应更晚.至于皇帝书与老子(de)共通之处也甚多,如皇帝书·经法篇云“王天下者有玄德”,什么是“玄德”,文中未见解释.查老子五十一章：“生而不有,为而不恃,长而不宰,是谓玄德.”帛书所讲“玄德”显然由此而来.此例甚多,那么为皇帝书所称引(de)老子必须再早上一个时期,也就是不会晚于战国早期.古书中有关老子和孔子关系(de)记述很多,但矛盾和可疑之点不少.近来有陈鼓应先生老学先于孔学一文,专门讨论论语受老子(de)影响,用以证成“老子成书早于论语”.如论语·卫灵公：“子曰：‘无为而治者,其舜也与夫何为哉恭己正南面而已矣.’”“无为而治”是老子(de)学说,细味孔子(de)话,是讲唯有舜称得起无为而治,很像是针对已有(de)学说而发.论语·宪问：“或曰：‘以德报怨,何如’子曰：‘何以报德以直报怨,以德报德.’”朱熹指出：“或人所称今见老子书.”因此这一条是论语引用老子(de)铁证,而且是对老子(de)批评.从这些情形来看,古书所记老子长于孔子,可以认为是确实可信(de).（摘编自李学勤<<老子>(de)年代）1. 下面关于作者写作本文(de)原因(de)表述,不符合原文意思(de)一项是A．从司马迁史记开始,关于老子和老子一书(de)时代问题就有不同说法.清代汪中作老子考异以后,学者们更加纷争不已.B．钱穆说过：如果老子其人其书(de)时代不明,那么先秦诸子学术思想(de)联系和发展就无法弄清,老子和道家(de)源流、派别也无从谈起.C．以前用来印证老子(de)古书,大多本身就被人指为伪书.韩非子、吕氏春秋等虽然年代确凿无疑,但是成书太晚,也无济于事.D．近年来战国秦汉简帛文献大量出士,给学术界提供了许多纸上材料以外(de)东西,这使得老子和老子一书(de)时代问题有了解决(de)可能.答：B.“老子和道家(de)源流、派别也无从谈起”中(de)“老子和道家”应为“先秦诸子学术思想”.2．下面解释和分析,不符合原文意思(de)一项是A.虽然从字体和避讳来看,马王堆汉墓老子帛书甲本和乙本(de)抄写年代可以大致确认,但是这对于老子着作(de)推定没什么用处.B．皇帝书和老子有许多相似(de)语句,但许多名词(de)解释只见于老子而不见于皇帝书,所以老子成书应该早于皇帝书.C.陈鼓应曾撰写老学先于孔学一文,指出论语中多有受到老子影响之处,其目(de)是证明老子一书(de)产生比论语早.D.老子有“以德报怨”之说,所以“子曰：‘何以报德以直报怨,以德报德.’”一句应该是论语引用老子(de)铁证,并且是对老子(de)批评.答：D.正确(de)理解是：“或曰：‘以德报怨,何如’子曰：‘何以报德。
高考英语科技说明文阅读理解问题设置
高考英语科技说明文阅读理解问题设置
高考英语科技说明文阅读理解问题的设置，主要围绕着文章的主旨、细节和语言点展开。
下面是一些可能的问题类型：
1. 主旨概括：文章主要介绍了什么？
2. 细节理解：文章中提到了哪些具体的科技发展或研究成果？
3. 推理判断：根据文章内容，可以推断出什么结论或推断出作者的观点态度？
4. 词汇理解：给定一个单词或短语，要求解释其在文中的含义。
5. 句子理解：解释或分析文章中的某个句子。
6. 结构分析：分析文章的结构，如分段、总结段落大意等。
7. 图表信息转化：根据文章描述的图表或图片，回答相关问题。
例如，针对一篇关于新型电池的文章，阅读理解问题可能包括：
1. 主旨概括：文章主要介绍了什么新型电池？
2. 细节理解：这种新型电池的工作原理是什么？
3. 推理判断：根据文章内容，你认为这种新型电池的前景如何？
4. 词汇理解：解释“充电”在文章中的含义。
5. 句子理解：文章中“这种电池的寿命是普通电池的3倍”这句话的意思是什么？
6. 结构分析：文章中主要分为几个部分，每个部分主要讲了什么？
7. 图表信息转化：根据文章描述的图表，这种新型电池的优点是什么？
通过以上问题类型的设置，可以帮助考生全面理解和掌握文章的内容，并提高阅读理解能力。
高考英语二轮总复习 专项能力提升练 阅读理解 文体分类练4 说明文之发明创新类
文体分类练(四) 说明文之发明创新类
(2023福建福州二模) Someday,you may no longer need to brush your teeth by hand.Instead,a group of billions of nanoparticles (纳米粒子) could automatically do all that work for you.It would be especially life-changing for people who find it difficult or impossible to hold and move a toothbrush. Steager,an engineer at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun Koo,an inventor and dental researcher there,found a way to form the nanoparticles into long,skinny bristles (刷毛),a lot like the ones on a toothbrush.But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they ene 2 Passage 3
高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案
高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案解题方法一、科普文章的含义科普文章是一种以科学技术知识为题材，用文艺性笔调写成的文章。
它兼有说明文和散文两种文体类型的特征和性质。
它方便、灵活、适应面广，可在各学科之间纵横驰骋，甚至将自然科学、现实生活、社会科学合为一体，融说理、抒情于一体，兼有杂文的犀利、论文的深刻、散文的情致、随笔的轻松甚至诗的清醇。
二、科普文章的文体特点1、短小性。
它篇幅小，然而就其知识容量、主题意义、现实作用又可以很大。
它旁征博引，尺幅千里，能及时反映科学上新的事物、思想、方法和动态。
2、知识性。
它普及科学知识，把科学的最新信息常州给读者。
它常常把握住现实生活中的某一事物或现象，用正确的理论，去进行科学的解释，纠正常识错误，从而使读者了解世界万物变化、运动的规律。
3、文学性。
它要以优美文字、形象手法，来表达科学内容。
它常采用比喻、拟人等文学手法和故事、对话、散文等形式及通俗、形象、幽默等语言，生动活泼、情趣盎然地介绍科学知识。
4、思想性。
它往往以具体细小的事物，阐发一点耐人寻味的哲学道理，给人起启示，发人深省。
三、阅读科普文章，要注意把握好两个层面的目标和要求：一是科学与人文的层面。
也可以说是科学的人文性。
从科学中吸取智慧与力量，体会求实的科学态度和勇于探索创新的科学精神。
另一个是知识和能力的层面。
要根据科学小品这一体裁的特点，学会筛选并整合文中有用信息，把握作者的写作思路，重点研习将抽象内容说明得具体生动的技巧。
四、科普文章阅读的基本要求①首先把它作为科技说明文来看待1、理清说明顺序。
了解并记住说明文常使用的说明顺序。
主要有空间、时间、逻辑顺序。
逻辑顺序又包含从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到局部、从概括到具体、从总说到分说、从现象到本质、从特点到用途等。
在段落中尽量找到表示说明顺序的显著的语言标志。
2、掌握结构特点。
说明文的总体结构通常分为三部分，即引出说明对象、详细解说对象（主体部分）、总结说明对象。
2023高考语文科技说明文答题技巧
2023高考语文科技说明文答题技巧2023高考语文科技说明文答题技巧在科学技术日益发达的今日，科技说明文的阅读力量越来越显得重要。
高考语文全国卷第一题便是科技说明文，其意义颇为深远。
下面就是我给大家带来的高考语文科技说明文答题技巧，盼望能关心到大家!高考语文科技说明文答题技巧一、解答步骤1.通读全文。
科技说明文的篇幅多在700字左右，原文一般没有题目，这给我们把握文章主旨造成肯定困难;而篇幅较短，阅读量小，又相对减小了难度。
做题目之前肯定要通读全文，快速形成整体印象，初步了解主要信息。
要边读边理解，每读完一个长句或段落之后，可以在自己的头脑中“复述”一遍，以加深熟悉。
在通读全文时，应重点留意每段的首句，由于这些句子大多揭示了本段的主要内容，经常与全文主旨亲密相关。
一篇科技说明文一般有四段，把握首句可以在很短的时间内获得很多重要的信息。
2.细读试题。
对材料有了总体印象后，应依据试题认真推敲题意，弄清题目要求，即从内容上弄清是有关什么的选择，从选择标准上看清是选说法正确的还是不正确的。
3.题文对应。
科技说明文答题有一个基本原则：答案就在原材料中。
为此，必需依据题意，从原材料中找出与各个选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件，作为解题的依据。
这是答题的关键。
4.筛选答案。
即紧扣题干的要求，依据有效信息来筛选答案。
内容：自然科学类文章(包括科技说明文和科技新闻)的阅读理解占13%的分值，占分比例是较大的，把这一块做好了，必定能较大幅度地提上升考语文成果。
因此，我们必需加以重视，并实行相应的策略，提高复习应考的效率。
首先，要吃透“考纲”，熟识“考题”。
自然科学类文章的阅读测试要求虽然是放在“现代文阅读”中，与社会科学类、文学作品一同说明的，但只要对近年来高考试题作一番比较分析，不难发觉其基本规律。
1.从力量层级看，一般属于B(理解)、C(分析综合)两个层级。
2.从考查点来看，一般包括：(1)理解重要词语(主要是概念)的含义，(2)理解并解释重要的句子，(3)筛选并提取信息，(4)归纳内容要点，(5)分析概括在文中的观点，(6)依据文章内容、观点作合理的推断。
高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项练习含解析
高考英语阅读理解（科普环保）专项练习含解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1.薜薜阅读理解"Acting is the least mysterious of all crafts," Marion Brando once said. But for scientists, working out what is going on in an actor's head has always been something of a puzzle.Now, researchers have said actors show different patterns of brain activity depending on whether they are in character or not.Dr Steven Brown, from McMaster University in Canada, said, "It looks like when you are acting, you are suppressing （压制）yourself; almost like the character is possessing you."Brown and colleagues report how 15 actors, mainly theatre students, were trained to take on a Shakespeare role ——either Romeo or Juliet ——in a theatre workshop. They were then invited into the laboratory, where their brains were scanned in a series of experiments.Once inside the MRI scanner, the actors were asked to answer a number of questions, such as: would they go to the party? And would they tell their parents that they had fallen in love?Each actor was asked to respond to different questions, based on two different premises （前提）. In one, they were asked for their own perspective, while in the other, they were asked to respond as though they were either Romeo or Juliet.The results revealed that the brain activity differed depending on the situation being tested. The team found that when the actors were in character, they use some third-person knowledge or inferences about their character.The team said they also found additional reduction in activity in two regions of the prefrontal cortex （前额皮质）linked to the sense of self, compared with when the actors were responding as themselves.However, Philip Davis, a professor at the University of Liverpool, was unimpressed by the research, saying acting is about far more than "pretending" to be someone — it involves embodying （体现）the text and language.（1）How did Dr Brown's team conduct their research?A.By scanning the brain activity of some actors.B.By doing a survey with some theatre goers.C. By interviewing some theatre teachers.D. By consulting some experienced researchers.（2）What is the finding of Dr Brown's research?A.Acting is not as mysterious as people think.B.Actors' brain activity differs when they are acting.C.Acting is far more than pretending to be the character.D.Actors' brain activity is more active when they are in character.（3）How did Philip Davis react to the research?A. He supported it.B. He doubted it.C. He explained it.D. He advocated it.（4）What is the text mainly about?A. A debate of how the brain functions.B. A play written by Shakespeare.C. A research on the brain activity of actors.D. A report of the cooperation of scientists and actors.【答案】（ 1 ） A（ 2） B（ 3） B（ 4） C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项对于演员大脑活动的研究。
最新届高考英语阅读理解：科普类说明文----有解析资料
科教科普类1、Australia leads the world in its number of resident poisonous spiders as well as the strength of their toxicity(毒性). However,of almost 9,800 species most are perfectly harmless and interesting.Spider diversity is broad and many fascinating species occur here that range from the large to the tiny and hardly noticed, and from the dullest black to the strangely shaped.Spiders can be roughly classified according to the strategies(策略) they use for feeding. Spiders which appeared earlier in the evolutionary scale feed by waiting in a cave for food to come along before grabbing it. Following them were spiders which actively wandered looking for food and which caught it by chasing it down. The evolution of flying insects makes spiders evolve ne w ways of catching food which couldn’t be chased and so the earliest air web weavers arose.Most spiders feed on insects and other arthropods but the Whistling Spider feeds on frogs and small birds. The Golden Orb Spider also feeds on small birds.A spider periodically sheds(蜕皮;脱落) its skin so that it can grow. Immature stages are called moults. Each species has a particular number of moults that it will go through before reaching its final adult stage.Usually, once male spiders have mated, they die shortly after. But, even in death, Redback males often serve a purpose. The already pregnant Redback females always kill their lover and, in most cases, also eat them. This provides them with a small reproductive advantage.Allowing spiders to take up places around houses can be beneficial in that they catch other annoying insects such as mosquitoes and flies.Rest assured that while you might see some large spiders, and perhaps even some poisonous ones, a good rule is to look and admire but don't touch any spider you find. Even those without poison could still have a nasty bite.1.Different families of spiders are identified themselves by ______.A.their physical characterB.their ways of getting foodC.the strength of their toxicityD.their effect on the environment2.What are the latest spiders in their evolution process?A.Spiders that chase down insects for food.B.Spiders that wait for the insects to come along.C.Spiders that can weave webs to catch flying insects.D.Spiders that actively go out to look for insects as food.3.If a spider stays on the wall of your house, you’d better ______.A.kill itB.feed itC.let it beD.chase it out4.What is the passage mainly talking about?A.A brief introduction of spiders.B.The evolution process of spiders.C.Living harmoniously with spiders.D.The living and feeing habits of spiders.2、Many people believe that you lose the ability to learn new languages as you get older. Language experts,however,will tell you that you’re never too old to lear n a new language. As you get older, it can be more difficult to learn a new language,though.Children and adults learn new languages in different ways. For children, language is their life. They study for thousands of hours every year. Because they need to learn language to became part of their communities.Adults,on the other hand,are already part of a language community. Learning a new language means becoming part of another language community,and adults rarely get the chance to practice as much as young children do.Moreover.children leaning a new language are expected to make mistakes. This gives them freedom when learning to be daring and confident Adults,however,often feel pressured to be perfect when learning a new language.This can discourage many people and make it even harder to learn a new language.When young children learn a new language,they come to see various languages as a “normal” part of society.This mindset(思维模式) helps them embrace learning a new language without feeling like th ey're doing something unusual or“too hard”.So if you want to learn a new language,go for it! It’s never too late to learn a new language. If you're older,it may take more work,but it can be done.If you're a young child,though,now is the time to step out and learn a new language!1.By “Language is their life”,the author means that children .A.can't live without languageB.lead a happy life every dayC.practice a new language a lotD.are taken good care of adults2.What may make it hard for the old people to learn a new language!A.They are afraid of being laughed at.B.They usually have too many interests.C.They think making mistakes is natural.D.They always make all kinds of mistakes.3.Which of the following shows the difference between children and adults in learning new language?A.The behaviors they have.B.The learning attitudes.C.The future plans they have made.D.The materials they are using.4.According to the author,a new language .A.can never be learned by the old peopleB.can be grasped by the people easilyC.can be understood only by the old peopleD.can learned by both the old and the young3、Kids and teens are often dismissive of praise from their parents. I am sure that parents out there can relate to this, as we all have been told at one time or another by one or several of our kids,“Stop it, Mom. ’’ or even,“You’re just saying that because you are my parents and you have to say that. " I can assure you, though, that they are listening. They will probably not thank you for this praise until they are in their twenties, but don't let that stop you from praising them duringtheir childhood and teen years. Just be careful how you praise them. A little praise may go a long way —especially if it is the right kind of praise.It appears that the way to go is to praise their efforts according to a study by Brummelman, of Utrecht University in the Netherlands and colleagues. These researchers concluded that kids should be praised primarily for their efforts, rather than for their personal characteristics, because if they are praised for effort, then a poor performance is more likely to be seen as a glitch(小故障), rather than a valid reflection of who they are as individuals.Let’s think about this together. If you a re a teenager or a child of any age and are constantly told how brilliant you are, then when you do poorly on a test or a few tests, you may feel like you have suddenly lost your status as brilliant and may now feel ashamed that you are merely average or even dumb. If you are a girl who is constantly being told how beautiful you are, then on a day when you don’t look or feel so good, you may decide that you are unattractive. This is the problem that develops when we are praising our kids for global personality characteristics that they can't always live up to.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is the right kind of praise?A.You are a great artist.B.You are very intelligent.C.Wow, you have a special gift for music.D.Your painting has indeed improved due to your efforts.2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.All the children should be praised.B.There’s no need to praise kids and teens.C.Praise should be beyond children’s expectations.D.Teens of ten pay no attention to their parents’ praise.3.The underlined word “dumb” in the last paragraph can be replaced by _________.A.stupidB.uniqueC.curiousD.honest4.The main topic of this passage is _____.A.why to praise kids and teensB.how to praise kids and teensC.different ways to praise kids and teensD.the importance of praising kids4、Scientists, psychologists and English academics at Liverpool University have found that reading the works of the classical writers like Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a great effect on the mind, catches the reader’s attention and triggers moments of self-examination.Using a special machine, they monitored the brain activity of 30 volunteers as they read works by William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot and others.In the first part of the research, the brain activity of 30 volunteers was monitored as they read passages from Shakespeare’s plays, including King Lear, Othello, Coriolanus and Macbeth, and again as they read the text rewritten in a simpler form or modern language.While reading the common texts, normal levels of electrical activity were shown in their brains. When they read the works of Shakespeare, however, the levels of activity jumped because of his use of words which were unfamiliar to them. The result of the test showed that the more challenging passages cause a greater degree of electrical activity in the brain than the common ones.Scientists went on to study the brain activity as it responded to each word and recorded how it lit up as the readers came across unusual words, surprising phrases or difficult sentences in the classical works. As a result, this lightening up process of the mind lasted longer than that when volunteers read common texts, encouraging further reading.The research also found that reading poetry especially increases activity in the right hemisphere(半球) of the brain, an area connected with “autobiographical memory”, driving the readers to think carefully about their own experiences based on what they have read. The academics said this meant the classical works of literature are more useful than self-help books.Philip Davis, an English professor who has worked on the study in the university’s magnetic resonance center, announced this week: “C lassical literature acts like a rocket-booster to the brain, which provides extra power for the brain. You may never imagine how powerful it is. Theresearch shows such kind of literature can create new thoughts and connections in the young and the old.”1.The underlined word “trigger” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “______”.A.depends onB.picks upC.sets offD.changes into2.Which of the following is NOT true about reading classical literature?A.It makes readers’ brain more active than reading c ommon texts.B.It makes readers’ electrical activity of brain return to normal.C.It’s helpful for readers to come up with new ideas.D.It’s an activity that is suitable for people of all ages.3.From the research, we can learn that ______.A.the readers p refer Shakespeare’s works to the other writers’ worksB.the words of classical works make it hard for volunteers to read furtherC.reading classical works produces a good and long-lasting effect on the mindD.poetry increases left-brain activity more than other literary forms4.What does the author mainly tell us in this passage?A.Shakespeare’s plays deserve to be read.mon books are unpopular anymore.C.Poetry is best for developing people’s brain.D.Classical works help the brain develop better.5、Do parents have a constitutional right to homeschool their children? No, according to a California District Court judge, who recently ruled that a child must be schooled "by a person holding a valid state teaching credential (文凭)for the grade being tau ght”.What started as a Los Angeles County child welfare case involving one specific family has gone into proceedings (诉讼) that have actually put on trial the very nature of what constitutes a sound education. “For decades we’ve been happily homeschool ing, and then this comes up suddenly,” says Mary Griffith, a homeschooling parent. Griffith says California had traditionallygiven homeschooling parents the freedom to choose the kind of education they want for their child.This particular family in Los Angeles had enrolled their children in a private school independent study program not in their home. In response to abuse charges against the family, the children were enrolled in public schools. The parents stated they had a constitutional right to homeschool on religious grounds; that's when the court ruling was issued. However, Griffith says if the ruling ends up affecting anyone, it will mainly be those who also enroll their children inoff-site homeschooling. “This won't be far-reaching for homeschooling parents."That's how organizations like the Homeschool Association of California (HSC) would like to keep it, anyway, and they've hired a team of lawyers to limit the impact of the case. Griffith says the legal team for HSC is trying to establish that while this ruling may indeed be necessary for this particular family, it should not set a precedent(先例) for all.What does this case really mean for homeschooling families nationwide? According to Darren A. Jones, this decision is certain to affect homeschooling on a national scale. Jones claims that it is common for state courts to look to other states’ rulings for assistance in deciding issues where no precedent exists. “A poor legal decision in California could become part of a trend across the nation.’’1.In Griffith’s opinion, ________.A.parents don’t have a right to homeschool their childrenB.a child must be schooled by an expert with a credentialC.homeschooling should be forbidden in the whole countryD.it is understandable for parents to homeschool their children2.The underlined word “this” in Para. 2 refers to the fact that ________.A.parents happily homeschool their childrenB.parents don’t have a right to homeschool their childrenC.a child must be schooled by a person with a teaching credentialD.a Los Angeles County child welfare case involves a special family3.Why were the particular family’s children enrolled in public schools?A.To avoid the abuse charges against them.B.To receive the better education in it.C.To break away from their parents.D.To cooperate with the expert’s jobs.4.What’s the author’s attitude towards whether parents have a right to homeschool their children?A.Supportive.B.Sympatric.C.Negative.D.Objective.6、Summer shouldn't mean taking a break from learning, especially reading. Studies show that most students experience a loss of reading skills over the summer months, but children who continue to read actually gain skills. So efforts should be made during the summer to help children keep reading skills, practice reading and read for enjoyment.Parents should remember that children need free time in the summer to relax and enjoy the pleasures of childhood. So summer reading should be fun. Following are a few tips to make reading enjoyable for your children this summer:Read aloud together with your child every day.Make it fun by reading outdoors on the front steps, patio, at the beach or park. Also, let your children read to you.Set a good example!Keep lots of reading material around the house. Turn off the TV and have each person read his or her book, including Mom and Dad.Read the same book your child is reading and discuss it.This is the way to develop habits of the mind and build capacity(能力) for thought and insight.Let kids choose what they want to read, and don’t turn your nose up at popular fiction. It will only discourage the reading habit.Subscribe, in your child’s name, to magazines.Encourage older children to read the newspaper and current events magazines, to keep up the reading habit over the summer and develop vocabulary. Ask them what they think about what they’ve read, and listen to what they say.1.Parents must help children read during the summer because ________.A.the summer holiday is too long a time for themB.reading is a kind of relaxation for childrenC.some of the reading skills may be lost if they stop readingD.children can enjoy the pleasure of childhood2.What does the underlined phrase "turn your nose up at” probably mean?A.Get interested in.B.Show one’s dislike for.C.Think highly of.D.Lose interest in.3.In oder to build children's capacity for thought and insight, parents should ______.A.subscribe to magazines in the child’s nameB.read the same book the child is reading and discuss itC.let children choose what they want to readD.turn off the TV4.What does the passage mainly tell about?A.Some summer reading tips for parents.B.Some useful advice on reading for children.C.What kinds of books to read in summer.D.How to teach children to read.7、Have you got the information taught by your teacher in class? Have you understood what you saw on the screen? Maybe everyone has their own learning style.Generally speaking, we gather information with our minds and bodies in different ways, such as seeing, hearing and doing. Then our brains deals with that information, organizing it and connecting it to things we are already aware of. In other words, our brains will deal with the information in different ways. Sometimes we think in pictures or words. Sometimes we remember details or the big pictures.For different people, their learning styles are different too. One person may find it hard to make out the information in written forms but easy to know it immediately in an oral description. However, another person might find difficulties with the picture but the written message.Now scientists say there exist seven basic learning styles.·Linguistic: These people learn through listening, reading, speaking and writing.·Logical: These people learn with formula (公式) and principles (原理).·Visual: These people learn by seeing what they are studying.·Musical: These people learn well when information is presented through music.·Kinesthetic: These people learn from movement and physical activities.·Intrapersonal: These people learn best by linking new information directly with their own experiences.·Interpersonal: These people learn well by working with others.Therefore, if you know what learning style is your strength, you can balance your weakness, and get a more successful learning experience.1.From the passage, we know that our brains ______.A.deal with the information in different waysB.send out the information in the same wayanize information with our bodiesD.gather information in the same way2.A visual learner usually learns _____.A.through listening and speakingB.by seeing what he is learningC.from movement and physical activitiesD.by linking new information with his experience3.A musical learner will find it easy to learn ______.A.with formulas and principlesB.by working with othersC.through reading and writingD.through music he hears4.The purpose of the passage is to tell us to ______.A.learn more successfullyB.gather more informationC.understand more quicklyD.exchange information better8、In 2015 a paper published in a science magazine reported on the personality types of people living in various London districts. Extroverts (外向的人), the researchers who wrote it had discovered, favored Richmond. Those who were most open to experience gathered in Hackney. People in Barnet scored lower than average on emotional stability.What this study did not address was whether someone’s home range reflects their perso nality traits or imposes them. In other words, is what is going on “nature” or “nurture” (培育) ? However, in a piece of research just published, Dr. Holtmann of Otago University, in New Zealand, and his colleagues have filled that gap—at least, they have filled it for dunnocks.The dunnock is a European bird. It has, though, been introduced to New Zealand and its population has boomed there. It is a well-studied species, and, in particular, some being measurably bolder (更大胆的) and more tolerant of potential threats, such as nearby human beings, than others. The team’s research area was the Botanic Garden in Dunedin. This is open to the public, but some areas are more frequented by visitors than others. Dunnocks have small territories, so it was possible to measure the amount of human disturbance in a given territory with reasonable precision. And, by wrapping each of the dunnocks in the garden with colour-coded bands it was possible to identify individuals by sight. Altogether, the researchers looked at 99 of them.They worked out a bird’s level of threat tolerance by the simple method of walking towards it, and then measuring how close one could get before the bird flew away. They did this several times for each bird every breeding season, and repeated the process over the course of three seasons.A particular bird’s flight distance (ie, how closely it could be approached before it departed) was, they found, consistent within a breeding season. From season to season most birds got a little bolder—probably as they learnt more about the world and what they could safely get away with. But this increase in boldness with age was small compared with the different starting points of bold and shy birds when they first arrived in a territory. It did not, therefore, much affect the factthat, on average, birds’ flight distances were inversely correlated (负相关) with the level of human disturbance in their territories. This was a consequence of disturbed territories being settled by bold birds, and undisturbed territories by shy ones.In the case of dunnocks, then, nature wins over nurture. Dr. Holtmann was able to show that personalities match circumstances, rather than being created by them. Dunnocks can recognize which places suit them best, and choose to settle in them shortly after they are fully fledged (羽翼丰满). Most likely, that is happening in London districts, too.1.What does the underlined words “that gap” in the second paragraph refer to?A.What the paper published in 2015 failed to handle.B.Why extroverts favour certain areas in London district.C.How Dr. Holtmann involved dunnocks in his study.D.What the former and latter study have in common.2.From Paragraph 3, we can know that dunnocks ________.A.are native to New ZealandB.have distinct personalitiesC.are bolder than human beingsD.can be easily identified by its color3.What conclusion did Dr. Holtmann draw from his study?A.It’s nurture rather than nature that matters in the case of dunnocks’ behaviour.B.Birds’ flight distances were in pr oportion to human disturbance in their territories.C.Dunnocks choose their habitats wisely in the first place rather than adapt to them.D.Bold birds and shy birds alike settle in undisturbed territories in the botanic garden.4.What is the author’s purpo se in writing the passage?A.To argue that circumstances cultivate certain personalities.B.To entertain readers with some funny facts about dunnocks.C.To present the finding of a scientific research about dunnocks.D.To confirm the assumption that personalities match circumstances.答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.C; 4.A解析：1.细节理解题。
高考英语科技类说明文阅读解题实用技巧——以2017~2019年全国卷为例
说明文是一种以“说明”为主要表达方式的文章体裁。
它通过科学、客观、严谨的解说，阐释客观事物或抽象事理。
说明文语篇的重点类别之一科技类说明文，是近三年来高考英语阅读理解考题中出现频率较高的考察对象。
不少科技类说明文聚焦于前沿的科学技术，展示运用先进科技的产品如何给生活带来变化，也包括对一些技术和发明的前景展望。
这类文章一般选材于科技类的新闻或研究报告，观点新颖独特，符合考生探究新事物的好奇心理，但是文章涉及的话题离考生生活有一定距离且生僻词汇多、句型结构复杂，阅读难度大。
说明文阅读题旨在考查考生运用现有的词汇和语法知识，理解文章长难句，整体把握语篇大意，同时要求学生通过平时的阅读积累和知识储量来应对不同话题。
科技类说明文阅读由于题目设置多样，成为多数考生畏惧的同时，也是容易失分的部分。
不论是什么样的题目类型和难度等级，在解答时都有对应的方法和技巧，只要熟练掌握一些规律性的技巧就能高效答题。
本文结合近三年来全国卷高考试题，简要阐述五种科技类说明文阅读理解的实用技巧，以帮助考生更好作答。
一、基本辨识基本辨识是在通读文章后的第一步，需要辨识的主要内容分为三个方面，即写作目的、目标读者和文章来源。
这需要学生从文章的结构、内容、用词通篇考虑。
一般来说，科技类说明文的写作目的是介绍性的，目标读者是具有一定认知能力的非专业读者，文章主要来自一些偏学术化的杂志和书籍，应根据具体情况做分析。
【例1】（2019年全国卷Ⅰ，C篇）31.Where is this text most likely from?A.A diaryB.A guidebookC.A novelD.A magazine.【答案与解析】文章介绍一种可有效防止网络数据盗窃的智慧键盘。
这是站在客观的角度简要介绍一项新的科技产品，并没有详细告知操作过程。
文章最后提到希望产品早日进入市场，表明该产品尚处于开发阶段。
因此，这篇文章很有可能是来源于杂志或报纸的科技新闻，只有D项符合。
高考英语阅读理解科普类说明文4篇--较难(有答案)
高考英语说明文4篇1make Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’ｔus tire. It sounds absurd/?b's??d/荒谬的. But a years ago, scientists tried to find outhow long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage 阶段of fatigue /f?'ti?g/(疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered thatblood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If wetooka drop of blood from a day laborer劳动者, we would find it fullof fatigue toxins /'t?ks?n/ (毒素) and fatigue products. But if wetook blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show nofatigue toxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly很快地at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brainistotally tireless. So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mentalm ost outstandingand emotional(情绪的) attitudes. One of England’ｓscientists, J.A. Hadfield, says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which wesuffer is of mental origin /'?r?d??n/起源. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “One rare.”hundred percent of the fatigue of sitting worker in good health is due toemotional problems.”What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction?No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety/??'za??t?/焦虑, tenseness紧张, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated---those are the emotions that tiresitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tiredbecause our emotions produce nervousness in the body.1. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?s blood.A. Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’work.feel worn after a day’ｓB. Albert Einstein didn’ｔC. The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.D. A mental worker’ｓblood was filled with fatigue toxins.2. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workerstired?A. Challenging mental work.B. Unpleasant emotions.C. Endless tasks.D. Physical laboidea?attitude towards the scientists’the author’ｓ3. What’ｓA. He agrees with them.B. He doubts them.C. He argues against them.D. He hesitates to accept them.4. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to ________.A. have some good food.B. enjoy their workC. exercise regularlyD. discover fatigue toxins2They baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quietbut alert /?'l??t/（警觉）. Twenty centimeters厘from her face researchershave placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze（凝视）starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots,is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did atthe previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three,just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, butwith three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest whenthe number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness 名，新奇? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two thingsmake, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squaresmoving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise （同样地）when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.5. The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s__.A. sense of hearingB. sense of sightC. sense of touch D sense of smell6. Babies are sensitive to the change in______.A. the size of cardsB. the colour of picturesC. the shape of patternsD. the number of objects7. Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.B. To see howbabies recognize sounds.C. To carry their experiment further.interest.D. To keep the babies’8. Where does this text probably come from?literature.A. Science fiction.B. Children’ｓC. An advertisement.D.A science report3Last night’ｓmeteor(流星) 英/'mi?t??/ shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding 苛求的；要求高的；吃力的answers. Accordingmayor市长, people gathered in theto Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valley’ｓsuburbs /'s?b??b/of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightene lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.by the city’ｓadmitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We “My family was so frustrated,”wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be ahuge disappointments.”Astronomers- /?'str?n?m?/n. 天文学家--scientists who study stars and planets---- have beencomplaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures tofightagainst it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur /??m?t?(r)/美 /'?m?.t??r/n. 爱好者star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的)birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “100million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes 撞碎with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animals casualties(伤亡）result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase person’ｓchances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona/,?ri'z?un?/美 /,?ri'z?un?/n. 美国亚利桑那州, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.英 /?b'z??v?t(?)r?/美 /?b'z?v?t?ri/n. 天文台；气象台；瞭望台Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement isunderway 进行中的to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so thatother creatures can share the night.9.It happened last night thatlights affected the meteor watchingA. the city’ｓB. the meteors flew past before being noticedC. the city light show attracted many peopleD. the meteor watching ended up a social outing10. What do the astronomers complain about?A. Meteor showers occur less often than beforeB. Their observation equipment is in poor repairC. Light pollution has remained unsolved for yearsD. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting11. What the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?A. Birds may take other migration pathsB. Animals living habits may changesuddenlyC. Varieties of animals will become sharplyreducedD. Animals’survival is threatened byoutdoor lighting12. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona areput into effect toA. Lessen the chance of getting cancerB. create an ideal observation conditionC. ensure citizens a good sleep at nightD. enable all creatures to live in harmony13.What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselvesB. Great efforts should be made to save energyC. Human activities should be environmentally friendlyD. New equipment should be introduced for space study4Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know，however，that they existed over 5,500years ago in ancient Asia.The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5，100 years old. Evidence suggests thatwheels for transport didn't become popular for .while, though . Thiscould be because animals did a perfectly good job of carryingfarming tools and humans around.But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfacesweren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demandfor them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but thisdifficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before thearrival of modern road design.In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design ofroad--a base layer (层)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman苏格兰人improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around thesame time, metal hubs英 /h?b/美 /h?b/n. 中心；毂；木片(the central part of a wheel)、came into being, followed by the Wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(泊油路). As wheel design took off,vehicles got faster and faster.14. What might explain why transport wheels didn’ｔb ecome popular for some time?A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.B. Humans carried farming tools just aswell. C. Animals were a good means oftransport.D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.15. What do we know about road design from the passage?A. It was easier than wheel design.B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.16. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By giving examples.B. By making comparisons.C.By following time order.D.By making classifications.17.What is the passage mainly about ?A.The beginning of road deaign.B.The development of transport wheel.C.The history of public transport.D.The invention of fast-moving vehicles.。
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⑤反对关系
• 如果两个概念的外延 完全不同，并且它们的外 延之和小于其属概念的外 延，则这两个概念之间的 关系是反对关系。 如“导体”和“绝缘 体”，两者的外延互相排 斥，并且它们的外延之和 小于其属概念，在两者之 间还存在有“半导体”， 因此它们之间是反对关系。
(3)弄清概念的限制和概括
• 概念的内涵与外延之间，具有反比关系，即一个概念 的外延越大，则它的内涵越小；反之，一个概念的外延越 小，则它的内涵越大。“新书”比“书”多了“新”的内 涵，因而具有这种属性的对象（外延）也就越少；同样 “书”比“新书”少了“新”的内涵，因而具有这种属性 的对象（外延）也就越多。 概念的限制是通过增加概念的内涵以达到缩小概念的外延 的目的，即由一个外延较大的概念过渡到一个外延较小的 概念。概念的概括是通过减少概念的内涵以达到扩大概念 的外延的目的，即由一个外延较小的概念过渡到一个外延 较大的概念。
请看1996年高考科技说明文的一道题：
• 对于ALCELL工艺，佩蒂和邓肯森发表了各自的看 法。下列对他俩看法的叙述，符合原文意思的一 项是 A.佩蒂认为该工艺能降低造纸成本，是一种无污 染的技术，邓肯森对此持有相同的看法。 B.佩蒂认为该工艺清洁、无污染，降低了造纸成 本，但邓肯森并不完全同意这种看法。 C.邓肯森认为该工艺容易掌握，利于建造新造纸 厂，但佩蒂并不完全同意这种看法。 D.邓肯森认为该工艺对造纸原料要求低，利于环 境保护，佩蒂对此持有相同的看法。 此题的答案是A
(2)掌握概念之间的关系 ①同一关系
• 如果两个概念的外 延完全重合，则这两 个概念之间的关系是 同一关系。 如“北京”和“中华 人民共和国的首都”， 两者都指的是我们生 活的这个城市，它们 之间是同一关系。
②属种关系
• 如果两个概念之间， 一个概念的外延完全包含 在另一个概念的外延之中， 而且仅仅成为另一个概念 外延的一部分，则这两个 概念之间的关系是属种关 系。 如“圆珠笔”和“笔”， 圆珠笔包含在笔之中，是 笔的一个组成部分，“圆 珠笔”和“笔”是属种关 系。
筛选和比较
•
科技说明文的阅读主要考查的是信息的筛选和分析比 较的能力。说得通俗一些，就是“找”和“比”两个字。 找 比 “找要找准”，就是一下子抓到重要的有效的信息，不要 遗漏。答题时可以准备一枝铅笔，在搜寻信息时标上记号。 比如试题中有ABCD四个选择分肢，要求在阅分读材料中寻 找相同（或不同）的，我们就可以在阅读材料中的相应的 信息下面用铅笔划上横线，注上A′B′C′D′，以便比较。 一棵树上没有两片完全相同的叶子，比较是认识事物的最 有效的手段。“比要比‘狠’”是说分析比较必须彻底， 是说分析比较必须彻底， 是说分析比较必须彻底 能够透过现象，从本质上分析比较出两种事物的异同。 能够透过现象，从本质上分析比较出两种事物的异同。
③交叉关系
• 如果两个概念的外延 有而且只有一部分重合， 则这两个概念之间的关系 是交叉关系。 如“共青团员”和“中学 生”，有些中学生是共青 团员，有些中学生不是共 青团员；同样的有些共青 团员是中学生，有些共青 团员不是中学生，因此 “共青团员”和“中学生” 之间是交叉关系。
④矛盾关系
• 如果两个概念的外延 完全不同，并且它们的外 延之和等于其属概念的外 延，则这两个概念之间的 关系是矛盾关系。 如“核国家”和“无 核国家”，两者的外延互 相排斥，并且它们的外延 之和恰恰等于其属概念 （上位概念）的外延“国 家”，那么这两个概念之 间是矛盾关系。
答案分析
• A项“转基因作物的研究已取得突破性进展，目前所有 所有品 所有 种都得到推广种植”，原文的表述是“转基因作物目前在 世界上已种植有1000万公顷左右，种植最多的是棉花、玉 米和西红柿等。在实验室试种的还有莴苣、西瓜、稻谷等 品种”，显然A项扩大了种植品种的外延。 扩大了 扩大 C项“更难对付的害虫的加快出现将是转基因作物给环境 带来的最大危险”“最大 最大”一词与原文第三段中“尤其 尤其是 最大 尤其 那些能抗除莠剂的作物，它们一旦同野生状态下的‘表姐 妹’杂交之后，那些“表姐妹”也就会因此而成为除莠剂 无法除掉的变种了”的“尤其”二字所指的内容相矛盾 相矛盾。 相矛盾 D项“增产并不是转基因技术研究的目的，提高抗病毒能 力是研究者最感兴趣的”根据汉语语法的特点，我们可以 知道“不是……而是……”表明这个句子是对照 对照关系的并 对照 列复句，意在强调“研究目的”的唯一性。原文的表述是 “试验的目的除了增产之外，还在于提高这些品种的抗病 毒能力”用“除了……还……”强调“增产”和“提高这 些品种的抗病能力”都是 都是“研究的目的”。 都是
答案分析
• B项“佩蒂认为该工艺清洁、无污染，降低了造纸成本， 但邓肯森并不完全同意这种看法”前一个分句与原文意思 相同，后一分句的意思在邓肯森的话中根本找不到依据 根本找不到依据。 根本找不到依据 C项“邓肯森认为该工艺容易掌握，利于建造新造纸厂， 但佩蒂并不完全同意这种看法”，原文是佩蒂的说法在前、 佩蒂的说法在前、 佩蒂的说法在前 邓肯森的说法在后，佩蒂根本无法对邓肯森的说法做出评 邓肯森的说法在后 价。 同样的道理，D项“邓肯森认为该工艺对造纸原料要求低， 利于环境保护，佩蒂对此持有相同的看法”也不能成立。
答案分析
• A项“凡是称可以‘生物降解’的塑料产品都根本不能降 解”，原文中的表述是“大多数‘生物降解’塑料并不真 正降解”“经他们试验的每个产品都不能降解”。语句相 似，但A项增加了“凡是……都……”的意思，扩大了概念 的外延。 B项“一些塑料生产厂家对产品的功用宣传不实”，对原 文有关部分的归纳应当是“一些塑料生产厂家对产品能降 解的宣传不实”。B项用“功用”偷换了“降解”的概念。 E项“这些塑料产品在物理上发生变化之后就可以生物降 解”，原文说“一些生产厂家说这些产品如果在物理上发 生了变化，则是可以生物降解的”。看起来两者相同，但 这种说法实质上与原文中“K大学的研究人员”的说法相 予盾，“K大学的研究人员称，大多数“生物降解”塑料 并不真正降解”。
借助语法常识解时 遇到的实际问题。如汉语语法中讲到的词 语语意的轻重、使用范围的大小、搭配是 否恰当、感情色彩、语体色彩是否合于要 求，以及句子的成分、句子的性质、句子 的结构形式等等，都可用来辅助我们阅读 科技说明文，帮助我们分析和解决实际问 题。
请看1998年高考科技说明文的一道题：
1993年高考科技说明文中的一道题：
• 下列与K大学研究人员的试验结果有关的说法， 哪几项是正确的？ A.凡是称可以“生物降解”的塑料产品都根本不 能降解 B.一些塑料生产厂家对产品的功用宣传不实 C.在生物降解过程中应出现物质的分解和转化 D.塑料产品的废弃物多数不会自溶自消 E.这些塑料产品在物理上发生变化之后就可以生 物降解 F.生物降解在不同条件下都会出现氧化现象 此题答案是：CDF
举例说明
• 我到商店买衬衣,不能只对售货员小姐说“我买衬衣”， 应当把所有关于我买衬衣的信息资料统统告诉售货员小姐。 应当说“我买一件蓝色40公分男式短袖纯棉衬衣”。“衬 衣”前的五个定语“一件”、“蓝色”、“40公分”、 “男式”、“短袖”、“纯棉”就是增加的衬衣的属性。 通过层层的限制，我和售货员小姐达成共识，确定单位为 “一”---我就买“这一件”。这就是概念限制的过程。 我买完衬衣从商店里走出来，恰好碰到了同一办公室的小 陈，他问我：“杨老师您做什么去了？”我并不回答“我 买了一件蓝色40公分男式短袖纯棉衬衣”，因为小陈并不 关心我买什么样的衬衣，他只问做什么去了。我只回答 “买衬衣去了”或“买东西去了”。这就是对“一件蓝色 40公分男式短袖纯棉衬衣”这个概念的概括，即由一个外 延较小的概念“一件蓝色40公分男式短袖纯棉衬衣”过渡 到了一个外延较大的概念“衬衣”。
• 下列说法符合原文意思的一项是 A.转基因作物的研究已取得突破性进展，目 前所有品种都得到推广种植。 B.提高作物抗病毒的能力仍然是转基因技术 研究没有完全解决的问题。 C.更难对付的害虫的加快出现将是转基因 作物给环境带来的最大危险。 D.增产并不是转基因技术研究的目的，提 高抗病毒能力是研究者最感兴趣的。 此题答案是B项
高考科技说明文题型阅读 借助逻辑常识解答试题 • 方法 借助语法常识解答试题 • 筛选和比较
•
借助逻辑常识解答试题
• (1)了解概念的内涵和外延 世界上有了一种东西，就有了与之相应的 概念。词语是概念的语言形式；概念是词 语的思想内容。 概念的内涵是指概念所反映的对象的本质 属性。概念的外延是指具有概念所反映的 本质属性的对象。
筛选和比较
• 为了便于分析，我们把文中所有的佩蒂和邓肯森的话，摘录在下面： • ①该公司董事长佩蒂说：“这是未来之路。用酒精制造纸浆意味着出 现一种清洁、无污染的技术。” • ②佩蒂说：“建造一座新的纸浆厂要耗资10亿美元，而且它要求木材 供应源源不断。如有ALCELL工艺，只要耗资源3．5亿美元就能建造 一个工厂，并使工厂不停地运转，所需木材供应量较小。” • ③他（佩蒂）又说：“那意味着一个工厂一天生产350吨而不是1000 吨纸浆。” • ④林业产品分析家邓肯森说：“从环境方面来说，它比较清洁，而且 小型厂这个概念将会使建造新纸浆厂变得较容易。
(4)概念要明确，不能任意扩大缩小 或转移偷换
• 上面推理中出现 的两个“杀人者”其 实不是同一个概念。 第一个“杀人者”指 的是滥杀无辜的人， 后一个“杀人者”其 实是执法者， 是杀 “滥杀无辜”的人。 上面的推理错误出在 偷换了概念。
再举一例
• “含有汞”和“汞”是 两个不同的概念，用 “含有汞”来代替 “汞”，概念发生了 转移，就出现了推理 的错误，因为含有微 量的汞对人体没有什 么太大的毒害。