大一《希腊罗马神话》期末复习(英文)
大学英语课--希腊罗马神话8
SICILY
• Daedalus flew on to Sicily • The king there welcomed him • Minos followed him • Asked the king to thread a spiral shell • Daedalus did it, so Minos knew Daedalus was there • The king’s daughters boiled Minos in water, killing him
• • • • •
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter
• • • •
Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
DAEDALUS
• Originally from Athens • Skilled crafstman • Killed his assistant because the assistant invented the saw • Was forced to leave Athens
QUESTION 15
• What is the name of the man lying down?
RELAX!
D’S
• DAPHNE
• DELPHI • Half brother, half sister • Greek Army, Spartan Army
BRISEIS IPHIGENIA HELEN
HECTOR’S WIFE
• He finds them on the city walls • His wife begs him to stay and not fight • Her father and 7 brothers have been killed by Achilles • Her mother too is dead • Now Hector is all of that to her
希腊罗马神话——考试样卷
A Mid-term Examination inGreek and Roman MythologyName:__________ Class:_________ Score:_________I. Match the gods/goddesses and their roles in mythology. (10%)( ) 1. Diana A. goddess of grain( ) 2. Poseidon B. goddess of hunting, the moon( ) 3. Hades C. god of the sea( ) 4. Hera D. queen of Olympus; goddess of marriageand childbirth( ) 5. Ceres E. goddess of arts and crafts and defensivewar; goddess of wisdom( ) 6. Athena F. goddess of beauty and sexual desire ( ) 7. Aphrodite G.. god of war( ) 8. Mars H. metal smith of the gods( ) 9. Hermes I. ruler of the Underworld; lord of the dead( ) 10. Hephaestus J. Zeus’messenger, guardian of travelers,merchants and thievesK. one of the Fates who determine thelength of each mortal’s lifeII. Choose a word/phrase from the following list to fill in each of the blanks with, changing their forms if necessary. (20%)1.The report presented by the scientist to the government was extremely _______ - no one could understand it.2.He was ________ by her beauty, but lacked the courage to speak to her.3.Another round of negotiations were conducted on the Middle East under the _______ of the UN.4.Seeing the ________ expression on his father’s face, the boy immediately knew what was awaiting him.5.While the president was casually chatting with his supporters, his body-guards were _______, looking for any single sign of danger.6.The scientist spent all his life researching the ____________ of his hometown.7.Showing disrespect to gods according to many cultures is to invite ______.8.The young man had about him a(n) _______ of youth and health.9. When the theater caught fire, there was a great______.10. The desk was a ______ of papers and unopened letters.III. Multiple Choice Questions (10%)( )1. The Iliad and the Odyssey were both written by _______.A. VirgilB. OvidC. HesiodD. Homer( )2. Many transformation stories can be found in _________, a collection of poems written by ____.A. Metamorphosis; OvidB. Theogony, HesiodC. Persians, AeschylusD. Aeneid, Virgil( )3.The spinners of the thread of human destiny were __________.A. the MusesB. the GracesC. the FatesD. the Furies( )4.Zeus changed Io a _______ hide her from Hera.A. bearB. heiferC. snakeD. bull( )5.Leda and the Swan was supposedly painted by __________.A. Peter Paul RubensB. Gustave MoreauC. Sandro BotticelliD. Leonardo da Vinci( )6.Pandora replaced the lid of her box, with only one thing left at the bottom - _______.A. warB. famineC. hopeD. disease( )7.Arachne was a _____, who was punished by ______.A. hunter; DianaB. titan; ZeusC. weaver; MinervaD. king; Hera( )8.When we say someone has Midas’ ears, we are commenting on his ________.A. wealthB. poor judgmentC. prideD. avarice( )9.The gods who ruled the heavens, the ocean and the Underworld, respectively, were ______.A. Jupiter, Pluto and SaturnB. Jupiter, Apollo and Neptune D. Jupiter, Neptune andPluto( )10.If you throw a sop to Cerberus, you are trying to _______.A. kill someoneB. bribe someoneC. avoid being killed by someoneD. enjoy a blissful afterlife.IV. Read each literary excerpt carefully and do the following: (a) underline all the mythological allusions, and (b) explain their meanings according to the context of the excerpt. (20%)1. We feasted that evening as on nectar and ambrosia. (Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, 1847)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2.There was, as I have said, a Minerva fully armed. (Marilynne Robinson, Mother Country, 1889) ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________3.Trinity College had undertaken the Sisyphean task of repairing all of its historic Front Square.(John Brady, A Stone of the Heart, 1988)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________4.Antoine and Francoise with their children, but without ever knowing why, joined the refugees for the sake of their vision of elysium and because of Don Emmanuel ’s enthusiasm. (Louis De Berni res, The War of Don Emmanuel ’s Nether Parts , 1990)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________5.It was hard to imagine H.E. sniffing after some other country woman, or being discovered mounting one of the milking girls. H.E., even when he was twenty-seven, would not have made a credible farmyard satyr. (Thomas Keneally, The Playmaker , 1987)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________V . Look at the following paintings and tell briefly the mythological stories depicted therein. (20%)1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________3. ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________VI. Essay question: (A) choose ONE from the list of questions and answer the question you’ve chosen, and (B) tell what you have learned from this course. You should write at least 150 words. (20%)1.What is the significance of the story of Proserpine?2.What are the different character traits between Apollo and Bacchus?3.What is the relationship between hubris and nemesis (cite at least one mythological story as an example)?4.What aspect does the Pandora myth show about the ancient Greek society?Your question：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________。
希腊罗马神话与英语学习
Atlas 泰坦巨神之一
• 因为对抗宙斯被罚在世界的西尽头以 肩扛天。16世纪地理学家麦卡脱把Atlas擎 天图作为地图册的卷首插图，后人争相效 仿，遂有atlas n. 地图册，图表集。
• titanium n. 钛——发明者认为钛的超强度和 超强的耐高温正像泰坦神的伟大。各种运 动器材如网球拍、羽毛球拍中因含钛而价 格昂贵。
奥林匹斯在希腊语中是发光的意思奥林匹斯山是希腊神话传说中众神居住之地包括主神宙斯智慧女神雅典娜athena太阳神阿波罗apollo等等传说中山上圣火终年不熄
专题讲座
古希腊罗马神话与英语词汇
Olympus
• Olympic：宙斯（Zeus）坐上了众神之王 的宝座，便和其他众神共同生活在奥林匹 斯山（Olympus）上，过着逍遥自在的日子。 Olympic这个词就是来源于奥林匹斯山。奥 林匹斯在希腊语中是“发光”的意思，奥 林匹斯山是希腊神话传说中众神居住之地， 包括主神宙斯、智慧女神雅典娜 （Athena）、太阳神阿波罗（Apollo）等等， 传说中山上圣火终年不熄。
胜利女神Nick
• NIKE就是来源于胜利女神Nick，象征着胜 利！
Muses(缪斯)
• 希腊神话中掌管艺术的诸神。共九位，分 别是历史、抒情诗、喜剧(牧歌、田园诗)、 悲剧、歌舞、爱情诗、颂歌、天文、史诗。 Muses的艺术衍生出单词music，Muses收 藏艺术品的地方就是museum。艺术带来的 快乐便是a-muse，amusement。
Siren半人半鸟的海妖
• 原指希腊神话中福耳库斯和缪斯的三个女儿总称。 各个美若天仙，背部长有天使般的翅膀，下身为 双鱼尾。 • 由于天性以吃人为生，宙斯为了防止她们继续吃 人，把她们关在了一个岛上。从此，凡是有船只 水手经过该岛附近就能听见天籁般的歌声，Siren 以此诱惑水手们上岸，并吃掉他们。 • 后大约在17世纪，欧洲渔业大兴，黄昏返岸 的船只由于太快以防触礁，人们就把暗礁上装上 警笛，提示渔民们Siren的故事，使减速或绕行， 以防船只触礁。后引申为警报器，警笛。
源自古希腊罗马神话故事的英语词汇PPT.
早餐麦片)。 一种表现。但是客户不这样想，他认为，招回的车肯定有问题，不买了。其实他不了解，哪款车都不敢说是完美无缺的。比如，奔驰、
宝马车都不错，但它也有招回的。这要看到它有利的一面，毕竟招回是主动的，是本着对客户负责任的态度出发的，本着提高产品质 量的角度出发的，这是件好事情，但是客户往往会误解。
希腊罗马神话众神与英语单词 Titan
Titan(泰坦)： 衍生词titanic意指巨大 的，极大的。 “泰坦尼克号”即以此 命名。
希腊罗马神话众神与英语单词 Atlas
Atlas： atlas从此有了地图、地 图集、身负重担的人的 含义。 其他衍生词：Atlantic。
希腊罗马神话众神与英语单词 Ceres
希腊罗马神话众神与英语单词 Muses & Mnemosyne
Muses(缪斯)：
Muses→music， Muses → museum。
→
a-muse ，
amusement。
Mnemosyne :
memory → memorize
希腊罗马神话众神与英语单词 Pan
Pan(潘)： panic(惊慌，恐 慌)。
(2) 因洗澡而引起晕厥
希腊罗马神话众神与英语单词 Eros / Cupid
Eros(厄洛斯)/ Cupid(丘 比特) ：爱神。 他们衍生出的单词都 含贬义: erotic色情的： cupidity贪心，贪婪。
希腊罗马神话众神与英语单词
Hygeia
Hygeia： 衍生词： hy-giene(卫生) Hygeian(健康的) Hygienist（卫生 学者）
希腊罗马神话英文讲义
1 The Beginning of the worldBefore earth and sea and heavens became known the face of nature was one crude, formless mass. Land and sea and air were mingled together. The universe was a uniform darkness, without sun and moon, and the earth was no more than an embryo heap. In the middle of the pervading gloom sat Chaos and his wife, the goddess of Night (Nyx), who reigned but did not rule, for the whole space was lifeless. Centuries later, with the birth of Light and Day, earth and sea and air came into existence. Still later, the union of Gaea (Earth) and Uranus (Heaven) gave birth to the Titans, the Cyclopes and the Centimani, all giants in stature and strength. Afraid that his own gigantic children might usurp his throne, Uranus drove them all back to the earth, and thus roused the resentment of the mother Gaea. At her instigation one of her sons, Kronus (Saturn), attacked and wounded Uranus with a sickle he had taken from his mother, and took over as supreme ruler of the universe. He married his own sister Rhea and entrusted the management of the sun to his brother Hyperion and the moon to his sister Phoebe. He ruled his realm peacefully until an oracle prophesied that he would one day be dethroned by one of his own children. To avert the disaster he took the excessive precaution of swallowing up all his five children one by one immediately after their birth. These were Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Poseidon (Neptune) and Hades (Pluto). When Rhea bore the last child, Zeus (Jupiter) by name, Kronus wanted to get rid of him in the same fashion. But the mother wrapped up a piece of stone in the infant’s swathes and handed it over to the unsuspecting father. Thus Zeus was saved, and sent to Mt Ida, where the mountain nymphs did all their power to protect him from any harm. By the time Kronus became aware of the deception it was too late, for young Zeus suddenly appeared before him and easily deposed him. With the help of a nauseous potion, Zeus forced his father to disgorge his five brothers and sisters. But Kronus and his Titans were not reconciled to their defeat. They made war on Zeus and his brothers and sisters. Acting on the advice of his mother Rhea, Zeus released the Cyclopes from under the earth and armed himself of their thunderbolts, for the Cyclopes were thunderbolt-makers. The rebellious Titans were soon reduced to submission and cast down into Tartarus. Zeus became the undisputed ruler on Olympus. He made his sister Hera his queen, and distributed power among his brothers and sisters and his sons and daughters. Among others, Poseidon ruled over the vast expanse of seas and oceans, and Pluto was created lord of the lower world. Thus, for untold centuries, the Olympians reigned supreme in the universe, lording it over man and beast alike, until they were dethroned and superseded by a new, monotheistic faith.2 The Olympian GodsBetween Macedon and Thessaly of northern Greece there stood a lofty mountain range whose cloudy summit rushed into the very heavens. On the culminating point of the range, Mt Olympus, was bathed in bliss and brightness the home of the gods,where Zeus ruled as the father of gods and men. Zeus was not an autocrat by any standards. All the gods submitted to his final word, it was true, but Zeus made them all sit on a committee, a council of twelve members, embracing six gods and six goddesses. First in the Olympian crowd sat Zeus himself, the overlord of gods and men and the wielder of the thunderbolt. Next to him was Hera, his proud and jealous queen. Poseidon, as has been told earlier, was ruler of the sea, and Hades, king of the lower world, had no seat in the council chamber. Apollo was the god of the sun, music, poetry and prophecy, while his twin sister Artemis (Diana) was the goddess of the moon and the chase. Athena (Minerva), the goddess of wisdom and patroness of domestic arts, personified pure intellect; Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, represented home life and family happiness. The blustering Ares (Mars) was the god of war, and the charming Aphrodite (Venus) the goddess of love and beauty. The lame god of fire, Hephaestus (Vulcan), was the forger of the thunder-bolts of Zeus and the fashioner of arms and all sorts of metal work for the gods and heroes. The wing-footed messenger Hermes (Mercury) was the god of invention and commerce and patron of thieves. And the goddess of grains and harvests, Demeter, supervised agriculture and stood for mother of civilization.All the major gods mentioned above assumed human forms of peerless beauty and grace. Often moved by human feelings and desires, they frequently gave way to fits of anger and jealousy and became involved in the ceaseless brawls of the world of man. Among themselves at Olympus they intrigued and scrambled for supremacy; down in the world of mortals they experienced rivalries and frustrations, and enjoyed earthly friendships and loves. A crowed of immortal celestials who looked and behaved in a perfectly human fashion-- that is what the pantheon at Olympus actually was.3 PrometheusPrometheus (forethought) was a Titan. In the war between Zeus and the giants he had stood on the side of the new Olympian gods. Out of clay he fashioned the first man, to whom. Athena gave soul and holy breath. Prometheus bestowed on his creation the gift of fire, which raised man above all animals. Later, at a joint meeting of gods and men held to decide what part of burnt offerings should be allotted to the gods and what to men, Prometheus cut up an ox and divided it into two portions: under the skin he placed the flesh, and under the fat he put the bones, for he new the greedy Zeus loved fat, Zeus saw through the trick and felt displeased at the Titan’s favor towards men. So in a masterful fashion he deprived mankind of the gift of fire. However, Prometheus managed to steal fire from heaven and secretly brought it down to men. Flying into a rage at this wanton act of defiance, Zeus had him chained to a rock on Mount Caucasus, where a ravenous vulture ever tore at his liver which ever grew again. His period of ordeal was to be thirty thousand years. Prometheus faced his bitter fate firmly and never quailed before all the fiery majesty of Zeus. The two were at last reconciled by Heracles (Hercules), who, coming over in quest of the golden apples (see p.164), slew the eagle and set the benefactor of mankind free.4 PandoraAfter the theft of fire Zeus became increasingly hostile to men. One day he commanded his son Hephaestus to mold an image of a beautiful maiden out of clay and asked the gods and goddesses to endow her with different kinds of gifts. Among others, Athena clothed her in a gorgeous robe and Hermes gave her the power of telling lies. A charming young lady, she was the first woman that ever lived. Zeus called her Pandora, for she had received from each of the gods and goddesses a gift which was harmful to men.Zeus decided to send her down to men as a present. So Hermes the messenger brought her to Epimetheus (afterthought), brother of Prometheus. The greatness of her beauty enslaved the hearts of all who looked upon her, and Epimetheus joyfully received her into his house. He had quiet forgotten Prometheus’warning never to accept anything from Zeus. The pair lived a happy life for some time. Then misfortune befell the human world.When he was preoccupied with teaching men the art of living, Prometheus had left a big cask in the care of Epimetheus. He had warned his brother not to open the lid. Pandora was a curious woman, and had been feeling bitterly frustrated that her husband had repeatedly forbidden het to take a look at the contents of the cask. One day, when Epimetheus was out, she lifted the lid and out from it came strife and war, plague and all the sickness, theft and violence, grief and sorrow, and all the other evils that the human world was henceforward to experience. Only hope stayed within the mouth of the jar and never flew out. So men always have hope within their bosoms.5 The Four AgesThere had been four ages since the human world first came into existence, the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Age of Bronze and the Age of Iron.The Golden Age was the best of all. It was an age when Kronus sat on the throne. Bounteous nature satisfied all the wants of men. There were no extremes of cold and heat. And the evils of the human world were still kept in the cask which Epimetheus guarded and Pandora was not yet made to open. Men lived a blissful life, for ever young, always feasting and revelling, and knowing neither toil nor sorrow. When death came it came like a peaceful sleep, and they became good spirits watching over mortal men.The Silver Age was one in which the human race was somewhat inferior in body and mind. The period of helpless infancy lasted a hundred years, and the time of manhood, short and troubled, men spent in ignorance and evil. They no longer worshipped the gods and offered no sacrifices. However, as the race of the Silver Age was not entirely devoid of virtue, they had some honor and lived on as spirits under the earth. During the Age of Bronze men further degenerated. Clad in bronze and armed with weapons of bronze, they lived in houses of bronze. Ruthless and ferocious, theydelighted in war and perished in ceaseless internecine strife. When they died they descended into the darkness of the lower world.The last age, that of Iron, was one of endless care and grief. There was no family love, no sense of filial duty, and no friendship and hospitality. Nor was there any faith, truth and justice. Evil was rampant, might was right, and the flames of war scorched the earth. It was a race of men deserted by gods.6 The FloodTowards the end of the Age of Bronze the human world became very wicked. Men grew greedy, insolent and impious. Neither right nor law respected any longer, and the rule of hospitality was forgotten. Disguised in human form, Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly, and was disguised with the deadly sins of men. He decided to clear the earth of them all. Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the merciless Poseidon to help. Soon the whole world was submerged in a boundless ocean, and the entire human race perished in the unprecedented flood, all but two humble Thessalians.These were an old childless couple, kind and pious and contented with life. The man was called Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha. Son of Prometheus, Deucalion had been forewarned by his father of the forthcoming flood and had made himself a huge chest. When the roaring deluge came the couple took refuge in it and floated for nine days until it touched land again on Mt Parnassus.The once bustling world presented an unnerving sight. It was now all death and devastation. Feeling lonely and insecure, the old couple prayed to the gods for help. An oracle instructed them to cast the bones of their mother about. The son of the wise Titan, having divined the true meaning of the mysterious command, started throwing stones behind him. A miracle occurred. The stones that the man cast became men; those that the woman threw were turned into women. To Deucalion a son was born later, Hellene by name, who had three sons, Aeolus, Dorus and Xuthus. Aeolus and Dorus became the ancestors respectively of the Aeolians and Dorians. Xuthus had two sons, Ion and Achaeus: the former the progenitor of the Ionians, and the latter of the Achaeans. The land was repeopled, and the Heroic Age had begun.7 Zeus and HeraAfter he had deposed his father, Zeus looked about for a spouse. And one of his sisters, the beautiful and majestic Hera, won his heart. He wooed the lady and was only too readily accepted. At the marriage feast, to which all the residents of Olympus were invited, Hera was declared queen of Heaven and goddess of marriage. They were perfectly happy for a time, but not for long. For Zeus was somewhat lecherous while Hera was intolerably jealous. Despite the fact that Zeus was all-ruling and all powerful, he frequently found it necessary to be on the look-out for his queen. Whenever he slipped down Olympus to seek new love, he saw to it that someclouds were spread to throw his wife off the scent. Hera, for her part, while ultimately submitting to the will of Zeus, kept the father of gods and men under close and constant observation, and was never accommodating enough to reconcile herself with her husband’s new attachments. She had been for ever on the run, trying to keep track of Zeus and devise ways of revenge not always on the all-conquering god, but rather on his hopeless mistresses. Zeus was always able to get away, but the ladies were often left behind to the tender mercies of the queen. Zeus’ zest for life knew no limits, while Hera’s persecution of her rivals and their children were relentless and not at all always justifiable. She viciously transformed comely Callisto into an ungainly bear; she maliciously kept Io wandering in the form of a heifer, giving her no peace; and she spared no effort to molest Heracles until the hero was tormented to a miserable death. Not infrequently did she inflame the rage of Zeus so that the father of gods and men punished her severely. On one occasion Zeus hung her in the clouds, tying two heavy anvils to her dangling feet. But apart from these petty squabbles and miner imperfections of character, they were quite a happy, almighty couple, revered as king and queen of heaven, he, a sky-god, bringer of light, arbiter of right and wrong and giver of reward and punishment, and she, a special guardian of women and a goddess who presided over childbirth.Zeus and Hera had three children, Ares, Hephaestus and Hebe. Ares (Mars) was the hateful god of war and Hephaestus the physically handicapped god of forge. But Hebe was for ever young, rosy and blooming, representing youth and happiness. At the celestial table on Olympus she had served to bear cups of wine to the gods and was ever at the wish of Zeus to pour out nectar. On one solemn occasion, however, the goodness tripped over something and fell, and was thus forced to resign her office. She was endowed with the power of restoring youth and vigor to gods and men. When Heracles had lived out his earthly life span and his soul had come up to Olympus to take his rightful seat there, she married the hero and lived a blissful life .8 IoIo was the daughter of a river-god. She was loved, wooed and won by Zeus. Hera became so jealous that she flew down from Olympus one day to wreak vengeance on her rival. Zeus, however, had foreseen her arrival and changed Io into a beautiful white heifer. Seeing the deceit, Hera requested the heifer as a present and Zeus had to yield to her wish. Then she entrusted the heifer to the care of a hundred-eyed monster, Argus, from whose ever-wakeful eyes no escape was possible. Unable to endure to see her so unhappy, Zeus sent Hermes down to destroy the monster. Disguised as a shepherd, Hermes lulled Argus to sleep with his dulcet songs and tedious stories, then slew him and set Io free. But Hera’s jealous wrath was not to be appeased yet. She sent a gadfly to harry the heifer and drive her from land to land. In her agony the heifer passed over the strait which divides Europe and Asia. Whence the stripe of water got its name Bosporus, the way of the cow. She wandered over the sea, which incidentally derived from her its name the Ionian Sea. Eventually she arrived in Egypt where she was restored to her natural form. She settled downand gave birth to a son. Some of her descendants remained in Egypt and ruled as kings for a long time.9 CallistoIn the charming retinue of Artemis (Diana) there was a beautiful nymph called Callisto. Zeus loved her passionately and often sought her company. Before the year was out she bore him a son, Arcas by name, who later became the eponymous ancestor of the Archadians. Zeus’frequent absences from Mt Olmpus aroused Hera’s suspicions. In time the vengeful queen discovered the truth and devised an effectual scheme of retaliation. One day Callisto suddenly found herself changed into a bear, with monstrous bushy jaws and blood-shot eyes, though she remained human in heart. She instantly left her son and went into hiding in the forest.Years passed. Little Arcas had matured to youthful manhood. He was hunting merrily in the woods one day when a huge gray bear suddenly appeared before him. Both were amazed, he terrified at the sight of the grisly bear, and the bear having recognized her own son in the young hunter. The young man leveled his spear at the slowly approaching bear and was about to pounce upon it when Zeus intervened to stop the folly. For he had not been able to find the whereabouts of his beloved mistress until quite recently and he had been secretly shielding her from all danger and harm. Now he transformed his son into a little bear, and sent both mother and son into the high heavens, where they have remained to this day, known as the constellation of the Great and Little Bear.10 AthenaOn one occasion Zeus suffered a racking headache. When all the gods, including Apollo, the god of medicine, had tried in vain to offer an efficacious remedy, the father of gods and men summoned Hephaestus to split open his head. This the god of fire did, and to the wonder of all the Olympians, a goddess, full-grown and full-armed, issued from the cleavage, radiating light and splendor. She was Athena, goddess of wisdom and knowledge and patroness of Athens.The story of Athena becoming patron goddess of Athens concerns the rivalry between the goddess and Poseidon. When the city of Athens was first built by a Phoenician, both Poseidon and Athena vied for the honor of naming it. It was then agreed that whoever offered the most useful object for men would became the patron of the city. Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and produced a horse, whereas Athena had an olive tree to present, an emblem of peace and plenty. As the horse was deemed as signifying strife and sorrow. Athens was named after the goddess, who forthwith took the city under her protection.Athena was the goddess of arts and crafts and woman’s handiwork. She was so deft with her hands the she tolerated no challenge to her skill in this respect. A Lydian maid, Arachne by name, did not seem to think much of A thena’s dexterity, for she frequently boasted that she could beat the goddess if she had the opportunity to doso. The goddess was quite irritated. Disguised as an old woman, she went to advise Arachne to be modest. But the ignorant craftswoman wantonly dared the goddess herself to come down and compete with her. At this blatant piece of defiance the goddess cast down her disguise and accepted the challenge. The two contestants immediately set about embroidering different designs. While the goddess worked on the story of her rivalry with Poseidon, Arachne began to weave a delicate web. When both pieces were finished, Arachne saw, to her surprise, that she had been beaten, for the goddess’ design was infinitely superior. She felt so chagrined that she tied a piece of silk to hang herself. But just before she breathed her last the goddess changed her into a spider, condemning her to weave for ever.Though often represented as fully armed, helmet and breastplate and all that, she favored patriotic defence. Almost the only goddess who was virgin and free of scandal, Athena seldom exhibited the weaknesses of the gentler sex. She cut a pretty martial figure in the world of myth, and enjoyed worship among the ancients.11 ApolloAmong the crowed of Olympian gods the one most widely worshipped was Apollo, son of Zeus and Leto (Latona). According to Greek mythology, Leto was driven by Hera from land to land until at last Poseidon took pity on her and brought the island of Delos out of water for her to live on. There she gave birth to the twins, Apollo and Artemis.Apollo was the sun-god. Dressed in a purple robe, he sat in his bright eastern palace at dawn and made ready to start his daily journey across the sky. During the day he rode in his chariot of gold and ivory, and brought light, life and love to the vast world below. At dusk he came to the end of his journey in the far western sea and got on his golden boat to return to his eastern abode.Apollo was the god of music and poetry. He was the inspirer of all emotions which find expression in lofty song. With his lyre of gold and the harmonious accents of his god-like voice he led the choir of the muses at Olympus . The dulcet music from his lyre was so inspiring that stones marched into their places in rhythmic time and of their own volition when he help Poseidon build up the walls of Troy . On one occasion, challenged to a contest by the mortal musician Marsyas, he first excelled him and then flayed him to death for his presumption. On another he lost out to Pan at a musical contest and transformed the ears of the judge, King Midas, into those of an ass.His son, Orpheus, inherited such skill from the father that his harp moved man and beast alike .Apollo was the god of prophecy. As revealer he made known the hidden things of Zeus. Men turned to him for advice and guidance in cases of perplexity. Though seldom in direct intercourse with mortals, he granted a special communication of counsel through oracles. His oracle at Delphi was the most renowned because the most stoutly believed of all.Apollo represented youthful, manly beauty. His golden hair, stately bearing andradiant air all combined to make him the admiration of the world. A fair maiden, by the name of Clytie, was so enamoured of his beauty and glory that from dawn to dusk she knelt on the ground, her hands outstretched towards the sun-god, and her eyes gazing at his golden-wheeled carriage racing across the azure sky. Though her love was not requited she had never changed her mind about Apollo. The gods were moved at the pathetic sight, and metamorphosed her into a sunflower.Apollo was also the god of health and healing. His son, Aesculapius, possessed such magic power to call back the dead to life that Zeus felt it advisable to get rid of the mortal physician with his thunderbolt and thus put an end to such interference with his divine authority. Apollo was not happy about this at all. As the Cyclopes had helped make the thunderbolts for Zeus, Apollo would have certainly slain the meddlesome giants had the father of gods and men not intervened himself. Apollo was banished from Olympus to serve a mortal on earth for a year . Because of his more intimate intercourse with the human world he knew more about the bitter life of the mortals, and he was obviously more sympathetic towards them. He slew Python, the monster, which made havoc on a vast area around, and was incidentally known at times by the alias Pythia. “The fire-robed god” thus was a blessing to the world of man.12 DaphneDaphne was a lovely blooming nymph. As she was frolicking in the woods one day she saw Apollo the sun-god gazing at her with more than amazement and admiration in his eye. The beaming face of the sun put her to flight. The eager Apollo followed her closely behind, calling out to her to stop. His passion having been kindled by her beauty and grace, he was afraid that this might be the last time he saw her. The nimble nymph made the best of her legs, but the ardent Apollo pressed hard upon her. Through rough fields and pathless woods she ran, but the sound of his pursuing feet ever grow nearer. As he ran he entreated his beloved to slow down, for he feared that she might tumble over and bruise her sparkling skin on the rugged roads. But the fugitive nymph never cared so much as to throw one glance backwards. At last she was quite breathless and cried to her father, a river-god, for help. No sooner had prayer been uttered than answered, for she had instantly found herself glued to the ground and a layer of soft bark growing over her fair skin. She had been turned into a laurel tree. Sighing, Apollo embraced the tree trunk, which responded by shrinking back. To show his undying love for the nymph, he decided that the laurel would be his favourite tree and should be the prize of honour and renown for deathless poets and poetry. Thus the most accomplished poet always desires to be made a poet laureate.13 NiobeNiobe, the queen of Thebes, had indeed good reason to be proud of herself. On both sides of her family, she was descended from the gods. Her husband was a gifted andaccomplished musician. And she was both wealthy and powerful. But what made her the happiest lady in the world was her fourteen children, seven manly sons and seven beautiful daughters. They were all so strong and fair that the whole world looked upon them with admiration.It happened at the time that every spring the Theban women gathered at the temple of Leto to offer laurels at the altars of the great mother who had given birth to two grand children, Apollo and Artemis. The piety and reverence shown by her women made Niobe jealous and wrathful. When the priestess of Leto called the women again to the shrine of the mistress of Zeus one spring, Niobe decided to put an end to the folly once and for all. In her pretty flowing robe she came to the gathering and reproached the crowd for their fanatical faith in a goddess whom they had never seen. She declared herself nobler and greater, and demanded to be worshipped in place of Leto, who, she said, was no more than a humble mother of two children. The frightened women yielded their allegiance to the queen, and left the shrine in silence. Leto was neglected.Standing on top of a hill overlooking Thebes, Leto saw all this and was bent on her vengeance. She sought out Apollo and Artemis and told them the story. Before long, the impatient avengers arrived outside Thebes in hidden clouds. The seven sons of Niobe were frolicking on the playground, two practising horsemanship and two wrestling while the other princes happily stood by. Apollo held out his bow. One by one the princes fell under his unfailing shafts. Even the youngest, who prayed for mercy, was not spared.Niobe was utterly changed. She was all sorrow and grief, but her insolent spirit was not subdued. She came to the dead bodies of her sons with her daughters and let out a torrent of irreverent language at Leto and her children. This time it was Artemis’turn to draw her bowstring. Almost in a twinkling of an eye all the seven vivacious daughters fell, weltering in their blood, and soon ceased to breathe. Niobe became numb of feeling. She sat amidst the fourteen dead bodies, motionless, her eyes blank, her tears coursing down her cold cheeks. Her excruciating anguish had turned her into a stone! Later, a gust of wind swept her to her homeland in Asia, where she could still be seen sitting on top of a hill, tears of bitterness streaming out of her strong sockets.14 ArtemisJust as Apollo drove his golden chariot across the heavens during the day, worshipped as the sun-god, so Artemis raced across the sky in solemn pomp at night, revered as the moon-goddess. Sitting in an airy chariot drawn by milk-white steeds, “the queen of wide air” shed silver light all over the sleeping world below. Though she remained single all her life the maiden heart of the goddess was at least for once thrilled as she saw the beautiful youth Endymion sleeping. She might have felt tenderness towards Orion, but she had probably regarded him more as a hunting companion. She was chaste and fair and serene. She was the paragon of maiden modesty andgrace. Just as Apollo represents manly beauty, so Artemis stands for feminine chastity and virginity. As their patron goddess she took it upon herself to protect marrying girls and young women in trouble. It was to her altar that those maidens turned for love and happiness.The twin sister of Apollo was also the goddess of hunting and wild life. Dressed in a short hunting-suit coming up to the knee and followed by a team of boisterous lovely nymphs, Artemis had always her bow of pearl and crystal-shining quiver with her and roamed the forest in pursuit of game. When she felt hot and tired she would retire to a spring to bathe. It was here that young Actaeon inadvertently came and suffered cruel treatment at the hands of the goddess. Indeed, the goddess could be thoroughly ruthless and ceased to be lovely the moment the wicked side of her nature got the upper hand in her. The tragedy of Niobe was just a case in point.15 ActaeonWhen she was tired with hunting Artemis used to bathe in a little mountain spring．One hot summer afternoon she was refreshing herself in the cool，quiet brook with her nymphs when she heard a rustle behind the bushes ．She felt quite annoyed to find that a young hunter was peeping admiringly at her naked form．Her nymphs gave a shrill cry and crowded around the goddess．But young Actaeon had seen the huntress．Actaeon loved the chase．He had been scouring the woods every day．On this particular afternoon he felt so tired with running about that he unwittingly came over to the spring in search of water，and thus surprised t Artemis bathing．The irritated goddess was not to be appeased．She splashed water in the hunter's face，and no sooner had the water drops fallen on Actaeon than he was transformed into a stag ．Just at this moment he heard the howling of his pack of fifty hounds coming up to him．He was suddenly seized with fear ，and presently fled．The dogs，all driven mad by the goddess，pursued him closely behind．Running as fast as his legs could carry him，Actaeon was soon out of breath ．Feeling certain that he was doomed，he dropped to the ground and made no further attempt to stir．The dogs closed in on their former master and tore him to pieces．16 OrionOrion was a giant hunter．He was the beautiful son of Poseidon．One day，when hunting in the forest，he caught sight of Artemis' nymphs，the seven Pleiades．He was so fascinated with their beauty that he started chasing them．In despair the charming maidens prayed to Artemis for help and were sent up by the goddess to the heavens as a constellation. Later he fell in love with another maiden，Merope by name，but impetuous and impatient，he ravished the maiden and enraged her father，King Oenopion of Chios．The king made him drunk and put out his eyes ．Following the sound of the Cyclopes' hammer，he went to Hephaestus，who sent a guide to travel。
希腊罗马神话期末考试
Section1:T or FSection2:ChoiceSection3:Explain idioms•1、Pandora’s Box 灾难之盒含义:to open Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone、来源:Pandora's box involves a mythological story in which the a box was given to a human who was warned never to open the box, but his curiosity made him open it resulting in a disaster、•2、The Horn of Amalthea丰饶角含义:A symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers, nuts, other edibles, or wealth in some form、来源:One day, as Amalthea played with little Zeus, she accidentally broke off her horn、To make up for it and as a sign of gratitude, Zeus made the broken horn always be full of whatever its owner desired、•3、The Midas/Golden Touch点石成金含义:Ability to turn everything he touched into gold、if someone has the Midas touch, everything they do is successful and makes money for them来源:Midas’s job knew no bounds and as soon as he got home, he ordered the servants to set a splendid repast on the table、•4、A Procrustean Bed 强迫一致含义:When something is Procrustean, different lengths or sizes or properties are fitted to an arbitrary standard、来源: Procrustes was a rogue smith and bandit from Attica who physically attacked people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the size of an iron bed、•5、Sow the Dragon Teeth挑起纠纷含义:The dragon's teeth, once planted, would grow into fully armed warriors、来源:In Greek myth, dragon’s teeth feature prominentl y in the legends of the Phoenician prince Cadmus and Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece、•6、Apple of Discord祸根含义: A euphemism for a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute、来源:The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis、In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti(‘for the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party、Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite、Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient、He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War、•7、The Heel of Achilles唯一的弱点含义:A deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially leads to downfall来源:The mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common、Thetis treated Achilles with Ambrosia, making him invulnerable、Thetis burned away his mortality in the house fire except on the heel, with which he was held、Thetis dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel、•8、Penelope’s Web永远做不完的工作含义:The tactics of delaying sth on purpose; the task that can never be finished来源:Penelope is the wife of Odysseus who was called to fight in the Trojan War、She waits twenty years for the final return of her husband 、In order to put off remarriage, She has devised tricks to delay her suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished、Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho, one of twelve unfaithful serving women, discovers her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors、•9、Between Scylla and Charybdis进退维谷含义:Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom expresses the meaning of "having to choose between two evils"、来源: Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal (described as a six-headed sea monster) on the Italian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily、They were regarded as a sea hazard located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa、According to Homer, Odysseus was forced to choose which monster to confront while passing through the strait; he opted to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool、•10、Necklace of Harmonia不祥之物含义:Necklace of Harmonia brought great misfortune to all of its wearers or owners、来源:Aphrodite bore a daughter, Harmonia, from Ares' seed、Harmonia married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes、Upon hearing of the royal engagement, Hephaestus presented Harmonia with an exquisitenecklace as a wedding gift、The necklace was made by Hephaestus' own hand and was cursed to bring disaster to any who wore it、•13、A Sisyphean Task含义:Endlessly laborious or futile来源:Sisyphus was famed as the craftiest of men、He was condemned forever to roll a huge stone up a hill in Hades only to have it roll down again on nearing the top、•15、Give a cake to Cerberus含义:bribe来源:Cerberus is a watchdog at the gates of Tartarus、He would let the souls in but not out、However he could be bribed with a honey cake on occasion or with sweet music、Section4:Explain in English the meaning of following terms、15% (5)•1、Anthropomorphism神人同形同性In Greek myth, the gods and goddesses are not only personifications of the forces of the universe, they are seen as beings much like common men and women、The te rm for this is “Anthropomorphism”, meaning “in the form of a human being、”•2、The Five Ages of Men五个时代The Golden Age; the Silver Age; the Bronze Age; the Heroic Age; the Iron Age•3、Tartarus 地狱The deeper region, where the Titans had been imprisoned(Tartarus itself formed a dismal picture, it had gates of bronze guarded by Cerberus, surrounded by fire, encased by triple wall, and within, the wailing and cries of those being punished、It is the underworld zone of eternal torment, where the greatest sinners have been punished for their wrong doing、)•4、The Elysian Field 天堂领域The paradise for the Greeks•5、The Asphodel Field 充满游魂的地方A field inhabited by wandering souls•6、Styx 冥河A river in Hades across which Charon ferried the souls of the dead、•7、Hubris 过分骄傲Overbearing pride or presumption、•8、Satyr森林之神,好色的人Satyrs are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus 、In myths they are often associated with pipe-playing•9、Maenad 酒神的女祭司,异常激动的女人Often the maenads were portrayed as inspired by him into a state of ecstatic frenzy, through a combination of dancing and drunken intoxication、In this state, they would lose all self-control、•10、Narcissism 自恋Narcissus is a man who was renowned for his beauty、He was exceptionally proud, in that he disdained those who loved him、Nemesis saw this and attracted Narcissus to a pool where he saw his own reflection in the water and fell in love with it, not realizing it was merely an image、Unable to leave the beauty of his reflection, Narcissus died、•11、Harpy鹰身女妖Half woman, half bird ;vicious winged monster; often depicted as a bird with the head of a woman•12、Xenia好客Xenia is the Greek concept of hospitality, or generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home、•13、Dionysia 酒神节(in ancient Greece) festivals of the god Dionysus, an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus•14、Aegis 羊皮盾(宙斯及其女儿雅典娜所持的帝盾)A shield hold by Athena、Under one’s aegis means doing something under the protection of a powerful, knowledgeable, or benevolent source、15、Metamorphosis 变形,变质A person or thing develops and changes into something completely different、( 变形a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft、)•16、Demigod 半人半神A less important god, especially one who is half god and half human、•17、Centaur 人首马身的动物,半人马A creature with the head, arms, and chest of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、( In classical mythology, a centaur is a creature with the head, arms, and body of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、)•18、The Deucalion FloodAphrodite's magic girdle was a golden girdle that caused men and gods to fall hopelessly in love with her、( Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly,and disliked the deadly wrongs of men .He decided to clear the earth of them all.Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the heartless Poseidon to help.Soon the whole world sank in a vast ocean, and the entire human race disappeared in the unheard of flood,all but two poor Thessalians .)Section5:Essay questions 15 %( 3)•Unit 1: Examples of mythological accounts explaining the explainable、Uranus lay upon Gaia and made love to her without stop、(The interplay between rain and soil that makes plants come to life and grow、)Human Beings fashioned from clayGods and heroes descending into the Underground in the west and emerging in the East、( Sun rises in the East and sets in the West、)Persephone lived three months in the Underground with her husband and returned to live with her mother Demeter for the rest of year、(The return of spring after winter、)Eros, equipped with his sharp and blunt arrows, brings about many tragedies of human love、(Freud’s theory about love or sex as the most fundamental drive from humans、)•Unit 2: Similarities between “the first woman” i n the Greek(Pandora) and Christian creation myth(Eve)Eve was the instigator of tbe whole affair, for through her beauty and her wiles she seduced Adam to taste of the forbidden fruit、"Woman is like an apple, lovely without, rotten within、"Eve was lured by the snake、Pandora was driven by her curiosity、Their behaviors caused evil and plagues to human-beings、•Unit 3: Reasons that ancient Greeks tend to depict Zeus as a promiscuous man, an unfaithful husband?Zeus’ fatal Weaknesses: an uncontrollable lus t for sexual driveThis shows the anthropomorphism、The ancient emperors usually had many lovers, so the Greeks depict Zeus as a promiscuous man、This also shows the ancient Greeks’ imagination for a man、Reproduction is blessing、•Unit 4: Symbolic meaning of Olive Tree in the Greek story and Holy BibleWhen Poseidon and Athena disputed as to which of them should give the name to the capital of Attica, the gods decided, that it should receive its name from him who should bestow upon man the most useful gift、Poseidon then created the horse, and Athena called forth the olive tree, for which the honor was conferred on her、The olive branch in Bible appears in the story of Noah’s ark、When the water receded, a dove flied with an olive branch in its mouse、In the Greek story, Olive Tree means peace and wealth、In the Holy Bible , Olive Tree appeared after the flood ,so it represents peace、•Unit 5:•Differences between Athena and AresAres: thirst for the “hand to hand combat” and the “frenzy of battle and bloodshed”Athena: “war for the purposes of justice”, “peaceful settlements” "war at a distance", “strategic planning of war”•What are the distinctive features of Dionysus as a religious festival?The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of Dionysus、The central event was the performance of tragedies and comedies、Dionysus was a god, mirroring the innate wildness of humanity which Athenians abhorred and tried to control、The Dionysia was a time to let out their inhibitions through highly emotional tragedies or irreverent comedies、People dressed like Satyrs and Maenads、Some men dressed as women and women as men、The Dionysia was also marked by an element of role-reversal and boundary-crossing: lower class citizens could mock the upper class; or women could insult their male relatives、•What are the Apollonian and Dionysian elements in music style and human psyche?•Unit 6•Interpretation of the Furies’, Apollo’s and Athena’s judgment on Orestes’ matricide、( See the scripts in PPT for Unit 6)Orestes is being hounded and terrorized by the Furies for the blood crime of matricide、Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra, who murdered his father Agamemnon、(背景)Furies: holiness of motherhood, reminiscent of matriarchies; tribal laws = an eye for eyeApollo: laws of males-dominated societyAthena: representing the voice of womanhood to deny mother’s role as the creator、•In the tales of Callisto being transformed into a bear, and Acteon being transformed into a stag, what common theme does the “transformation” reveal?Ancient Greeks were sober and contemplative、They explore the mystery of human identify and human destiny、1) Transformation from human to non- human which indicates the loss of human identifies、2) Inescapable destiny of “the Hunter being hunted”•Unit 7•How do you interpret the landscape imagery in the story of Narcissus? (See PPT for session 7)Landscape imagery:"There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks、Nor did the mountain goats resort to it, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced with fallen leaves or branches; but the grass grew fresh around it, and the rocks sheltered it from the sun、His tears fell into the water and disturbed the image、The "stillness" of clear fountain suggests Narcissus' insusceptibility to the lust of the world、While his tears disturbed the image, his lust of eyes had "deflowered" him, taking away his virginity - a pure soul and a peaceful mind、•Interpretation of how Cupid (Eros) falls in love with Psyche、(See the scripts in PPT for unit 7)The erotic love (Eros) and the spiritual love (Psyche) belong together in an inseparable union、The symbol ic meaning of “the union of Cupid (Eros) and Psyche” is "animating spirit"、In Venus's garden there are two fountains: one with sweet water, the other one with bitter、Cupid fills two vases with each and then goes to Psyche's bedchamber where she is sleeping、Cupid proceeds to leta few drops from the bitter fountain water fall on her lips, then touches her side with his pointed arrow、Feeling the touch of the arrow, Psyche wakes up, opens her eyes, and seems to be gazing straight at Cupid who is invisible、This startles Cupid enough that he ends up wounding himself、Cupid immediately sets out to repair the damage he has done to Psyche, and pours a few drops of the sweet water in her hair、•Interpretation of ancient Greeks’ attitudes toward immortality in the love story of Tithonus and EosAncient Greeks against immortal youth、They thought that a man shouldn't desire in any way to vary from the kindly race of men, or pass beyond the goal of ordinance、•Unit 8&9• 1 Why is Perseus regarded as a perfect hero?Perseus was the most perfect Greek hero in myths、He was the only Greek hero who maintained supportive relationship with women throughout his career、In his pursuit of glory, he exhibited both courage and wisdom、In killing Medusa, he outwitted the monster by his shrewdness and tricks rather than mere courage and strength、He was favored by gods when he was alive and after his death, he was transformed into a constellation、• 2 What is Greeks’ conception of Hero as the story of Heracles/Jason reveals、Hercules is Greece's greatest heroes in myth, is the embodiment of strength, courage and wisdom、Jason :youthful confidence and the spirit of adventurecourage to come alone to capture a kingdomleader of a group of heroesvaliance to fight enormous evils and conquer monsterssuccess in accomplishing the impossible• 3 What is Greeks’ conception of destiny as the story of Oedipus reveals?It reflects the contradiction between human will and fate, hero of courage, integrity, kindness, courage to take responsibility、Highlight the complex relationship between necessity and contingency, the fate of the "uncertainty" and "frustrated"、Describes the fate predominates in Western myth point of view、The riddle of the Sphinx is a symbol of human self-understanding and self-discovery for the first time, began the era of human philosophy、It is also the ancient Greece formation of new moral concepts, expressing the painful memories of humanity from barbarism to civilization、•Unit 10• 1 Please interpret the bird imagery i n Odysseus’ speech树上坐着一窝小鸟,一窝嗷嗷待哺的麻雀,鸟巢筑在树端的枝桠上,叶片下,雏鸟嗦嗦发抖,一窝八只,连同生养它们的母亲,一共九只。
希腊罗马神话英文版
And then...THE GREEK AND
ROMAN
When Love was born, order and beauty began to flourish. Love created Light and Day. Earth was created. – She was the solid ground, but also a personality. The Earth bore Heaven to cover her and be a home for the gods.
特洛伊木马
A joke of the punishment of Zues
In the beginning...
The same:was Chaos (shapeless nothingness)
THE GREEK AND ROMAN Different:Chaos had two children: –Night (darkness) –Erebus (death) “All was black, empty, silent, endless.” Mysteriously, Love was born of darkness and death.
2. survival of Ancient Greek art works, including sculptures and ancient Greek painting on the bottle and ancient architectural remains of the mural
3. Later excavation of archaeological artifacts unearthed in
希腊罗马神话复习材料
以下为名词解释题。
1．Mutilation of Uranus2．The Horn of Plenty3．Oedipus Complex4．Titanomachia5．Apple of Discord6．Graces7．Talos8．Recreation of Man9．Pandora’s Jar10．Between Scylla and Charybdis以下为连线题。
Hades EagleZeus LionTerpsichore CerberusRhea PeacockCalliope God of WarMelpomene Epic PoetryHera DancingAres TragedyHermes Queen of UnderworldPersephone Messenger of GodsPoseidon CerberusRhea LionDemeter God of SeaArtemis SunAphrodite Goddess of huntingApollo BeautyEros HearthHestia Love以下为简答题。
1．Briefly state the tragedy of Niobe2．Briefly state the mortal lovers of Zeus as well as their fates respectively. 3．What kinds of hardships does Psyche encounter in order to pursue her love? 4．How does Medea help Jason to get the Golden Fleece?5．What are the twelve labors of Heracles?6．Briefly state the pains Leto encountered.7．List the immortal lovers of Zeus.8．List the five stages of man and illustrate the main features of each respectively. 9．State the adventuring experience briefly of Persues.10．State the 12 labors of Heracles.以下为论述题。
大一《希腊罗马神话》期末复习(英文)
希腊罗马神话复习一．单项选择〔课文〕10分二．判断〔课文〕10分三．表格〔默写〕20分四．名词解释〔课后〕20分C11.delphic: It relates to Delphi.It means ambiguous.2.Olypian: It relates to Olympian Gods.It means that some one is like a god,especially by being calm and not concerned about ordinary things.3.martial: It relates to Mars.It means something connected with war and fighting.4.nemesis: It relates to Nemesis.It means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.5.titanic:I t relates to Titans.It means something big ,strong and powerful.C21.Junoesque:It relates to Juno.It means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.2.Argus-eyed:It relates to Argus.It means someone is watchful and alert.3.satyr/satyriasis:It relates to Satyr.It means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men.4.mercurial:It relates to Mercury.It means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to Chaos.It means messy and disorder.2.Pandora’s box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to Prometheus.It means a person who resembles Prometheus.C61.Dionysiac:It relates to Dionysus.It means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas’/ass’s ears:It relates to Midas.It means A secret that cannot be hid.It also menas someone is shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to Midas.It means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to Alexander.It means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to Ceres.It means grains.2.aureole:It relates to Aurora.It means a bright circle of light.C91.Charon’s boat/ferry:It relates to Charon.It means some one is going to die.2.cross the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win〔one’s〕laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one’s honors.2.Look to one’s laurels:It relates to Daphne.It means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one’s laurels: It relates to Daphne.It means to satisfy with what you have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to Daphne.It means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to Cupid.It means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to Eros.It means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite’s girdle:It relates to Aphrodite.It means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to Adonis.It means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to Narcissus.It means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one’s Pegasus: It relates to Pegasus.It means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one’s brain: It relates to Perseus.It means the fantasy in one’s mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to Heracles.It means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to Augeas.It means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to Hercules.It means great effort.C211.sow dragon’s teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to Cadmus.It means a victory that comes at a great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to Sphinx.It means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles’heel:It relates to Achilles.It means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to Hector.It means to intimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and Patroclus.It means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to Achilles.It means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to Helen.It means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分1.What did the ancient Greeks know about their world?The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle of it,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by the Sea.Around the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they died?The Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brother?Zeus’s portion was the heavens,Poseidon’s the ocean and Hades’s the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to Vulcan?Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destiny?The three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus’ usual way of hiding his scandals?He raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girl into an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe” come into being?Pan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of Artemis.He chased her to the bank of river .With the water nymph’s help,Syrinx was turned into reeds.Pan was so sad and he made an instrument with the reeds,which called Syrinx.And that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus’s promiscuity?en have a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the people in the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful follows.And the number of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus’ obtaining fire for man?When Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of Pandora?The story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and they were the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own age?Please elaborate.I think we are in the Iron Age.People work day and night and man’s character is more complex,though mixed with kindness, but more evil.Human wants to rule everything.People no longer trust each other.Married people do not love each other.Vows are regarded as dust.Kindness and justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.4.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”?How does she compare with Eve in the Book of Genesis?Pandora is described as a “lovely evil” because she was the most beautiful and sweetest woman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are beauties.They are also described as the root of troubles to take the blame for the male society.But they were created out of different purpose.Pandora was created as the cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for man.She symbolizes a great temptation and human misery.Eve is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to help man.5.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beings?Because fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.A basic distinction in myth between raw&cooked and wild&civilized.As a revenge for Prometheus'earlier theft of the finest sacrificial portions.By withholding fire,Zeus makes the division of the sacrifice impracticable.The humiliation of Ze us prompted him to take the extreme measure of withholding fire from mankind,without which m an would soon be little more than animals.C61.What led to Bacchus’ wanderings?Bacchus invented how to plant grapes and brew wine.He was wandering aroundand spread this kind of knowledge to bring people the joy of drinking.C71.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to gold?Because Midas rescued Bacchus’s teacher,Slilenus,and treated him hospitably,entertaininghim for ten days and nights with an unceasing round of jollity.In return,Bacchus gave him thepower of turning everything to gold.C81.What made Hades fall in love with Proserpine?As signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence,the adolescent god dess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and Proserpine?Because she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine’s freedom from the Underworld?Three pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpreted?Change of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworld?The evil ghosts will be sent to Tartarus.The virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respective inhabitants?Elysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades’ dominions.It s a happy land of perpetualday,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitants may elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,Tartarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze doors.In Roman mythology,it is a vast river of lava.It is a painful place in where the Furies live.Inhabitants in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lions?They forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir ingratitude.She caused them to give offence to Cybele.Cybele tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of charactersresembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo’s love for Daphne?Cupid’s golden arrow struck Apollo’s heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “ Your face will forbid it”?He meant Daphne’s wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche’s future husband?He said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whom neither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to Venus?A longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and Psyche?Love itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be ups and downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animals?Because the wild animals were dangerous and she didn’t want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated lover?She changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about love?The miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno’s anger towards Echos?Her talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs madetheir escape.2.What was Juno’s punishment for her?No power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus’s adventures?Polydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of Perseus.So he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killed?Perseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing Rocks?They went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own children?The fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancy?He strangled two snakes which Zeus’ jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of Heracles?He was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolize?C211.What was the cause of Cadmus’ adventures?Because his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s father?In order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of,he escaped from the Collins,on the way,he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddle?Sphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex,mysterious and hard to understand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purpose?Eris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest” to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to die?Because when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming his wife from Troy?Because Helen’s father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What’s behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expedition?Their love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their character?It showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest and strong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefield?His reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector’s corpse?Because he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold today.Tow what extent are dignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important?六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.2.What do you think is love ?Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文〕C203.What heroic qualities dos Heracles possess?How does he differ from the other heroes like Jason and Perseus?C224.Do you believe in fate? To what degree are we in control of our own life?。
希腊罗马神话教程-Unit 4 Major Olympian Deities (I)
wedding, changed into a tortoise) • Lycaon and Tantalus
awarding:
Zeus as a God
• Deucalion and Pyrrha • the old couple Baucis and Philemon (showed hospitality and
sunshine)
PART TWO
Apollo
“bright” As a God: the god of the sun or the light
Apollo as a God
• god of reason and intellectualism, related to enlightenment, atonement, truth, and a new civic order of justice
the basic duality of human nature: —the rational (Apollonian) —the irrational (Dionysian)
Apollo as a God
• patron of herds and flocks (animal life) • patron of plants (natural life) • patron of archery, dance, poetry, music, and medicine (cultural life) • the god of prophesy and religious healing: famous oracle in Delphi
英语专业的书《古希腊罗马神话教程》课后答案
英语专业的书《古希腊罗马神话教程》课后答案1、--What’s the weather like today?--It’s _______. [单选题] *A. rainB. windy(正确答案)C. sunD. wind2、Mr. Bliss became the first person to die in a car accident. [单选题] *A. 事故(正确答案)B. 竞赛C. 检阅D. 交易3、16．Lily is a lovely girl. We all want to ________ friends with her. [单选题] * A．haveB．make(正确答案)C．doD．take4、--Don’t _______ too late, or you will feel tired in class.--I won’t, Mum. [单选题] *A. call upB. wake upC. stay up(正确答案)D. get up5、It _______ him ten minutes to solve the problem. [单选题] *A. spentB. took(正确答案)C. costD. paid6、—Where did you get the book?—From my friend. I ______ it three days ago. （）[单选题] *A. lentB. borrowed(正确答案)C. keptD. returned7、He didn't allow _____ in his room. Actually he didn't allow his family _____ at all. [单选题] *A. to smoke; to smokeB. smoking; to smoke(正确答案)C. to smoke; smokingD. smoking; smoking8、The Titanic is a nice film. I _______ it twice. [单选题] *A. sawB. seeC. have seen(正确答案)D. have saw9、Just use this room for the time being ,and we’ll offer you a larger one _______it becomes available [单选题] *A. as soon as(正确答案)B unless .C as far asD until10、Be _______ when you are driving. [单选题] *A. afraidB. careful(正确答案)C. clearD. clean11、______! It’s not the end of the world. Let’s try it again.（）[单选题] *A. Put upB. Set upC. Cheer up(正确答案)D. Pick up12、59．—Can I talk to the manager?—Please wait ________ minute. [单选题] *A．anB．a(正确答案)C．theD．/13、He always did well at school _____ having to do part-time jobs every now and then. [单选题] *A despite ofB. in spite of(正确答案)C. regardless ofD in case of14、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)15、The manager was quite satisfied with his job. [单选题] *A. 担心的B. 满意的(正确答案)C. 高兴的D. 放心的16、He either watches TV _______ reads books in the evening. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. toD. so17、--Do you know _______ girl with long curly hair?--Yes. She is Mary. She plays _______ piano very well. [单选题] *B. the; /C. the; the(正确答案)D. a; the18、You _____ smoke in the library, or you will be driven away. [单选题] *A. can'tB. mustn't(正确答案)C. will notD. may not19、We were caught in a traffic jam. By the time we arrived at the airport the plane _____. [单选题] *A. will take offB. would take offC. has taken offD. had taken off(正确答案)20、The children were all looking forward to giving the old people a happy day. [单选题]*A. 寻找B. 期盼(正确答案)D. 继续21、36．The students will go to the Summer Palace if it __________ tomorrow. [单选题] * A．won’t rainB．isn’t rainingC．doesn’t rain (正确答案)D．isn’t rain22、We had ____ wonderful lunch last Saturday. [单选题] *A. /B. theC. oneD. a(正确答案)23、There was a time（）I wondered why I would like to do this boring job. [单选题] *A. whichB. whyC. whereD. when(正确答案)24、In fact, Beethoven did something brave than dying. [单选题] *A. 勇敢(正确答案)B. 冒险C. 可怕D. 奇妙25、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to26、The Yangtze River is one of （）the in the world. [单选题] *A. longest riverB. longest rivers(正确答案)C. longer riverD. longer rivers27、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke28、100．The bus can ______ you to the Great Wall. [单选题] *A．leaveB．take(正确答案)C．changeD．spend29、—Could you take out the rubbish, Jim?—______. I have too much homework to do. You can ask Sally to do it. （）[单选题] *A. Sorry, I can’t(正确答案)B. No problemC. I disagreeD. No, thanks30、My mother and my aunt are both _______. They work in a big supermarket. [单选题] *A. actressesB. doctorsC. salesmenD. saleswomen(正确答案)。
大一《希腊罗马神话》期末深刻复习(英文)
希腊罗马神话复习一．单选（课文）10分二．判断（课文）10分三．表格（默写）20分四．名词解释（课后）20分C11.delphic: It relates to Delphi.It means ambiguous.2.Olypian: It relates to Olympian Gods.It means that some one is like agod,especially by being calm and not concerned about ordinary things.3.martial: It relates to Mars.It means something connected with war and fighting.4.nemesis: It relates to Nemesis.It means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.5.titanic:I t relates to Titans.It means something big ,strong and powerful.C21.Junoesque:It relates to Juno.It means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.2.Argus-eyed:It relates to Argus.It means someone is watchful and alert.3.satyr/satyriasis:It relates to Satyr.It means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men.4.mercurial:It relates to Mercury.It means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to Chaos.It means messy and disorder.2.Pandora’s box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to Prometheus.It means a person who resembles Prometheus.C61.Dionysiac:It relates to Dionysus.It means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas’/ass’s ears:It relates to Midas.It means A secret that cannot be hid.It also menas someone is shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to Midas.It means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to Alexander.It means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to Ceres.It means grains.2.aureole:It relates to Aurora.It means a bright circle of light.1.Charon’s boat/ferry:It relates to Charon.It means some one is going to die.2.cross the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win（one’s）laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one’s honors.2.Look to one’s laurels:It relates to Daphne.It means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one’s laurels: It relates to Daphne.It means to satisfy with what you have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to Daphne.It means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to Cupid.It means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to Eros.It means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite’s girdle:It relates to Aphrodite.It means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to Adonis.It means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to Narcissus.It means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one’s Pegasus: It relates to Pegasus.It means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one’s brain: It relates to Perseus.It means the fantasy in one’s mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to Heracles.It means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to Augeas.It means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to Hercules.It means great effort.C211.sow dragon’s teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to Cadmus.It means a victory that comes ata great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to Sphinx.It means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles’heel:It relates to Achilles.It means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to Hector.It means tointimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and Patroclus.It means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to Achilles.It means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to Helen.It means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分C11.What did the ancient Greeks know about their world?The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle of it,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by the Sea.Around the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they died?The Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brother?Zeus’s portion was the heavens,Poseidon’s the ocean and Hades’s the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to Vulcan?Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destiny?The three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread”of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus’usual way of hiding his scandals?He raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girl into an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe”come into being?Pan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of Artemis.He chased her to the bank of river .With the water nymph’s help,Syrinx was turned into reeds.Pan was so sad and he made an instrument with the reeds,which called Syrinx.And that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus’s promiscuity?The promiscuity of Zeus serves more than entertaining purposes.It is out of politicalpurpose.Men have a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the people in the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful follows.And the number of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus’obtaining fire for man?When Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of Pandora?The story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and they were the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own age?Please elaborate.I think we are in the Iron Age.People work day and night and man’s character is more complex,though mixed with kindness, but more evil.Human wants to rule everything.People no longer trust each other.Married people do not love each other.Vows are regarded as dust.Kindness and justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.4.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”?How does she compare with Eve in the Book of Genesis?Pandora is described as a “lovely evil”because she was the most beautiful and sweetest woman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are beauties.They are also described as the root of troubles to take the blame for the male society.But they were created out of different purpose.Pandora was created as the cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for man.She symbolizes a great temptation and human misery.Eve is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to help man.5.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beings?Because fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.A basic distinction in myth between raw & cooked and wild & civilized.As a revenge for Prometheus' earlier theft of the finest sacrificial portions.By withholding fire, Zeus makes the division of the sacrifice impracticable. The hu miliation of Zeus prompted him to take the extreme measure of withholding fire fr om mankind, without which man would soon be little more than animals.C61.What led to Bacchus’wanderings?Bacchus invented how to plant grapes and brew wine. He was wandering around and spread this kind of knowledge to bring people the joy of drinking.C71.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to gold?Because Midas rescued Bacchus’s teacher, Slilenus, and treated him hospitably, e ntertaininghim for ten days and nights with an unceasing round of jollity. In return, Bacchus g ave him thepower of turning everything to gold.C81.What made Hades fall in love with Proserpine?As signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence, the adolescent goddess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and Proserpine?Because she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine’s freedom from the Underworld?Three pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpreted?Change of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworld?The evil ghosts will be sent to Tartarus.The virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respective inhabitants?Elysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades’dominions.It s a happy land of perpetual day,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitants may elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,T artarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze doors.In Roman mythology,it is a vast river of lava.It is a painful place in where the Furies live.Inhabitants in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lions?They forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir ingratitude.She caused them to give offence to Cybele.Cybele tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of characters resembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo’s love for Daphne?Cupid’s golden arrow struck Apollo’s heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “Your face will forbid it”?He meant Daphne’s wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche’s future husband?He said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whom neither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to Venus?A longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and Psyche?Love itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be ups and downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animals?Because the wild animals were dangerous and she didn’t want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated lover?She changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about love?The miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno’s anger towards Echos?Her talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs made their escape.2.What was Juno’s punishment for her?No power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus’s adventures?Polydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of Perseus.So he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killed?Perseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing Rocks?They went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own children?The fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancy?He strangled two snakes which Zeus’jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of Heracles?He was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolize?C211.What was the cause of Cadmus’adventures?Because his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s father?In order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of, he escaped from the Collins, on the way, he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddle?Sphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex, mysteriou s and hard tounderstand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purpose?Eris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest”to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to die?Because when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming his wife from Troy?Because Helen’s father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What’s behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expedition?Their love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their character?It showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest andstrong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefield?His reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector’s corpse?Because he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold today.Tow what extent are dignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important?六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.2.What do you think is love ?Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文）C203.What heroic qualities dos Heracles possess?How does he differ from the other heroes like Jason and Perseus?C224.Do you believe in fate? To what degree are we in control of our own life?。
古希腊罗马神话
and
Rome Myths
Topics and Content
1、the origin of the God 2、 the Gods
（一） the God 方 操 作 The Origin of 法
In the beginning, the universe is a cosmos evolving from Chaos. Chaos and Gaea (the earth) generate everything that exists, including seas, mountains, gods and monsters. Then Gaea’s mating with her son Uranus （the sky), which produces12 Titans with Gronus as their leader.
（一） 操 作 方 法
Advised by his mother, Grouns beats Uranus, severs the link between sky and earth, and becomes the new king of the cosmos. Gronus copulates with his sister, Rhea to bring about Zeus and siblings, the future of older Olympians.
the Gods（十二主神）
Zeus宙斯---Jupiter朱庇特 Hera赫拉----juno朱诺 Athena雅典娜---Minerva密涅瓦 Ares阿瑞斯---Mars马尔斯 Apollo阿波罗---Helios赫利俄斯 Hephaestus赫淮斯托斯---Vulcan伏尔甘 Aphrodite阿佛洛狄忒---Venus维纳斯
希腊罗马神话复习
希腊罗马神话复习___ some of the most well-known figures in ___.Aphrodite。
known as Venus in Roman mythology。
is the goddess of ___。
While the Romans also associated her with gardens and fields。
her primary role was as the ___.Apollo。
who was associated with the sun in Roman mythology。
was the god of prophecy。
medicine。
___ and arrow。
and ___ see the ___.Ares was the Greek god of war。
while his Roman counterpart was Mars。
Ares was known for his love of battle and lence。
and was ___ was similarly associated with war and was often depicted in armor.Artemis。
known as Diana in Roman mythology。
was the goddess of the hunt (and later。
the moon)。
She was a skilled archer and was ___.Athena。
also known as Minerva。
was the goddess of wisdom。
arts and crafts。
and war。
She was a helper to heroes and was often ___.Cronus。
who was associated with agriculture in Roman mythology。
希腊罗马神话各章考查要点
②women in Odyssey;
③Telemachus’ search for father;
④Greek heroism
Calypso; Penelop;Circe; Sisyphus; the Sirens; Scylla and Charybidis; Telemachus
13
Roman hero Aeneas
①the underworld in Roman mythology and Aeneas’ journey to the underworld
②similarities and differences between Aeneas’ journey and Odysseus’ journey
4
features of five ages of mankindandthe reasons for human alienation from the divine
①the view of history showed in the five ages of mankind;
②the importance of Prometheus;
the cultural reading ofthe Illiad
Homer,;The Illiad;the Trojan War; Achilles’ Heel,; Agamemnon; Hector; Trojan Horse
11
Major events of Odysseus’ journey
③feminist reading of Pandora
the names of the five ages of mankind;the counterpart of GoldenAge in Bible; Prometheus;Chiron the centaur;Pandora; the Deucalion Flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha
希腊罗马神话2. Gods, Goddesses and Heroes
2 Gods, Goddesses and Heroes2.1 Family Tree of Principal Gods and GoddessesWith nearly 100 gods and goddesses who are considered a major part of the pantheon, Greek mythology can be very complex. If you're wondering how Demeter is related to Athena, you aren't alone. Curious about how many children Zeus fathered? You'll need a family tree to find out for sure.2.2 Primordial gods and TitansIn Greek mythology the Prôtogenoi are a genealogy of primordial Greek gods, the name literally means "first born" or "primeval" and are a group of deities whose births are coterminous with the beginning of the universe.The Protogenoi are the first entities or beings that come into existence. They form the very fabric of the universe and as such are immortal. The Prôtogenoi are a group of gods from which all the other gods descend. They preceded the Titans, the descendants of Gaia and Uranus.In Greek mythology, the Titans were a race of powerful deities, descendants of Gaia and Uranus, that ruled during the legendary Golden Age.In the first generation of twelve Titans, the males were Oceanus, Hyperion, Coeus, Cronus, Crius and Iapetus and the females were Mnemosyne, Tethys, Theia, Phoebe, Rhea and Themis. The second generation of Titans consisted of Hyperion's children Eos, Helios, and Selene; Coeus's daughters Leto and Asteria;Iapetus's sons Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, andMenoetius; Oceanus' daughter Metis; and Crius's sonsAstraeus, Pallas, and Perses.The Titans, also known as the elder gods, ruled theearth before the Olympians overthrew them. The ruler ofthe Titans was Cronus who was dethroned by his sonZeus. Most of the Titans fought with Cronus againstZeus and were punished by being banished to Tartarus.During their rule the Titans were associated with thevarious planets.Bust of Zeus The Titans were overthrown by a race of younger gods, the Olympians, in the Titanomachy ("War of the Titans"). This represented a mythological paradigm shift that the Greeks may have borrowed from the Ancient Near East.2.3 The OlympiansThe Twelve Olympians, also known as the Dodekatheon in Greek mythology, were the principal deities of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus which is located in the northern central part of Greece. This mountain was believed to be sacred throughout ancient times, and, it was believed to be the highest point on earth. The Olympians gained their supremacy in a war of gods in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the Titans.These Gods that ruled mount Olympus, also ruled the lives of all mankind. Each and every single God (or Goddess) had their own character and domain. Gods in mythology were very human like. They had the strengths and weaknesses of mortals (as we know them today). they were truly made to represent each and every side of human nature. They supported justice, as seen by their own point of view.Gods even had children withmortals, which resulted insemi-gods like Hercules. The mostamazing observation is how theGods expresses human nature inits complete form. Strength, fear,unfaithfulness, love, admiration,beauty, hunting, farming,education, there was a God for every human activity and expression. These Gods weren't just ideal figures. they were beings with their own limitations. They expressed anger, jealousy and joy, just like us. Each God rules his own realm. they only true omnipotent God was Zeus, who ruled all.The classical scheme of the Twelve Olympians (the Canonical Twelve of art and poetry) comprises the following gods:Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Hestia, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and Hermes and later on Dionysus who took the place of HestiaClassical OlympiansThe twelve gods and goddesses listed among the Twelve most often.Greek Name RomanNameImage God/Goddess of... GenerationZeus JupiterKing of the gods and rulerof Mount Olympus; god of thesky and thunder. Youngestchild of the Titans Cronus andRhea. Symbols include the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree,scepter and scales. Brotherand husband of Hera, althoughhe had many lovers.FirstHera JunoQueen of the gods andthe goddess of marriage andfamily. Symbols include the peacock, pomegranate, crown,cuckoo, lion and cow.Youngest daughter of Kronosand Rhea. Wife and sister ofZeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she frequently triedto get revenge on Zeus' loversand their children.FirstPoseidon NeptuneLord of the seas, earthquakes and horses.Symbols include the horse,bull, dolphin and trident.Middle son of Kronos andRhea. Brother of Zeus andHades. Married to the Nereid Amphitrite, although, like mostFirstmale Greek Gods, he had many lovers.Dionysus BacchusGod of wine, celebrationsand ecstasy. Patron god of theart of theatre. Symbols includethe grapevine, ivy, cup, tiger,panther, leopard, dolphin andgoat. Son of Zeus and themortal Theban princessSemele. Married to the Cretanprincess Ariadne. Theyoungest Olympian, as well asthe only one to have been bornof a mortal woman.Second .Hemarried amortal whowas thenmade hisimortal wife.Apollo PhoebusGod of light, knowledge,music, poetry, prophecy andarchery. Son of Zeus and Leto.Symbols include the sun, lyre,bow and arrow, raven, dolphin,wolf, swan and mouse. Twinbrother of Artemis.SecondArtemis DianaVirgin goddess of thehunt, virginity, childbirth,archery and all animals.Symbols include the moon,deer, hound, she-bear, snake,cypress tree and bow andarrow. Daughter of Zeus andLeto and twin sister of Apollo.SecondHermes MercuryMessenger of the gods;god of commerce and thieves.Symbols include the caduceus(staff entwined with two snakes), winged sandals andcap, stork and tortoise (whoseshell he used to invent thelyre). Son of Zeus and thenymph Maia. Thesecond-youngest Olympian,just older than Dionysus. Hemarried Dryope, the daughterof Dryops, and their son Panbecame the god of nature, lordSecondof the satyrs, inventor of the panpipes and comrade of Dionysus.Athena MinervaVirgin goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, defense andstrategic warfare. Symbolsinclude the owl and the olivetree. Daughter of Zeus and theOceanid Metis, she rose fromher father's head fully grownand in full battle armor after heswallowed her mother.SecondAres MarsGod of war, violence and bloodshed. Symbols includethe boar, serpent, dog, vulture,spear and shield. Son of Zeusand Hera, all the other gods(except Aphrodite) despisedhim. His Latin name, Mars,gave us the word "martial."SecondAphrodite VenusGoddess of love, beauty,and desire. Symbols includethe dove, bird, apple, bee,swan, myrtle and rose.Daughter of Zeus and theOceanid Dione, or perhapsborn from the sea foam afterUranus' blood dripped onto theearth and into the sea afterbeing defeated by hisyoungest son Cronus. Marriedto Hephaestus, although shehad many adulterous affairs,most notably with Ares. Hername gave us the word "aphrodisiac", while her Latinname gave us the word "venereal".eitherSecondor from theTitangenerationHephaestus VulcanMaster blacksmith andcraftsman of the gods; god offire and the forge. Symbolsinclude fire, anvil, ax, donkey,hammer, tongs and quail. Sonof Hera, either by Zeus oralone. Married to Aphrodite,though unlike most divine husbands, he was rarely ever licentious. His Latin name,Vulcan, gave us the word "volcano."SecondDemeter CeresGoddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons. Symbols include thepoppy, wheat, torch, and pig.Middle daughter of Cronus andRhea. Her Latin name, Ceres,gave us the word "cereal".First2.4 Heroic ageThe age in which the heroes lived is known as the heroic age. The epic and genealogical poetry created cycles of stories clustered around particular heroes or events and established the family relationships between the heroes of different stories; they thus arranged the stories in sequence. According to Ken Dowden, "there is even a saga effect: we can follow the fates of some families in successive generations".After the rise of the hero cult, gods and heroes constitute the sacral sphere and are invoked together in oaths and prayers which are addressed to them. In contrast to the age of gods, during the heroic age the roster of heroes is never given fixed and final form; great gods are no longer born, but new heroes can always be raised up from the army of the dead. Another important difference between the hero cult and the cult of gods is that the hero becomes the centre of local group identity.The monumental events of Heracles are regarded as the dawn of the age of heroes. To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle and the Trojan War.2.5 Roman major deitiesIn their early years, Roman people had many gods and goddesses called numina, or powers. Unlike the Greek deities, the numina did not have distinctive, well-defined personalities and characteristics. Few stories about them existed. They were simply theforces that oversaw the activities of daily life. Examples include Janus, god of doorways and archways, and Terminus, god of boundaries. Many early Roman deities were patrons of farming, crops, or the land. Sylvanus, for example, was the protector of woodcutters and plowmen. Other early deities represented virtues or qualities, such as Concordia (goddess of agreement), Fides (goddess of honesty), and Fortuna (goddess of fate or luck).Captivated by the elaborate and entertaining myths the Greeks had woven around their gods and goddesses, the Romans gradually changed some of their numina into Roman versions of the major Greek deities. The ancient Roman god Saturn, guardian of seeds and planting, became identified with the Titan Cronus, who appeared in Greek mythology as the ancestor of the gods. Aphrodite became Venus, the Roman goddess of love. Zeus and Hera, the king and queen of the Greek gods, became the Roman Jupiter (sometimes called Jove) and Juno.Mars, a Roman deity first associated with agriculture, took on the characteristics of Ares, the Greek god of war, which explains why the Roman version of this god is concerned with both war and farming. Diana, a traditional Roman goddess of the forests, was identified with Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt. Minerva was the Roman version of Athena*, Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty, was linked to the Greek goddess Aphrodite. Apollo*, too, was brought into the Roman pantheon, where he was known as both Apollo and Phoebus.The Romans gave their deities some of the characteristics and even some of the stories associated with the Greek gods and goddesses. They also imported other foreign deities, such as Cybele from near Troy in Asia Minor and the Persian god Mithras. At the same time, in their own homes they continued to worship their traditional household gods, known as the Lares and Penates.Roman mythology also includes human heroes. Sometimes these mortals became deities. Romulus, the legendary founder of the city of Rome, was thought to have become the god Quirinus. Many emperors were declared gods by the Roman senate after their deaths, and people worshiped them in temples. The most honored heroes, however, were Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, and others from myths about Rome's beginnings and early history.The myths and legends about Roman history celebrate the virtues that Romans especially prized: duty, self-sacrifice, honor, bravery, and piety. Roman deities, too, tended to represent virtues, without the all-too-human weaknesses and vices of the Greek gods. A Greek historian named Dionysius of Halicarnassus recognized this difference when he wrote that the Roman deities were more moral than the Greek deities becausethe Romans had taken only what was good from the old stories and left out all the disgraceful parts.。
希腊罗马神话 英文
Ancient Greek mythology and Roman mythology Greek mythology and Roman mythology are two major mythologies of Europe. These two myths constitute a series of colorful Ancient European culture, and also they had significant impact on the ancient and modern European countries as well as the lives of people around the world. However, many people are confused about these two myth systems. The main reason is because Roman mythology integrated Greek mythology into their myths, it can be said that the Roman mythology is the inheritance of Greek mythology. But if you compare the world constitution, Gods and God, The Legend of Heroes, and influence on the European culture of them, you will find the difference between the two.1.World constitution in the mythologyIn Greek mythologies, the world exists in an oval-shaped universe. It is divided into five parts. The five parts include the earth on which human live, Mysterious and unknown sea, the dark underworld at end of the sea, the heaven on the Mount Olympus in which the gods inhabit, the seabed buried a Giant. Heaven, the sea and Underworld are supervised by Olympus, Poseidon and Hades separately. The management of land belongs to the three main Gods of the universe. The Giants will always be buried under the earth.The old theogony of Greek mythology recorded the origin of the world. The oldest god of the initial universe is the Ka Esi (Chaos), Then Ka Esi give birth to Gaea (the earth) and Eros (Love) and Tartarus (the abyss or hell). Then Erevus (dark) and Nike Te (night) occurred at the bottom of the earth, the combination of them was the "bright" (Light) and "daylight" (day). Gaea gives birth to Ouranos (the sky) and Oceanus (ocean). Gaia with her son Ouranos gave birth to the twelve Titans. They are the ancestors of Gods. From the above, we can see the direction of the world formation in Greek mythology: the beginning of the world is chaos and darkness, light and love finally break the darkness. In Greek mythology the origin of the world is full of romance. They make nature and thinking anthropomorphic. What they wantto express is bright and beauty.There is no mythology about the world constitution and the legend of the origin in the Roman mythology. Antil the late Roman Republic, Roman poetry began to imitate the Greek mythology and write their myth. In ancient Rome, some local legends were also popular, but they were often related with the ancient history of Rome and Greek hero legend, such as the legend of the Trojan War. The most famous of these legends is Aeneas extravagated to the Italy from the sea and Romulo brothers’ establishment of the city of Rome. Both of them were widely spread and also they profoundly influenced Roman literature.2.Gods and god in the mythologyGods is the dominant family in the myth, the rise and fall and social status of the Protoss determines the creativity, scalability and reality of mythologies. In Greek mythology, we can view the Gods from relationship between the main Protoss and Protoss, power and status of the Lord God.The Gods mainly mentioned in Greek mythology is the Titans and Olympus Protoss. The relationship of the Titan Protoss and Olympus Protoss can be simply regared as the relationship between the two generations of God. At the beginning of the formation of the world, "the sky" Uranus gave birth to the leaderof the Titan Protoss, Cronus. Under the leadship of Cronus, the first generation of the Protoss came into being. With the help of the "Earth" Gaea, Cronus killed Uranus, but Uranus predicted that Cronus will be killed by his son. Eventually Cronus was killed by his son Zeus. Zeus was the leader of the second generation of Protoss - Olympus Protoss. Most of the Titan Protoss were buried in the ground by Olympus Protoss. Only a few of them escaped from it, such as Prometheus, Thetis and the Eos. It can be said that the relationship of these two factions of Greek Protoss are vertically successive relationships. It is just like new forces replaced the old forces, and absorb the essence of the old forces, and consolidate its new, unique rule.The Lord God in Greek mythology is the ‘father of the gods’ Zeus. He is anAlmighty God, father of man and God. Everything in the universe should obey his will. He was holding a thunderbolt and he had infinite power and wisdom. The existence of Zeus is the existence of an absolute authority.In Greek mythology, God is given human appearance, human nature, even human social relations. They not only have the Elegance of human but also the emotions. They know human feeling, good and evil. they plan to participate in the activities. Gods in Greek mythology have their distinctively characters, without asceticism and mysticism. The basic difference between God and human is that God is powerful, often immortally, leisurely. Each of them has special skill and tremendous power. Their attitude can determine the destiny of humankind. The ancient Greeks worship Gods, but they did not endow the gods with exorbitant nobility. Instead, they viewed the gods as moral model.The Gods of Rome can be divided into two categories. The first category is the original gods of Rome, the second one is Gods introduced in a particular period in Roman history. Original gods begin to have their own priests at a very early time. They had a fixed day for celebration. This type of God in addition to the 30 main Gods, there was a special group of Gods, these God scan be called assistant gods of the Lord God. They had their own special tasks. This showed the everyday needs of the Roman society. For example, Janus and Vesta guarded doors and stoves.These early Gods had no personality, no human appearance. They also had no personal experience of marriage or children. What they impacted was not the lives of ordinary people and morality, but the wild life and personal family.Under the influence of the Etruscans and Greeks, the Romans began to endow the Gods with human appearance. From then on, roman mythology began to be mixed with Greek mythology. In this confused process, the Roman Gods had undergone great changes. Some gods’scope rapidly expand, such as Minerva, she was not only a craft goddess, she also became a symbol of wisdom, patron saint of doctors, sculptors, musicians, poets; some Gods’ status grew fastly, such as Aphrodite. Roman combined Greek mythology with their own mythology, we can say that romanmythology is the inheritance of Greek mythology with its own characteristics: It made some adjustments about the fuction of the gods according to the Roman political, economic needs. For instance, Ares originally was a god who liked to stir up troubles, but in Rome, the Mars suddenly rose to become the patron saint of all the soldiers.Roman mythology also absorbed nutrition from the Eastern religions, such as reproductive goddess in Egyptian mythology, Isis; Mithra, Persian god of light, Saba God of ancient Phrygia, and Syriaa Tajia God had spread to Rome. They were loved by many people. With the expansion and consolidation of the Roman forces, the state had taken measures to rectify the gods set. They unified those scattered gods into Jupiter, Juno and Minerva three God.3.The legends of heroesHeroes in Greek mythology is the world-famous, heroes such as Odysseus, Jason，they were almost known to every family. In general, the Greek Heroes includes three systems: war, adventure and culture. Adventurous heroes are the most important one. Argoexpedition, the Odyssey and the fate of Hercules are describing the adventures of the heroes, in which description of the Argo expedition is the most magnificent. The heroes of Greek mythology were yearning to go out to explore, conquer, and open up a new world and to make contributions. In the process of adventure, the heroes sometimes are impulse by their own subjective wishes, sometimes they are manipulated by the gods in the background. This kind of mythology reflects that though ancient Greek encouraged people to be innovative, they confined people to the authoritarian frame. In short, the Greek Heroes focus on the individual heroism. They performed in their own way, even if participation in the war mostly for their own honor, such as the battle of Troy, Achilles.Heroes in Roman mythology, individualism had become weaker. The image of the hero was with political color. All of them were patriotic. In their eyes, the national interest was important than anything else, but they were very rational. They closedto reality rather than Superman. Therefore, the heroes of Greek mythology were closer to the real side of human nature.4.The influence on European cultureThe splendid culture of ancient Greece is an indelible gem in the world. Greek mythology influenced on the world culture deeply. The philosophy of Greek people enlightened the reform of the medieval people. The spirit of adventure led people to find new roads. Its legacy of Greek literature played an irreplaceable role to the world culture, especially for pushing forward the Italian Renaissance began in the Middle Ages. Ancient Greek culture was recognized as the source of Western culture.Roman mythology also deeply impacted on European culture. Heaven constellation originally named after the Greek mythological figures and gods. The Roman culture reflected in Roman mythology had a profound impact on medieval European continent, Asia and Africa. After the Renaissance, the role it played became greater.Therefore, people often mention Roman mythology and Greek mythology at the same time. They seem similarly, but in reality they are very different. However, both of them ve made a great contribution to world culture.。
英语希腊神话（含五篇）
英语希腊神话（含五篇）第一篇：英语希腊神话Intelligence fairy Athena(Athene):Intelligence fairy and justice war fairy is Zeus and female Titan the United States the daughter of the Di Si, she is intelligence fairy and peacefulfairy(or call a female to fight absolute being), she is brave, strong but again kind, kindness, however sometimes slightly some narrow minds, don't wish other people stronger than her.Zeus' head when she was born violent ache, after after using big ax to slice open, Athena's hand holds long gun, wear to fight A to jump from it.It is really popular absolute being.Kill good friend Pa to pull Si but change name to Pa to pull Si because of accidentally losing ·Athena.★Eyes become bright at the mid-night of owl, there are also rooster and snake, for Mou son bright fairy Athena come to to say, is all her symbol.智慧女神雅典娜（Athene）：智慧女神和正义战争女神，是宙斯与女泰坦美狄斯的女儿，她是智慧女神兼和平女神（或称女战神）,她勇敢、强大而又善良、仁慈,不过有时略有些小心眼,不愿别人比她强.她出生时宙斯头部剧烈疼痛，之后用大斧劈开后，雅典娜手持长枪，身披战甲从中跳出。
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希腊罗马神话复习一．单选（课文）10分二．判断（课文）10分三．表格（默写）20分四．名词解释（课后）20分C1: It relates to means ambiguous.: It relates to Olympian means that some one is like a god,especially by being calm and not concerned about ordinary things.: It relates to means something connected with war and fighting.: It relates to means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.:I t relates to means something big ,strong and powerful.C2:It relates to means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.:It relates to means someone is watchful and alert.satyriasis:It relates to means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men. :It relates to means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to means messy and disorder.2.Pandora’s box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to means a person who resembles Prometheus.C6:It relates to means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas’/ass’s ears:It relates to means A secret that cannot be also menas someone is shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to means grains.2.aureole:It relates to means a bright circle of light.C9’s boat/ferry:It relates to means some one is going to die.the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win（one’s）laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one’s honors.2.Look to one’s laurels:It relates to means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one’s laure ls: It relates to means to satisfy with what you have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite’s girdle:It relates to means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one’s Pegasus: It relates to means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one’s brain: It relates to means the fantasy in one’s mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to means great effort.C211.sow dragon’s teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to means a victory that comes at a great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles’heel:It relates to means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to means to intimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分C11.What did the ancient Greeks know about their worldThe Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle of it,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by the the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they diedThe Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brotherZeus’s portion was the heavens,Poseidon’s the ocean and Hades’s the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to VulcanJupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destinyThe three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus’ usual way of hiding his scandalsHe raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girl into an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe” come into beingPan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of chased her to the bank of river .With the water nymph’s help,Syrinx was turned into was so sad and he made an instrument with the reeds,which called that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus’s promiscuityThe promiscuity of Zeus serves more than entertaining is out of political have a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the people in the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful the number of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus’ obtaining fire for manWhen Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of PandoraThe story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and they were the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own agePlease elaborate.I think we are in the Iron work day and night and man’s character is more complex,though mixed with kindness, but more wants to rule no longer trust each people do not love each are regarded as and justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.4.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”How does she compare with Eve in the Book of GenesisPandora is described as a “lovely evil” because she was the most beautiful and sweetest woman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are are also described as the root of troubles to take the blame for the male they were created out of different was created as the cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for symbolizes a great temptation and human is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to help man.5.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beingsBecause fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.A basic distinction in myth between raw & cooked and wild & civilized.As a revenge for Prometheus' earlier theft of the finest sacrificial portions.By withholding fire, Zeus makes the division of the sacrifice impracticable. The humiliation of Zeu s prompted him to take the extreme measure of withholding fire from mankind, without which m an would soon be little more than animals.C61.What led to Bacchus’ wanderingsBacchus invented how to plant grapes and brew wine. He was wandering aroundand spread this kind of knowledge to bring people the joy of drinking.C71.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to goldBecause Midas rescued Bacchus’s teacher, Slilenus, and treated him hospitably, entertaining him for ten days and nights with an unceasing round of jollity. In return, Bacchus gave him the power of turning everything to gold.1.What made Hades fall in love with ProserpineAs signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence, the adolescent god dess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and ProserpineBecause she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine’s freedom from the UnderworldThree pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpretedChange of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworldThe evil ghosts will be sent to virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respective inhabitantsElysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades’s a happy land of perpetual day,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitants may elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,Tartarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze Roman mythology,it is a vast river of is a painful place in where the Furies in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lionsThey forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir caused them to give offence to tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of charactersresembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo’s love for DaphneCupid’s golden arrow struck Apollo’s heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “ Your face will forbid it”He meant Daphne’s wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche’s future husbandHe said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whom neither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to VenusA longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and PsycheLove itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be ups and downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animalsBecause the wild animals were dangerous and she didn’t want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated loverShe changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about loveThe miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno’s anger towards EchosHer talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs madetheir escape.2.What was Juno’s punishment for herNo power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus’s adventuresPolydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killedPerseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing RocksThey went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own childrenThe fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancyHe strangled two snakes which Zeus’ jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of HeraclesHe was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolizeC211.What was the cause of Cadmus’ adventuresBecause his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s fatherIn order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of, he escaped from the Collins, on the way, he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddleSphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex, mysterious and hard to understand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purposeEris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest” to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to dieBecause when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming his wife from TroyBecause Helen’s father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath t o come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What’s behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expeditionTheir love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their characterIt showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest and strong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefieldHis reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector’s corpseBecause he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold what extent are dignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.2.What do you think is love Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文）C20heroic qualities dos Heracles possessHow does he differ from the other heroes like Jason and PerseusC22you believe in fate To what degree are we in control of our own life。