电子商务 外文文献
电子商务外文翻译文献
The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systemsand f i n ancial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain withus, in t heir modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modernforms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditionalmodel.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses tocontact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quotea number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP , Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone.The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supportsanywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries inthe "Companies" directory of the Y ah o Guide to WWW (Y ah o , 1996), with thetotal number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:anizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2.Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3.Electronic payment systems for g o ds and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensivetraditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes inthe way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key c omponentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) notedthat " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM andBPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three components tochange their market or develop new markets. Those who do notadapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implicationsof these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, takingon roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazinepublisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we currently call‘m arke ting’.Cle arly,the appearance o f electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involved in marketing need to understand the full range o f products and services required b y the electronic community. They must learn totake advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1.What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2.Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3.When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing profe s ionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage t he customer as part of thetransaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities arestill not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Webhas changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to haverem arked that he co uld n’t tell if the Kod ak Web site was a m one y ma ker.But heknew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since doorto d oo r sale sm e n,o n ly no w the custo m e rs we re kno ckin g o n Ko d ak’s d o o r.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The busine s opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements ofrelational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insightsinto their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring,managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally alteredthe channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s(1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. Helinks relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisationinto the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. Thecommunities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insightsforce us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries betweenfirms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educatedand more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need tomake a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weakentrust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instancesof many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the W eb.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenienc e shoppers’and‘explorers’(those str-e s e m tart consum ers whoare happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming moreand more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf.Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy,trust andsecurity (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on theissues ofInternet privacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that weexpect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break therules within an electronic c ommunity. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try to advertise on academic discussion groups(mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operatesin a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Te le com’s Telnet system to support EDI-like c onnections to approximately 10,000 separateretailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emergedto exploit it, provide insights into the developmentof commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapiddelivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introductionofa revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。
电子商务参考文献
电子商务参考文献电子商务是指通过互联网等电子手段进行商业活动的一种商业模式。
它已经成为了现代企业发展的重要方式,为企业带来了巨大的商机和发展空间。
在电子商务的发展过程中,有许多重要的文献被引用和参考,本文将介绍一些经典的电子商务参考文献。
1. Porter, M. E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review.迈克尔·波特是战略管理领域的著名学者,他在这篇经典的文章中强调,互联网并非一个威胁,而是一个改变商业规则的机会。
文章提出了互联网给各行业带来的竞争优势机会,并以5个力量模型来分析企业在互联网时代的竞争策略。
2. Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50-68.霍夫曼和诺瓦克是互联网营销领域的重要学者,他们的文章对电子商务中的市场营销进行了深入研究。
文章概括了电子商务环境中的市场特点,提出了网络媒体环境中的互动和个性化定制的特点,为企业在网络营销中提供了指导。
3. Rayport, J. F., & Sviokla, J. J. (1994). Managing in the Marketspace. Harvard Business Review.雷波特和斯维奥克拉是电子商务战略领域的重要学者,他们的文章讨论了电子商务对市场的影响和企业管理的变革。
文章强调企业需要从传统的市场到互联网时代的市场空间进行管理转变,并提出了一些实践指导和策略建议。
4. Li, T., & Li, X. (2011). Information technology and firm profitability: Mechanisms and empirical evidence. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 1167-1188.李彤和李旭是电子商务领域的重要学者,他们的文章通过实证研究揭示了信息技术对企业盈利能力的影响机制。
电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献
电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文:On The E-Commerce Business Development Is InevitableAbstractPaper Introduction: E-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technologies to support the business activities carried out. Business efficiency, the paper Daquan, On the development of e-commerce business is inevitable.Keywords: E-Commerce, E-Business,Business EfficiencyIntroductionE-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technology to support business activities carried out. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . E-commerce is not so much in the development of enterprise innovation to as it is inevitable, as has its unique advantages. Today, enterprises in the market economy, the ring, who can take advantage of e-commerce, one might get the winning edge.1The Current Form Of Electronic Commerce1.1 Within The Enterprise In The Form Of E-CommerceCompanies to establish their own websites, local area network, also known as enterprise-wide intranet. Intranet has become an effective business management and business matters dealing with economic business tool, but also in the form of e-commerce enterprises. It provides enterprise between the various administrative departments, fast, efficient, safe and reliable information exchange channels and support between policy and administration departments to transmit data, voice and video images, resource sharing of information, as well as for online media office, online communication, online services. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . Such as decision-making departments announcement, documents, decisions; management departments to provide sales, planning, production, inventory, equipment, human resources, accounting, statistics and other reports or dynamic data, for personnel access, analysis, and utilization. Can also be related to the business of processing, financial accounting and other economic matters. The web site also should the enterprise market positioning, brand positioning, service commitments, product superiority displayed, the corporate philosophy to show up, making it independent of the soul, inspiring site. Enterprises must also establish contact with customers and consumers channel, interactive communication is healthy to get feedback and revise corporate business strategy or remedy defects or deficiencies. Internal e-commerce saves time, manpower and material resources to enableenterprises to market conditions can quickly react and improve their competitiveness in the market.1.2 In The Form Of An E-Commerce Business With ExternalCompanies take advantage of the Internet for marketing, including the signing of contracts to suppliers, orders, bills and accept the use of electronic funds transfer network platform, exchange, letters of credit, collections and other ways Payment, breaking the original 'Both sides met, cash on delivery,' the traditional business model. Product sales enterprises can also use the Internet to carry out, such as the introduction and promotion of products, provide technical support, contract, accept orders, organize logistics, such as online banking payment is received.Corporate use of the Internet and external regulatory agencies to achieve interconnection interaction. Including commercial, taxation, banking, insurance, customs, commodity inspection, social security centers, fund management center, customers, and other upper management. For example, in the banking sector: the prevailing online banking (e-banking is currently the highest form of) a monetary fund for enterprise payments platform that enables enterprises to facilitate inquiries at any time and receive their master monetary fund, support, storage and other changes . Large number of enterprises, such as issuing payments, social insurance premiums paid into the housing provident fund deposit, payment of wages and other payments, are available through the relevant regulatory agencies (through encryption or security authentication technology) software to easily pay for online banking, shorten the transit time of monetary funds.Another example in taxation: tax department immediately launched the 'Golden Tax Project' is an interactive platform for the tax department and between enterprises established through the Internet, businesses can be completed online tax returns, tax V AT invoices issued Chaoshui, proceeds certification stamps, clear stamps Information (SD card), taxes paid, download certificates and receipts as well as tax-related services and other matters. The tax authorities also use this network platform release tax information, tax information and audit companies, locking to restrain violations of enterprises. This not only reduces the workload of the taxofficials, but also to facilitate the taxpayers.And so forth, and now business survival in the economic society, is inseparable from the relevant authorities, is inseparable from the market, business information and interactive communication constraints. E-commerce has been melting into the enterprise business activities.2 The Advantages Of E-CommerceE-commerce companies to provide a broad business and trade environment, greatly improving the range of business activities, the level and quality of service, the prospects are very bright, in enhancing the competitiveness of the enterprise market, showing a strong advantage.2.1 E-Commerce Can Improve The Efficiency Of E-CommerceBusiness activities not only quick and easy to make effective business enterprise internal economic integration, improve efficiency, but also with the relevant department or system provider, enterprise customers, banking, taxation and other effective links to online can deal with related businesses, access to information, to shorten the time and improve efficiency.2.2 The Expansion Of E-Commerce Can Enhance The Corporate Image MarketingE-commerce market with a wide range of characteristics of propaganda, it can expand their visibility, build brand image, enhance customer and contact suppliers to broaden the marketing. System network enables customers and suppliers are able to understand each other's latest economic information and related data, and the network to break the constraints of time, can provide all-weather mode service, which will undoubtedly strengthen the competitive position.2.3 E-Commerce Can Reduce Costs And Improve BusinessEfficiency of e-commerce transactions can reduce marketing costs and save expenses. Such as e-mail communication saves postage; electronic data exchange is saving the managers office and travel expenses; can greatly reduce the transit time of monetary funds to accelerate capital turnover; optimize the supply chain, reduce supply costs, saving procurement costs, reasonable organization of production reduceinventory and so on; these are reflected in the increase of corporate profits.In short, e-commerce has brought to our work a convenient, fast and reduce the pressure of work, opportunities and benefits for the enterprise, the enterprise is no reason not to accept, accept and build e-commerce, use and development of e-commerce is the inevitable development of enterprises .3 Companies Must Meet The Requirements Of Enterprises To Develop E-Business E-CommerceE-commerce requirements that must be met in order to take full advantage of e-commerce.3.1 Build E-Commerce Enterprises To Develop E-Commerce EnvironmentE-commerce environment is inseparable from information technology within the enterprise must have the necessary hardware and software facilities: one should have a server and a corresponding number of computers; second is to have a computer network infrastructure facilities; Third, should have the e-commerce business applications; four should have modern management. Should also consider the following factors: e-business applications must be practical; the system must implement centralized data storage and backup; the system must have the ability to upgrade online expansion; the system must have security and other data services.3.2 The Company Must Change The Existing Management SystemE-commerce technology and management must operate mechanisms, and the combination of enterprise business processes.so that it can be used for the new system, in particular the management of external cooperation and information-processing technology to business units meet the basic requirements for enterprises to develop e-commerce, e-commerce is not otherwise achieve the desired results. At the same time, companies can not immediately abandon the existing information systems, to make full use of existing mature e-commerce system, the integration of existing rational choice of scientific information systems have come to deal with the maximum difference between different systems, for e-commerce companies to lay a good foundation.3.3 Enterprises To Accelerate The Introduction Of E-Commerce Or Cultivating Talent To Its Capability In E-Commerce, To Seize The InitiativeThe ultimate benefit of e-commerce operations are performed by people, companies are not only understands the needs of network technology, but also understands high-quality compound talents of e-commerce rules and business management to undertake the work. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency.In addition to selecting an important way to open recruitment with relevant knowledge and technology, the enterprise should develop e-commerce and e-business knowledge training job skills training, improve the quality of e-commerce business-related personnel and networking skills, which is to ensure the rapid development of e-commerce enterprises . Training complex e-commerce talent is necessary for the development of e-commerce.In short, the development and use of e-commerce process, to synchronize with the corporate modernization, so that e-commerce has become assistant business development. E-commerce has brought tremendous opportunities for businesses, who can seize this opportunity, who will be able to seize the wealth.References[1] Ning Hong Kong. Impact of e-commerce and its impact on traditional accounting [J]. Sun Yat-sen University, 2003, (6)[2]Guo liters. Competitive advantage with the requirements of e-commerce Market Forum 2006 4[3]Qi Ming. E-commerce practical tutorial [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000[4]Introduction to E-Commerce / Zhao Yanping editor - Beijing: Central Party School Publishing 2005.11译文:浅议电子商务在企业的发展是必然的摘要电子商务是指在利用计算机和互联网络技术的支持下进行的商务活动。
电子商务英文参考文献
The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded、The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users、Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential、The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true、The raw numbers tell only part of the story、According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion、That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1、6% of total retail sales、The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world、But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry、For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce、InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia、com and hotels、com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online、Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide)、They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada、And there is more、The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internetauction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer、Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet、Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion、So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger、But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world、That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce、To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour、One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay、More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers、The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals、Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy、Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1)、Different countries have different habits、In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet、But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split、Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items、Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America、People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide、Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a muc h bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future、This has enormous implications for business、 A company that neglects its website may becommitting commercial suicide、A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online、A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away、But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results、For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet、The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their plumber、The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet、And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television、All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft、The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic、Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies、But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition、People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying、Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige、What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago、For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration、“I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant、Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online、In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney、They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself、It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle、If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on、“The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operatingofficer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want、”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them、The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices、“We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive、Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food、Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things、And so do the millions of people who use eBay、And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets、Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets、But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time、Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half、Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade、That would represent a massive shift in spending、How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms、There are already signs of change on the high street、The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online、To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge、Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website、But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders、One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer、So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade、But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and productinformation quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow、Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy、This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets、。
电子商务专业外文文献
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT文献、资料来源:加勒斯特经济学院文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2000.3.25院(部):专业:班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:外文文献:CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT1. IntroductionIn the last decade, the majority of the companies were preoccupied with production, recession, mergers, new technologies and business regulation. Romania’s accession in the European Union will bring many advantages for further development, together with membership in a Common Market with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement for all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labor). This means that Romanian companies will compete with other companies from the EU directly in their home market. European companies are more flexible and mobile and will put a high pressure on the local companies in order to produce better products, launch better offers and services and orientate more towards their customers. High revenue equals important customer is a classic rule when the company organises its customer policy. “An important customer brings a gross amount of money for our enterprise” has become a reflex for many companies a broad and perhaps in Romania, too. But is this always true, or do we need more information than a simple figure reported at the end of the year?2. Marketing information systemA winning company is more productive in acquiring and retaining customers, to expand its clientele (Kotler, 2003). This company improves the value of the customers by reducing the rate of defection, increasing the longevity of customer Management & marketing relationship, making low-profit customers more profitable or terminating them etc. Gathering information on the actual or potential marketplace not only allows the organisation to monitor trends and issues concerning its current customers, but also helps it identify and profile potential customers and new markets, to keep track of its competition, their strategies, tactics and future plans (Brassington and Pettitt,2003). In order to collect and organize a high quantity of diverse information, the enterprises started to build marketing information systems. There are, mainly, a set of procedures and methods by which pertinent, timely and accurate information is continually gathered, sorted, analysed, evaluated, stored and distributed for the use of marketing decisionmakers (Zikmund and D´Amico,1993). The marketing information system includes data from external and internal sources (sales records, customer records, marketing communications, and sales force information). The focus on the customer and the integration of the marketing function helps the company to create customer databases with comprehensive information about individual customers or prospects.3. Customer relationship managementCustomer Relationship Management has been around for the last 30 years, but it became very important when companies changed their attitude towards marketing function. Nowadays, the cross-functional approach to marketing requires an organizational culture and climate that encourages collaboration and cooperation between departments. People within the business must understand their role in serving customers, internal or external one. CRM builds on the principles of relationship marketing and recognizes that customers are a business asset and not simply a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to processes, information are used proactively rather than reactively and develops the ne-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006).When defining CRM, we must first explain the difference between customer acquisition and customer retention. The two concepts have different drivers. Attracting customers has become very difficult these days, when people are harder to please. They are smarter, price conscious and sensitive, more demanding, less forgiving, and they are approached by many more competitors with equally good or better offers (Kotler,2003). Companies focus more on sales analysis, customer segmentation, advertising, merchandising and campaign management. The more difficult part is keeping the customers. According to Bruhn, a customer is satisfied when the comparison between offer and consumption fulfils his/her expectations, after he/she accepts the company, trusts it and exhibits a positive attitude towards it, becomes loyal to that company. In this situation, the customer talks favourably about the company and about its products, pays less attention to competing brands and is less sensitive to price, which turns transactions into routine (Bruhn, 1999). With customer retention, the company must pay attention to service satisfaction and trust in Customer relationship management the organization and its staff. Some companies believe that if a customer complaints the problem will be solved, but 96% ofunsatisfied customers don’t complain and go to another company. Therefore, Customer Relationship Management is the mechanism for retaining customers (Russell-Jones, 2003). Mainly CRM allows the company to understand who their customer is, isolate the best customer (those with whom you desire to have long-standing relationships), create relationships stretching over time and involving multi-interactions, manage the relationship to mutual advantage, seek to acquire more of those “best” customers. Inputs like marketing strategy, customer base, products, and regulation, competitors and staff skills are synthesized in a CRM programme which creates outputs as customer service, customer retention, higher share of wallet, customer referral, more predictable revenues streams, improved profitability, lower costs and better compliance (Russell-Jones, 2003).4. Developing a strategy in customer relationship managementBecause CRM is a cross-functional activity and large companies have thousands and millions of customers, the need for a strategic framework is very high. The dimensions of a CRM strategy are mainly focused on defining the following topics:- object of the customer relationship management – the company has three options: focusing on the company itself, on a brand or on the distributor;- target segment – the company usually sets priorities between different customer segments, it defines strategic customers based on the portfolio analyses, factors as revenue, length of the relationship, income, collaboration with the customer. These are its analysis criteria;- ways of retaining the customers –customers’ satisfaction is in the centre of all the decisions, but customers retention can also become a central issue through contractual clauses, such as service, leasing and warranty;- choosing the instruments of CRM – the company combines the instruments of the 4P´s with focus on the customer;- intensity and timing of the CRM decisions –show when and how should the company introduce different instruments; programmes can last from one day to one week, or from three month to two years;- cooperation within the CRM programme – sometimes the company must cooperate with other partners from the distribution channel, mainly between producer and wholesaler and retail.5. Instruments of customer relationship managementThe communication policy plays an important role in the instruments mix. It follows two objectives: first, to build a permanent dialogue with the customer in order to stabilize or change its expectations, and second, to counteract influences after consumption. The main CRM instruments within the communication policy are: Direct-Mail is material distributed through the postal service to the recipients’ home or business address to promote a product or service. In CRM the mailed issue can vary from a simple letter to a catalogue, and its sending will always occur at a particular moment in customer’s life (birthday, invitation for an event). It must incorporate sticky gadgets to increase their chances of being opened and read; Newsletters are distributed to customers for free and contain information about new products, offers for special events and others; Fidelity cards (store cards) are an important tool in gathering information about customer behaviour. By accumulating points of fidelity, the customer can benefit from different special offers; Clients club designates a concept which has grown in parallel with the fidelity cards. Its main forms are VIP-Club, Fan-Club, Product-Interest-Club, and Lifestyle-Club. The club represents an opportunity for the company to make offers in accordance with the social status, acceptance, prestige and expectations of its customers;Telemarketing allows companies to undertake marketing research and is highly measurable and accountable; the number of positive and negative responses are easily recorded and monitored. It provides for interaction, is flexible and permits immediate feed-back. Online-marketing includes many forms such as on-line advertising, on-line sales promotions, on-line direct marketing, on-line public relations, one-line personal selling. The medium used is the internet and the main instrument is the email. Virtual promotions are cheaper than hard copy versions, but the challenge is to drive traffic to your company’s Web site. Event-marketing takes place in three main areas: the product (here, it focuses on increasing sales), the corporation (for developing a corporate body) and the community (to make a difference in the life of the local community) (Bruhn, 1999& Fill, 2002).The price policy can be thought about in various ways when building a CRM programme: discounts for special customers, underselling or matching competitors, loyalty refunds, bundling items together and offering overall prices. Although price is not a measure of inherent value received, it is often used by customers as a benchmark, ignoring any other features or differences.Key factors in the product policy are the product itself, with quality, design, technical features, packaging and service management which includes lifelong warranty, price warranty or a customer telephone line. An active management in the distribution policy can focus on the customer or on the distribution channel. The producer evaluates the activity of the distribution partner and Customer relationship management intervenes when needed. The focus on the customers is realised through a Key Account Management which develops programmes for special customers.6. Customer relationship management in financial servicesFinancial services differ from many other industries. This can be seen particularly in Romania, where 40 commercial banks fight for a population of 21 million citizens. They cover the whole spectrum of customers from individuals to partnerships, institutions, corporations and governments. As a result, it can be very difficult to focus on single markets. Customers are often in two positions: they may have a deposit and savings accounts, but also loans and overdrafts. They are very service focused, they sell only intangibles. Financial services require processing billions of transactions worldwide and they are one of the heaviest regulated industries in the world (Rusell-Jones, 2003).The customers in the financial services are better informed, are switching channels, and seem to be more demanding of service, and used to change. The market is also highly competitive and new entrants are coming with diverse products and approaches.The industry of financial services in Romania has a very high potential and registers every year high growth rates. Till now, the location in a major city of the country with a population around 300.000 people was an advantage of the business and a success factor. Now the battlefield has moved in the small towns. The competition became tougher; banks began to develop and to introduce new products. Some experts say that a weakness of the banking sector is market segmentation. There is lots of information about customers, but it seems that banks prefer to focus on clients with large savings accounts. The main banks in Romania, as BRD, BCR, ING, and HVB-Tiriac announced for the year 2005 an increase in the number of the private banking clients. These are mainly customers with accounts between 50.000 and 100.000 Euros, they benefit of private consultancy, special interest rates, commissions, and special insurances. Customers have also a word to say about their bank. A market study made by DeadalusConsulting revealed that the customer profile for banking services is: person aged between 45-55 years, with higher or middle education. The most utilized service is the bank card for salaries payment (32,6%). Next, savings accounts (10,2%), credits for personal needs (11,1%), credits for buying electronics (9,2%) and auto leasing. The best grades were received by Raiffeisen Bank (8,83), BCR (8,58) and BRD Societe Generale (8,57). A customer’s criteria when choosing a bank are the trust in the bank, the environment in the branch, the quality of the staff, the advice they receive, the best interest rate they can receive, the information about the credit costs, and the conditions for obtaining a credit. A successful service provided by the majority of the banks is internet banking. It allows clients to save time and money, without going to the bank, 24 of 24 from inside or abroad. The access is free of charge or very cheap, and includes all kinds of activities from money transfer, payment orders, currency exchange, payment of current bills, external payments etc. The rate of penetration is still low, ranking between 10% and 30% of the customers in one middle bank.7. ConclusionsRomanian companies must focus in the future on the Customer Relationship Management and try to turn a “susceptible” client into a “partner”, to transform people who once needed their product/service, or occasional business partners into supporters and advocates and, eventually, into loyal partners that “sell” on the behalf of the company. Companies must create a permanent dialogue with their customers, and fight for them, because the clientele is not given for free. Customers that were price sensitive show now a higher interest in quality, service and behaviour of staff, and a company which concentrated on a price strategy should check how prepared its rivals are for a competition in the aforementioned fields. Customer Relationship Management increases its flexibility and adaptability to the market, in a world of capricious clients.中文译文:客户关系管理1.介绍在过去的十年中,大多数企业正在忙于生产,经济衰退,合并,新技术和商业管理。
电子商务毕业外文文献(本科)
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:Distribution to users from alogistics base shipping method 文献、资料来源:网络文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2012。
7院(部):商学院专业: 电子商务班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:外文文献:Distribution to users from a logistics base shipping methodAbstract: Logistics is the company's 'third profit source',while at the end of the logistics of distribution, logistics and economic efficiency has to improve, optimize,improve the logistics system,improve service, reduce costs and other functions in the logistics system to occupy an important position。
Keywords:Efficient Logistics And Distribution Trends Of The Importance Of Features Distribution of transport and other logistics activities,or constitute a combination of integrated logistics services activities。
Distribution of the 'distribution’ includes the requirements of the order by the user,sorting,picking, loading, storage, handling and other activities, one of the 'free' in the transport process is in the 'secondary transport’, ’Feeder' or 'transport terminal', starting and ending point of the logistics base to the user。
电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:E-commerce Information Security ProblemsⅠ. IntroductionE-commerce (E-Business) is in open networks, including between enterprises (B2B), business and consumers (B2C) commercial transactions, compared with the traditional business model, e-commerce with efficient, convenient, covered wide range of characteristics and benefits. However, e-commerce open this Internet-based data exchange is great its security vulnerabilities, security is a core e-commerce development constraints and key issues.In this paper, the basic ideas and principles of systems engineering, analyzes the current security threats facing e-commerce, in this based on security technology from the perspective of development trend of e-commerce.Ⅱ. E-commerce modelModern e-commerce technology has focused on the establishment and operation of the network of stores. Network in the department stores and real stores no distinction between structure and function, differences in their function and structure to achieve these methods and the way business operate.Web store from the front view is a special kind of WEB server. WEB site of modern multimedia support and a good interactive feature as the basis for the establishment of this virtual store, so customers can, as in a real supermarket pushing a shopping cart to select goods, and finally in the checkout check out. These online stores also constitute the three pillars of software: catalog, shopping cart and customer checkout. Customers use an electronic currency and transaction must store customers and stores are safe and reliable.Behind the store in the network, enterprises must first have a product storage warehouse and administration; second network to sell products by mail or other delivery channels to customers hands; Third, enterprises should also be responsible for product after-sales service, This service may be through networks, may not. Internet transactions are usually a first Pay the bill and getting goods shopping. For customers, convenience is that the goods purchased will be directly delivered to their home, but hard to feel assured that the goods can not be confirmed until the handsreach into their own hands, what it is.Therefore, the credibility of the store network and service quality is actually the key to the success of e-commerce.Ⅲ.the key to development of electronic commerceE-commerce in the telecommunications network to develop. Therefore, the advanced computer network infrastructure and telecommunications policy easing the development of electronic commerce has become a prerequisite. Currently, telecom services, high prices, limited bandwidth, the service is not timely or not reliable and so the development of e-commerce has become a constraint. Speed up the construction of telecommunications infrastructure, to break the telecommunications market monopoly, introduce competition mechanism to ensure fair competition in the telecommunications business, to promote networking, ensure to provide users with low-cost, high-speed, reliable communications services is a good construction target network environment, but also all of the world common task.E-commerce the most prominent problem is to solve the on-line shopping, trading and clearing of security issues, including the establishment of e-commerce trust between all the main issues, namely the establishment of safety certification system (CA) issues; choose safety standards (such as SET , SSL, PKI, etc.) problems; using encryption and decryption method and encryption strength problems. Establishment of security authentication system which is the key.Online trading and traditional face to face or written transactions in different ways, it is transmitted through the network business information and trade activities. The security of online transactions means:Validity: the validity of the contract to ensure online transactions, to prevent system failure, computer viruses, hacker attacks.Confidentiality: the content of the transaction, both transactions account, the password is not recognized by others and stealing.Integrity: to prevent the formation of unilateral transaction information and modify.Therefore, the e-commerce security system should include: secure and reliable communications network to ensure reliable data transmission integrity, prevent viruses, hackers; electronic signatures and other authentication systems; complete data encryption system and so on.Ⅳ.e-commerce security issues facingAs e-commerce network is the computer-based, it inevitably faces a number of security issues.(1) Information leakPerformance in e-commerce for the leakage of business secrets, including two aspects: the parties are dealing transactions by third parties to steal the contents; transaction to the other party to provide documents used illegal use by third parties.(2) AlteredE-commerce information for business performance in the authenticity and integrity issues. Electronic transaction information in the network transmission process may be others to illegally modify, delete or re-changed, so that information about its authenticity and integrity.(3) IdentificationWithout identification, third-party transactions is likely to fake the identity of parties to a deal breaker, damage the reputation of being counterfeit or stolen by one party to the transaction fake results and so on, for identification, the transaction between the two sides can prevent suspicion situation.(4) Computer virusesComputer virus appeared 10 years, a variety of new virus and its variants rapidly increasing, the emergence of the Internet for the spread of the virus has provided the best medium. Many new viruses directly using the network as its transmission, as well as many viruses spread faster through dried networks, frequently causing billions of dollars in economic losses.(5) HackerWith the spread of a variety of application tools, hackers have been popular, and are not in the past; non-computer expert can not be a hacker. Have kicked Yahoo's mafia boy did not receive any special training, only a few attacks to the users to download software and learn how to use the Internet on a big dry.Ⅴ.e-commerce security and safety factorsEnterprise application security is the most worried about e-commerce, and how to protect the security of e-commerce activities, will remain the core of e-commerce research. As a secure e-commerce system, we must first have a safe, reliable communication network, to ensure that transaction information secure and rapidtransmission; second database server to ensure absolute security against hackers break into networks to steal information. E-commerce security technologies include encryption, authentication technology and e-commerce security protocols, firewall technology.(A), encryption technologyTo ensure the security of data and transactions to prevent fraud, to confirm the true identity of transaction parties, e-commerce to adopt encryption technology, encryption technology is through the use of code or password to protect data security. For encrypted data is called plaintext, specifically through the role of a encryption algorithm, the conversion into cipher text, we will express this change as the cipher text is called encryption, the cipher text by the decryption algorithm to form a clear role in the output of this a process known as decryption. Encryption algorithm known as the key parameters used. The longer the key, the key space is large, traverse the key space the more time spent, the less likely cracked.Encryption technology can be divided into two categories: symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption to the data encryption standard DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm is represented. Asymmetric encryption is usually RSA (Rivets Shamir Aleman) algorithm is represented.(B), authenticationCommonly used security authentication technologies: digital signatures, digital certificates, digital time stamp, CA security authentication technology.(C), hacker protection technologyCurrently, hackers have become the biggest e-commerce security threats, thus preventing hacking network security technology has become the main content, by governments and industry are highly valued. Hacking techniques include buffer overflow attacks, Trojans, port scans, IP fraud, network monitoring, password attacks, and denial of service Dos attacks. At present, people have made many effective anti-hacker technologies, including firewalls, intrusion detection, and network security evaluation techniques.Ⅵ.the future security of e-commerceIncreasingly severe security problems, are growing threat to national and global economic security, governments have been based on efforts in the following areas: (1) Strengthen the legislation, refer to the advanced countries have effective legislation, innovative, e-commerce and improve the protection of the laws againstcyber-crime security system.(2) Establishment of relevant institutions, to take practical measures to combat cyber crime. Development of the law, the implementing agencies should also be used for its relevant laws, which must establish an independent oversight body, such as the executing agency to implement the law.(3) Increase investment in network security technology; improve the level of network security technology. E-commerce security law is the prerequisite and basis for development and secure e-commerce security technology is a means of protection. There are many security issues are technical reasons, it should increase the technology resources, and continuously push forward the development of old technologies and developing new security technology.(4) To encourage enterprises to protect themselves against Internet crime against. To avoid attack, companies can not hold things to chance, must attach great importance to system vulnerabilities, in time to find security holes to install the operating system and server patches, and network security detection equipment should be used regularly scan the network monitoring, develop a set of complete security protection system to enable enterprises to form a system and combined with the comprehensive protection system.(5) To strengthen international cooperation to strengthen global efforts to combat cyber crime. As e-commerce knows no borders, no geographical, it is a completely open area, so the action against cyber crime e-commerce will also be global. This will require Governments to strengthen cooperation, can not have "the saying which goes, regardless of others, cream tile" misconception.(6) To strengthen the network of national safety education, pay attention to the cultivation of outstanding computer.Ⅶ. ConclusionE-commerce in China has developed rapidly in recent years, but the security has not yet established. This has an impact on the development of electronic commerce as a barrier.To this end, we must accelerate the construction of the e-commerce security systems. This will be a comprehensive, systematic project involving the whole society. Specifically, we want legal recognition of electronic communications records of the effectiveness of legal protection for electronic commerce; we should strengthen the research on electronic signatures, to protect e-commerce technology; we need to build e-commerce authentication system as soon as possible, to organize protection for electronic commerce. Moreover, for e-commerce features without borders, we shouldalso strengthen international cooperation, so that e-commerce truly plays its role. Only in this way, we can adapt to the timesPromoting China's economic development; also the only way we can in the economic globalization today, to participate in international competition, and thus gain a competitive advantage.Source: Michael Hecker, Tharam S. Dillon, and Elizabeth Chang IEEE Internet Computing prentice hall publishing, 2002电子商务中的信息安全问题一、引言电子商务(E-Business)是发生在开放网络上的包括企业之间(B2B)、企业和消费者之间(B2C)的商业交易,与传统商务模式相比,电子商务具有高效、便捷、覆盖范围广等特点和优点。
电子商务专业大学外文文献(本科)
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:On The E—Commerce BusinessDevelopment Is Inevitable文献、资料来源:网络文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2015。
3。
3院(部):专业:班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:外文文献:On The E-Commerce Business Development Is InevitableAbstractPaper Introduction: E—commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technologies to support the business activities carried out. Business efficiency, the paper Daquan,On the development of e-commerce business is inevitable。
Keywords: E—Commerce, E—Business,Business EfficiencyIntroductionE—commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technology to support business activities carried out. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency。
E-commerce is not so much in the development of enterprise innovation to as it is inevitable,as has its unique advantages。
Today,enterprises in the market economy, the ring, who can take advantage of e-commerce,one might get the winning edge。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代,电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状,探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响:外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及,电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务,或者电子贸易,或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式,将对社会经济产生深远的影响,并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
电子商务网站外文文献
E-commerce websites for developing countries –a usability evaluation frameworkLayla HasanDepartment of Management Information Systems,Zarqa University,Zarqa,Jordan,and Anne Morris and Steve Probets Department of Information Science,Loughborough University,Loughborough,UKAbstractPurpose –The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodological usability evaluation approach for e-commerce websites in developing countries.Design/methodology/approach –A multi-faceted usability evaluation of three Jordanian e-commerce websites was used,where three usability methods (user testing,heuristic evaluation and web analytics)were applied to the sites.Findings –A four-step approach was developed to facilitate the evaluation of e-commerce sites,mindful of the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used in identifying specific usability problems.Research limitations/implications –The approach was developed and tested using Jordanian users,experts and e-commerce sites.The study compared the ability of the methods to detect problems that were present,however,usability issues not present on any of the sites could not be considered when creating the approach.Practical implications –The approach helps e-commerce retailers evaluate the usability of their websites and understand which usability method(s)best matches their need.Originality/value –This research proposes a new approach for evaluating the usability of e-commerce sites.A novel aspect is the use of web analytics (Google Analytics software)as a component in the usability evaluation in conjunction with heuristics and user testing.Keywords Multi-faceted evaluation,E-commerce websites,Developing countries,User testing,Heuristic evaluation,Google Analytics,Electronic commercePaper type Research paperIntroductionThis paper is situated in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI),specifically the area of usability evaluation methods (UEMs).HCI has been defined as “A discipline concerned with the design,evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of main phenomena surrounding them”(Hewett et al.,2009).The main goal of the majority of HCI work has been to propose techniques,methods and guidelines for designing better and more usable interfaces (Agarwal and Venkatesh,2002).Therefore various UEMs have been developed and research has been undertaken to compare them.However,Hartson et al.(2001)indicate that there is room for discussing the relative merits of the various UEMs and for improving existing UEMs.This research aims to present an approach which involves three UEMs to evaluate usability of e-commerce web sites.It is based on e-commerce web sites in Jordan,which like those in other developing countries,face additional challenges compared to their counterparts in the West in making their sites acceptable,usable and profitable in the absence of legislation and regulations (Obeidat,2001).During the last decade Jordan has witnessed an improvement in information and communication technologies,whichThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at/1468-4527.htmRefereed article received5October 2011Approved for publication9May 2012Online Information Review Vol.37No.2,2013pp.231-251r Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1468-4527DOI 10.1108/OIR-10-2011-0166231E-commerce websiteshas resulted in an increasing number of internet users and e-commerce web sites (Harris Interactive,2009).It was thought to be worthwhile to conduct a study in Jordan that would clarify the effectiveness of the UEMs employed.This would encourage e-commerce companies to address usability in the design of their web sites by employing one or all of these methods in order to improve it,which could help increase their profitability.The aim of the research described here was therefore to develop a methodologicalapproach to investigate the usability of e-commerce web sites in Jordan.The specific objectives for the research were:.To use three different approaches (user testing,heuristic evaluation and a leading web analytics package:Google Analytics (GA))to evaluate the usability of a selection of e-commerce web sites by identifying the main usability problem areas on the sites from three different perspectives:evaluators,users and software tools;.To determine which of these approaches were the most effective in evaluating each usability problem area;and.To create an approach to identify how to evaluate e-commerce sites in relation to specific areas.The remaining sections of this paper describe the literature review and methods used,present the analysis of the main results,illustrate the approach,discuss the results in relation to other empirical studies and finally,present the conclusions.ContextDefinitions of usabilityThe usability of the interface is a core area in the field of HCI (Gray and Salzman,1998).The concept of usability has been defined and measured differently by different authors.Nielsen (2003)indicated that usability is one of the most important attributes of any user interface and measures how easy the interface is to use.Nielsen (2003)also stated that usability is not a single attribute;instead it is defined in terms of five characteristics:learnability,efficiency,memorability,errors and satisfaction.Alternatively Brinck et al.(2001,p.2)defined usability as “the degree to which users can perform a set of required tasks”.They also indicated that usability is the product of several design goals,including the five attributes already indicated by Nielsen (2003),in addition to another goal named “functionally correct”.These definitions indicate that usability is defined in terms of a set of attributes or design goals of a system/product.However,the International Standards Organisation (ISO)provides a broader definition of usability,stating that:“Usability is the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness,efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use”(ISO,1998,p.6).This definition emphasises that the usability of a product is dependent on the context of use which includes users,tasks,equipment (hardware,software and materials),and the physical and social environment,all of which may influence the usability of a product.UEMsUEMs can be categorised in terms of how the usability problems are identified:for example by users,evaluators or tools.User-based UEMs usually involve users being observed undertaking pre-defined tasks with the purpose of identifying usability problems (Brinck et al.,2001).User-based approaches have been frequently used to evaluate the usability of e-commerce web sites232OIR 37,2(Agarwal and Venkatesh,2002),for example Tilson et al.(1998)asked16users to complete tasks on four e-commerce sites and report what they liked and disliked.Freeman and Hyland(2003)used a similar technique to evaluate and compare the usability of e-commerce sites.The research outcomes proved the usefulness of user-based methods in identifying major design problems which prevented users from interacting with the sites successfully.Evaluator-based UEMs involve having a number of expert evaluators assess theuser interface to judge whether it conforms to a set of usability principles,known as “heuristics”(Nielsen and Mack,1994).Chen and Macredie(2005),for example,used expert evaluator methods to evaluate the usability of four online supermarkets.Again the research outcomes proved this method successful in identifying both usability problems and good design features on the sites.Several studies have compared both user testing and heuristic evaluation methods. Barnard and Wesson(2004),for example,used both methods to investigate design issues and problems that were highly significant for e-commerce sites in South Africa from the perspective of both experts and users.Problems identified by both users and experts were considered to be significant while those that were missed or identified by only one of those methods were ignored.Other comparative studies have shown that heuristic evaluation methods uniquely identify more usability problems than usability testing(Desurvire et al., 1991;Doubleday et al.,1997;Fu et al.,2002).Although these studies did not explain the distribution of usability problems in terms of whether they were major or minor problems,other studies have discussed this issue and offer various findings. Jeffries et al.(1991),for example,found that heuristic evaluation identified a larger number of both serious and minor problems in comparison to user testing.However,Gray and Salzman(1998)criticised the design of this study because the number of participants was too small for statistical analysis.In contrast Law and Hvannberg(2002)found that while heuristic evaluation found a larger number of minor problems compared to user testing,the latter was better at uniquely identifying major problems.Only a few studies,however,highlight the types of specific usability problems identified by these methods.One such study by Tan et al.(2009)compared user testing and heuristic evaluation by evaluating four commercial web sites and classified usability problems by type.Both methods were found to be equally effective in identifying different usability problems related to five categories(navigation,information content, layout organisation and structure,usability and availability of tools and common look and feel)but user testing did not identify problems relating to two issues(compatibility, and security and privacy issues).Software-based UEMs use software tools to identify usability problems.Web analytics is an example of this approach.It involves collecting,measuring,monitoring,analysing and reporting web usage data to understand visitors’experiences(Web Analytics Association,n.d.).There are two common approaches to web analytics:server-based log file analysis and client-based page tagging(JavaScript tagging).Server-based log file analysis involves using a server’s log file to collect access and visit data.Kaushik(2007), however,indicates that while the log file technique was used widely as a data source for web analytics,the disadvantages of using this approach(i.e.the use of caching techniques,and the use of IP addresses to identify unique visitors)were noticed by both web analytics vendors and customers.These challenges led to the emergence of page-tagging techniques as a new mechanism for collecting usage data from web sites.Page tagging involves adding lines of script(e.g.JavaScript)to the pages of a web site to gather statistics from them. Page tagging is typically more accurate than server-based analysis as most page tags233 E-commercewebsitesare based on cookies to determine the uniqueness of a visitor and not on an IP address,and this method is not influenced by caching techniques (Kaushik,2007;Peterson,2004).An example of a web analytics tool that uses a page-tagging approach,and which has had a major effect on the web analytics industry,is GA.Web metrics give meaning to data collected by web analytics tools and can be either basic or advanced.Basic metrics are raw data which are usually expressed in rawnumbers (i.e.visits,page views,etc.).Advanced metrics are expressed in ratios or percentages instead of raw numbers and are designed to improve the usefulness of the analytics data (Peterson,2006).At least two studies have used GA to evaluate and improve the design and content of web sites (Fang,2007;Prom,2007).Both used standard reports from GA (i.e.funnel navigation)without deriving specific metrics.These studies both suggested that analysis of GA data enables problems to be identified quickly and helps determine whether a site provides the necessary information to its visitors.There has,however,been little research evaluating the usability of e-commerce web sites employing user-based,evaluator-based and software-based (GA)UEMs together.Studies by Fang (2007)and Prom (2007)illustrated the potential usefulness of using GA to evaluate web sites with the intention of improving their usability,however,further research is needed to explain how GA can be used to evaluate the usability of e-commerce web sites by employing advanced web metrics.Similarly additional research is needed to investigate and compare detailed types of specific usability problems that could be identified uniquely by user testing,heuristic evaluation methods and GA,and those problems that could be either missed or commonly identified by these methods when evaluating an e-commerce web site.MethodologySelection of UEMsThe selection of the three UEMs (user testing,heuristic evaluation and GA)was based on evidence that these methods are complementary in that they are able to identify usability problems from different perspectives (Desurvire et al.,1992;Fu et al.,2002;Jeffries et al.,1991;Kaushik,2007;Law and Hvannberg,2002;Nielsen,2003;Peterson,2004).Several researchers have suggested using both heuristic and user testing in tandem in order to identify different kinds of usability problems (Desurvire et al.,1991;Fu et al.,2002;Jeffries et al.,1991;Law and Hvannberg,2002;Nielsen,2003).GA was used since it has a wide range of features and benefits (i.e.a usable and simple interface)and is easy to implement,thus encouraging site owners to deploy web analytics (Jasra,2006).It is also freely available.A multi-faceted evaluationThe research was based on a multi-faceted usability evaluation of three Jordanian e-commerce web sites where the three methods (user testing,heuristic evaluation and GA)were applied to the sites in order to develop the approach.Initially 27e-commerce companies in Jordan were identified from five electronic Jordanian and Arab directories and a Google search.Of these only three companies agreed to participate in the research.Fortunately all three sites had a wide range of usability issues,a necessary selection pany 1specialises in manufacturing Islamic clothing for women.It was founded in Jordan in 1987although its online outlet has only been operational since pany 2also specialises in manufacturing Islamic clothing for women and is based in Jordan.Its online shop was launched in 2004.234OIR 37,2Launched in2005Company3provides an online store that sells a wide variety of crafts and handmade products made in Jordan and Palestine.The customers of these web sites are both local and international.However,all three companies expressed a desire to expand their local market.Consequently this study investigated the usability of the web sites from the perspective of local(Jordanian) customers.The three methods were employed concurrently on each site between July and December2007.No web site changes were made by the e-commerce vendors during this timeframe.Initially the required GA script was inserted on the companies’web sites to enable GA software to track the usage of the e-commerce sites.The usage of the web sites was then monitored for three months.To facilitate the user testing,typical tasks for e-commerce web sites were devised, such as finding information and products,using the site’s search engine,purchasing products,changing the content of the shopping cart and changing the user profile. Each company was asked to explain the characteristics of their current and proposed user base and then20users were recruited with characteristics that matched those specified by the companies.Data were gathered from each user testing session using screen capture software(Camtasia).Observation of the users working through the tasks,in addition to asking for comments from the users while interacting with each site,was also undertaken.Finally post-test questionnaires were completed by the users after interaction with each site.In addition a set of comprehensive heuristics,specific to e-commerce web sites, was devised based on a detailed review of the HCI literature.Specifically the developed heuristics were based on three items.Table I presents the items used and their respective sources.The heuristics used in the research were organised into five major categories: architecture and navigation,content,accessibility and customer service,design and the purchasing process.Five web experts,who had extensive design experience in e-commerce web sites(more than ten years),evaluated the sites using the heuristic guidelines.This number was considered appropriate given that Nielsen and Mack (1994)and Pickard(2007)all recommend using from three to five evaluators.The heuristic evaluators were asked to indicate whether they felt any usability problems were likely to be minor or major.To ensure inter-rater reliability(i.e.the extent of agreement between the heuristic evaluators)k-statistics were calculated.Overall the k-statistic for all the usability problems identified by the evaluators was0.69,which, according to Altman(1991),indicates good agreement among the evaluators.Items used Respective authorsGeneral texts on how to design usable websites Nielsen(2000),Sharp et al.(2007),Pearrow(2000),Brinck et al.(2001)Design criteria developed for evaluating e-commerce websites Elliott et al.(2000),Davidson and Lambert(2005), Oppenheim and Ward(2006),Van der Merwe and Bekker(2003),Hung and McQueen(2004)Research investigating the relative importance of e-commerce web design issues and features that affect purchasing habits Barnard and Wesson(2004),Oliveira and Joia(2007),Chen and Macredie(2005),Freeman and Hyland(2003),Oppenheim and Ward(2006),Pearson et al.(2007),Tarafdar and Zhang(2005),Tilson et al.(1998),Whiteand Manning(1998)Table I.Items used in developingthe heuristic guidelines235E-commercewebsitesData analysis After all three methods had been deployed,the data were analysed to determine which methods identified each usability problem area.The first stage involved analysing each usability method separately for each site and identifying the usability problems obtained by each method.The user testing method was analysed by examining performance data,in-session observation notes,the Camtasia sessions,users’comments noted during the test,and quantitative and qualitative data from the post-test questionnaires.The heuristic evaluation method was analysed by examining the heuristic evaluators’comments obtained during the 15sessions.To analyse the GA results,a matrix of 41advanced web metrics was suggested,which include the most common advanced web metrics defined in the literature.The matrix was then divided into nine categories,as shown in Table II.The first seven categories included metrics that were selected to describe the overall usability of a site while the last two categories included metrics that were selected to describe other issues.These helped to provide an understanding of the usability of the e-commerce sites.The web usage of the three sites,tracked using GA,was measured using the suggested matrix.The second stage of the analysis aimed to identify a list of common usability problems pinpointed by each method.This was achieved by performing a comparison of each UEM across the three sites.The third stage of the analysis was undertaken in order to generate a list of standardised usability problem themes and sub-themes to facilitate comparison among the methods.Problem themes and sub-themes were identified from No.Metrics categoryMetrics 1General usability metrics Average time on site,average page views per visit,percentage of long,medium and short visits,percentage of high,medium and low click depth (page view)visits,bounce rate 2Internal search metrics Average searches per visit,percentage of visits using search,search results to site exits ratio 3Top landing pages metrics Bounce rate,entrance sources,entrance keywords 4Top content pages (most viewed pages)metrics Bounce rate,average time,percentage of site exits 5Top exit pages metrics Percentage of site exits 6Finding customer support information metrics Information find conversion rate (percentage of visits where visitors viewed customer support pages),feedback form conversion rate 7Purchasing process metrics Cart start rate (percentage of visits involving visitors adding atleast one item to shopping cart),cart completion rate,checkoutstart rate (percentage of visits involving visitors clicking thecheckout button),checkout completion rate,ratio of checkoutstarts to cart starts,funnel report (an analysis of the navigationalpaths followed by visitors based on a number of identified steps)8Visitors’metrics Ratio of new to returning visits,visitor engagement index (theaverage sessions or visits per visitor),percentage of high,mediumand low frequency visits,percentage of high,medium and lowrecency visits,language,operating systems,browsers,screencolours,screen resolutions,flash versions,Java support,connection speed9Financial performance metricsAverage order value,order conversion rate,average revenue pervisit,average visits to purchase,average days to purchase,average items per cart completed Table II.Trial matrix ofweb metrics 236OIR 37,2the common usability problem areas which were generated by each method.Ten-problem themes(usability problem areas)and44problem sub-themes(usability problem sub-areas)were finally identified from an analysis of the methods and the ability of each method to accurately identify each problem sub-theme was recorded(see Appendix).ResultsFirst we present the results obtained from employing GA,then summarise the results regarding the effectiveness of user testing and heuristic evaluation methods in identifying usability problem areas on the e-commerce web sites.GA resultsThe results obtained from the trial matrix of41web metrics(Table II)showed that the metrics could be used to identify potential usability problems on e-commerce web sites. Based on the results a matrix of web metrics was developed(Figure1).Figure1shows six areas(navigation,architecture,content/design,internal search,customer service and purchasing process)and the corresponding metrics which can be used to indicate potential usability problems in these areas.Figure1also shows that web metrics could be used to provide information regarding two important issues:site visitors and financial performance of a site.Furthermore,with regard to the content/design and purchasing process areas,Figure1shows the corresponding web metrics that could be used to indicate potential usability problems in specific pages of an e-commerce web site(top landing pages,top content pages,top exit pages and those in the purchasing process).To illustrate how the combination of metrics in Figure1provided potential indications of usability problems in the overall purchasing process for the three sites, as well as indications of potential problems with specific pages that make up the purchasing process,two examples are provided below:(1)The combination of order conversion rate,time spent on site,cart completionand checkout rate metrics suggests that the three sites had usability problems in their overall purchasing processes.Specifically the low values of the order conversion rate metric of all sites indicated that few visits resulted in an order.The relatively low values for the percentage of long visits suggest that few visitors were engaged in purchasing activity on the three sites.The low cart completion rate and checkout completion rate metrics also suggest that the three sites had usability problems in their purchasing processes.These findings were aligned with the feedback from the users and heuristic evaluators who experienced problems with the purchasing processes of all three sites.(2)The low value of the cart start rate metric(which showed that few users addedanything to the shopping cart)suggests that sites1and2had usability problems on their product pages.This was confirmed by the user testing and the heuristic evaluation methods.On site1,for example,the performance data and observation and the heuristic evaluation methods identified a navigation problem relating to misleading links.The qualitative data from the satisfaction questionnaire,together with the heuristic evaluation methods,also identified two content problems on sites1and2on the product pages:inaccurate information and missing product information.The results,however,indicated some limitations of employing the metrics in the evaluation of the usability of e-commerce web sites.These related to the fact that237 E-commercewebsitesthe web metrics indicated only a potential usability problem area which could relateto one or more specific problem sub-areas or sub-themes in this area.They could not provide in-depth detail about specific problems that might be present on a page.These specific problem sub-themes were only identified by the user testing and/or heuristic methods.Figure 1.The suggested web matrix 238OIR37,2User testing and heuristic evaluation methodsThe heuristic evaluation was more effective than user testing in terms of identifying a larger proportion of problems (see Table III),however,nearly all of these were rated by the evaluators as “minor”.User testing found six more “major”problems than heuristic evaluation.An example of a “major”problem was when a user made an error and was unable to recover and complete the assigned task in the allotted time,whereas an example of a “minor”problem was when a user recognised they had made an error and was able to recover from it.An analysis of the usability problems that were uniquely and commonly identified by the two methods based on the number of usability problems related to the ten-problem themes is presented in Figure 2.It can be seen that the heuristic evaluation method was more effective in identifying a large number of problems compared to user testing with respect to all the problem themes except one (purchasing process),where user testing identified a larger number of problems.Further specific details regarding the major and minor problems identified in the ten-problem themes and 44sub-themes are presented in the Appendix,highlighting the effectiveness of the user testing and heuristic evaluation methods in the case studies.The results show the number and severity level of each specific problem area identified by the user testing and heuristic evaluation methods with regard to the ten main usability problem areas and their corresponding sub-areas.The results also illustrate which method(s)are useful for identifying minor and major problems,those51015202530354045Na v i g a t i o n I n t e r n a l s e a r c h C o n t e n t A r c h i t e c t u r eD e s i g n P u r c h a s i n g p r o c e s s S e c u r i t y a n d p r i v a c y I n c o n s i s t e n c y A c c e s s i b i l i t y a n d c u s t o m e r s e r v i c e M i s s i n g f u n c t i o n s N u m b e r o f p r o b l e m sFigure 2.Distribution of usability problems identified (by problem area and evaluation method)Heuristic testingUser testing Minor1592Major1319Total 17221Table III.Distribution of usability problems uniquely identified by the two methods 239E-commerce websitesthat might fail to identify specific types of problems,or those that will always fail to identify specific types of problems.For example,regarding the navigation theme,the Appendix shows that user testing was more effective than heuristic evaluation in uniquely identifying major problems related to two specific areas:misleading links (i.e.links with names that did not meet users’expectations as the name of the link did not match the content of itsdestination page)and links that were not obvious (i.e.links that were not situated in obvious locations on the sites).However,the heuristic evaluation was more effective than the user testing in uniquely identifying other major navigational problems (i.e.pages without a navigation menu)and minor problems related to four areas:misleading links,links that were not obvious,broken links and orphan pages (i.e.pages that did not have any links).One example from the case studies was that on site 1,users did not expect the advanced search link to only allow searching the site by colour and price (Figure 3).This link therefore constitutes a problem as the link name (Advanced Search)did not match the content of the destination ers expected this page to have search boxes with multiple search criteria,however,this page included only combo boxes that allowed users to search the site on limited criteria,it did not allow users to search by keywords or within a specific category.The heuristic evaluators,however,missed identifying this problem.In addition to the different kinds of navigational issues that were identified by the two methods,there were many examples across the other usability themes that illustrated the different kinds of issues identified by these methods.These included:.Internal search theme:both heuristic evaluation and user testing identified similar major problems relating to inaccurate results and similar minor problems relating to limited search options,however,heuristicevaluationFigure 3.Advanced search page(site 1)240OIR 37,2。
最新电子商务英文参考文献
最新电子商务英文参考文献引言电子商务是指通过电子手段进行的商业活动,包括线上购物、在线支付、电子营销等。
随着信息技术的快速发展,电子商务已成为了当前经济发展的重要组成部分。
为了更好地了解和研究电子商务领域的最新发展动态,本文将介绍一些最近的英文参考文献,以供读者参考和学习。
文献一:E-commerce: Pricing Models and Its Challenges该文献由Li et al.(2021)[1]所撰写,主要介绍了电子商务中的定价模型及其面临的挑战。
研究人员通过对电子商务领域大量的数据进行分析和研究,提出了几种常见的电子商务定价模型,如固定定价、动态定价和拍卖定价等。
同时,文献也阐述了电子商务定价模型所面临的挑战,如市场不确定性、价格敏感性等。
该文献对于电子商务定价模型的选择和应用具有重要的参考价值。
文献二:Customer Trust in E-commerce: A Survey该文献由Wang et al.(2020)[2]所撰写,通过对电子商务领域的消费者进行调查和分析,研究了消费者对电子商务平台的信任问题。
研究人员发现,消费者对电子商务平台的信任是影响其购买意愿的关键因素。
该文献详细介绍了消费者对电子商务平台信任的构成要素,如平台可靠性、信息安全性等,并提出了提高消费者信任的策略和建议。
这对于电子商务平台提升用户体验和促进交易完成具有重要的指导意义。
文献三:The Impact of Social Media on E-commerce该文献由Lee et al.(2019)[3]所撰写,研究了社交媒体对电子商务的影响。
研究人员通过对社交媒体和电子商务平台进行大量的数据分析,发现社交媒体在推动电子商务发展方面起到了积极的作用。
文献中详细介绍了社交媒体对电子商务的影响机制,如社交媒体营销、社交媒体口碑等,并提出了利用社交媒体推动电子商务发展的策略和方法。
该文献对于了解社交媒体在电子商务领域的作用具有重要的参考价值。
电子商务数字化转型和运营外文文献翻译
文献信息文献标题:Digital Transformation & Digital Business Strategy in Electronic Commerce - The Role of Organizational Capabilities(电子商务中的数字化转型与数字化经营战略——组织能力的作用)文献作者及出处:Nadeem A, Abedin B, Cerpa N, et al. Digital transformation & digital business strategy in electronic commerce-the role of organizational capabilities[J]. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 2018, 13(2): i-viii.字数统计:英文2652单词,16575字符;中文4797汉字外文文献Digital Transformation & Digital Business Strategy in Electronic Commerce - The Role of Organizational CapabilitiesOverviewDigital transformation is widely affecting various industries particularly healthcare, telecommunications, automotive, banking and manufacturing sectors. It enables innovation practices, improved designs, and new business models, and shapes how organizations create value on the Internet. Companies can leverage robust customer relationships and increase cross selling opportunities through successful digital transformation. Digital transformation is not solely about acquiring and deploying the fit for purpose technologies; rather it is a significant approach in tackling managerial issues such as human resources, business efficiency, and business process redesign.According to Hess, digital transformation has become a high priority on the leadership agenda of many organizations. Almost 70% of reported organizational transformation practices fail to meet organizations ambitions, the timeline for thetransformation, or both, emphasizing the importance of the need for more research in this field. However, while the term digital transformation is increasingly being used in the electronic commerce research and practice, it has rarely been defined in the extant literature and professional articles. Thus, the first objective of this study is to review current understanding of this notion in the extant literature, and to explore what digital transformation entails.Past studies in the information systems and electronic commerce literature have already reported the influence of various isolated technical factors such as technology use, data integration, and type of digital technologies, as well as non-technical factors like digital leadership and human resource management, and business process management on digital transformation of organizations. The next objective of this editorial emphasizes the importance of digital strategy and organizational capabilities in successful digital transformation of organizations. Past research shows that business digital strategy, digital capabilities, and implementation of right set of organizational capabilities, are critical requirements for an effective and efficient enterprise transformation towards creating superior electronic-commerce customer-centric services in the digital era. Currently there is an inconsistent understanding of what constitutes organizational capabilities and a digital business strategy in a digital transformation process. Thus, this study conducts a systematic literature review on a selected set of journals to explore what entails organizational capabilities and digital business strategy, and uses current empirical evidences for proposing a framework for future research on how these two factors may affect organizations’ digital transformation.MethodologyWe have conducted a systematic literature review on selected leading Information Systems journals (see Table 1) for papers published from the year 2000 to 2017. We used combinations of three key terms for conducting the search on titles, abstracts, and keywords of each paper: Digital business strategy, Digital transformation, Business digitalization.Table 1: Selected Journals for systematic literature reviewFollowing Bandara’s guidelines, two main steps were conducted: (i) selecting the relevant sources to be searched, and (ii) defining the search strategy in terms of a time frame, search terms, and search fields. Figure 1 shows the process of relevant article selection.Figure 1: Process for selecting articles through systematic literature review The first stage of our search resulted in 292 articles. After that, we checked the relevancy of the each paper to the research objectives in two stages: Firstly, we assessed this using each article’s title, abstract, and keywords; this resulted in selection of 54 articles. Secondly, we examined the body of the selected articles, which led us to a final set of 28 articles. We then analysed these selected 28 articles thoroughly for their demographic information such as location, industry, and researchmethods, and then used Wolifswinkel’s guidelines for discovering the underlying dimensions of organizational capabilities, digital business strategy, and digital transformation.Wolifswinkel’s guidelines involve a systematic reading and application of codes to the final set of published articles, which would lead to identification of categories, sub-categories and core categories or themes. Figure 2 shows the qualitative process of analysing the systematic literature review final set of articles. We carried out the analysis of the articles in a stepwise mode. Initially, we read all the papers in detail, and highlighted sentences that seemed relevant to the research questions and research scope. The highlighted part from every article was termed as Excerpts. We then read the excerpts repeatedly and noted in the logbook for future reference. During this process of excerption open coding takes place.Figure 2: Process of analyses of systematic literature review articles With open coding as the first step, we initiated the abstraction stage through reading all the papers and extracting dimensions. We used the term dimensions instead of categories (as shown in figure 2) to reflect a characteristic or feature. Next, axial coding was conducted, in which dimensions were sub divided into sub-categories called attributes. Attributes would be characteristics of each dimension. Each attribute of a dimension would be a unique feature and essential part of the dimension. Lastly, the process of comparative analysis took place, where linking and mapping of dimensions with attributes was carried out. This last stage of selective coding involved identification of core dimensions. The core dimensions represent the central phenomenon behind the study. It identifies the main idea the literature review represents. In this stage, we highlighted dimensions with a poor explanation or withno specific attributes representing, and we either eliminated them or merged them with another similar dimension.This above literature data coding process was carried out by going forward and backward between the articles as suggested by Wolifswinkel’s. Once the data was exhausted or fully saturated only then the process of theory building starts. Therefore, if any new dimensions or attributes emerged in this stage, we reviewed the data again starting from the excerptions process until the data was saturated.Outcomes of the Systematic ReviewAs Figure 3 shows, the level of publication activity in this field started to increase from 2009 and then increased considerably in 2016. Furthermore, results also demonstrate that research on digital transformation has extensively been focusing on automotive industry, banking sector, telecommunications and healthcare, oil and gas and manufacturing sectors as shown below in Figure 4. Moreover, the literature review portrays that a large number of studies has concentrated on the US and European countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and UK, and in comparison, less work has been so far undertaken in Asia other regions like the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.Figure 3: Publication trend of reviewed articlesFigure 4: Selected papers by industry sectorIn this study, we discuss the outcomes of the systematic review in two groups: firstly, we present what the notion of digital transformation entails and identify its underlying dimensions. We also discuss what digital business strategy and organizational capability may mean and what their underlying dimensions are based on past studies in the literature. Secondly, we aggregate the current empirical evidences to demonstrate how these three concepts may relate.The Underlying DimensionsFollowing Wolifswinkel’s guidelines and after completion of the coding process, the core dimensions and attributes for digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capability were extracted and identified as shown below in Table 2. The final set of dimensions for digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities were given a specific code as shown in the table below for proper identification and presentation.Table 2: Underlying Dimensions of digital transformation, digital business strategy, andorganizational capabilityTable 2 delineates the dimensions the each of the three concepts along with theirdescription. We identified twelve dimensions of digital transformation. Similarly, we identified six dimensions of digital business strategy and ten dimensions of organizational capabilities. This was to address the gap in the literature in terms of providing a synthesis of the literature for identification of underlying dimensions for each of the three factors. The above table summarizes the findings from the extant literature and gives a guideline to the upcoming researchers and industry professionals.Next, we assessed how the dimensions in Table 2 may overlap. It signifies the common dimensions that have overlapped, and highlights how they are related. This graphical representation depicts that the common dimension shared by digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities is collaborative ecosystem of digital platform. And the common dimension shared by digital transformation and digital business strategy are named as use of technology and structural changes whereas the common dimensions shared by digital transformation and organizational capabilities are names as digital leadership, agile and scalable operations, digitally enabled customer service unit (CSU) & digital artefacts. Moreover, the common dimension shared by digital business strategy and organizational capabilities is dynamic capabilities as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5: Conceptual framework depicting the graphical representation of organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategyPrevious literature has not presented the inter-relationship of the digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities. Thus, Figure 5 is what our review resulted in proposing a relationship between digital business strategy, and digital transformation, are organizational capabilities. It suggests that digital transformation is the digital business strategy in action. If deployed successfully, digital business strategy is only the blueprint that can lead to digital transformation. This framework shown in figure 5 signifies and highlights the organizational capabilities that an organization need to acquire for deploying digital transformation and digital business strategy. Although digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities are termed as three different concepts, they actually have inter-relationships as shown in figure 5. The external collaboration of ecosystem of digital platforms shared by all the three concepts highlights that developing the collaboration with external partners is significant in today’s digital world for co-creating value and better organizational performance. The firm’s digital leadership, agile and scalable operations, digital enabled customer service unit (CSU) and digital artefacts, can manifest organizational capabilities required for pursuing the digital transformation to align with the changing external environments. Digital leadership describes that organizations should acquire more recent and updated digital skills and competencies whilst introducing new leadership roles to match the electronic commerce’s changing external environments. Likewise, building flexible and vigorous operations would assist in overcoming the previously embedded legacy systems further assisting the organization in deploying the digital transformation to make the firm’s electronic commerce remaining relevant. Furthermore, digitally enabled CSU is another important element in response to changing customer, as it assists with analysing customers value proposition in the electronic commerce context, which would be achieved by developing and implementing the digital processes and infrastructures that would be beneficial in handling large amount of data. Digital capabilities facilitated by digital artefacts would therefore enable the firm to create or adapt new products / services for its electronic commerce to fulfil the desired digitally enabled CSU to fit with thechanging customer needs.It is noted that digital business strategy requires the development of new organizational capabilities that are developed and reconfigured on a continuous basis. Additionally, in order to seize the benefits of digital transformation, more efforts need to be focused on the development of a competitive digital business strategy -i.e. specifically digital strategy initiatives need to be defined for the execution of the digital transformation. In addition, past literature also highlights that market-alignment drivers of organizational capabilities would help identify the organization’s drivers for digital transformation in electronic-commerce, which in turn would lead to better business performance. Figure 6 below represents the relationship between organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy.Figure 6: Relationship between organizational capabilities, digital transformation & digitalbusiness strategyConclusionThis study explores the inter-relationship between the organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy, which further led to the emergence of the conceptual framework. It explains and demonstrates how therequisite set of organizational capabilities and unique dimensions of digital business strategy would drive an organization towards digital transformation. The digital transformation framework described by Figure 5 together with the causal interrelationship between organizational capabilities and digital transformation (moderated by digital business strategy) as shown in Figure 6 would represent a new important body of knowledge on the fundamental managerial practices for digital transformation towards a successful electronic commerce.The analysis resulted in distinctive dimensions of digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities. This study provides a broader and substantial theoretical contribution on digital transformation literature and it enriches the literature by providing a framework of the inter-relationship of the organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy. This research also represents the unique set of dimensions entailed by digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities.The findings would assist organizations’ CEOs and CIOs (C-suite management) who are looking for an effective framework depicting the inter-relationship between the digital transformation, organizational capabilities and digital business strategy. Companies usually hire consulting firms to assist them in developing and deploying fit-for-purpose organizational capabilities for pursuing digital business strategy that further leads to digital transformation. However, they would often end up investing a huge amount in implementing digital technologies instead and would still be unable to achieve effective digital transformation throughout the organization. Therefore, this study would guide them in determining and deploying the right organizational capabilities for their organization for digital transformation leading to better performance.Another stakeholder of this study would be the IS researchers, who are in the search for a step forward in developing and implementing digital business strategy and digital transformation. IS researchers have previously published many articles on this topic in various journals and therefore have shown a growing concern for an awareness of this field. The IS researchers would gain an improved understanding ofthe challenges faced in digital transformation.中文译文电子商务中的数字化转型与数字化经营战略——组织能力的作用概述数字化转型正在广泛影响各个行业,尤其是医疗、电信、汽车、银行和制造业。
服装电子商务 外文文献
一、引言One, the introduction随着网络信息技术的发展和普及,电子商务以其特有的跨越时空的便利、低廉的成本和广泛的传播行在我国取得了极大的发展。
服装电子商务作为一种新的营销渠道,是一个趋势,也是未来必然选择的一种手段。
在服装电子商务取得长足进步的同事,对我国服装电子商务的现状和趋势进行分析,加深我们对服装电子商务的认识和理解,并认清服装电子商务的发展方向是十分必要的。
With the development of network information technology and popularization, the electronic commerce by its unique across time and space convenient, low cost and wide spread in our country has made great development. Clothing electronic commerce as a new marketing channel, is a trend, is also a means of inevitable choice in the future. Great achievements in the clothing e-commerce colleagues, to our country present situation and the trend of clothing electronic commerce were analyzed, and deepen our understanding and the understanding of the clothing e-commerce, and realize the clothing development direction of e-commerce isvery necessary.二、服装电子商务的现状Second, the current situation of the clothing e-commerce1994年年初,我国服装企业开始参与电子商务,到1999年,我国已陆续有几百家服装企业涉足电子商务,其中有十多家企业提供了网上购物服务。
电子商务专业外文文献(一)2024
电子商务专业外文文献(一)引言概述:本文旨在介绍电子商务专业的外文文献,并阐述其中涉及的重要内容。
通过对该领域的研究文献进行综述和分析,可以对电子商务专业的发展和应用提供有益的参考和指导。
正文:一、电子商务基础知识1. 电子商务的定义和起源2. 电子商务的分类及其特点3. 电子商务的关键技术和应用4. 电子商务中的安全和隐私保护5. 电子商务的未来发展趋势和挑战二、电子商务平台建设与管理1. 电子商务平台的构建与设计要素2. 电子商务平台的运营管理和监控措施3. 电子商务平台的用户体验和界面设计4. 电子商务平台的数据分析和决策优化5. 电子商务平台的品牌建设和市场推广三、电子商务的金融与支付1. 电子商务金融的发展和创新2. 电子支付系统及其安全保障3. 电子商务金融的风险与风控4. 电子商务金融的监管与合规5. 电子商务金融的国际合作与竞争四、电子商务的供应链管理1. 电子商务供应链管理的概念和流程2. 电子商务供应链的优化与效率提升3. 电子商务供应链的合作与协同机制4. 电子商务供应链的可持续发展与绿色化5. 电子商务供应链管理的风险与应对策略五、电子商务的法律与伦理1. 电子商务法律法规的制定和实施2. 电子商务交易纠纷的解决与仲裁3. 电子商务的知识产权保护与维权4. 电子商务隐私权保护和数据安全5. 电子商务伦理与社会责任的重要性和意义总结:通过对电子商务专业的外文文献的梳理和分析,我们可以了解到电子商务的基础知识、平台建设与管理、金融与支付、供应链管理以及法律与伦理等方面的研究进展和应用实践。
这些内容对于电子商务专业的学习和实践具有重要的参考价值,也为电子商务的发展方向和趋势提供了有益的指导。
未来,电子商务领域将继续面临挑战和机遇,需要不断探索和创新,以适应不断变化的市场需求。
电子商务论文中英文文献_电子商务论文参考文献
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电子商务专业外文文献(本科)
E-commerce logistics distribution
Increased competitiveness in all industrial sectors sharpened by globalization and fall of global supply is forcing companies towards optimization of their business processes and new ways of mergers or partnerships with direct results in decreased business costs. With these strategic alliances new management strategies are formed as Clusters, Supply Chain Management (SCM), E-logistics, etc. Some authors are making references that logistic are “worth” 10% to 12% of GDP (Sahay, 2003). According to AMR research (Challenger, 2001), E-logistics has a potential of lowering costs by 10 %. On basics of these two references we can conclude that E-logistics can save our money for as much as 1.2% of GDP. Therefore it is not surprised that in last few years in high effective companies as Hewlett-Packard, Compaq, Digital Equipment Corporation, Xerox, Dell and Benetton Group top management is favorable to Supply Chain and therefore E-logistics (Romano, 2003).
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%,and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce".In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe".On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work".In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation &Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal".In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated,for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try,National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why?That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover(1,300 billion US dollars), and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network).Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文:电子商务电子商务或电子贸易,电子商业,或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响,经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
电子商务专业外文文献(本科)
山东 xx 大学毕业论文外文文献及译文
外文文献:
Deriving market intelligence fromlatforms, while more and more people join the line of peer production. Much user-generated content is informative and valuable to business managers who are eager to learn how and in what aspects customers love or hate their products and services. Social media platforms have been argued to be important means for planning marketing strategies and managing customer relations . As opposed to waiting for customer contact, actively collecting and analyzing customers' opinions are a suggested approach for gaining business competiveness; thus, businesses should use social media platforms as data sources for market research and align their goals with customers' tastes. Right after the blooming of blogs, microblogs appeared and grew quickly. Microblogs descended from blogs in 2006 and have become an increasingly influential social media since. Today, the largest microblog platform Twitter has over 100 million users and generates 55 billion posts per day according to its report at the end of April 2010. The term “microblog” was coined because of its 140-character limitation for each post. Microblogs have several characteristics. First, this compactness of message length makes microblog posts easier to produce and consume. Second, microblogs are highly accessible from many mobile devices; thus, users are able to share and broadcast timely information and experiences conveniently. However, the format of posts is usually informal and poorly structured. Third, the following–follower model allows one to follow and receive new posts from others without requesting permission. This subscription-like model stimulates the information spreading on microblog. Furthermore, the repost function (a.k.a. “retweet” in Twitter) makes message diffusion even faster. These characteristics make microblogs a good place to conduct e-word of mouth (eWOM) marketing. Many successful caseshave shown the potential of marketing on microblogs. For example, by posting Twitter-exclusive offers to its followers, computer manufacturer Dell gained $3 million in revenue. Best Buy demonstrates another successful usage of microblogs as a real-time customer services tool, the “Twelp”, to collect customers' opinions and answer their questions. Customers could ask any questions by adding a hashtag #Twelpforce to the post. As of February 2009, @twelpforce had provided over
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The Strategic Challenges of E-commerce Introduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and financial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses to contact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Companies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW (Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doublingapproximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensive traditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three components to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implications of these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we currently call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involved in marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required by the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the transaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he couldn’t tell if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the customers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products comp any could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring, managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered the channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy isalso an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to make a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances of many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenience shoppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust and security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet privacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error.So why is it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electronic community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try to advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operates in a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronicsma nufacturer that used France Telecom’s Tel net system to support EDI-like connections to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercialapplications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into the development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.This "just-in-time" training service meant that technicians no longer required expensive and lengthy in-person training - a difficult task given the short life cycle of new electronics products. Service engineers were charged a fee for connecting to the service, but it clearly helped them to provide a faster service to the end customer whilst also further enforcing their dependence on the supplying firm. The expert system also accumulated data on repair problems and provided valuable feedback to the design and manufacturing divisionsof the company. A primary motivation for this service was to dissuade service engineers from obtaining parts and services from other suppliers. The ubiquity of Minitel merely created the environment within which the supplier could manage relationships with a very large set of buyers, without opening their service to other suppliers.。