英国文学史复习大纲

History and anthology of English literature:
(altogether 7 topics, this semester 6 topics; 5th---1900, over 1400 years)
✓The Old English and Middle English period (Chapter 1, 2)
✓The Elizabethan age (Chapters 3, 4)
✓The 17th century (Chapter 5)
✓The classic 18th century (Chapters 6,7,8)
✓The Romantic period (Chapters 9, 10)
✓The Victorian age (Chapters 11-18)
✓The 20th century (Chapters 19-26)
✓The Old English and Middle English period (5th ---1066, 1066---1557)
1 the Old English period
Beowulf：
*pagan heroism异教徒的英雄主义and fatalism宿命论are mingled with Christian qualities. *The poets hope that the evil should be punished, and the righteous will be rewarded. *It’s a heroic Scandinavian epic legend told in the English language.
literary terms: epic, alliteration
2 the Middle English period
literary term: romance
Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales
Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。

首创heroic couplet英雄双行体
✓The Elizabethan age (1558---1625)
--- a golden age of poetry and drama
---the age of English Renaissance
1 Poetry:
*Philip Sidney/
《爱星者和星星》，表达了他初恋时的激情以及如何经过斗争，克制自己，献身于公职。

it was after Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella that the sonnet sequence十四行诗系列became popular in England. It inspired other Elizabethan poets, including Shakespeare, to write similar sequences.
*Edmund Spense r: The Faerie Queen Using Spenserian Stanza = abab bcbc c /allegory 讽喻*Shakespeare:154 sonnets, Sonnet 18
Literary term: sonnet: a lyric poem containing fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter lyric:
iambic pentameter
2 Drama:
“University Wits”大学精英
*Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛:把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者
the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。

）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧
*William Shakespeare:four greatest tragedies
Hamlet: “To be, or not to be”
Macbeth
Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗;
<King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白
Literary terms: monologue＞soliloquy √√Monologue（独白）A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.
Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白）A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning’s“My Last Duchess”.
*Ben Jonson本·琼生
①<Comedy of Humours>
②<Volpone, or the fox>狐狸the love of money is the root of all evil
<The Alchemist>炼金师
Literary term: “three unities”classical unities三一律
三一律规定剧本创作必须遵守时间、地点和行动（情节）的一致，即一部剧本只允许写单一的故事情节，戏剧行动必须发生在一天之内和一个地点。

法国古典主义戏剧理论家布瓦洛把它解释为“要用一地、一天内完成的一个故事从开头直到末尾维持着舞台充实。

”
3 Prose:
Thomas More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535:Utopia[ju:'təupiə] 乌托邦
Francis Bacon : The first English essayist
58 essays,Of Studies培根随笔集-论学习
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.
✓The 17th century
---the age of Revolution and Restoration
---literary mood: gloomy, pessimistic
---changes of literary taste
---“four Johns”: John Donne, John Milton, John Dryden, John Bunyan
1 Poetry:
John Donne---the representative of the Metaphysical School ：（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:
1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻
2. syllogism三段论
John Milton: Paradise Lost epic
2 Drama:
*comedy of manners风俗喜剧
/ the more realistic and often satirical comedy of the Restoration period.
/ Satire is its main attraction.
/ presented rather than real life indivuals.
*John Dryden:“prune and trim” the Elizabethan language
“the father of English criticism” (by Samuel Johnson)
3 Prose:
John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程allegory讽喻
与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作
✓The classic 18th century
---the age of Enlightenment
Three main divisions:
1Neoclassicism 新古典主义
heroic couplet (poetry)
three unities (drama)
Literary term:
two representatives of Neoclassicism:
*Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏（英国诗人）: Essay on Man双韵体长诗《论人》
1）（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/“ heroic couplets”。

词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。

）
2）As a representative of the Enlightenment，Pope was one of the first to introduce Rationalism理性主义 to England....
*Samuel Johnson:
2 Pre-romanticism 前浪漫主义/ 新古典主义后期
*Thomas Gray 格雷 英国18世纪重要抒情诗人
: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔挽歌》
*William Blake 威廉·布雷克（英国诗人和画家）:
Songs of Innocence A happy and innocent world from children‟s eye.
“The Chimney Sweeper” sees his situation through the eyes of
innocence and does not understand the social injustice.
Songs of Experience A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a
melancholy tone from men eyes./
the boy in the poem sees the injustice and speaks against the establishments that left him where he is.
总： neither innocence nor experience is a correct view and that one completes the other. *Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯: A Red, Red Rose
(Scottish national poet, mixture of English and Scottish dialect )
苏格兰农民诗人，诗人生活在破产的农村，和贫苦的农民血肉相连。

他的诗歌歌颂了故国家乡的秀美，抒写了劳动者纯朴的友谊和爱情。

3 the rise of English novel
*Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福:
he is the founder of realistic novel. 十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人
*Jonathan Swift Henry Fielding 亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754
（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。

）
He is called “Father of English novel ”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose ”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
✓ The Romantic period (1798~1837)
Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual‟s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)
---a great period for poetry
Neoclassicism vs. Romanticism
1 the Lake Poets (the Lakers) 湖畔诗人（英国18世纪末到19世纪初浪漫主义诗歌流派）
城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，他们远离城市，隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区，由此得名“湖畔派”。

William Wordsworth : I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
“All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”
The World Is Too Much With Us page41
他认为“所有的好诗都是强烈情感的自然流露”（poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings ） Wordsworth illustrates through his sonnet that while man is consistently 始终surrounded by material goods and possessions, it is nature in its purity and inability to be owned that the soul is truly inspired
2 the Satanic School
George Byron : Don Juan
She Walks in Beauty
“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical 专横的 rules or moral principles. Percy Shelley 珀西雪莱: Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯
Theme: the drama celebrates man’s victory over tyranny and oppression
Ode to the West Wind 西风颂 John Keats 约翰·济慈: Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂（济慈诗歌）
Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂
“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。

✓ The Victorian age (1837~1901)
---a golden age of novel
1 Poetry:
Robert Browning 勃郎宁: My Last Duchess
“dramatic monologue”戏剧独白
2 Drama:
Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德:
the “Aesthetic Movement ” Art for Art’s Sake 唯美主义文艺思潮
Bernard Shaw
(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist
: Pygmalion [pi ɡ'meilj ə
3 Novel: critical realism
Jane Austen : Pride and Prejudice
Sense and Sensibility Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂·勃朗特: Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte 艾米莉•勃朗特:
Wuthering Heights
呼啸山庄
George Eliot 乔治•艾略特 <The Mill on the Floss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊
Charles Dickens : David Copperfield ; Great Expectations
William Thackeray 萨克雷: V anity Fair 名利场
Thomas Hardy 小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。

Wessex novels ; novels of character and environment
: Tess of the D’Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝
Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration
《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代的代表作，是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。

它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。

哈
Works to study in detail:
1William Shakespeare —Hamlet's soliloquy ; Macbeth ; Sonnet 18;
2 Francis Bacon—Of Studies;
3 Robert Burns—A Red, Red Rose;
4 William Blake—The Chimney Sweeper;
5 William Wordsworth—I Walked Lonely as a Cloud;
《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》又叫《云中漫步》
The World is Too Much with Us;page41
6 George Byron—She Walks in Beauty;
7Jane Austen—Pride and Prejudice;
8Jonathan Swift—Gulliver’s Travels,
9Dickens—Great Expectations远大前程（狄更斯的经典名著）
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
By William Wordsworth
1
I wandered lonely as a cloud 我好似一朵孤独的流云, （Simile）
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,高高地飘游在山谷之上, （Simile）
When all at once I saw a crowd,突然我看见一大片鲜花, （Personification/Metaphor）
A host, of golden daffodils;是金色的水仙遍地开放,
Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 它们开在湖畔,开在树下, （alliteration）
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.它们随风嬉舞,随风波荡。

（Personification/Metaphor
2
Continuous as the stars that shine 它们密集如银河的星星,
And twinkle on the milky way, 像群星在闪烁一片晶莹; （一二两行Simile/hyperbole）
They stretched in never-ending line 它们沿着海湾向前伸展,
Along the margin of a bay: 通往远方仿佛无穷无尽; （三四两行Simile/hyperbole）
Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 一眼看去就有千朵万朵,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance..万花摇首舞得多么高兴。

（personification）
表明了美丽的水仙花开遍大地,显示出它们旺盛的生命力vitality,同时也暗示了诗人对人生价值的渴求以及对美好生活的向往。

3
The waves beside them danced; but they粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳, （personification）
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:却不如这水仙舞得轻俏; （personification）
A poet could not but be gay；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴,
In such a jocund company;又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃;
I gazed—and gazed
—but little thought我久久凝视——却未领悟
What wealth the show to me had brought:...这景象所给我的精神之宝。

4
For oft when on my couch I lie后来多少次我郁郁独卧,
In vacant or in pensive mood, 感到百无聊赖心灵空漠;
这时诗人写出了一种对社会的感受:在城市文明所带来的丑恶的现实社会中,那高傲、纯洁的灵魂只能是郁郁寡欢,只有在大自然中才能寻找理想,寻找安慰,寻找人性最后归宿的情怀;
They flash upon that inward eye这景象便在脑海中闪现,
Which is the bliss of solitude, 多少次安慰过我的寂寞;
And then my heart with pleasure fills, 我的心又随水仙跳起舞来,
And dances with the daffodils....我的心又重新充满了欢乐。

（personification）
表明了诗人无论什么时候想起它们,心中都会充满快乐。

水仙花成了诗人的精神慰藉spiritual consolation,这就更加突出了诗的主题。

体现了诗歌描写应是“平静中回忆起来的情感”，
emotion recollected in tranquility[træn'kwɪləti]
在诗人的心中,水仙已经不是一种植物了,而是一种象征,代表了一种灵魂和一种精神。

Theme：
1.Nature's beauty uplifts the human spirit.
2.People sometimes fail to appreciate nature's wonders as they go about their daily routines.
3.Nature thrives unattended.
Genre流派/类别：Lyric poem
Structure: four stanzas, each including 6 lines
Rhyme Skill/scheme :ababcc, efefgg, hihikk, lmlmnn
Meter: iambic tetrameter抑扬格四音步
1 基本上是用抑扬格四音步来写的。

每节中第一行和第三行押韵,第二行和第四行押韵,最后两行押韵,这样就产生了一种强烈的节奏感，极具音韵美。

/诗人把优美的形式和深刻的思想结合在了一起,这方面无疑是最重要的。

What does the poem impress you most? (特色)
Use of image
Vivid description of nature
Daily language。