采矿工程-煤矿发展历程(英文翻译)
英语演讲——采矿工程专业简介
From Mining Engineering of School of Mines: 矿业学院采矿工程专业 贺雪峰 HeXuefeng 孙超群 SunCaoqun 安成龙 AnChenglong 张国营 ZhangGuoying 梁 栋 Liangdong 刘 伟 Liuwei 卢志鹏 LuZhipeng
Mining Engineering采矿工程
Mining Engineering采矿工程
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Introduction of Mining Engineering采矿工程概论
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Mining Technology挖掘技术
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Coal Mining Production System煤矿生产系统
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Roadway Supporting Patterns巷道的支护方式
中国13大煤炭基地: 神东,山西北部,山西东部和内蒙古东部,云南,贵州,河南, 山东西部,山西西部,山西中部,北部和南部的安徽,河北中部, 宁夏东部,山西北部。
Mining technology挖掘技术
Blasting mining technology 爆破开采技术
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Conventionally mechanized mining technology传统的机械化开采技术 Fully mechanized mining technology 综采技术
采矿业本身是工业的 龙头行业,承担为工 业企业提供能源及动 力的重任,在国民经 济发展中地位据重要。
Introduction介绍
According to the statistics, Chinese miner deaths each year about 6000, but certainly far more than this number, it is USA 100 times, even 10 times of India. Some people say: "the death of a American soldiers, will die 7 China miners". 对公统计,中国矿工 每年死亡人数大概有 6000,但肯定远远不 止这个数,就目前都 是美国100倍,甚至是 印度的10倍。 有人说:“死一个美 国士兵,就会死7个中 国矿工”。
采矿工程专业英语词汇册上传
1 Mining methodmining method 采矿方法;mining operation 采矿作业;transportation 运输;ventilation 通风;ground control 顶板管理;the cost of per ton of coal 吨煤成本;recovery 回采率;subside v. subsidence n.地表沉陷;subsidence control 地表沉陷控制cover 覆盖层;overburden 上覆地层;immediate roof 直接顶;floor 底板;dip (Pitch)倾角;hardness 硬度;strength 强度;cleavage 解理;gas,methane 瓦斯daily operation 日常工作single operation 单一工序unit operation 单元作业auxiliary operation辅助作业cutting n. 切割,掏槽;blasting n. 爆破loading n. 装煤haul v. 运输,搬运drainage n.排水power n. 动力power Supply 动力供应communication n. 通讯lighting n.照明。
disruption in production 停产;reduction in production 减产;compromise 折衷room and pillar 房柱式by far 到目前为止i n common with … 和…一样underground mining 井工开采outcrop 露头,露出地面的岩层;crosscut 联络巷、石门;drift 平硐;entry 平巷;development stage 开拓阶段;production stage 生产阶段;face 工作面。
continuous miner 连续采煤机;haulage capacity 运输能力;main entry 主巷。
采矿专业英语词汇
英语材料1采矿专业英语1 概述1 mining 采矿2 underground mining 地下采矿3 open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 露天采矿4 mining engineering 采矿工程5 mining technology 采矿工艺6 underground mining 地下矿山7 surface mining 露天矿山8 exploitation 开采scope of exploitation 开采范围;910 exploration 勘探11 mine feasibility study 矿山可行性研究mine capacity 矿山规模1213 mine production capacity 矿山生产能力mining schedule 采矿计划1415 annual mine output 矿山年产量16 mine life 矿山服务年限17mine construction 矿山基本建设18 mine construction period 矿山建设期限arrival at mine full capacity 矿山达产1920 mining intensity 开采强度21 rock mechanics 岩石力学22 rock mass mechanics 岩体力学2 地质1 crust 地壳,外壳mineral deposit 矿床2 mine field 矿田3 mine 矿山4 orebody 矿体blind orebody 盲矿体;buried orebody 隐伏矿体;irregular-shaped orebody 不规则矿体;marginal orebody 边缘矿体5 vein 矿脉6 ore 矿石7 grade 品位geological grade 地质品位;average grade 平均品位;cut-off grade 边界品位;economic grade 经济品位8 industrial ore 工业矿石9 extracted ore 采出矿石10 hanging wall 上盘11 footwall 下盘12 bedrock 基岩13 mineralization 成矿作用14 mining area 矿区15 outcrop 露头16 reserve 储量ore reserve 矿石储量;proved reserve 探明储量17 strike 走向18 dip 倾向2 地质dip angle 倾角;19 lead 铅20 aluminium 铝21 zinc 锌22 tin 锡23 mercury 汞24 antimony 锑25 platinum 铂3 开拓系统1 chamber 硐室2 crosscut 石门,联络巷;3 footrill 平硐4 decline 斜坡道5 entry 平巷main entry 主巷6 inset 马头门loading room 装矿硐室7 pump station 泵站8 orepass 放矿溜井9 portal 井口10 pump station 泵站11 ramp 斜坡道12 shaft 竖井main shaft 主井;auxiliary shaft 副井;ventilation shaft 通风井;intake shaft 进风井;inclined shaft 斜井shaft station 井底车场13 substation 变电所central substation 中央变电所;14 slope 斜井15 sump 水仓16 tunnel 巷道4 采矿方法1 dip 下山2 rise 上山3 drill 钻孔drilling 凿岩;drilling blasting 凿岩爆破;4 mining method 采矿方法5 parallel working 平行作业6 pillar 矿柱safety pillar 安全矿柱;7 stope 采场stoping sequence 回采顺序;stope arrangement 采场布置8 block open stoping 阶段矿房法room and pillar 房柱法shrinkage stope 留矿法9 sublevel open stoping (SLOS) 分段矿房法block caving method 阶段崩落法10 sublevel caving method 分段崩落法top slicing 分层崩落法cut-and-fill stoping 上向分层充填法drill-and-fill method stoping 上向进路充填法long-wall fill stoping 长壁充填法working face 工作面line of least resistance 最小抵抗线5 通风排水系统1 ventilation 通风ventilation system 通风系统;2 drainage 排水drainage pipeline 排水管道;3 return shaft 回风井4 intake shaft 进风井6 机械设备1 air compressor 空气压缩机2 cage 罐笼3 dump track 卸土车4 detonator 雷管5 detonating tube 导爆管6 detonating cord 导爆索7 electronic powered slusher 电耙8 electric excavator 电铲gravel pump 砂泵9 headframe 井架10 hoist house 提升机房11 landing platform 摇台roller-bit rotary rig 牙轮钻机12 skip 箕斗2商务英语2.1词汇1 deficit 赤字,不足额2 commodity 商品,货物3 concentration n. 浓度;集中;浓缩;专心;集合average concentration 平均含量consumption 消耗,消费4 emission 排放物,辐射5 equivalent adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物6 reclamation 复垦,再利用spot 现货,股票7 sustainability 持续性8 strike 罢工9 ultimate n.终极;根本;基本原则;adj.最终的;极限的;根本的10 versus 对抗,与……相对不常用名词1 phosphate n.[化]磷酸盐;[地]皮膜化成2 potash n.碳酸钾;草碱;苛性钾;钾化合3 uranium n. [化]铀2.2口语Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎才能带来机遇。
采矿工程专业英语(个人总结)
煤矿科技英语——1. INTRODUCTION Coal, a combustible organic rock [1] composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen [2]. Coal is burned to produce energy and is used to manufacture steel. It is also an important source of chemicals used to make medicine, fertilizers, pesticides [3], and other products. Coal comes from ancient plants buried over millions of years in Earth’s crust [4], its outermost layer [5]. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale [6] are all known as fossil fuels [7] because they come from the remains of ancient life buried deep in the crust.Coal is rich in hydrocarbons [8](compounds made up of the elements hydrogen and carbon). All life forms contain hydrocarbons, and in general, material that contains hydrocarbons is called organic material. Coal originally formed from ancient plants that died, decomposed, and were buried under layers of sediment [9] during the Carboniferous Period [10], about 360 million to 290 million years ago. As more and more layers of sediment formed over this decomposed plant material, the overburden [11] exerted increasing heat and weight on the organic matter. Over millions of years, these physical conditions caused coal to form from the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and inorganic mineral [12] compounds in the plant matter. The coal formed in layers known as seams.Plant matter changes into coal in stages. In each successive stage, higher pressure and heat from the accumulating overburden increase the carbon content of the plant matter and drive out more of its moisture content [13]. Scientists classify coal according to its fixed carbon content [14], or the amount of carbon the coal produceswhen heated under controlled conditions. Higher grades of coal have a higher fixed carbon content.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] organic rock:有机岩[2] carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen:碳,氢和氧[3] pesticides:农药[4] Earth’s crust:地壳[5] outermost layer:最外层地层[6] oil shale:油页岩[7] fossil fuels:化石燃料[8] hydrocarbons:碳氢化合物[9] layers of sediment :沉积层[10] Carboniferous Period:石炭纪[11] overburden:覆盖岩层[12] inorganic mineral:无机材料[13] moisture content:含水量[14] fixed carbon content:固定碳含量煤矿科技英语——2. MODERN USES OF COAL Eighty-six percent of the coal used in the United States is burned by electric power plants [1] to produce electricity. When burned, coal generates energy in theform of heat. In a power plant that uses coal as fuel, this heat converts water into steam, which is pressurized to spin the shaft of a turbine. This spinning shaft [2] drives a generator that converts the mechanical energy of the rotation into electric power.Coal is also used in the steel industry. The steel industry uses coal by first heating it and converting it into coke [3], a hard substance consisting of nearly pure carbon. The coke is combined with iron ore [4] and limestone [5]. Then the mixture is heated to produce iron. Other industries use different coal gases given off during thecoke-forming process [6] to make fertilizers, solvents [7], medicine, pesticides, and other products.Fuel companies convert coal into easily transportable gas [8] or liquid fuels [9]. Coal-based vapor fuels [10] are produced through the process of gasification [11]. Gasification may be accomplished either at the site of the coalmine [12] or in processing plants [13]. In processing plants, the coal is heated in the presence of steam and oxygen to produce synthesis gas [14], a mixture of carbon monoxide [15], hydrogen, and methane [16] used directly as fuel or refined into cleaner-burning gas [17].On-site gasification [18] is accomplished by controlled, incomplete burning of an underground coal bed while adding air and steam. To do this, workers ignite the coal bed, pump air and steam underground into the burning coal, and then pump the resulting gases from the ground. Once the gases are withdrawn, they may be burned to produce heat or generate electricity. Or they may be used in synthetic gases to produce chemicals or to help create liquid fuels .Liquefaction [19] processes convert coal into a liquid fuel that has a composition similar to that of crude petroleum [20] Liquefaction. Coal can be liquefied either by direct or indirect processes. However, because coal is a hydrogen-deficient hydrocarbon [21], any process used to convert coal to liquid or other alternative fuels[22] must add hydrogen. Four general methods are used for liquefaction: (1) pyrolysis[23] and hydrocarbonization [24], in which coal is heated in the absence of air or in a stream of hydrogen; (2) solvent extraction [25], in which coal hydrocarbons are selectively dissolved and hydrogen is added to produce the desired liquids; (3) catalytic liquefaction [26], in which hydrogenation [27] takes place in the presence of a catalyst; and (4) indirect liquefaction, in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are combined in the presence of a catalyst.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] electric power plants:发电厂[2] spinning shaft:旋转轴[3] coke:焦炭[4] iron ore:铁矿石[5] limestone:石灰岩[6] coke-forming process:焦炭形成过程[7] solvents:溶剂[8] easily transportable gas:易输送的气体l[9] liquid fuels:液体燃料[10] coal-based vapor fuels:以媒为基础的气态燃料[11] gasification:气化[12] coalmine:煤矿[13] processing plants:加工厂[14] synthesis gas:合成煤气[15] carbon monoxide:一氧化碳[16] methane:沼气,甲烷[17] cleaner-burning gas:洁净煤气[18] on-site gasification:地下气化[19] liquefaction:液化[20] crude petroleum:原油[21] hydrogen-deficient hydrocarbon:缺氢碳氢化合物[22] alternative fuels:替代燃料[23] pyrolysis:高温分解[24] hydrocarbonization:碳氢化作用[25] solvent extraction:溶剂提取[26] catalytic liquefaction:催化液化作用[27] hydrogenation:氢化作用煤矿科技英语——3. FORMATION AND COMPONENTS OF COAL2006年8月1日12:40:0Coal is a sedimentary rock [1] formed from plants that flourished millions of years ago when tropical swamps [2] covered large areas of the world. Lush vegetation [3], such as early club mosses [4], horsetails [5], and enormous ferns, thrived in these swamps. Generations of this vegetation died and settled to the swamp bottom, and over time the organic material lost oxygen and hydrogen, leaving the material with a high percentage of carbon. Layers of mud and sand [6] accumulated over the decomposed plant matter, compressing and hardening the organic material as the sediments deepened. Over millions of years, deepening sediment layers, known as overburden, exerted tremendous heat and pressure on the underlying plant matter, which eventually became coal.Before decayed plant material [7] forms coal, the plant material forms a dark brown, compact organic material known as peat [8]. Although peat will burn when dried, it has a low carbon and high moisture content relative to coal. Most of coal’s heating value comes from carbon, whereas inorganic materials, such as moisture and minerals [9], detract from its heating value. For this reason, peat is a less efficient fuel source than coal. Over time, as layers of sediment accumulate over the peat, this organic material forms lignite [10], the lowest grade of coal. As the thickening geologic overburden gradually drives moisture from the coal and increases its fixed carbon content, coal evolves from lignite into successively higher-graded coals: subbituminous coal [11], bituminous coal [12], and anthracite [13]. Anthracite, the highest rank of coal, has nearly twice the heating value of lignite.Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period (known as the first coalage), which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago. Coal formation continued throughout the Permian [14], Triassic [15], Jurassic [16], Cretaceous [17], and Tertiary [18] Periods, which spanned 290 million to 1.6 million years ago. Coals formed during the first coal age are older, so they are generally located deeper in Earth’s crust. The greater heat and pressures at these depths produce higher-grade coals such as anthracite and bituminous coals. Conversely, coals formed during the second coal age under less intense heat and pressure are generally located at shallower depths. Consequently, these coals tend to be lower-grade subbituminous and lignite coals.Coal contains organic (carbon-containing) compounds transformed from ancient plant material. The original plant material was composed of cellulose [19], the reinforcing material [20] in plant cell walls [21]; lignin [22], the substance that cements plant cells together; tannins [23], a class of compounds in leaves and stems; and other organic compounds, such as fats and waxes. In addition to carbon, these organic compounds contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. After a plant dies and begins to decay on a swamp bottom, hydrogen and oxygen (and smaller amounts of other elements) gradually dissociate from the plant matter, increasing its relative carbon content.Coal also contains inorganic components, known as ash. Ash includes minerals such as pyrite [24] and marcasite [25] formed from metals that accumulated in the living tissues of the ancient plants. Quartz [26], clay, and other minerals are also added to coal deposits by wind and groundwater [27]. Ash [28] lowers the fixed carbon content of coal, decreasing its heating value.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] sedimentary rock:沉积岩[2] tropical swamps:热带沼泽[3] Lush vegetation:茂盛的植物[4] club mosses:石松[5] horsetails:马尾(木贼属的一种植物)[6] layers of mud and sand:泥砂层[7] decayed plant material:腐烂的植物材料[8] peat:泥炭[9] minerals:矿物[10] lignite:褐煤[11] subbituminous coal:次烟煤[12] bituminous coal:烟煤[13] anthracite:无烟煤[14] Permian:二叠纪[15] Triassic:三叠纪[16] Jurassic:侏罗纪[17] Cretaceous:白垩纪[18] Tertiary:第三纪[19] cellulose:纤维素[20] reinforcing material:加固的材料[21] cell walls:细胞壁[22] lignin:木质[23] tannins:丹宁,鞣酸[24] pyrite:黄铁矿[25] marcasite :白铁矿[26] quartz:石英[27] groundwater:地下水[28] ash:灰分煤矿科技英语——4. COAL DEPOSITS ANDRESERVESAlthough coal deposits exist in nearly every region of the world, commercially significant coal resources occur only in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America. Commercially significant coal deposits occur in sedimentary rock basins [3], typicallysandwiched as layers called beds or seams [4] between layers of sandstone [5] and shale [6]. When experts develop estimates of the world’s coal supply, they distinguish between coal reserves and resources. Reserves are coal deposits that can be mined profitably with existing technology—that is, with current equipment and methods. Resources are an estimate of the worl d’s total coal deposits, regardless of whether the deposits are commercially accessible. Exploration [7] geologists [8] have found and mapped the world’s most extensive coal beds. At the beginning of 2001, global coal reserves were estimated at 984.2 billion metric tons, in which 1 metric ton [9] equals 1,016 kg (2,240 lb). These reserves occurred in the following regions by order of importance: the Asia Pacific, including Australia, 29.7 percent; North America, 26.1 percent; Russia and the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 23.4 percent; Europe, excluding the former USSR, 12.4 percent; Africa and the Middle East, 6.2 percent; and South and Central America, 2.2 percent.Coal deposits in the United Kingdom, which led the world in coal production until the 20th century, extend throughout parts of England, Wales, and southern Scotland. Coalfields in western Europe underlie the Saar and Ruhr valleys in Germany, the Alsace region of France, and areas of Belgium. Coalfields [10] in central Europe extend throughout parts of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. The most extensive and valuable coalfield in eastern Europe is the Donets Basin, between the Dnieper and Donrivers (in parts of Russia and Ukraine). Large coal deposits in Russia are being mined in the Kuznetsk Basin in southern Siberia. Coalfields underlying northwestern China are among the largest in the world. Mining of these fields began inthe 20th century.United States coal reserves are located in six major regions, three of which produce the majority of domestically [11] mined coal. The most productive region [12] in the United States is the Appalachian Basin, covering parts of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Alabama. Large quantities of coal have also been produced by both the Illinois Basin—extending through Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky—and the Western Interior Region—extending through Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Other commercially important U.S. coal regions include the Powder River Basin, underlying parts of Montana and Wyoming; the Green River Basin in Wyoming; the Uinta Basin, covering areas of Utah and Colorado; and the San Juan Basin, underlying parts of Utah, New Mexico and Colorado.In 2001 estimates of total U.S. coal reserves were approximately 246 billion metric tons. At the beginning of the 21st century production amounted to about 980 million metric tons each year.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] coal deposit:煤矿床[2] reserves:储量[3] sedimentary rock basins:沉积岩盆地[4] seams:媒层[5] sandstone:砂岩[6] shale:页岩[7] exploration:勘探[8] geologist:地质学家[9] metric ton:公吨[10] coalfields:媒田[11] domestically:国内(产)地,民用地,家用地[12] productive region:生产区煤矿科技英语——5. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COALMININGCoal mining [1] is the removal of coal from the ground. The mining method employed to extract the coal depends on the following criteria: a. seam thickness [2], b. the overburden thickness, c. the ease of removal of the overburden, d. the ease withwhich a shaft [3] can be sunk to reach the coal seam, e. the amount of coal extracted relative to the amount that cannot be removed, and f. the market demand for the coal.The two types of mining methods are surface mining [4] and underground mining [5]. In surface mining, the layers of rock or soil overlying a coal seam are first removed after which the coal is extracted from the exposed seam. In underground mining, a shaft is dug to reach the coal seam. Currently, underground mining accounts for approximately 60 percent of the world recovery of coal.5-1 Surface MiningSurface mining is used to reach coal reserves that are too shallow to be reached by other mining methods. Types of surface mining include open-pit mining [6], drift mining [7], slope mining [8], contour mining [9], and auger mining [10].A. Open-pit MiningIn open-pit mining, or strip mining, earth-moving equipment is used to remove the rocky overburden and then huge mechanical shovels [11] scoop [12] coal up from the underlying deposit. The modern coal industry has developed some of the largest industrial equipment ever made, including shovels capable of holding 290 metric tons of coal.To reach the coal, bulldozers [13] clear the vegetation and soil. Depending on the hardness and depth of the exposed sedimentary rocks, these rocky layers may be shattered with explosives. To do this, workers drill blast holes [14] into the overlying sedimentary rock, fill these holes with explosives [15], and then blast the overburden to fracture the rock. Once the broken rock is removed, coal is shoveled from theunderlying deposit into giant earth-moving trucks [16] for transport [17].B. Drift MiningDrift mining is used when a horizontal seam [18] of coal emerges at the surface on the side of a hill or mountain, and the opening [19] into the mine can be made directly into the coal seam. This type of mining is generally the easiest and most economical type because excavation through rock is not necessary. If coal is available in this manner, it is likely to be mined.C. Slope MiningSlope mining occurs when an inclined opening is used to tap the coal seam (or seams). A slope mine may follow the coal seam if the seam is inclined and exposed to the surface, or the slope may be driven through rock strata overlying the coal to reach a seam. Coal transportation from a slope mine can be accomplished by conveyor [20] or by track haulage [21] (using a trolley locomotive [22] if the grade is not severe) or by pulling mine cars [23] up the slope using an electric hoist [24] and steel rope [25] if the grade is steep. The most common practice is to use a belt conveyor.D. Contour MiningContour mining occurs on hilly or mountainous terrain, where workers use excavation equipment to cut into the hillside along its contour to remove the overlying rock and then mine the coal. The depth to which workers must cut into the hillside depends on factors such as hill slope and coal bed thickness.E. Auger MiningAuger mining is frequently employed in open-pit mines where the thickness ofthe overburden is too great for open-pit mining to be cost-effective [26]. Open-pit mining would require the lengthy and costly removal of the overburden, whereas auger mining is more efficient because it cuts through the overburden and removes the coal as it drills. In this technique, the miners drill a series of horizontal holes into the coal bed with a large auger (drill) powered by a diesel or gasoline engine [27]. These augers are typically about 60 m (200 ft) long and 0.6 to 2.1 m (2 to 7 ft) in diameter. As these enormous drills bore into the coal seam, they discharge coal like a wood drill producing wood shavings. Additional auger lengths are added as the cutting head of the auger penetrates farther into the coal. Penetration continues until the cutting head drifts into the top or bottom of the coal seam, into a previous hole, or until the maximum torque [28] (energy required to twist an object) of the auger is reached.F. Satellite Aids [29] to Surface MiningIn the late 1990s some coal mining enterprises used technologies such as the global positioning system (GPS) [30] to help guide the positioning of mining equipment. Satellites operated by the United States Air Force Space Command and leased to companies for commercial use track the position of mining equipment against a map of a mine’s topography [31]. This map uses colors to distinguish soil that should be excavated, soil that should remain in place, and areas that should be filled in. The equipment driver observes this visual information [32] on a monitor [33] while operating the equipment. Some coal mining enterprises have used GPS to increase mining efficiency up to 30 percent.5-2 Underground MiningUnderground, or deep, mining occurs when coal is extracted from a seam without removal of the overlying strata. Miners build a shaft mine that enters the earth through a vertical opening and descends from the surface to the coal seam. In the mine, the coal is extracted from the seam by various methods, including conventional mining[34], continuous mining [35], longwall mining [36], and room-and-pillar mining [37].A. Conventional MiningConventional mining, also called cyclic mining, involves a sequence of operations that proceed in the following order: a. supporting the roof [38], b. ventilation [39], c. cutting [40], d. drilling [41], e. blasting [42], f. coal removal [43], and g. loading [44]. First, miners make the roof above the seam safe and stable by timbering [45] or by roof bolting [46], processes intended to prevent the roof from collapsing [47]. At the same time, they create ventilation openings so that dangerous gases [48] can escape and fresh air can reach the miners. Then one or more slots [49]—a few centimeters wide and extending for several meters into the coal—are cut along the face of the coal seam, also known as the wall face, by a large, mobile cutting machine [50]. The cut, or slot, provides easy access to the face and facilitates the breaking up of the coal, which is usually blasted from the seam by explosives known as permissible explosives. This type of explosive produces an almost flame-free explosion [51] and markedly reduces the amount of noxious fumes [52] in comparison with conventional explosives. The coal may then be transported by rubber-tired electric vehicles (shuttle cars) [53] or by chain (or belt) conveyor systems [54].B. Continuous MiningContinuous mining involves the use of a single machine known as a continuous miner that breaks the coal mechanically and loads it for transport. This mobile machine [55] has a series of metal-studded rotating drums [56] that gouge coal from the face of the coal seam. One continuous miner can mechanically break apart about 1.8 metric tons of coal per hour. Roof support is then installed, ventilation is advanced, and the coalface [57] is ready for the next cycle. The method used to transport the coal requires the installation of mobile belt conveyors.C. Longwall MiningThe longwall mining system uses a remote-controlled [58] self-advancing support [59] in which large blocks of coal are completely extracted in a continuous operation. Hydraulic or self-advancing jacks [60], known as chocks [61], support the roof at the immediate face as the coal is removed. As the face advances [62], the roof is allowed to collapse behind the remote-controlled, roof-building machinery [63]. Miners then remove the fallen coal. Coal recovery [64] is comparable to that attainable with the conventional or continuous mining systems.D. Room-and-Pillar MiningRoom-and-pillar mining is a means of developing a coalface and, at the same time, retaining supports for the roof. With this technique, rooms are developed from large, parallel tunnels driven into the solid coal [65], and the intervening pillars [66] of coal are used to support the roof. The percentage of coal recovered from a seam depends on the number and size of protective pillars of coal thought necessary to support the roof safely. Workers may remove some coal pillars just before closing themine.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] coal mining:采煤[2] seam thickness:煤层厚度[3] shaft:立井[4] surface mining:地面开采[5] underground mining:地下开采[6] open-pit mining:露天矿开采[7] drift mining:平峒开采[8] slope mining:斜井开采[9] contour mining:台阶开采[10] auger mining:螺旋钻开采[11] mechanical shovels:机械铲[12] scoop:铲斗[13] bulldozer:推土机[14] blast holes:炮眼[15] explosives:炸药[16] earth-moving trucks:地面移动卡车[17] transport:运输,输送[18] horizontal seam:水平煤层[19] opening:坑道[20] conveyor:输送机[21] track haulage:轨道运输[22] trolley locomotive:架线式电机车[23] mine cars:矿车[24] electric hoist:电动提升机[25] steel rope:钢丝绳[26] cost-effective:成本效果[27] gasoline engine:汽油发动机[28] maximum torque:最大扭矩[29] satellite aids:卫星辅助[30] global positioning system (GPS):地球定位系统[31] topography:地形[32] visual information:可视信息[33] monitor:监控器,监视器[34] conventional mining:传统式开采法[35] continuous mining:连续(采煤机)式开采法[36] longwall mining:长壁式开采法[37] room-and-pillar mining:房柱式开采法[38] supporting the roof:支护顶板[39] ventilation:通风[40] cutting:截割,掏槽[41] drilling:钻眼[42] blasting:爆破,放炮[43] coal removal:出媒[44] loading:装载[45] timbering:木支架[46] roof bolting:顶板锚杆支护[47] collapsing:垮落,崩落[48] dangerous gases:危险气体[49] slot:槽,沟[50] mobile cutting machine:移动式截媒机[51] flame-free explosion:无焰爆破[52] noxious fumes:有毒烟雾[53] rubber-tired electric vehicles (shuttle cars):电动胶轮车(梭车)[54] chain (or belt) conveyor system:刮板(胶带)输送机系统[55] mobile machine:移动式机器[56] metal-studded rotating drums:金属双头螺栓式旋转滚筒[57] coalface:采煤工作面[58] remote-controlled:遥控的[59] self-advancing support:自移式支架[60] hydraulic or self-advancing jacks:液压或自移式千斤顶[61] chocks:垛式(液压)支架[62] face advances:工作面推进[63] roof-building machinery:筑顶机械[64] coal recovery:媒炭回收率[65] solid coal:实体煤[66] intervening pillars:煤房间的煤柱煤矿科技英语——6. LONGWALL MINING SYSTEMS Longwall mining has a long history of successful applications, even in thin and inclined coal seams [2]. This type of mining is more mechanized than any other method, and necessitates careful attention to the selection of the expensive equipment required. Longwall mining is a unique method with one principal variation. According to the direction of coal extraction, there are longwall advance mining [3] and longwall retreat mining [4].6-1 Longwall Advance MiningLongwall advance mining has been primarily used in the deeper underground mines where strata pressures [5] do not permit maintaining roadway [6] for long period of time.The majority of coalfields in Europe use longwall advance system of mining. The coal seam is divided into panels [7], generally 100 to 230m wide by up to 1800m long. Production may commence following a minimal capital outlay [8] for pre-production development. Yet the geological conditions [9] ahead of the advancing coalface may be uncertain, thus introducing an element of risk. Any sudden worsening of geological conditions may cause the production face to halt and an equipment capital outlay can be temporarily at a stand still. Shallow mining depths are not favored longwall advance mining; however, weak strata may require its use even though it may not suit NorthAmerican requirements for high productivity.A. Advance system with single entry [10]: The single entry is driven only a short distance ahead of the advancing face to avoid excessive frontal abutment pressures [11], The advance of roadways has been greatly improved through the use of longwall shearer [12] for roadway excavation.The main problem of the longwall advance system with single entry is maintaining the roadway behind face in the gob [13] for the life of the panel. Roadway support is provided by arches set [14]. The packs [15] are built along the gob edge for maintaining the roadway. The application of the Pump Pack [16] for pack building has reduced the difficulties relating to roadway maintenance [17].B. Advance system with double entries [18]: These have rib pillars [19] with a least width equal to or greater than one tenth of the panel depth separating panels. The ribs provide roadway protection against strata pressure deformation [20] effect. The driving of double entries in advance is integrated with the transport of coal from the longwall face. The main advantage of this system is that there is no need for roadway maintenance because one collapse is with the gob and the other in the rib is not affected by gob closure [21].The mining system requires more development work, but this is more than offset [22] by the savings in roadway maintenance.6-2. Longwall Retreat MiningLongwall retreat mining is basically the same as longwall advancing extraction, except that the coal seam is block-out [23] and then retreated in panels betweendevelopment roadways. Its advantages over advance mining are low risk and consistently high output. However, there are factors, which limit the application of retreat mining. The most important of which is the development of high stress [24] levels due to the influence of nearby workings, which affect the stability [25] of development roadways in soft strata. The life of the coalface depends upon the life of the roadway gate support. Reinforcement [26] techniques are available to assist in stabilizing the mine roadways.A. A retreat system with a single entry: this system is similar to the advance system with one entry, except that the panel is fully developed before extraction starts. There is a problem of roadway maintenance near the gob.This method has the advantages of economical use roadways and the efficient recovery of coal reserves. The mining direction is either down-dip [27] or along strike [28]. The disadvantages of the system are that the developed roadways in solid coal are liable to interaction from neighboring workings in the same seam: and the panel in extraction must be mined-out before the next one can start to avoid short circuiting ventilation.B. Integrated advance and retreat system [29]: this system is used mostly in deeper and gaseous coalmines. Single entry is used resulting in limited development and easier face-end [30] operations. Alternate faces advance in opposite directions. This method, as in other single entry longwall mining methods, re-uses the roadway of the mined-out panel for extraction of the adjacent panel. In some countries, integrated single entry system has been used to control surface subsidence strains.。
采矿工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要:煤炭产业需要更长远的发展,对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的,作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展,在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的,即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论,煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的,并且包括一切的不可能性。
作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见,举出了许多令人信服的事实,并对大部分新的情况予以求证。
关键字:采矿工程,矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天,科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视,空间工程,信息工程,生物工程和海洋工程的发展,新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。
“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。
在全球的一些大的国家中,互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间,我们不应该忘记基本的事实:有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。
想要保住地球上的人类,我们必须做到以下四个方面:也就是营养物,原料,燃料和环境。
营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物,它们都是来自于自然。
原料有铁、铁的金属,稀罕的金属,宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。
燃料如:煤炭,石油,天然气,铀,放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。
这些也在自然界中发生。
最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。
在上述中三个必要的物质中,原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。
生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。
然而,随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高,逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。
如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业,因此,那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究,并在此之上发展采矿。
采矿工程英语译文
练习1矿井系统选择的标准图9.2显示了各种采矿方法的生产分布图。
由于现在在短壁工作面工作的少于12个人,所以采用长臂综采法。
很显然连续采煤法越来越受欢迎不是因为每个单元的生产能力增加,而是因为相同吨位的产出需要的人少。
然而,长臂开采的生产率更高是因为每个采矿单元与生俱来的连续开采潜力使其有更大的生产能力。
虽然如此,讨论选择一个系统比另一个系统好要考虑很多因素,这样会让每种形式的细节分析变得明显。
这个表格列出了很多矿井选择特定系统时考虑的各种因素,提供了像自然条件,开采经验,社会关注点,市场条件等重要因素。
一些选择是相当明显的,然而一些是不明显的。
通常,这些选择更能反映出个人偏见。
例如,当缝隙是坚硬的或包含坚硬的杂质,传统的开采方法(爆破)比通过连续开采剥开煤层更容易。
当眼前的隧道顶部很坏时,长臂开采更容易也能够提供更全面的支撑。
常规开采需求的大量设备可能会导致柔软底部的撕裂,所以常规开采比连续开采需要一个坚固的底部。
由于常规开采在房柱式系统已经比在任何老矿区实行时间都长,由于劳动监察部门最熟悉这种方法和设备,在新矿的开采方法选取中这将是一个重要的考虑因素。
然而,如果对于新的从业人员,选择这种传统方法是不太可能的,因为它需要更多的技巧去协调许多设备以及人力。
但是,对于维护人员就不是这样的。
由于传统设备比连续采矿设备更简单,更可靠,更容易保持状态,一个没有经验的维修组更适合使用常规开采的矿区。
市场对于采矿系统的发展有过很大的影响。
而连续开采通常认为已经开始约在1947年,实际上再更早就有了。
在1920年代早期,McKinley Entry Driver,一个出生很早地使用连续开采方法的矿工,加入的很多条目在Illinois.然而煤炭生产靠它,和几乎如今的所有连续开采矿工,这对于全国上下的取暖需求不是很畅销,所以它产生了低回报。
随着实用市场的到来,所有的煤都是粉碎后使用的,连续采煤机已获得广泛的认可。
煤矿开采流程英文
煤矿开采流程英文Coal mining, an integral part of the global energy supply chain, involves a series of complex steps that extract coal from the earth. This process, from exploration to extraction and beyond, requires meticulous planning and precise execution to ensure safety, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.**Exploration and Planning**The first step in coal mining is exploring potential coal deposits. This involves geological surveys, drilling, and seismic testing to determine the location, size, and quality of the coal seams. Once a deposit is identified, mining companies proceed to planning, considering factors like the type of mine (surface or underground), the mining method (room and pillar, longwall, etc.), and the necessary equipment and personnel.**Development and Extraction**Development involves preparing the mine site, constructing access roads, setting up ventilation systems, and installing water management facilities. Extraction, thecore activity of coal mining, begins with the removal of overlying rock and soil to expose the coal seam. In underground mining, this is achieved through shafts or tunnels dug into the coal deposit. In surface mining, the coal seam is exposed by removing overlying material using large machines.Extraction methods vary depending on the mine type and the coal seam's characteristics. Longwall mining, for instance, involves the continuous advancement of a large wall of coal, supported by a system of braces and pillars. Room and pillar mining, on the other hand, involves the excavation of rooms within the coal seam, leaving pillarsin place to support the roof.**Processing and Transportation**After extraction, the coal is transported to processing plants where it undergoes cleaning to remove impuritieslike rock, sand, and clay. This is achieved through crushing, screening, and washing the coal. The cleaned coal is then dried and stored before being transported to markets either by rail, road, or waterways.**Environmental and Safety Considerations**Coal mining, being a resource-intensive industry, has significant environmental impacts. Mining companies are, therefore, required to comply with strict environmental regulations to mitigate these impacts. This includes water management, waste disposal, and land reclamation. Additionally, safety is paramount in coal mining, with companies investing in safety training, equipment, and systems to minimize accidents and fatalities.**The Future of Coal Mining**With the global push for cleaner energy and decarbonization, the future of coal mining remains uncertain. However, coal is still a significant source of energy for many countries, especially in developing regions. Therefore, coal mining companies must innovate and adopt sustainable practices to ensure the industry's long-term viability. Technologies like automation, robotics, andclean coal technologies are expected to play a key role in shaping the future of coal mining.**煤矿开采流程详解**煤矿开采作为全球能源供应链的重要组成部分,涉及一系列复杂的步骤,以从地下提取煤炭。
采矿历史介绍英文版
History of MiningINTRODUCTIONA fascinating thread that runs through the history of mining is the continuing evolution of mining methods. Often, the initial exploitation of a deposit involved rudimentary scratching at outcrops and picking up pieces of ore from the surface. This surface method was then followed in many instances by the development of underground workings in the form of shafts and galleries .Finally, a surface operation, often on a large-scale, would take place. Two prime examples of this sequence of evolution are the Rio Tinto mines in Spain and the copper operations at Butte, Montana.Mining was the second of man’s endeavors-agriculture was the first. Since prehistoric times, mining has been integral and essential to man’s existence.Surface mining was certainly not a 20th century invention.The earliest relatively large-scale mining for outcropping native copper occurred between 5000 and 15,000 BC.Rock fragmentation was ususlly achieved by the cyclical application of fire and water;loading and bronze tools for excavation and animals and human beings were used for haulage.EARLY ENDEAVORSMining began with Paleolithic man about 450,000 years ago.The first known mining was for nonmetallics (industrial minerals) where man recovered raw stone materials from surface excavations and shaped them by crude fabrication techniques.Flint instruments have been found with the bones of early man and early excavations for flint have been found in Obourg and Spiennes,Belgium.Utensils made from clay that date from 30,000 to 20,000 BC have been found in Czechoslovakia and graphite,sometimes called “Plumbago”or “Black Lead,”was used by primitive man to make drawings on the walls of caves and by the Egyptians to decorate pottery . The fist use of metals was for decoration rather than for utility purposes because of their unusual character and rarity .Metallic minerals particularly attracted early man and he usually used them in their native form,retrieved,probably,by washing river gravel in surface placers . According to Agricola (1950) early exploration methods included trenches and “a divining rod shaped like a fork”.The cultural stages of evolution of man are associated with minerals and are the Stone Age (prior to 4000 BC),Bronze Age (4000 to 1500 BC),Iron Age (1500 BC to 1780 AD),Steel Age (1780-1945),and the Nuclear Age (since 1945),according to Hartman (1987).A chronology of developments in mining technology is given in Table 1.1.Mining was common in ancient times around the perimeter of the Mediterranean Sea.Greek writers, Heroditus and Aristotle, both mention mining and caves in Spain that were occupied as early as the Paleolithic period (before 10,000 BC) and gravel deposits nearby have yielded artifacts of gold with a sun-religion significance (Dunning,1970).Mining in the Rio Tinto district of Spain began far before the dawn of recorded history. The largest open pit in the area, the Atalaya, has old underground workings now cut by more recent surface diggings. The early inhabitants, the Iberians, had both gold and silver ornaments.Bronze AgeEvidence of early copper mining exists in many parts of the world. For example, a recent archeometallurgical expedition has uncovered a prehistoric mining complex at Phuton (“Bald Mountain”) in the Mekong River in Thailand,that may be dated as early as 2000 BC.Workers atthis complex used massive river cobble mauls to break the friable skarn matrix that held quartz veins rich in malachrte (Pigott,1988).The world’s oldest known copper smelting furnace,dating to 3500 BC,has been found near the modern Timna copper mine in Israel (Raymond,1986).The link between native copper and malachite might well have been suggested to Neolithic man by the common association of these two forms of the metal in outcrops.Bun from the malachite remains an historic mystery.One suggested answer is that both metal smelting and pottery making appeared to have evolved about the same time.The potter,the fist technician in the management of heat,had under his control all the materials and conditions necessary for smelting copper (Raymond,1986).The art of rock breakage by fire setting was the first technological breakthrough in mining (Hartman,1987).Archaeological evidence of copper smelting indicate that the technique may not have spread from the Near East to other areas,as often thought,but began independently at a number of sites.Some of these sites are (Raymond,1986):Rudna Glava,Yugoslavia,before 4000 BCItaly,between 3000 and 2500 BCScandinavia by 1500 BCIndia about 3000 BCCaucasus,southern Russia,by 2000 BCThe first true tin bronze appeared about 3000 BC with the earliest examples from the city states of Mesopotamia.In the following century,tin bronze was made in many areas of the Near East,including Egypt,Iran,Syria,Anatolia,Cyprus.There was a society in Northern Thailand with bronze technology in the 3rd and 4th millenium BC.Bronze artifacts have been found in other locations in China (Raymond,1986).Also in Far East,Shang bronzes from Yin,China,settled about 1600 BC,are among the greatest artistic and technical achievements of early civilization.Iron AgeThe introduction of iron for making tools and weapons changed the life of early man in a vastnumber of ways .The earliest objects that have survived were made of meteoric iron, which contains a high percentage of nickel, and which were picked up from the ground (Raymond,1986).The Hittites,who settled in Anatolia,are credited with the invention of “good iron,”and they flourished from 1400 to 1200 BC.After the Hittites kingdom was destroyed by European tribes,iron began to appear everywhere (Raymond,1986).The use of iron was made feasible through the development of three processes:”steeling,”the addition of carbon to ore;”quenching,”the sudden cooling of hot metal;and “tempering,”the reheating of quenched metal to correct for brittleness.Steeling of iron seems to have developed in the Anatolia-Mesopotamia region of the Near East and then spread across Europe and Africa and into Asia (Raymond,1986).Greece and RomeAs the Iron Age progressed,new powers took over in the latter half of the 1st millenium BC as the older cultures of the Near East declined.The city-states of Greece were the fist of these.One factor that made Greece-Athens.in particular-a great power was the rich silver-lead mines at Laurion.Once the silver mines in the hills of Attica became depleted.so too waned the Hellenistic world.Rome replaced Greece as the dominant power and established a far-flung empire.Especially significant was the Rome conquest of immense mineral resources:gold in Gaul,Wales, the Balkans,and Persia; silver in the Pyrenees,Greece,and Anatolia;copper in Cyprus and the Sinai;and tin in Cornwall.A principal contributor to Roman mineral wealth was the Tartessus mine in Spain,now known as Rio Tinto,where the first exploitation was by trenches.The mine then went underground and today is a large open pit (Raymond,1986).Dark and Middle AgesThe Dark Ages descended after the Roman Empire fell and there was no advance toward a new level of civilization until almost the end of the 1st millenium AD.The interruption in the supply of metals was among many reasons for this standstill.The mining of metals ceased almost entirely in Europe,except for small quantities of easily accessible iron needed for weapons and tools (Raymond,1986).A political development of significance to mining occurred in 1185 when the Bishop of Trent granted a charter to miners in his domain.It gave them legal as well as social right,including the right to stake claims (Hartman,1987).Renaissance and Industrial RevolutionIn Aachen,Germany,Charlemagne provided the leadership in the 9th century that began the emergence from the Dark Ages.He instituted drastic reforms in administration,finance and education and he awakened a renewed interest in metals and metal working.Much of the wealth that made the Renaissance possible came from the Rammelsburg silver mine in the Harz Mountains.In addition,new deposits of silver and other metals were located in Saxony,Bohemia,and Moravia (Raymond,1986).The foundation of mining law,on which the laws in many parts of the world today are based,was laid in this period in Saxony (Raymond,1986).One of the world’s greatest developments occurred in the 15th century when Guttenberg developed the printing process using moveable type cast from a mixture of lead and tin.Following this invention,there was a tremendous exchange of technology in almost every field of human activity.One of these early technological works was Georgius Agricola’s De Re Metallica(Raymond,1986).The industrial revolution meant a soaring demand for minerals and spectacular improvements in mining technology (Hartman,1987).By the Middle Ages,the British had become the world’s largest users of coal.The first recorded accounts of coal as a fuel came from China during the Handynasty (206 BC to 220 AD).Coal was first used in Birtain during the Roman occupation when pieces were picked up on the seashores.Once the Romans left in the 5th century,the use of coal dwindled until the end of the 1600s,when Britain,an island rich in both iron ore and carbon fuel,was suffering an energy crisis and industrial stagnation from the depletion of wood resources,used in iron working to make charcoal (Raymond).Then in 1709 Abraham Darby prepared some coke from Shropshire coal,mixed it with local iron ore,and charged his blast furnace at Coalbrookdale.Slowly his method spread throughout England.An immediate result of this widespread change to smelting iron with coke was the increase in the demand for coal.This development freed England from industrial stagnation (Raymond,1986).There were a number of significant developments during the Endustrial Revolution that profoundly affected mining technology.The first of these was James Watt’s steam engine,perfected in the 1760s.It provided the stimulus for the production of coal and iron,the evolution of machine tools,and the development of new forms of transport for people and goods (Raymond,1986).The air compressor was another great innovation and resulted in the late 19th century in the development of the air-driven rock drill (Bill,1973).An impetus for mechanization was the invention of electricity which made applications of machinery more flexible (Beall,1973).The introduction in Hungary in 1627 of black powder as a blasting agent was an important chang in mining practice.Soon afterward black powder was also being used in the Cornish tin mines (Beall,1973).The dawn of global civilization began with Columbus’discovery of the New World in 1492.His voyage meant that direct sea contact between far distant continents was about to be established (Raymond,1986).CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICANative CivilizationThe Indians in South America used native gold,silver,and even platinum in the 1st millennium BC,but copper objects do not appear until about 500 AD (Raymond,1986).There is evidence in the pre-Inca period of the use of mineral resources-salt,clay,and chalk.The Inca period,which began in the 12th to 13th century AD,reached its peak at about the time of the discovery of America.The majority of gold production during this pre-Hispanic period was by exploitation of placers of gold-bearing gravels in rivers.There was an abundance of tin in the plateau area (Bolivia) and this supply almost certainly influenced the appearance of Bronze.In Peru the age of metals,corresponding with the Tiahuanaco culture,began with the Christian era and lasted into the 14th century.There was lithic architecture of great dimensions;ceramics;and metalworking with gold,silver,and copper and tin,even attaining the level of bronze.Spanish EraBeginning with the first voyage by Columbus,indications of gold were found in the newly discovered Carribbean islands (Prieto,1973).During subsequent expeditions,Cloumbus established a mining camp at San Tomaso in San Domingo,from which he brought back more gold (Dunning,1970).The Spanish explorers and conquistadores discovered and explored vastterritories under the stimulus of a legend which told of a land abundant in gold (Prieto,1973).Spain mined with the sword rather than the pick,as the conquistadores followed Columbus.In Peru they conquered the Incas,melted their mountains of gold decorative items,and cast the gold into ingots for shipment to Spain (Raymond,1986).Francisco Fernandez de Cordoba was exploring off the coast of the Americas in 1517 when he was blown off course in the Gulf of Mexico.He saw,on the Peninsula of Yucatan,evidence of a high civilization,the Mayans (Dunning,1970).True mining by the Spaniards began in the lands discovered along the Gulf of Mexico in what was to be called New Spain.The first recorded copper mining by the Spaniards was in Cuba in 1524 (Beall,1973).About 1525 the first silver mines exploited by the Spaniards were those of Morcillo in the present state of Jalisco,Mexico (Prieto,1973).An event of great importance for the present-day Mexican iron and steel industry was the discovery in 1552 of the iron mines of Cerro de Mercado (Prieto,1973).Valdivia founded the cities of La Concepcion and Valdivia in Chile in 1550.At the same time rich gold mines were discovered in Confines and Quilacoya (Prieto,1973).Peru proved to be a country rich in mineral resources.Henrique Graces discovered mercury in 1558.The hill of Huantajaya,a rich silver deposit,was discovered in 1538 (Prieto,1973).Cerro de Pasco had been a mining area for silver long before the arrival of the Spaniards.In colonial times great quantities of silver came from exploitation of surface deposits or pacos .In the district of Choco,Colombia,platinum was discovered in its natural state by Don Antonio de Ulloa and Don Juan in 1753 (Prieto,1973).In the Republican Period in Peru the first concession for exploiting guano deposits was signed in 1840.The 1830 nitrates began to be exploited at Tarapaca.The strong rise in copper price quotations in 1897 made this commodity one of the raw materials of great world demand and conditions were appropriate in Peru for a fast and growing participation in this market .。
采矿工程专业常用英语词汇
采矿工程专业常用英语词汇★采矿工程专业常用英语词汇★①geologic structure 地质构造geologic age geologic term coalfield 煤田 take 井田reserve of the take 井田储量 geologic reservecoal exploration 煤层勘探 explore②sedimentary rock 沉积岩metamorphose rock 变质岩igneous rock 火成岩 alluvium 冲积层coal seam mineral deposit 矿床③epoch 纪元、纪、代 Permian 二叠纪(系)Carboniferous 石炭纪 Cretaceous 白垩纪Tertiary 第三纪④fold 褶曲 fault 断层 normal~ reverse~ faulting 断层作用⑤strike 走向 along the strikedip 倾向、倾角 dip angle of coal seam煤层倾角⑥weathered 风化的bituminous coal 烟煤[bi’tjuminэs] anthracite 无烟煤 lignite 褐煤limestone 石灰岩 sandstone 砂岩 shale 页岩⑦fully mechanized coal face 综采 conventional mining 普采Semi-mechanized coal face blasting mining 炮采fully mechanized sublevel caving mining 综放⑧colliery (coal mine) colliery undertaking ~企业Longwall mining 长壁开采 Room and pillar 房柱式开采pillar and stall Panel, district, mining area 盘区采区⑨Shaft (vertical) 井筒adit 平硐shaft sinking 井筒掘进opencast open pit 露天矿 surface mining strip mining ⑩strata(stratum) 岩层stimulated caving 强制放顶longwall advancing retreatingroof (floor) 顶(底)板 main ~ immediate ~ false ~11pit bottom shaft station 井底车场 up cast downcast 进回风井ventilate ventilation borehole 钻孔 drill bunker(coal bin) 煤仓12Skip 箕斗 cage 罐笼 conveyor 运输机 belt conveyor 胶带运输机AFC(Armored Face Conveyer) 刮板输送机 coal preparation 选煤Powered roof support 液压支架 (shield)13drift entry roadway gateroad巷道 crosscut 石门,横贯,捷径methane 甲烷瓦斯 gas ~ drainagegob,goaf (mined out area) 采空区14airway 风道 intake ~ return ~ 进风巷回风巷stress-strain 应力-应变 stress relief zone de-stressed 应力解除15 room dispatcher’s ~ pump ~泵房dispatcher’s room 调度室waiting room 候车室 winch engine room first-aid room16 tale air 乏风 fresh intake ~ tail entry head entry 顺槽heading 掘进头 rise ~ 上山 opening ~开切眼17 timber 木支柱 prop, jack 支柱 individual jacks (prop)单体支柱convergence 顶底板移近、会合 smooth ~ 缓慢下沉(巷道)free subsidence method (采场)18 waste heap /spoil tip 矸石山 spontaneous combustion 自燃hoist 提升 gate road/drift/entry 巷道 incline gate 斜巷incline shaft19 tectonic 构造的~stress mining regulations safety regulations rock/ underground pressure 矿山压力Behavior of rock/ underground pressure 矿山压力显现20 floor heave 底鼓 thin or medium-thick seam 中厚incline seam 倾向煤层 sloping ~steep coal seam 急倾向煤层 gently slopping ~ 缓倾斜煤层21 cracked roof 破碎顶板 fractured roof crush, crackspacing of main falls 放顶步距 distance of roof fallwinch 小绞车 caving ~22 eaker props/breaker support 切顶支柱withdrawal of support回柱prop withdrawer 回柱绞车 shield-type support 掩护式支架chock support 垛式支架常用专业英语词汇23 survey(ing) 测量 ~ station 观测站 elevation标高 elevator,lifttransit 经纬仪 full caving method 全部跨落法partial caving partial backfilling (packing)24 subsidence 下沉 ~ trough ~basin 下沉盆地surface structure(building)地表建筑物surface movement and deformation 地表移动和变形Contour 等值线下沉(Subsidence)、倾斜(Slope)、曲率(Curvature)、水平移动(Displacement)、水平变形(Horizontal strain)25 aquifer 含水层 coal mining above a confined aquifer承压水上采煤protective pillar 保护煤柱 barrier pillar 隔离煤柱26 angle of draw 移动角边界角 draw angle of strata 边界角surface cracks 地表裂缝 Surface slope (incline) 地表倾斜curvature 曲率27 Overburden strata 上覆岩层 overlying strata 上覆岩层structure damage 建筑物损害 recovery ratio 采出率、回采率28 backfilling mining method filling mining stowing miningmethod充填回采建筑物下开采(Mining under buildings) 铁路下开采(Mining under railways)水体下开采(Mining under water bodies)29 simultaneous extraction 同时开采limited thickness extraction 限厚开采selected extraction 选择开采 continuous extraction 连续开采land reclaimation technology 土地复垦技术30 compressed air drill 风钻 electric ~ 电钻yielding support 可缩支架 rigid ~ 刚性支架roof bolting 顶板锚杆 resin ~31 auxiliary fans 局扇 auxiliary shaft 副井 subsidiary shaft 副井Main shaft 主井 mine water drainage 矿井排水haulage hoisting lighting 运输、提升、照明32 seam subject to rock burst 易突出煤层~spontaneous combustion易自然煤层rock burst 岩爆冲击矿压 surrounding rock 围岩 first cost 初期投资33 multiple coal seam 多煤层 subsoil 下层基岩quarry 采场、采矿场、采石场horizon 区段、水平 horizontal34 washery 洗煤=coal preparation plantdevelopment,Preparation, production systemhigh-productive&high efficient coal mine 高产高效矿井35ascending order descending mining coalification 煤化作用repairing shift development shift productive capacity,output36 standby equipment deplete 枯竭采完extract/mine/exploit/win/work 开采cantilever 悬臂梁 water-bearing ground 含水地层37 run-of-mine coal 原煤 raw washed coal ,clean coal fossil fuel 化石燃料rock mechanics岩石力学 dummy road 盲巷 safety pillar安全煤柱38 tensile stress field( zone )拉应力区Compressive stress field rock mass 岩体rock mechanics in coal mining 煤矿岩石力学 Rock pressure 岩石压力39 behavior of rock pressure 矿山压力显现 Stress 应力;Strain 应变rock strata control (ground control) 岩层控制elastic deformation 弹性变形 plastic deformation 塑性变形40 rheology of rock 岩石(体)流变性 virgin rock[mass]/initial rock[mass]原岩(体)virgin stress of rock[mass] 原岩应力 initial stress of rock[mass]原岩应力virgin stress field of rock[mass] initial stress field of rock[mass] 原岩应力场41 stress in surrounding rock围岩应力stress-concentrated zone 应力增高区virgin stress zone(field) initial stress zone 原岩应力区coefficient of stress concentration 应力集中系数42 Support 支架,支撑 partial caving method 局部跨落法pillar support method 煤柱支撑法43 weak ( soft) strata 松软岩层 hard strata 坚硬岩层unstable roof 不稳定顶板 load of support 支架载荷44 medium stable roof 中等稳定顶板 stable roof 稳定顶板hard roof; strong roof 坚硬顶板 classification of roof 顶板分类classify45 setting load 初撑力 yield load 额定工作阻力support load 支护阻力 prop density 支柱密度46 load density; supporting intensity支护强度rib spalling 片帮 impact load 冲击载荷47 first weighting初次来压 periodic weighting (of main roof)周期来压coal and gas bump; coal and gas outburst煤与瓦斯突出48 aved zone 冒落带 fractured zone 裂隙带sagging (continuous deformation) zone 弯曲下沉带natural arch; ~ of natural equilibrium 自然平衡拱49 Soil zone Continuous deformation zone Fractured zone Caved zone50 Initial supporting 一次支护 first supportingPermanent supporting二次支护 second supporting road side supporting 巷旁支护 non-pillar roadway protection无煤柱护巷protective seam 保护层51 abutment pressure 支承压力 method of roof control 顶板管理方法roof-to-floor convergence 顶底板移近量rib sides convergence 两帮移近量52 Cross section 剖面 Sectional(plan) view 剖(平)面图softening factor of rock 岩石软化系数 roof caving angle 顶板跨落角。
德国采矿工程发展历程(煤矿)-网络版
汇报提纲
• 德国采矿工程发展历程(德意志博物馆) • 如何学习《矿山岩体力学》?
• a.熟悉教学大纲 • b.掌握教材内容
德国采矿工程发展历程(煤矿) -参观德意志博物馆
• 德意志博物馆(Deutsches Museum)是世界 上最大的科技博物馆,也是世界最早的科 技博物馆之一。博物馆开放于 1903年6月 28日,Oskar von Miller在此召集了德国工 程师学会(Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI)会议。该馆坐落在慕尼黑市伊萨尔 河(Isar River)中的一个岛上,全馆有收 藏品约5万件,其中展出的仅占1/3。展览 内容包括物理、化学、农业、资源、矿业、 冶金、金属加工、动力机械、汽车、铁道、 隧道工程、公路与桥梁、水利、电力、通 讯、船舶、航空和宇宙飞行、化工、玻璃 工艺、纺织、计量、乐器、摄影、印刷。 馆内有天文台和天象馆各一座。此坡度测量
机械化开采
综合机械化开采(综采)
钻孔-爆破
采空区处理
救援
露天开采
露天机械开采
煤矿地质
矿石标本
采煤钻机
金属支柱
德国早期工业发展
手工业
机械工业
航空工业
航海工业
航天工业
代根多夫应用科技大学TID
BMW总部
希望同学们有机会去德国留学,学习先 进技术,回国创业!
矿业-模拟地下巷道
巷道材料均 采自真实矿 井的岩石材来自料。岩石硐室岩石硐室
矿业-模拟地下巷道
梯形巷道
打铃开关
立井开凿
手工开凿
半机械开凿
立井开凿
机械化-反井开凿技术
立井剖面示意图
早期提升运输系统
提升运输系统
采矿工程专业单词表01
绪论☐☐mine n. 矿山,矿井。
v. 采矿☐mining n.采矿,采矿业,采掘行业☐mineral n. 矿物☐mine development 矿井开拓☐mine planning 矿井设计☐mine operation 矿井作业☐mine closure 矿井关闭☐mine reclamation 矿区恢复治理☐ore n. 矿石☐gangue n. [ɡæŋ] 夹石,夹矸 n. 脉石☐waste n. 废石☐mineral deposit 矿床☐metallic ore 金属矿石☐nonmetallic mineral 非金属矿物☐coal 煤☐petroleum 石油☐natural gas 天然气☐ground control 岩层控制☐ventilation 通风☐haulage 运输☐hoisting 提升☐rock breakage 破岩☐surrounding rock mass 围岩,周围岩层☐Dynamite 炸药☐Dark Ages 黑暗时代(欧洲史上约公元476-1000年),欧洲中世纪☐prospecting 勘探,探矿☐exploration 勘探,探测☐development 开拓☐exploitation 开采☐reclamation [﹑reklə′meɪʃən] 恢复治理,复垦☐colliery [′kɔljəri] n. 矿井,煤矿☐surface mining 露天开采☐shaft 井筒,立井☐slope 斜井☐adit 平硐☐open pit mining 基坑式露天开采井,煤矿☐open cast mining (strip mining) 倒堆式露天开采☐stripe 条带☐stripe mining 条带开采☐aqueous mining method [′eikwiəs] 水采方法☐underground mining 地下开采☐unsupported mining 空场法/无支护法☐supported mining 有支护法☐caving mining 垮落法/崩落法☐unit operations 单元作业;工序☐production operation 生产工序,主要工序☐materials handling 物料搬运☐drill 钻眼☐blast 爆破☐load 装载☐unload,dump,卸载☐haul 运输☐auxiliary operation 辅助工序☐roof support 顶板支护☐ventilation and air-conditioning 通风和空气调节☐power supply 供电☐pumping;drainage 排水☐maintenance 设备维护☐communication 通讯☐lighting 照明☐delivery of compressed air, water 供水和压缩空气☐supplies to the working sections 其它材料供应☐provide slope stability 保持边坡稳定☐waste disposal 废物处理☐supply of material 材料供应1.1 Earth crust and strata☐heavenly body 天体☐atmosphere 大气层☐hydrosphere 水圈☐lithosphere岩石圈☐earth core地核☐earth mantle地幔☐crust地壳☐geologic function; geologic process地质作用☐geologic process from the external force外力地质作用☐geologic process from the internal force内力地质作用☐metamorphic process变质作用☐weathering风化作用☐mechanical weathering物理风化☐chemical weathering化学风化☐disintegration剥蚀,剥蚀作用☐decay 侵蚀、腐蚀☐侵蚀 erosion☐搬运作用 transportation☐沉积作用 deposition, sedimentation ☐成岩作用lithogenesis☐岩石 rock☐土 soil☐矿物 mineral☐火成岩igneous rock☐沉积岩sedimentary rock☐变质岩metamorphic rock☐喷出岩 extruded rock☐侵入岩intrusive rock☐花岗岩 granite☐玄武岩basalt☐斑岩porphyry☐石英 quartz☐长石feldspar☐云母 mica☐砂岩 sandstone☐粉砂岩 siltstone☐细砂岩 packsand☐粗砂岩 gritrock☐砂质泥岩 sandy mudstone☐页岩 shale☐石灰岩limestone☐泥 mudstone☐地层、岩层 stratum (pl) Strata☐大理marble☐板岩 slate☐石英岩quartzite☐gneiss1.2 Origin of Coal☐fossil n. 化石。
采矿工程专业英语词汇手册.doc
采矿工程专业英语词汇手册.doc采矿工程专业英语词汇手册(Glossary of Special English in Mining Engineering )——《采矿学》双语教学专用采矿工程专业内部讲义二零零七年九月Content目录I n t r o d u c t i o n (2)绪论 (2)C h a p t e r1B a s i c c o n c e p t s o f C o a l M i n i n g (2)第一章煤矿开采的基本概念 (2)C h a p t e r2C o a l M i n i n g m e t h o d s (3)第二章采煤方法的概念和种类 (3)Section I Mine Field Development and Mining Design第一篇井田开拓及矿井开采设计C h a p t e r3B a s i c C o n c e p t s o f M i n eD e v e l o p m e n t (4)第三章井田开拓的基本概念 (4)C h a p t e r4M i n eD e v e l o p m e n t W a y s (5)第四章井田开拓方式 (4)C h a p t e r5D e v e l o p m e n t R o a d w a y s L a y o u t (6)第五章井田开拓巷道布置 (4)C h a p t e r6L e v e l s t a t i o n (7)第六章井底车场 (4)C h a p t e r7M i n eD e v e l o p m e n t D e e p e n a n d T e c h n i c a l R e f o r m (8)第七章矿井开拓延深和技术改造 (4)Introduction (绪论)mine n. 矿山,矿井。
v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤underground mining 地下开采surface mining 露天开采reserve n. 储量coal-bearing adj. 含煤的high production and high efficiency 高产高效development n. 开拓preparation n. 准备mining method 采煤方法subside v. 下沉,沉陷subsidence n. 沉降,沉陷mining subsidence n. 开采沉陷mechanize v. 使…机械化mechanization n. 机械化Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Mine (矿井基本概念) coalfield n. 煤田mining area n. 矿区mine field n. 井田divide v. 划分division n. 划分mine production capacity (MPC)矿井生产能力mine service life 矿井服务年限production scale of mine 井型small mine 小型矿井middle mine 中型矿井large mine 大型矿井huge mine 特大型矿井strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向dip angle 倾角workable adj. 可采的workable reserve n. 可采储量opening n. 通道,开口mine opening n. 矿山井巷passageway n. 通道shaft n. 立井roadway n. 巷道chamber n. 硐室main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 副立井air shaft 风井blind shaft 暗立井drawn shaft 溜井chute n. 溜煤眼adit n. 平硐drift n. 平硐crosscut n. 联络巷;石门coal crosscut煤门entry n. 平巷haulage n. 运输main haulage roadway 主要运输平巷main return-air roadway 主要回风平巷head entry 区段运输平巷tail entry 区段回风平巷slope n. 斜井rise n. 上山dip n. 下山rock rise 岩石上山coal rise 煤层上山coal haulage rise 运煤上山material transporting rise 运料上山return-air rise 回风上山men-walking rise 行人上山inclined roadway of a strip 分带斜巷inclined coal haulage roadway of a strip 分带运煤斜巷inclined material haulage roadway of a strip 分带运料斜巷development roadway 开拓巷道preparation roadway 准备巷道gateway 回采巷道pit bottom 井底车场shaft bottom 井底车场station n. 车场,车站mining district station 采区车场horizon n. 阶段level n. 水平haulage level 运输水平return-air level 回风水平mining level 开采水平interval between levels 阶段垂高mining district 采区panel n. 盘区sublevel n. 分段strip district n. 带区inclined length 斜长strike length 走向长度district sublevel区段Open-off cut n. 切眼coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面production n. 生产;产量production system 生产系统coal haulage system 运煤系统ventilation n. 通风ventilation system通风系统fresh air 新鲜风dirty air 乏风,污风refuse n. 矸石material and refuse transportation system 运料排矸系统drain v. 排水drainage system 排水系统power supply system (electric power, compressed air) 动力供应(电、压风)communication and monitoring system 通讯、监测系统drive v. 掘进excavate v. 开挖,开掘hoist v. 提升winch n. 绞车Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods (采煤方法)stope 采场mining works/units 回采工作basic operation 基本工序break v. 破碎load v. 装载haul v. 运输auxiliary operations 辅助工序roof support 顶板支护gob treatment 采空区处理auxiliary transportation 辅助运输ventilation 通风drainage 排水power supply 供电,emulsion supply 供液(乳化液)等。
采矿工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要:煤炭产业需要更长远的发展,对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的,作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展,在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的,即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论,煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的,并且包括一切的不可能性。
作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见,举出了许多令人信服的事实,并对大部分新的情况予以求证。
关键字:采矿工程,矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天,科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视,空间工程,信息工程,生物工程和海洋工程的发展,新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。
“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。
在全球的一些大的国家中,互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间,我们不应该忘记基本的事实:有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。
想要保住地球上的人类,我们必须做到以下四个方面:也就是营养物,原料,燃料和环境。
营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物,它们都是来自于自然。
原料有铁、铁的金属,稀罕的金属,宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。
燃料如:煤炭,石油,天然气,铀,放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。
这些也在自然界中发生。
最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。
在上述中三个必要的物质中,原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。
生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。
然而,随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高,逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。
如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业,因此,那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究,并在此之上发展采矿。
采矿工程专业英语总结
采矿工程专业英语总结coalfield 煤田take 井田horizon 阶段mining district/area 采区sublevel 区段coalface 采煤工作面boundary 边界fault 断层normal fault 正断层reverse fault 逆断层fold 褶曲fracture 断裂structure 构造fissure 裂隙cract 裂缝geological structure 地质构造coal seam 煤层sedimentary rock 沉积岩igneous rock 火成岩strata(单数) stratum(复数) 岩层limestone 石灰岩sandstone 砂岩shalyrock 页岩coal bearing strata 煤系地层water bearing strata 含水层water resisting strata 隔水层coal seam 煤层false roof 伪顶floor 底板immediate roof 直接顶main roof 老顶rock property 岩性portal 井口shaft 井筒bottom 井底main shaft 主井subsidiary shaft 副井skip 箕斗cage 罐笼pumping room 泵房substation 变电所drain sump 水仓coal bunker 煤仓electric locomotive room 电机车库first-aid room 急救室explosive room 爆破器材库crosscut 石门horizon haulage lateral阶段运输大巷horizon ventilation lateral阶段回风大巷track/haulage/ventilation incline 轨道/运输/回风上山hoistor room 绞车房haulage/ventilation entry 运输/回风平巷head gate 进风巷tail gate 回风巷openoff cut 开切眼intake air 进风outtake air 回风power supply system 供电系统drainage system 排水系统grouting system 注浆系统material supply system 运料系统bolt 锚杆shearer 采煤机double ranging drum shearer 双滚筒可调高采煤机fixing drum 固定滚筒chain and flat conveyor 刮板输送机stage loader 装载机self-advancing powered support 自移式液压支架chock 支撑式shield 掩护式canopy 顶梁base 底座single hydraulic prop 单体液压支柱ventilating shaft 风井junction 马头门bottom station 井底车场inclined shaft 斜井adit 平硐roadway 巷道room/large opening 硐室steel rope 钢丝绳fresh/stale air 新/乏风gob/goaf 采空区hoisting system 提升系统hoistor 提升机(绞车)roadway layout 巷道布置mine design 矿井设计continuous miner 连续性采煤机Armored Face Conveyor 重型可弯曲刮板输送机top coal caving/sublevel caving 放顶煤。
采矿工程专业英语词汇
采矿工程专业内部讲义二零零七年九月Content目录Introduction (2)绪论 (2)Chapter 1 Basic concepts of Coal Mining (2)第一章煤矿开采的基本概念 (2)Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods (5)第二章采煤方法的概念和种类 (5)Section I Mine Field Development and Mining Design第一篇井田开拓及矿井开采设计Chapter 3 Basic Concepts of Mine Development (8)第三章井田开拓的基本概念 (8)Chapter 4 Mine Development Ways (10)第四章井田开拓方式 (10)Chapter 5 Development Roadways Layout ..... (12)第五章井田开拓巷道布置 (12)Chapter 6 Level station ….………………………………………………………..…第六章井底车场…… ……………………………………………….…Chapter 7 Mine Development Deepen and Technical Reform…………………………………第七章矿井开拓延深和技术改造………………………………………….…Introduction (绪论)mine n. 矿山,矿井。
v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤underground mining 地下开采surface mining 露天开采reserve n. 储量coal-bearing adj. 含煤的high production and high efficiency 高产高效development n. 开拓preparation n. 准备mining method 采煤方法subside v. 下沉,沉陷subsidence n. 沉降,沉陷mining subsidence n. 开采沉陷mechanize v. 使…机械化mechanization n. 机械化Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Mine (矿井基本概念)coalfield n. 煤田mining area n. 矿区mine field n. 井田divide v. 划分division n. 划分mine production capacity (MPC)矿井生产能力mine service life 矿井服务年限production scale of mine 井型small mine 小型矿井middle mine 中型矿井large mine 大型矿井huge mine 特大型矿井strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向dip angle 倾角workable adj. 可采的workable reserve n. 可采储量opening n. 通道,开口mine opening n. 矿山井巷passageway n. 通道shaft n. 立井roadway n. 巷道chamber n. 硐室main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 副立井air shaft 风井blind shaft 暗立井drawn shaft 溜井chute n. 溜煤眼adit n. 平硐drift n. 平硐crosscut n. 联络巷;石门coal crosscut煤门entry n. 平巷haulage n. 运输main haulage roadway 主要运输平巷main return-air roadway 主要回风平巷head entry 区段运输平巷tail entry 区段回风平巷slope n. 斜井rise n. 上山dip n. 下山rock rise 岩石上山coal rise 煤层上山coal haulage rise 运煤上山material transporting rise 运料上山return-air rise 回风上山men-walking rise 行人上山inclined roadway of a strip 分带斜巷inclined coal haulage roadway of a strip 分带运煤斜巷inclined material haulage roadway of a strip 分带运料斜巷development roadway 开拓巷道preparation roadway 准备巷道gateway 回采巷道pit bottom 井底车场shaft bottom 井底车场station n. 车场,车站mining district station 采区车场horizon n. 阶段level n. 水平haulage level 运输水平return-air level 回风水平mining level 开采水平interval between levels 阶段垂高mining district 采区panel n. 盘区sublevel n. 分段strip district n. 带区inclined length 斜长strike length 走向长度district sublevel区段Open-off cut n. 切眼coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面production n. 生产;产量production system 生产系统coal haulage system 运煤系统ventilation n. 通风ventilation system通风系统fresh air 新鲜风dirty air 乏风,污风refuse n. 矸石material and refuse transportation system 运料排矸系统drain v. 排水drainage system 排水系统power supply system (electric power, compressed air) 动力供应(电、压风)communication and monitoring system 通讯、监测系统drive v. 掘进excavate v. 开挖,开掘hoist v. 提升winch n. 绞车Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods (采煤方法)stope采场mining works/units 回采工作basic operation 基本工序break v. 破碎load v. 装载haul v. 运输auxiliary operations 辅助工序roof support 顶板支护gob treatment 采空区处理auxiliary transportation 辅助运输ventilation 通风drainage 排水power supply 供电,emulsion supply 供液(乳化液)等。
外文翻译---中国采矿业的发展历程
附录4中国采矿业的发展历程在中华人民共和国六百万位矿工在由矿工组成很好结束一半在世界和构成采矿业的最大的区段的当中一个全世界。
他们导致至少世界的煤炭产品的11%容易地生产其它主要生产商整个煤炭工业象澳洲或印度。
中国是金属和矿物的最大的生产商和消费者,当中在世界储量最多的是:锑, 煤炭、钢、锰、锡、钨和锌;矿工生产至少占这些矿物的30% 。
中国是独特的在它的采矿业标度和变化; 但是, 一点公开被出版了在主题。
这个报告概述在中国采矿的基本的现实和面孔在中国。
今天在中国多数采矿被分类当乡镇企业(TVE) 。
在70 年代晚期当中国开始实施经济改革, 两个想法“吸收节余农村劳动力,加快促进经济增长和和劝阻过份都市迁移' TVEs 的想法由状态繁殖了。
TVEs 后来来控制中国的农村经济, 雇用120 百万名工作者, 和生产亿万美元物品包括一切从玩具到煤炭。
某一TVE 矿是大和足够老练, 然而, 提出问题是否他们实际上是矿。
有并且许多0N 私有的小矿和彻底的非法矿的一个不确定的数字。
此外, 一些国有矿, 被认为大规模, 实际上是相当小和原始的。
因而, 那里可能是采矿的没有清楚的法律定义在中国。
私人企业矿是坚硬的对分别于TVE 操作。
他们由私有金钱主要提供经费, 但这金钱经常有与当地政府官员的一些连接。
任何地方从一对几个商人将设定一个小正式公司以归属被划分成份额根据最初的贡献。
这些矿通常被准许, 但执照由当地政府官员和主要形式提供。
中央政府赶走了自己大多它的矿在过去几年内, 给他们省和当地政府。
但是, 这些矿仍然属于国有矿类别, 和不能被分离从正式统计。
这些矿财政结构很少清楚因为中国行动朝市场经济。
这些国有小矿倾向于严密遵循法律比其它小矿, 和看上去有一个显着更好的安全和环境纪录比其他。
采矿操作由各种各样的法律治理;但是, 一个法定社会的概念是相当新的对共产主义中国。
大多法律是唯一十年或很老和他们意味更远你越来越少得到从北京。
采矿工程专业英语(部分重要文章翻译)
采矿工程专业英语(部分重要文章翻译)P1 二、复合难句:1、Mining may well have been the second of humankind's earliest endeavors--granted that agriculture was the first. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization如果说农业是人类最早的产业(文明)的话,那么采矿就理所当然地排在第二。
这两种产业作为人类早期文明最原始或最基本的产业联系在了一起。
2、If we consider fishing and lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production as part of mining , then agriculture and mining continue to supply all the basic resources used by modern civilization如果我们把捕鱼业和伐木业作为农业的一部分,而石油和天然气产业作为采矿的一部分,那么农业和采矿业至今仍是现代文明所使用的基础资源的支柱3、Here the term mining is used in its broadest context as encompassing the extraction of any naturally occurring mineral substances-solid , liquid , and gas-from the earth or other heavenly bodies for utilitarian purposes.这里所说的采矿是指广义上的,因为它包括为实利目的而从地球或其他天体岩石中获取任何天然形成的固态、液态和气态矿物的开采4、Mine:An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals采矿:为了开采矿物而在地球上进行的一种挖掘5、Mining: the activity , occupation , and industry concerned with the extraction of minerals采矿业:一种与开采矿物有关的活动、职业和产业6、Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineeringprinciples to the development ,planning , operation , closure and reclamation of mines.采矿工程:运用工程原理生产、规划、运作和关闭(充填)以及对矿山再利用(复垦)的一种实践7、Mineral:A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition , crystal form , and physical properties.矿物:一种天然形成的无机元素或化合物(无机物),它有着有序的内部构造、特有的化学成分、结晶形式和物理性质。
专业采矿词汇
采矿工程专业英语词汇手册(Glossary of Special English in Mining Engineering )采矿工程专业内部讲义二零零七年三月ContentChapter 3 .1 Mining method................................ Chapter 3 .2 Mine Preplanning ............................. Chapter 3.3 Mine development.............................. Chapter 4.1 Walling system introduction..................... Chapter 4.2 Ground control................................ Chapter 4 .3 Roof support system........................... Chapter 4.4 Longwall coal-getting machine................... Chapter 4.5 Conveying system.............................. Chapter 4.6 Ventilation system ............................ Chapter 5 Pillar system .................................. Chapter 6 Roadway excavation and support.................... Chapter 7 Novel mining methods ........................... Chapter 3 .1 Mining methodmining method 采矿方法;mining operation 采矿作业;transportation 运输;ventilation 通风;ground control 顶板管理;the cost of per ton of coal 吨煤成本;recovery 回采率;subside v. subsidence n.地表沉陷;subsidence control 地表沉陷控制cover 覆盖层;overburden 上覆地层;immediate roof 直接顶;floor 底板;dip (Pitch)倾角;hardness 硬度;strength 强度;cleavage 解理;gas,methane 瓦斯daily operation 日常工作single operation 单一工序unit operation 单元作业auxiliary operation辅助作业cutting n. 切割,掏槽;blasting n. 爆破loading n. 装煤haul v. 运输,搬运drainage n.排水power n. 动力 power Supply 动力供应communication n. 通讯lighting n.照明。
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History Of Coal MiningThe exact date of man’s first use of coal is lost in antiquity .The discovery that certain black rock would burn was undoubtely accidently and probably occurred independently and many times in the world over thousands of year’s It is quitely likely that these independently discoveries were made when primitive man chanced to build camp fires on exposed ledges of a black rock ,then was amazed when it caught fire.The chinese recorded the use of coal 1000 years before the Christian Era and from the Bible we learn that King Solomon was familiar with coal in what is now Syria .In Wales, there is evidence that the Bronze Age people used coal for funeral pyres ,and it is known that the Romans used this fuel .There are other ancient references.So the knowledge that coal would burn, and there even some uses of that knowledge ,go back thousands of years .However ,practical and consistent use of coal seems to date to Englangd in the Middles Ages.In the Amercias ,there is evidence here and there of occasional use by the Indians ,However, the first recorded discovery of coal ,in what is now US was by French explorers,who reported an outcrop exposure on the Illinois River in 1679. Following this other discoveries were made by French and Btitish explores ,but the first recorded actual usage was in Virginia in 1702,where a French settler was granted permission to use coal for his forge.Earliest recorded commercial mining was in 1750 from the James River coalfiele near Richmond ,V A,a deposit now abandoned .Besides local consumption from this field ,shipments were made to Philadephia,New York, and Boston.At first all coal was hewed by hand from the solid bed by use of pick and bar .It was then shoveled into baskets ,boxes or wheelbarrows and dragged by men ,or women ,to the outside or to the foot of a shaft .Later ,cars were developed but still drawn over wood plank by humans .As time went on ,iron straps ,then rails ,were used for the cars while mules ,ponies ,or horese did the pulling.Gradually ,black powder was introduced to blast down the coal ,but undercutting,sidecutting, and drilling were still done by hand .During thedate 1700s and 1800s ,a number of basic developments greatly aided the mining of coal .The first steam engine was invented by James Watt in 1775 in Britain to pump water from mines ,a very important applicantion that made it possible for mines to go deeper .The first rail transportation was for mining ,the first steam locomtive was developed in 1814 by George stephenson in England for a colliery ,and the first electric locomotive was developed in 1883 in Genmany for underground use .Mechanization of operations at the face started before 1900 with development of punching machines and chain-type cutters for undermining the coal seam before blasting ,of coal and rock drills ,electric and compressed air locomotives ,and even some early experiments with continuous mining machines.Longwall mining was used here and there in the US until about 1910 ,particularly in Illionois ,but then became noncompetiteve with roon-and-pillar methods in thicker seama that better lent themselves to mechanization .In the meantime ,longwall continued to be dominant in Europe and asia because of thin coal and depth of cover.During Worle WarⅡ,the Germansdeveloped the longwall scraper for continuous loading onto a chain conveyor at the face .This was followed by various types of shearing machines developed in several counties.However ,the most important development was in hydraulic ,selfpropelled roof jacks and chocks that greatly reduced the manpower formerly required to set and reset individual jacks and to build cribs by hand .With these developments ,US coal companies again became interested in the longwall system .Numerous modifications and a general “beefing-up”were found necessary for US conditions but ,after some faliures and misapplications ,longwallminging has became practical in this country, providing mining conditions are right ,as attested by the gradually increasing number of units .Surface mining was the earliest methord of extracting coal .It consisted of recovering coal exposed in stream beds and visible outcrops with zero to a few feet of loose dirt cover. Under deeper vover and erder rock the cheapest methord---in fact the only means of recovery atfirst---was by underground mining ,so surface developments were insignificant until about 1910 ,although ,here and there ,slip and cart scrapers drawn by mules were used to a very small extent.采煤发展历程有关人类首次使用煤的确切时间,历史上并没有记载,发现能燃烧的“黑色石头”毫无疑问是个偶然,并且在过去的几千年里,在世界各地有着各种不同的传说。