西方文明史导论复习
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1作为一门历史学科的入门课程,智慧树西方文明史导论涉及了从古埃及文明、古希腊文明、罗马帝国的盛世到黑暗时期、文艺复兴和近代欧洲的历史发展。
但是,在学习这门课程时,很多学生都会遇到一些问题,下面就来详细解答一下智慧树西方文明史导论中的几个关键问题。
一、为什么古埃及社会中文明得以发展?古埃及文明在全球历史上具有举足轻重的地位。
从早期的红山文化到篝火石器时代,再到中王国时期,古埃及人通过对尼罗河流域的农业开发和掌握了尼罗河航运,建立了强大的国家,培养了许多能够写作的官僚和学者。
此外,古埃及人还推崇人类形象的神明,同时加强了他们与自然和宇宙的联系,形成了强烈的信仰和一种富有特色的文化。
这些都为古埃及文明的繁荣提供了坚实的基础。
二、古希腊为什么被视为人类思想的源头?古希腊文明可以说是人类思维史上的一个重要事件,其对于现代思想、科学和艺术等领域的影响深远。
古希腊城邦的兴起使得前所未有的知识交流变得尤为频繁,加上全民公民制和男子自由,使得自我意识和理性思维变得更为重要。
同时,古希腊人也是众多伟大思想家和哲学家的发源地,例如柏拉图、亚里士多德和苏格拉底等,这些人的思想和理念带来了对自我和人类的思考,为后续的哲学和科学的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
三、文艺复兴为什么是欧洲文明之花?文艺复兴是欧洲文明史上一个浪漫而又富有历史意义的时期,为欧洲的文化、艺术和科学等领域注入了新的活力。
它不仅是欧洲古典文明与基督教文明相互融合的结果,也是意大利城市国家的文化兴盛的产物。
文艺复兴期间欧洲艺术家和思想家的活跃推动了人类思想、社会和经济的进步。
此外,文艺复兴的影响也远远超越欧洲,传递到亚洲和美洲,极大地促进了人文主义、自由思考和美学的发展。
总之,智慧树西方文明史导论作为一门引领着人类思想、文化和艺术的门户课程,深入浅出地介绍了西方文明的起源与发展,让人们能够更好地理解这场历史画卷。
尽管时代在变,但历史的经验和教训却始终为后进之人提供着巨大的帮助和启示,只有了解历史、借鉴历史,才能够更好地迎接未来的挑战和机遇。
西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)
西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点,强调延续性?A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案:AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合?A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案:ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史,通常被界定为?A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案:C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案:ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案:B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征?A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案:C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点?A.独立于封建政府,直接来自民间,受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化,不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会,不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案:ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些?A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案:ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用,这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的,从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论?A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案:A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》,在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化,纠正将差异变为对立的做法?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征?A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案:ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质?A.能服从领导,但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众,但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力,但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学,但不照搬照抄正确答案:ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的?A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案:ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示?A.文明从造墙开始,到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案:ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位?A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案:A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念,强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法,认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性,甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式?A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革,而是存在诸多的宗教改革,如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张?A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督,而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案:B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响?A.政治上,变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上,关闭修道院,不再向教会纳税,教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上,将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上,强调基督徒的自由正确答案:ABCD22.在七大圣礼中,哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的?A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案:C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案:B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面?A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案:ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点?A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案:ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型?A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案:AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中,哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指?A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案:C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡?A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡,过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案:ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性,使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责?A.独立于封建政府,直接来自民间,受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化,不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会,不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案:ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段?A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案:BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变,叫转型,也叫过渡,但是有两种情况:一种是有过渡期的过渡,另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
最新西方文明史复习资料汇总
西方文明史复习资料考试题型:名词解释、填空题、简答题、论述题1、什么是欧洲文明?三大要素:古典遗产Classical Heritage 蛮族入侵Barbarian Invasions基督教Christianity.四大特色:海洋、延续、多元、西进四大遗产:古希腊的理性Ancient Greek rationality古罗马的法律Ancient Roman legal codes希伯来的信仰Ancient Hebrew faith日尔曼的进取Germanic spirit of venture2、西方文明沿革的历史轨迹米诺斯文明(约BC20----15世纪)——迈锡尼文明(约BC16-----12世纪)——古典希腊文明(BC8----1世纪)——古罗马文明(BC7----AD5世纪)——【中世纪基督教文明(5----15世纪)——现代西方文明(15世纪---)】或——【拜占庭文明——东正教文明、伊斯兰教文明】3、文明【重点】(可用书本上的定义)一个特定的人群,在特定的时空范围内积累的物质财富和精神财富。
物质文明:遗存、器物,生产生活的技术水平。
精神文明:哲学、宗教、文学艺术、思想。
功能文明:管理体制、运行机制。
“文明”第一次作为一个名词使用是法国启蒙思想家密拉波于1756年在《人类的朋友》一书中提出的。
4、“文明”与“文化”的异同【重点】文化——人类所创造的一切物质和精神成果的总和。
文明——是发展到高级阶段的人类文化,是文化中积极进步的成果,是人类一定历史发展阶段所形成的历史形态。
文化与文明的异同:异:高级阶段积极进步的成果同:两者的相互联系和相互重合的部分,远远多于它们所表现出来的差异与区分之处。
从广义上讲,文明和文化可以基本等同,没必要过多地纠缠它们的细微差别。
5、人类的起源【重点】地球的历史可分为太古代、元古代、古生代、中生代和新生代。
古猿出现在新生代第三纪的渐新世,人类由古猿演化而来。
从猿到人经过了三个阶段:攀树的猿群、正在形成中的人、完全形成中的人。
《西方文化导论》复习综合题库
《西方文化导论》综合复习第一章西方文化的起源一、填空1 、希腊历史的第一页是 ___非洲_____ 文明的历史。
爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化,先后形成了两大中心: ________ 和 ________ ,因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。
2 、公元前 ________ 年期间,是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。
克里特文化的中心是 ________ ,传说中的 ________ 国王建立了海上霸权,控制了整个爱琴海地区。
克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段,在它的繁盛期,线形文字全岛通用,这种文字又称 ________ ,以区别迈锡尼的 ________ 。
3 、迈锡尼文化以 ________ 而得名,但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称,是 ________ 的继续,只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。
4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 ________ ,陶器表面多用 ________ 来装饰,所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为 ________ 风格文化。
5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。
随着希腊文化中心的北移,希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ________ 和 ________ 文明的巨大影响,形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。
奠定了日后 ________ 的根基。
二、名词解释1 、迈锡尼文化2 、荷马史诗三、问答题:1 、荷马史诗的成就是什么?第二章希腊古典时代的文化一、填空1 、在古希腊史上,通常把公元前 8 世纪—前 6 世纪称为 ________ ,这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重要时期;公元前 6 世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊,称为 ________ ,是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期;古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一时期,为 ________ ,是上古希腊文化广泛传播于 _______ 、________ 、 ________ 三大洲许多地区的时代,同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。
西方文明史复习资料
西方文明史复习资料一、古典文明1、两河流域文明●北纬三十度现象:自然文明之谜➢自然景观:长江、尼罗河、幼发拉底河、密西西比河均在此纬度入海;珠穆拉玛峰、马里亚纳海沟、死海、百慕大等。
➢文明的聚居:北纬三十度线贯穿四大文明古国。
附近有埃及胡夫金字塔,狮身人面像;空中花园;三星堆;玛雅文明。
●人类文明最早出现在西亚的两河流域,两河是指幼发拉底河和底格里斯河。
●苏美尔文明——两河流域最早的文明➢文字(人类步入文明的一个最为重要的标志):楔形文字(苏美尔文明的特征之一,人类最早的文字)。
●阿卡德文明——苏美尔文明之后●古巴比伦王国——阿卡德文明之后➢其第六代王汉谟拉比最为著名,制定了著名的《汉谟拉比法典》。
●新巴比伦王国➢ B.C.586年尼布甲尼撒二世统治下,新巴比伦王国灭亡了居住在巴勒斯坦地区的犹大王国,攻占了耶路撒冷,将犹大王和数万上层犹太人掳至巴比伦,制造了著名的“巴比伦之囚”历史事件➢ B.C.587年重建巴比伦,修建“通天塔”,与“空中花园”● B.C.539年波斯人征服新巴比伦,标志着两河流域文明的终结2、北非文明●古埃及文明:埃及——尼罗河的馈赠➢西方史学之父——希罗多德,他写成的《历史》主要记载公元前6世纪左右的希波战争,这场战争是东方世界与西方世界的第一次碰撞。
他曾说:“埃及是尼罗河的馈赠”➢古埃及文明的没落:公元639年,随着伊斯兰教的出现和阿拉伯人对埃及的征服,埃及逐渐成为伊斯兰教文化圈的成员,古老的埃及文明被彻底埋葬,成为了人类历史的一个“失落”文明。
➢埃及文字:象形文字埃及的书写载体:纸草➢埃及的宗教观以及其体现:1)相信世界是由神创造的,尽管对创世的揭示多种多样。
埃及人特别崇拜太阳。
2)相信代表神的意志的“玛阿特”的存在和法老就是“玛阿特”的化身。
这一观念使得法老成为人神一体的君主。
反对法老就是违背神的意志,这使得法老的地位不可动摇;3)相信神对社会的保护作用,保护神的观念十分流行;4)相信来世,相信人死后生命继续存在的观念十分流行,死亡被看做是从一个世界到另一世界。
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(一)
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(一)智慧树西方文明史导论是一门非常基础且重要的历史课程。
在学习过程中,我们必须掌握许多核心问题,这些问题涵盖了西方文明的发展历程以及历史中一些重要的事件和人物。
在本文中,我们将对智慧树西方文明史导论中的一些重要问题进行详细的解释和阐述。
1.西方文明的起源是什么?西方文明的起源是一个复杂而多面的问题。
许多学者认为西方文明的起源可以追溯到古希腊和罗马文化。
这两个文化都对后世的西方文明产生了深远的影响。
在古希腊,哲学、政治和艺术得到了大力发展。
希腊人通过研究自然现象和人类行为,提出了许多重要的理论和思想,他们认为人类可以通过理性思维来探索世界的真理。
罗马则在军事、法律和政治方面进行了伟大的发展。
罗马共和国和罗马帝国的成立,对西方文明的形成和发展产生了深远的影响。
2.文艺复兴是怎么开始的?它在文化方面起到了哪些作用?文艺复兴是一个重要的历史时期,它发生在14至17世纪的欧洲。
它标志着欧洲文化、艺术和文学的重要变革。
文艺复兴的起源可以追溯到意大利,它是在城市重新兴起和贵族阶层重新崛起的背景下开始的。
在这个时期,人们开始对古希腊和古罗马文化进行重新学习。
人们开始对生命和人类存在的本质进行思考,产生了许多新的文学和艺术作品。
文艺复兴在文化方面起到了重要的作用。
它改变了人们的思考方式和审美标准,使人们开始重视科学和艺术。
它在建筑、雕塑、绘画和文学方面产生了许多重要的成果。
3.工业革命是怎么开始的?它产生了什么影响?工业革命是18世纪到19世纪期间在欧洲和美国发生的革命性变革。
它是一次从手工业制造到机械化和工厂化制造的重要转变。
工业革命的开始可以追溯到英国,这是因为英国有丰富的煤炭和铁矿资源。
随着机器的发明和生产技术的提高,工业生产的效率和规模得到了极大的提高。
工业革命对全球产生了深远的影响。
它引领了后来的科技革命和信息革命。
它改变了社会的生产方式和生活方式,使人们从传统的手工业过渡到工业化生产。
西方文明史复习资料 2
西方文明史复习资料备注:所有名词解释和论述题第二题各带中文,英文翻译是百度翻译而来,肯定有语法错误,请注意!名词解释:1.文艺复兴(Renaissance)文艺复兴是14世纪在意大利各城市兴起,16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动,带来一段科学与艺术革命时期,揭开了现代欧洲历史的序幕,被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。
(下面是翻译)The Renaissance was fourteenth Century the rise in Italy City, an ideological and cultural movement that flourished in Europe in sixteenth Century, brought a period of revolution of science and art, opened a prelude to modern European history, is considered to be the middle ages and modern dividing line. Marx's historians believe is the division between the age of feudalism and capitalism era.2.启蒙运动(Enlightenment)启蒙运动是发生在17、18世纪欧洲的一场反封建、反教会的资产阶级思想文化解放运动,它为资产阶级革命作了思想准备和舆论宣传,是继文艺复兴运动之后欧洲近代第二次思想解放运动。
(下面是翻译)The Enlightenment was occurred in 17 in Europe in eighteenth Century, an anti feudal, anti church bourgeois ideology liberation movement, the bourgeois revolution made ideological preparation and propaganda, is following the Renaissance of modern European second ideological liberation movement.3.光荣革命(Glorious Revolution)1688年英国资产阶级和新贵族发动的一次政变。
西方文明史导论 (5)
第五讲西方的传统:基督教中世纪时期,罗马教会非常有势力。
教会自成体系,在宗教、政治、司法和道德、文化方面都具有重要影响。
到了近代前期,教会已经处于危机之中。
造成教会危机的原因是多方面的,其中,教会的世俗化是一个重要的原因。
十字军的负面影响十字军运动对于教会的组织产生了许多负面效应,使得天主教罗马教会的声望大受影响。
12世纪时,西欧十字军对于异教徒的讨伐曾被教会广泛宣传,为教会赢得许多声誉。
但是到了13、14世纪,对伊斯兰教的战争节节失败,巴勒斯坦等基督教圣地降服于穆斯林。
教皇呼吁各国君主重兴十字军,但没有成功。
事实上十字军已经变质,如第四次十字军并不攻击叙利亚和埃及的伊斯兰教徒,而是攻击拜占庭的帝国的正统派基督徒。
十字军一般都由世俗的君主和意大利商人来领导,目的不在增加上帝的光荣、扩张基督教的势力,而是在发展国家的威力,促进个城市的贸易罢了。
十字军的这种变质,还表现在十字军被用来攻击在欧洲的基督教异端。
十字军曾被用来镇压法国南部的阿尔比宗教派别,又屡次用来攻击神圣罗马帝国的皇帝和其他基督教的君主,这使许多良好的基督徒都觉得教皇在利用十字军为自己谋取利益和世俗权力。
他们不愿再服从教廷的命令和需要了。
人们十分惊奇为什么教皇要鼓动基督徒杀戳基督徒,并且给杀戳者和以前杀戳不信奉基督教者同样的报酬。
1453年君士坦丁堡陷落,表明十字军运动走向衰败。
教皇庇护二世曾就欧洲没有能力讨伐土耳其人一事,发表坦率的谈话:“这里既没有尊敬也没有服从。
‘教皇’和‘皇帝’都成了空洞的头衔。
每个城市有自己的首领,还有数不清的家族和君主。
如何能够说服这些基督教王国的国王们去组成一支军队,并服从于统一的原则?如果你传话给他们,国王也都召集军队,你又能相信谁能担当统帅之职?这支军队的秩序会如何?会有什么军事纪律?要服从什么?谁来照管这群混合的羊?谁能够搞得清楚各种不同的地方语言?谁能够把他们的不同习惯加以统一?怎么能使英国人热爱法国人?谁能把热内亚人和阿拉贡人联合起来?谁能把德国人和匈牙利人和波希米亚人统一起来?如果你率领一支小部队去抗击土耳其人,你必是必败无疑,如果是一个大部队,不久就会疑心四起。
最新完美版 西方文明史复习概要 中英对照+重点+部分答案
西方文明史复习概要中英对照+重点+部分答案①考试题型:选择、填空各15分,共30分;英文简答题共4道,20分;中文论述题,三道共50分。
②复习策略:书本为主,所考内容为每一章开章引言,以及每张重点(下文会具体交代);PPT用来贯穿主线索,便于理解史实。
两者缺一不可,相辅相成。
考试不会太难,大家掌握必要常识和单词即可。
③下面是我对知识点的总结,如有纰漏,还望指正。
总目录:Part 1古希腊第一章:亚历山大和他的时代(古希腊文明)Part 2 古罗马第二章:古罗马共和国兴衰史(古罗马文明)第三章:凯撒与耶稣(早期基督教)第四章:罗马和平和帝国的衰亡(罗马后期,帝国时代)Part 3中世纪第五章:信仰之刃--中世纪的繁盛期(中世纪西方文明)Part 4 现代国家的滥觞第六章:“朕即国家”--英法两国君主专制的发展(资产阶级革命前夜)第七章:“勇于求索!”--科学革命(文艺复兴后的科技发展)第八章:启蒙运动第一章:本章讲述的是古希腊时期的民主制度和文化(哲学与神话),以及希腊化时代。
重点掌握古希腊著名哲学思想,以及亚历山大主要事迹。
引言:(此处只是简单概述翻译,具体内容还望大家读书。
下面几章的此部分内容亦是如此。
)公元前五世纪,雅典城邦(the Greek city-state Athens,城邦还可以称为 the polis)诞生了最早的民主制度,由此带来了社会文化的大繁荣,那个世纪便被称为古希腊的“黄金时代”(the Golden Age),堪称是西方文明的滥觞。
此后由于政治经济的最巨大差异,古希腊最强大的两个城邦——雅典和斯巴达(Sparta)陷入了长期的内战,直到公元前404年雅典战败才结束,史称“伯罗奔尼撒的战争”(Peloponnesian War)。
但是由于斯巴达自身政治制度的落后,它的盟主地位(hegemony,盟主权)终于在公元前371年被底比斯城邦取代(Thebes)。
在著名政治家Epaminondas的领导下,底比斯才得以统帅希腊,但随着他在公元前362年去世,一切都结束了。
最新完美版西方文明史复习
西方文明史题型:50%英文部分--选择15判断15简答4*5’ 英文表述(画了12道)50%中文部分--3道论述大题15'+15'+20' (画了11道)前5章攻略:每章前的Chapter theme(很重要)——宋翻译的资料{串通整个西方历史}选择、判断、简答(张的总结):PPT论述:看书,自己上网查资料备注:红色为必须知道和背会的部分总目录(纵线):Part 1古希腊第一章:亚历山大和他的时代(古希腊文明)Part 2 古罗马第二章:古罗马共和国兴衰史(古罗马文明)第三章:凯撒与耶稣(早期基督教)第四章:罗马和平和帝国的衰亡(罗马后期,帝国时代)Part 3中世纪第五章:信仰之刃--中世纪的繁盛期(中世纪西方文明)Part 4 现代国家的滥觞第六章:“朕即国家”--英法两国君主专制的发展(资产阶级革命前夜)第七章:“勇于求索!”--科学革命(文艺复兴后的科技发展)第八章:启蒙运动横线(5):1.政治文明-根基希腊:雅典城邦(民主意识形态的开始)平和,相互自治/独立性,平等性罗马:军事三重政治形势-杀死弟弟之后建立王政(kingship)的政权形势-独裁(dictator)-经过7个伊特鲁利亚人-罗马共和(代议制)内战-屋大维中世纪:西罗马-日耳曼民族:部落君主与教会之争现代:西欧国家-英法:法律至高无上,民主middle-size孟德斯鸠(论法精神)的理论和启蒙运动2.宗教文明(根源形态)对人和社会走向的本质(中国文化没有)多神教polytheism:人与自然之神的敬畏-裸体,万事万物的可读性可视性(形象具体化)一神教monotheism(基督教christianity):人与上帝(对立的关系)-人卑微,压制/上帝高高在上突破自我-文艺复兴,宗教改革(新教形成-人的地位提高,上帝下降),科学革命,思想启蒙运动自然神-生命本源之初上帝有主宰作用,上帝的地位更为地下无神论3.艺术文明古希腊:自然神的缺陷性与人(外形)同形,本质一样(宗教与人的结合)古罗马:缺乏艺术,与自然缺乏和谐性,庞大形态的建筑模式(抬到看)凯旋门:帝国权威,规模宏大(从上到下的压制)建筑物的绘画:(庞培古城)男女并存-人一定要是相关性的,实践的中世纪:基督教-宗教传播者,突出的对人的刻画(赋予极强的宗教性)现代:(理论上)文艺复兴:人文主义humanism4.科技文明:科学(好奇心亚里士多德)技术(需求和需要)-自然哲学古希腊:幻化,可望不可及,纯理论古罗马:实际-外在建筑的强大。
西方文明史 考试复习
大连理工大学西方文明史复习纲要the Code of HammurabiThe culture of MesopotamiaAtrahasisReligion: Ziggurats divinationcuneiformthe Epic of GilgameshThe Culture of EgyptOsiris , IsisMap3.1Why was Homer used as the basis for Greek Education?What questions did the Greek Philosopher pose, and what answers did they suggest?----The Socrates Method----Plato's philosophical thoughtthe Republic , ideas of governmentAcademy----Aristotle's philosophical thoughtGreek Civilization----Why was Greek Religion connected to every aspect of daily life?A: names of major Greek godsRitual is important in Greek ReligionFestivals : to honor...Know the will of the gods----How is democracy developed in Ancient Greek?A: Solon, Cleisthenes, PericlesHistory, DramaAncient RomeEarly Rome----What political institutions help to explain the Romans' success in conquering Italy?---- How did Greek culture influence Roman culture, cite examples of Religion and education to answer the question.names of Roman gods----The Evolution of Roman Law---- Why is second and early third century considered the "classical age of Roman law"?Age of Augustus --. literature in golden age (填空题)Pantheon aqueduct Colosseum amphitheaterChristianityGod's commandgolden rulegospelsSaint Paul ,Hierarchical structure of Papal Monarchy---The two emperors who carried out reforms to restore order and stability? Constantine , Theodosius----Who is Augustine ? What are his two most famous works?----Who is Jerome? What is his contribution to Christianity ?----What is a pope?, why is Pope Gregory the Great remembered----How did Byzantine Empire came into existence?, where is Constantinople in the Map 7.5?----What is Justinian's major contributionIslam?The five pillars of IslamChristianity and Medieval Civilization (填空题, 连线题)Saints ,heresy , relics, crusade vassalage(解释名词)----meaning and Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceHumanismcivic humanismNeo-Platonisma new view of mankindWhat effect did humanists 's view have on education?----What is" liberal studies"---- the impact of printing (填空)Artistic Renaissance填图, Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo,a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religionany opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position。
西方文明史导论复习
西方文明史导论复习西方文明史导论复习希腊一、为什么西方人总是“言必称希腊?”①希腊文化优秀,优秀的事物能完成时间、空间题材三个超越。
②古典的自然主义同过于人为修饰的近代文明形成的巨大反差。
③希腊文化的极性:他们自称英雄,把一切都放到生与死的永恒天平上来称量。
古希腊的三本历史著作都是讲战争的。
(荷马:《荷马史诗》希罗多德:《历史》修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》)④希腊人纯情,是自然主义者。
希腊的建筑、生活,都溶化在大自然之中。
⑤希腊爱美。
美是分等级分内外的。
最后,美是必须独立的。
⑥世界上有四种动力观:生存、信仰、功利、理想主义。
希腊人属于最后一种。
⑦希腊喜欢进行抽象的思考,喜欢理性,强调生活的精度、广度、深度和强度。
⑧希腊人守纪律,例如斯巴达人。
⑨小结:这是从现代人的角度看希腊人,希腊真正的文化基础是英雄主义。
二、希腊文化的特征第一个特征:英雄主义1《荷马史诗》:友情和智慧2 斯巴达的英雄:体魄与力度3 雅典的英雄:美和文化第二个特征:爱文化文化的原意就是培育。
①以艺术为例,希腊人对生命的热烈的爱。
文化从外在进入内心,再从内心进入“精神的太阳”。
②以神话为例:希腊神都是战斗英雄,中国神都是农业工程师。
西方人用武器吃饭,中国人拿树枝就餐。
猛兽崇拜与龙凤崇拜、十二生肖的比较。
③以伦理为例,幸福的观念:五种基本处境:物质、身体、社会、情感、文化需求。
④以哲学为例,苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德希腊文化熔诗性和纪律性为一炉,体现出人的真性情,因此成为西方文化传统中的要素。
希腊在政治、文化上的发展呈多元化,古希腊人所创造出的许多文化、制度和艺术精品,使古典希腊的文化成为西方文明的第一座文化丰碑。
第三个特征:爱美—美的个性形态美的三个等级①自然的美②心灵的美③真理的美:艺术品的自我满足(以艺术品为例:艺术品体现内在美。
人体不需要穿衣服,也体现出美。
美是独立的,真理是不需要掩饰的。
柏拉图之爱。
)第四个特征:高尚的竞争①竞争的目的是改善自己,不像罗马人,竞争是为了存活;②高尚竞争败者承认赢家;③高尚的竞争使得竞争成为团结的手段。
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(1)
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(1)智慧树西方文明史导论是一门非常重要的人文课程,通过学习这门课程,我们可以深入了解西方文明的起源、发展、荣衰和特点。
然而,在学习过程中,也有一些问题需要深入探讨,以下将对一些常见的问题进行详细解答。
一、西方文明的起源是什么?西方文明的起源可以追溯到公元前3000年左右的古希腊城邦时期,当时,希腊城邦不断崛起,出现了许多优秀的城市国家,如雅典、斯巴达等。
这些城邦建立了相对完善的政治体制、社会制度和文化体系,使得人们的思想和文化得以自由发展,从而催生了一系列出色的思想家和文化人物,如柏拉图、亚里士多德等。
二、西方文明的特点有哪些?1. 个人主义:西方文明强调个人的自由、独立和自主,反对束缚人的禁锢和限制。
2. 人文主义:西方文明注重人的尊严和价值,推崇人类的智慧和美德。
3. 宗教改革:西方文明经历了宗教改革的历程,在此过程中,基督宗教被重新定义,使得信仰成为一个自由和个人选择的问题。
4. 科学方法论:西方文明拥有先进的科学方法论体系,注重观察和实验,推崇理性和证据。
三、西方文明如何传播至其他国家和地区?西方文明的传播主要发生在殖民主义时期,欧洲列强将自己的文明和价值体系带到了非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲等地区。
这种传播方式带来了一些积极的影响,如现代化建设、教育、科技等方面的发展,但同时也造成了一些负面的后果,如种族歧视、文化冲突等。
四、西方文明的失败主要有哪些方面?1. 社会分工不合理:在过度工业化和全球化的影响下,社会分工不断扩大,导致一部分人的利益受到伤害。
2. 后现代主义思潮:后现代主义思潮在西方文明中得到了普遍的认同,使得人们对传统价值和现代理性产生怀疑,导致思想和文化的混乱和失衡。
3. 全球性问题:西方文明在全球化进程中遇到了许多问题,如气候变化、环境污染、贫富差距等,这些问题无法单独通过西方文明的力量解决。
总之,对于西方文明史的学习,我们既要回顾西方文明的光辉历程,也要看到现实中存在的问题和挑战,这样才能更好地理解和把握西方文明的精髓,同时也在未来的发展中面对挑战并作出应对。
西方文明史复习资料汇总
西方文明史复习资料考试题型:名词解释、填空题、简答题、论述题1、什么是欧洲文明?三大要素:古典遗产Classical Heritage 蛮族入侵Barbarian Invasions基督教Christianity.四大特色:海洋、延续、多元、西进四大遗产:古希腊的理性Ancient Greek rationality古罗马的法律Ancient Roman legal codes希伯来的信仰Ancient Hebrew faith日尔曼的进取Germanic spirit of venture2、西方文明沿革的历史轨迹米诺斯文明(约BC20----15世纪)——迈锡尼文明(约BC16-----12世纪)——古典希腊文明(BC8----1世纪)——古罗马文明(BC7----AD5世纪)——【中世纪基督教文明(5----15世纪)——现代西方文明(15世纪---)】或——【拜占庭文明——东正教文明、伊斯兰教文明】3、文明【重点】(可用书本上的定义)一个特定的人群,在特定的时空范围内积累的物质财富和精神财富。
物质文明:遗存、器物,生产生活的技术水平。
精神文明:哲学、宗教、文学艺术、思想。
功能文明:管理体制、运行机制。
“文明”第一次作为一个名词使用是法国启蒙思想家密拉波于1756年在《人类的朋友》一书中提出的。
4、“文明”与“文化”的异同【重点】文化——人类所创造的一切物质和精神成果的总和。
文明——是发展到高级阶段的人类文化,是文化中积极进步的成果,是人类一定历史发展阶段所形成的历史形态。
文化与文明的异同:异:高级阶段积极进步的成果同:两者的相互联系和相互重合的部分,远远多于它们所表现出来的差异与区分之处。
从广义上讲,文明和文化可以基本等同,没必要过多地纠缠它们的细微差别。
5、人类的起源【重点】地球的历史可分为太古代、元古代、古生代、中生代和新生代。
古猿出现在新生代第三纪的渐新世,人类由古猿演化而来。
从猿到人经过了三个阶段:攀树的猿群、正在形成中的人、完全形成中的人。
西方文明史导论答案
西方文明史导论答案1 【单选题】(5分)以下哪部著作通过研究日本的国民性、服务于二战后美国对日政策,并成为将基础研究与决策研究紧密结合起来的典范? A. 《菊与刀》 B. 《文明的冲突》正确A查看答案解析5分 2 【多选题】(5分)以下描述哪些符合国民性及国民性研究的特点? A. 国民性包含了文化表象、思维方式、价值观念、社会伦理、宗教传统等要素 B. 反映的是群体的、而非个别的认同和行为的方式 C. 通过国民性研究可以解剖一个国家的密码 D. 国民性研究是一种决策研究正确A,B,C,D二1 【单选题】(5分)希腊举行的第一次全国性的奥林匹克运动会是在哪一点? A. 公元前746年B.公元前776年C. 公元前465年正确B 2 【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合希腊文化的意境?A. 理想与美B. 直觉、诗语和精神的形象化C. 玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生正确A,B,C 3 【多选题】(5分)希腊文化具有如下哪些特点?A. 来自民间的自发的民族文化;B. 心灵性,每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品;C. 向善性;D. 唯美主义; E. 神秘性和悬念正确A,B,C,D,E 三1 【多选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是指哪两部著作在内容和主旨上存在的反差之谜? A. 《伊利亚特》B. 《奥德赛》C. 《工作与时日》正确A,B查看答案解析5分 2 【单选题】(5分)破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻的关键点在于? A. 从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义B. 从唯美主义到现实主义 C. 从浪漫主义到理性主义正确答案是:A四1 【多选题】(5分)罗马文明之所以会取代希腊,在于其文化中的哪些特点? A. 浪漫 B. 理性 C. 现实 D. 世俗正确答案是:B,C,D查看答案解析2 【多选题】(5分)古代西方文明是由以下哪些要素共同塑造而成的? A. 希腊文明 B. 罗马文明 C. 日耳曼文化 D. 基督教要素正确A,B,C,D 查看答案解析5分 3 【单选题】(5分)“希腊传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家 C. 强调家的原则 D. 罗马的反文化正确A查看答案解析5分 4 【单选题】(5分)“罗马传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家C. 强调家的原则D. 罗马的反文化正确B查看答案解析5分 5 【单选题】(5分) “日耳曼传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家 C. 强调家的原则 D. 罗马的反文化正确C查看答案解析5分 6 【单选题】(5分)“原始基督教的传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家C. 强调家的原则 D. 罗马的反文化正确D五1 【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合罗马文化的要素? A. 有用性 B. 工具论 C. 强调身体的快乐 D. 荣誉高于一切正确A,B,C,D 查看答案解析5分 2 【单选题】(5分)在罗马人的眼中,希腊人的文化存在什么问题? A. 没用 B. 俗正确A查看答案解析5分 3 【单选题】(5分)希腊人会觉得罗马人的文化存在什么问题? A. 没用 B. 俗正确B查看答案解析5分 4 【多选题】(5分)通过比较罗马文化和中国文化,可以得出哪些关于中西方文化之间的差异性的结论? A. 西方是高科技文化,中国文化是高情感文化 B. 西方是求新求异,未来崇拜;中国是求全责备,重视传统 C. 西方是重外王,重个人主义;中国是重内圣,重集体主义 D. 西方是断裂性发展,快而不稳;中国是延续性发展正确A,B,C,D 六1 【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了广义上的封建主义的概念,将封建社会视为一种社会类型,综合了封建社会的经济、政治和文化心态? A. 冈绍夫 B. 布洛赫 C. 斯特雷耶正确B查看答案解析5分 2 【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了狭义上的封建主义概念,以法律和政治层面为主,用以指代封君封臣制? A. 冈绍夫 B. 布洛赫C. 斯特雷耶正确答案是:A查看答案解析 3 【单选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不同阶段,这三个阶段的依此顺序为? A. 权贵贵族,等级贵族,封建贵族 B. 封建贵族,权贵贵族,等级贵族 C. 封建贵族,等级贵族,权贵贵族 D. 等级贵族,封建贵族,权贵贵族正确答案是:C 七1 【单选题】(5分)一个社会从中古到近代的转变,叫转型,也叫过渡,但是有两种情况:一种是有过渡期的过渡,另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》见面课答案
见面课:文化兴国的欧洲经验1、” 抒情的天才独能感觉到一个画景,象征世界从神秘的玄同忘我之境中产生。
”这句经典的对于希腊艺术的评论是哪位哲学家所说A.叔本华B.尼采C.柏拉图D.亚里士多德正确答案:尼采2、尼采超人哲学的原型是A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C.亚里士多德D.西塞罗正确答案:苏格拉底3、下列著作属于尼采的是A.《作为意志和表象的世界》B.《悲剧的诞生》C.《君主论》D.《理想国》正确答案:《悲剧的诞生》4、下列作品属于柏拉图的是A.《理想国》B.《乌托邦》C.《形而上学》D.《政治学》正确答案:《理想国》5、《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部长篇史诗统称为A.《荷马史诗》B.《罗马史诗》C.《希腊罗马名人传》D.《建城以来史》正确答案:《荷马史诗》见面课:文艺复兴艺术风格1、下列作品中,属于达芬奇代表作的是A.《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》B.《大卫》C.《西斯廷圣母》D.《雅典学院》正确答案:《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》2、下列作品与艺术家对应正确的一项是A.乔尔乔内《乌比诺的维纳斯》B.拉斐尔《三圣贤》C.达芬奇《最后的晚餐》D.米开朗基罗《格尔尼卡》正确答案:达芬奇《最后的晚餐》3、文艺复兴艺术三杰是A.达芬奇B.拉斐尔C.米开朗基罗D.提香正确答案:达芬奇;拉斐尔;米开朗基罗4、国家软实力要素包括A.政治价值的吸引力B.文化价值的感召力C.科技军事的震慑力D.外交政策的正当性正确答案:政治价值的吸引力;文化价值的感召力;外交政策的正当性5、下列选项不属于优秀研究者的必备素养的是A.广泛阅读,厚积薄发的功底B.宽阔视野,跨学科研究意识C.创新意识,敢于挑战权威D.投机想法,十分强的功利心正确答案:投机想法,十分强的功利心见面课:欧洲中世纪文明的演化1、布克哈特总结文艺复兴时代人身上的特征A.人文主义B.个人主义C.理性主义D.世俗主义正确答案:人文主义;个人主义 ;理性主义 ;世俗主义2、布克哈特认为A.文艺复兴是近代社会的开端B.城邦培养出有个性的公民,不再是中世纪的人C.文艺复兴提倡人自私自利,毫无美德D.文艺复兴时期的人具备了现代的荣誉感正确答案:文艺复兴是近代社会的开端;城邦培养出有个性的公民,不再是中世纪的人; 文艺复兴时期的人具备了现代的荣誉感3、查尔斯·霍莫·哈斯金斯的代表作是A.《十二世纪文艺复兴》B.《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》C.《利维坦》D.《乌托邦》正确答案:《十二世纪文艺复兴》4、《十二世纪文艺复兴》一书传达的主要思想是A.十二世纪和十四世纪存在共性B.否定中世纪是黑暗的,不能因为现代的发达而随意否定中世纪的发展和贡献C.历史发展是延续的渐进的不是断裂的D.中世纪没有那么黑暗和停滞,文艺复兴也没有那么光明和突然正确答案:十二世纪和十四世纪存在共性;否定中世纪是黑暗的,不能因为现代的发达而随意否定中世纪的发展和贡献;历史发展是延续的渐进的不是断裂的;中世纪没有那么黑暗和停滞,文艺复兴也没有那么光明和突然5、下列关于两次文艺复兴说法正确的是A.十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入,倾向于哲学和科学B.十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入,倾向于艺术和文艺C.十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴,偏重哲学和科学D.十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴,偏重艺术和文艺正确答案:十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入,倾向于哲学和科学;十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴,偏重艺术和文艺见面课:谈谈学术素养和写作1、综合国力即指一个国家软实力与硬实力的总和,其影响要素包括①经济的影响力②文化的影响力③政治的影响力④军事的影响力A.①②③④B.①③④C.①②④D.①②③正确答案:①②③④2、中世纪封建制度危机普遍性体现在下列哪些方面A.农奴制度崩溃B.庄园制度崩溃C.雇佣军制度崩溃D.领主附庸制崩溃正确答案:农奴制度崩溃;庄园制度崩溃;雇佣军制度崩溃;领主附庸制崩溃3、为了拯救中世纪欧洲走出泥沼,知识分子们提出文艺复兴运动纲领为①要文化不要愚昧②要美德不要腐败③要丰裕不要饥饿④要秩序不要紊乱⑤要和平不要战争A.①②③④⑤B.①③④⑤C.①②④⑤D.①②③正确答案:①②③④⑤4、欧洲文明的特点包括A.利用文学艺术的宝库,显示欧洲文化的个性B.摒弃“欧洲中心论”,强调向其他国家学习C.强调文明要素的均衡发展、同步发展D.强化欧洲一体化进程,打造拥有共同记忆的共同体正确答案:利用文学艺术的宝库,显示欧洲文化的个性; 摒弃“欧洲中心论”,强调向其他国家学习;强调文明要素的均衡发展、同步发展;强化欧洲一体化进程,打造拥有共同记忆的共同体5、欧洲早期资产阶级革命爆发的时间段是A.1400—1550B.1300—1450C.1500—1550D.1500—1650。
西方文明史复习资料,都是重点哦
1.American GovernmentConstitutionThe United States is a constitutional democracy, a type of government characterized by limitations (boundaries, restrictions) on government power spelled out in a written constitution. Written in 1787, the U.S. Constitution is both the oldest and shortest written constitution in the world. It serves as the supreme (highest, greatest) law (rule, regulation) of the United States.The Constitution•The Constitution outlines a federal government with three separate branches: the legislative (lawmaking) branch (Congress), the executive (decision-making) branch (the presidency), and the judicial branch (the courts).Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the Constitution, which safeguard some specific rights of the American people and the states.•Many states ratified (approved) the Constitution in 1788 and 1789 on the condition that Congress amend it to guarantee certain civil liberties. James Madison drafted these first ten amendments himself, which collectively became known as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights protects some specific rights of both the American people and the states. The table on the next page summarizes the twenty-seven amendments to the ConstitutionLegislative BranchCongress is the legislative branch of the federal government and is responsible for creating laws.Congress consists of two chambers, an upper chamber called the Senate (100 members) and a lower chamber called the House of Representatives (435 members).HOR is fixed and proportionally distributed among the 50 states, each one representing the congressional district.Senate: 100 senators, 2 per state.Congress•Congress has the sole (only) authority to make laws, levy taxes, declare war, and print money, among other powers. Congress also controls the federal budget.Executive Branch•The presidency is the executive branch of the federal government. The president is elected every four years and is responsible for enforcing the laws that Congress makes.The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and has the power to conduct foreign relations.Judicial Branch•The federal courts make up the judicial branch of the federal government, which consists of regional circuit courts, appeals courts, and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest legal authority in the country and has assumed the power of judicial review to decide the legality (validity, truth) of the laws Congress makes.Mythical Founding•Most Americans re-imagine the founding of the United States in mythical terms, as the triumph of wisdom over tyrannical ignorance and as the creation of something new and important in the world.•American citizens tend to revere the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers are seen as models of virtue (quality) and political wisdom.•The iconic image of George Washington on the one-dollar bill or the statue of Abraham Lincoln inside the Lincoln Memorial fits in with this heroic vision of the founders. Struggle Against Tyranny and InjusticeMost Americans often think of their country as the champion of democracy and justice. Many events in American history are therefore seen as part of this struggle. Americans tend to think of the:•Civil War as a battle to end slavery•World War II as the defeat of evil tyrants•Cold War as a triumph of democratic values over communism and totalitarianism. Today, many Americans see the fight against terrorism asthe latest example of the United States standing up for what is right in theworld. (World police)–Today, many Americans see the fight against terrorism as thelatest example of the United States standing up for what is right inthe world. (World police)History as Progress•Although the United States is not a perfect democracy, many Americans interpret its history as progress toward a better democracy. In this view, America has improved from century to century, getting better and more democratic over time. The expansion of the right to vote is the best example.• e.g., At the start of the republic, the right to vote was restricted in most places to older, wealthy, white landowners.Right to Vote•Over time, all citizens won the right to voteIncluding the middle classes, the poor, Women (1920), People of other races (1965), Younger people (1970), American democracy has thus grown as more people have been allowed to participate.2. Superhero mythology reg Intro: HistoryWhat is a myth?A story of unknown authorship that people told long ago in an attempt to answer serious questions about how important things began and occurred.They are stories that explain natural occurrences and express beliefs of right and wrong. Myths usually have a religious or spiritual sense•They are early mans desire to explain the universe.i.e., Apollo, the son of Zeus, drove the chariot of the sun across the skyGods and Goddesses•The gods, goddesses, and heroes are super human in nature.i.e., Atlas bore the weight of the world and the heavens on his shoulders.•Gods sometimes appear in disguised form•Human emotions are experienced by the Gods–i.e., Hera’s jealousy (we will talk about this in a moment)Common Themes in Mythology•Good vs. Evil Light vs. Dark• A metamorphosis may occur Like a butterfly•In Greek mythology–The stories were part of their religion–Their festivals and ritual practices came from the storiesWhat is Greek Mythology?The ancient Greeks were polytheistic, meaning they worshiped multiple gods. They also told many stories (myths) about the gods, which were meant to guide human behavior and teach about the relationship between gods and humans.• The people of ancient Greece shared stories called myths about the gods, goddesses, and heroes in which they believed.• Each god or goddess was worshipped as a deity and ruled over certain areas of the Greeks’ lives.• These exciting stories explained natural phenomena that could not be explained by science in the ancient world.Why is it important?“As one of the major contributors to Western civilization, ancient Greek cultu re has provided the creative energy and prototypes for later forms of Western society. Intellectual and cultural achievements, together with social and economic developments in ancient Greece and its neighboring areas, mark the real beginning of Western civilization and the ending of the uncivilized, barbarous age” (pg. 7).• The Ancient Greek culture has been kept alive by the oral and later written stories handed down through thousands of years.• Modern plays, novels, television programs, movies and even advertisements refer to Greek gods, goddesses, heroes and their stories.• Their history entertains us and provide us with modern Western culture.Gods and Goddesses of the Pantheon on Mount OlympusZeus – Leader of the Olympian Gods (page 12)• He ruled the Olympians.• He was the god of the sky, lightning and thunder carrying a thunderbolt as his symbol (much like a superhero we will talk about in a moment).• He married Hera, his sister, which was a family habit.• He fathered many children with various goddesses and mortals.Hera – Wife of Zeus• She was the protector of marriage and the home.• She was associated with the peacock, because of her great beauty.• She and Zeus were always quarreling.• She was called the queen of intriguers, a vin dictive and jealous wife, who frequently outwitted her husband, Zeus.Poseidon – God of the Sea• He built an underwater palace with a great pearl and coral throne.• Although he chose Thetis, a beautiful water nymph, as his queen, he, like hisbrother Zeus, was a great wanderer fathering hundreds of children.• He was a difficult god, changeful and quarrelsome, but created many curious forms for his sea creatures.• He invented the horse for his sister Demeter, whom he loved.Hades – God of the Underworld• He was the jealous brother to Zeus and Poseidon.• He made Persephone his wife after stealing her from her mother,Demeter, who was his sister.• Because he was a violent god, who was also very possessive of every newsoul, he rarely left his underworld domain.Athena-Goddess of Wisdom, Justice, War, Civilization and Peace• She was born full grown out of the head of Zeus.• She taught man to use tools and taught his wife to spin and weave.• She was the best-loved goddess on Olympus.• She hated Ares, god of war, often besting him in battle.• The Greek city of Athens is named after her.• She was said to have created the spider.Apollo-The Sun God; God of Music, Poetry, Wisdom, Light and Truth• He was the twin brother of Artemis and the most handsom e of the gods.• He was also the god of the healing arts and of medicine.• He drove his chariot across the sky to pull the sun each day.• His son, Phaethon, drives Apollo’s sun chariot with disastrous resultsSo what does this have to do with superheroes?1.In addition to gods and goddesses, the Greeks included many heroes in their myths. Heroes were either human or demigods (the offspring of a human and a god or goddess).2. Most superheroes of today have their origins in the ancient myths of Greece, Rome, and other oldempires. Today, we worship superheroes in the same ways we once worshipped the gods. Zeus and SupermanBoth Superman and Zeus are born leaders, the most powerful of their respective groups. Superman is often thought of as godlike, the alien deity who has become incredibly protective of his adoptive home. Like Zeus, Superman dons a disguise so that he may walk among the mortals and see what life is like on the ground. But both are much more at home in the sky, soaring above us like the gods they are.Hades and BatmanThe dark prince, preferring underground quarters and with unimaginable wealth 2. As Hades is the dark brother of Zeus, so too is Batman the dark version of Superman. Like Hades, Batman makes his home underground and a significant part of his power comes from his riches. This aspect in particular perhaps makes Batman more like Pluto, the Roman version of Hades (page 37). It’s hard not to think of Batman as ruling the underworld of the DC Universe, deciding the ultimate fate of damned souls. Additionally, Batman is often found on the outside of the JLA circle, the member no one quite trusts, much like Hades and his Olympic family.Poseidon and Aquaman1. Poseidon was the main inspiration for Aquaman. They have the same weapon of choice, the trident and both are considered ruler of the seven seas, able to command the ocean and its inhabitants.2. Perhaps the main difference between the two is that while Poseidon is one of the three mostpowerful of the Olympian Gods, Aquaman isn't seen as many people's favorite superhero. I guess it just goes to show that the ancient Greeks thought that the ability to talk to fish was a lot cooler than we do.Hera and Wonder Woman•So, putting aside the warrior aspect of the “Amazon warrior” for a moment, Wonder Woman is really all about the traditions of her people. She fiercely defends her home and her family- just like Hera. While she would likely disagree with Hera about the whole “needing a good man thing”, she does find herself paired with S uperman and Steve Trevor quite a bit. At any rate, both are effectively the “mother” of their respective groups, and react quite fiercely if any of her family attacked.What Is A Superhero?1. Like the gods and goddesses of mythology, a superhero possesses extraordinary or superhuman powers and is dedicated to protecting the public. However, by most definitions, characters do not strictly require actual superhuman powers to be deemed superheroes.Terms such as costumed crime fighters or caped crusaders are sometimes used to refer to those such as Batman and Superman.2. Normally, superheroes use their powers to counter day-to-day crime while also combating threats against humanity by super-villains, their criminal counterparts. Often, one of these super-vil lains will be the superhero’s archenemy.Common Traits Many superhero characters display the following traits:2.Extraordinary powers or abilities, relevant skills and/or advanced3.equipment.4.Superhuman strength5. Ability to fly6. Enhanced senses7.The projection of energy bolts8. A strong moral (ethical) code 10. expectation of reward.9. Willingness to risk one’s own safety in the service of good without11.Refusal or strong reluctance to kill or wield lethal weapons.12 A motivation (inspiration)•13. Sense of responsibility (Spider-Man)15. Personal vendetta against criminals (Batman)16.Strong belief in justice and humanitarian service (Superman)17.Independent Wealth or an occupation that allows for minimal supervision18.A headquarters or base of operations kept hidden from the general publicPresentation3 The Old Testament 97Jewish Culture, The Old Testament, and The New TestamentMoses & Exodus:“Let My People Go!”•Moses received revelations from God: burning bush, rod / staff, 10 plagues, parting of the Red Sea•End of 13th century BCE- Moses led the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt during Rames II reign called the EXODUS•Moses led the 12 Tribes of Israel to Mount Sinai where Yahweh gave him the 10 Commandments, uniting the Hebrews under one God•Moses and Hebrews searched for the “Promised Land” or the land of milk and honey, however they wandered in the desert for 40 yearsJewish Culture•Jewish culture emerged and survived in extraordinary circumstances.•The Jewish people were exiled from one country to another in Europe and elsewhere in the world.•As part of the origins of Western civilization, Jewish culture has contributed to the Western historical development by providing substantial religious ingredients and many other aspects of the whole basic framework of Western society.•At the same time, the Jewish people suffered a lot due to their cultural and religious distinctivenessA brief account of Jewish history•It is said that Jews belong to the Semitic race, as with the original Babylonians, Phoenicians, and Assyrians. They claim to be descended from Abraham, and have emigrated from Mesopotamia (along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) and have settled in the 16th C BC in north Egyppt and then entered Canaan in the 12th C BC. After fighting many wars with local tribes, they ultimately settled on both sides of the Jordan River.The Division and Fall of Israel•After Solomon’s death, a separatist movement headed by Jeroboam rose up in the north of Israel and broke the country into two parts, the south: Judah and the north: Israel (ruled by the descendants of Solomon)•Frequent wars occurred between the two sectors and weakened their power.•In 722 BC, the Assyrian king and his troops attacked Jerusalem and Israel was ruined.•Judah could not evade the fate of being destroyed.•Under the leadership of Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylonia, Jerusalem was besieged twice and the second siege laster three years until the city was finally taken in 586 BC. (Babylonian Captivity)•From then on, Judah and Israel were nonexistent as independent countries.Impact of Ancient Israel•Covenant = formal agreement between Hebrews and God (Yahweh); Hebrews worshipped God and only God, and in return, they would be God’s Chosen People and given Canaan as the Promised Land•Spiritual ideas profoundly influenced Western culture, morality, ethics and conduct•Three of the world’s most dominant religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam all derive their roots from the spiritual beliefs of the Ancient IsraelitesWhat is the bible?•The Bible is a book that can be found almost anywhere on the earth. It has been translated into more than 2000 different languages and dialects. It is also the world's most popular book. Every year more copies of the Bible are sold than any other publication, and the number of sales is increasing.Unknown Authorship1. The Bible is one of the world's oldest books. Its oldest sections were written about 1500 years before the birth of Christ. Even its newest sections were written about 1900 years ago.2. Clearly, then, having been written over a period of about 1600 years, the Bible was not written by one person. No one knows precisely how many people contributed to the Bible. It is estimated there were about forty authors.3. One of the most important facts about the Bible is that those who wrote it did not claim to be the source of the ideas they wrote about. sometimes indirectly, the authors assert that what they were writing really came from God.The Old TestamentThe Old Testament is the first section of the Christian Bible and is based primarily upon the Jewish, Hebrew Bible, a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites.The importance of Christianity•Christianity is the most important religion in the Western world. Having served as a dominant ideological tool, Christianity once exerted powerful influences on the social and intellectual life of the Western world. It is still of much importance to the Western culture, especially in the spiritual life of the Westerners though its heyday has passed. It could be said that no one can understand the West without studying Christianity.However…Christianity has been at the heart of great historical changes and has broken up into several factions, principally Catholicism, the Eastern Orthodoxy and the Protestantism, which all try to interpret the Christian doctrines from different perspectives. This has given rise to more difficulties and complexities for those wishing to acquire a better knowledge of Western religions Christianity and Judaism•The relationship between Christianity and Judaism proved extraordinarily difficult and complicated due to historical incidents. On one hand, the birth of Christianity indirectly acknowledged the Jewish contribution and the influence of Judaism, and once could also say Christianity could have never been established without the Jewish involvement during the dark years when the Jewish people lived under the cruel oppression of the Roman rule and had begun to fight against it.The New Testament•The New Testament contains 27 parts, which were completed in the later half of the first century AD or the first half of the second century AD. They are all of the recollections of the early Christians. The earliest manuscript was written in Greek and possibly translated from Arabic, the Palestine language. It conists of the four Gospels(brief collections of Jesus’ life), a book of the Acts of the Apostles, Letters, and The Revelations of John.Presentation4 Halloween 97Origins and Traditions OriginsHalloween began two thousand years ago in Ireland, England, and Northern France with the ancient religion of the Celts (Paganism).They celebrated their New Year on November 1st.This day marked the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. On the night of October 31, they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth.CostumesPeople thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes…So they wore costumes. This way, the ghosts couldn’t recognize them!Eg. Beetle juice Edward Scissor handsThe Christian InfluenceAs the influence of Christianity spread into Celtic lands, in the 7th century, Pope Boniface IV introduced All Saints' Day, a time to honor saints and martyrs, to replace the Pagan festival of Samhain. It was observed on May 13th.A change of dateIn 834, Pope Gregory III moved All Saint's Day from May 13th to Nov. 1st. Oct. 31st thus became All Hallows' Eve ('hallow' means 'saint').All Souls DayNovember 2nd, called All Souls Day, is the day set apart in the Roman Catholic Church for the commemoration of the dead.Trick-or-treating began with the poor in the 15th century…During the All Souls Day festival in England, poor peop le would beg for “soul cakes,”made out of square pieces of bread with currantsFamilies would give soul cakes in return for a promise to pray for the family’s relatives children…The practice, which was referred to as "going a-souling" was eventually taken up by children who would visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given ale, food, and money.Today…Children still go from house-to-house, but instead of ale, food, and money, they get candy. With Irish Immigration…In 1848, millions of Irish emigrants poured into America as a result of the potato famine.They brought with them their traditions of Halloween.Halloween came to America.They called Halloween Oidche Shamhna (`Night of Samhain'), as their ancestors had, and kept the traditional observances.When they arrived in America they found that pumpkins were both plentiful and easier to carve than turnips.Chapter 5 The Middle Ages: IntroductionLearning Intentions (goals)1) Know when the Three Stages of the Middle Ages were.2) Know some of the key events from the topic.3)Know the key event the Unit focuses upon.What was the Middle Ages the ‘Middle’ of?•The Middle Ages was the period of European history between 500AD and 1500AD.•Other names for this period include the Dark Ages and the Age of Religion.•The most common name for this period is the Medieval Period.•‘Medieval’ is the Latin T erm for the ‘Middle Ages’ (it comes from the same word that gave us Median in mathematics).The Early Middle Ages (550 – 1000)Key Events:•End of the Roman Empire•The Rise of Islam•The rule of Barbarian Kings.•Charlemagne creates the Carolingian Empire.•Europe terrified by waves of invaders.•The emergence of Knights and Feudalism.The beginning of the Middle•The Middle Ages begins with the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476.•The Romans had ruled provinces in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa for nearly a thousand years.•Challenges to Roman security increased during the first century (0-100 AD) as tribes from Germania (Germany) began to confront the Romans.Division of Rome•One of the consequences of the weakening of Rome was the division of the Roman Empire.•This was intended to make governing easier.•In 376 AD the Empire was divided into two:•The Western Roman Empire (capital city of Rome)•The Eastern Roman Empire (capital city of Constantinople)The Barbarians takeover•By the end of the 400s Rome had been weakened by political instability.•Roman legions (armies) were stretched thin across an empire that was becoming too large to defend easily.•German tribes such as the Goths, Visigoths, Vandals, Angles and Saxons took advantage of this weakness.•In 476 the Visigoth King Odovocar removed the last Western Roman Ruler from power.Rome’s greatest legacy - Christianity•The Barbarians desired the farmlands, roads and wealth of the Western Roman Empire.•The unintended consequence of conquest was that the tribes spread the Christian faith throughout all the peoples of Europe.•Rome’s official religion since 395 had been Christianity.•This ended nearly three centuries of persecution of Christians (including being burned alive, crucified and thrown into the gladiatorial arenas).•Their was only one recognised church (the Roman Catholic). The Pope is the head of the church.·Christianity became the official religion of Rome following the conversion of Emperor Constantine in 312.•Constantine converted after he claimed to experience a vision of a flaming cross in the sky before a battle.•He promised to convert to Christianity and succeeded in the battle.•Some historians argue that the real reason was it secured the loyalty of Christians in his army (who were becoming a significant and influential group).The Rise of Islam•Christianity had started as an obscure Jewish sect (religion with a small number of followers).•The conversion of Constantine and the Barbarian conquerors ensured that it defined European culture throughout the Middle Ages.•24 years after the fall of western Rome a religious leader was born in Saudi Arabia whose vision would challenge the Christian world view – Muhammed.The Spread of Islam•Muhammad was the prophet of the faith of Islam.•The Islamic Holy Book (The Koran) was the final authority on faith and lifestyle for the followers of Islam. It was recited by Muhammed after receiving a vision from Allah.•Like Christianity, Islam is a monotheistic religion (acknowledging only one God).•Although the Koran mentions both Mary and Jesus respectfully it states that Jesus was another prophet (and not the Son of God or divine).Reasons why tension between the Christian West and Islamic East were inevitable:1. Both religions claimed to be the One True Faith.2. Both religions came from the Middle East and claimed similar places as Holy (e.g.Jerusalem)3. Islamic Empires spread rapidly – and managed to conquer parts of EuropeThe New Medieval World•The end of the Western Roman Empire meant that the political unity of Europe had collapsed.•In response, the German tribes formed their own kingdoms.•Their Kings had limited power so relied upon the loyalty of local land owners (called Lords).The Rise of the Medieval Church•The main source of continuity from Roman to Medieval times was the church.•The Catholic Church had arranged diplomatic meetings with the leaders of barbarian tribes before the Fall of Rome.•It also sent waves of missionaries into German tribal areas (successfully!).•The leader of the Church (the Pope) became a symbol of unity at a time of great disruption.Pope Francis is the reigning pope of the Catholic ChurchCharlemagne the Great Odd facts•‘Carolingian’ just means ‘Descendents of Charles’•The FIRST Charles was ‘Charles Martel’– the grandfather of Charlemagne. The Empire was named after this common family name.•Some of the Charles which followed after the death of Charlemagne included:•CHARLES THE FAT, CHARLES THE BALD AND CHARLES THE SIMPLE! Medieval Europe – Threatened from all sides.The Medieval response: Feudalism•The waves of invaders and raiders during the 800s and 900s made central control of Europe very difficult.• A system based on local power and loyalty emerged. This was known as FEUDALISM: A political and social system that tied together Kings, Lords and Peasants ina relationship based upon loyalty and land.•Feudalism was a way to provide protection and security quickly.•It had one key weakness – the whole system relied upon having LAND to give to people in return for loyalty.•This hunger for land (along with the invasions) resulted in a Medieval Arms race to produce the strongest military and defences.•In this context the creation of heavily armed Knights (now using the stirrups) and castles developed!The Three Invasions – The Vikings•The Vikings came from Denmark, Sweden and Norway.•Due to overpopulation and the harshness of their rocky and cold environment they set out on a series of raids.•The brutality and speed of their attacks made them the most feared threat to Western Europe.•The goals of their invasions differed. In some areas they simply raided monasteries and towns and carried off the treasure, food, women and slaves they needed.•In other cases (such as the region called Normandy) they settled permanently.The Three Invasions – The Islamic•As the Vikings attacked the North and coastal Europe Islamic raids attacked the south.•Muslim forces controlled the islands of Sicily in the Mediterranean and southern Spain.•They used fortresses in these regions to attack Western Europe. Fortresses were also built in France so merchants could be raided.•Muslim forces besieged Rome in 846 and plundered the cathedrals of St. Peter and Paul (although they never raided the city itself). They also destroyed a religious centre at Monte Cassino.•The former Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) had to deal with repeated raids because it was so close to the Middle EastThe Three Invasions – The Magyars•The Magyars originally came from Western Russia.•Like another ‘barbarian’ tribe (The Huns) they were excellent horseman and could shoot arrows while riding.•They carried out a series of raids and managed to left a path of destruction from Eastern Europe to Southern Germany.•Their invasions were stopped in 955 when a German King called Otto the Great defeated them.。
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西方文明史导论复习希腊一、为什么西方人总是“言必称希腊?”①希腊文化优秀,优秀的事物能完成时间、空间题材三个超越。
②古典的自然主义同过于人为修饰的近代文明形成的巨大反差。
③希腊文化的极性:他们自称英雄,把一切都放到生与死的永恒天平上来称量。
古希腊的三本历史著作都是讲战争的。
(荷马:《荷马史诗》希罗多德:《历史》修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》)④希腊人纯情,是自然主义者。
希腊的建筑、生活,都溶化在大自然之中。
⑤希腊爱美。
美是分等级分内外的。
最后,美是必须独立的。
⑥世界上有四种动力观:生存、信仰、功利、理想主义。
希腊人属于最后一种。
⑦希腊喜欢进行抽象的思考,喜欢理性,强调生活的精度、广度、深度和强度。
⑧希腊人守纪律,例如斯巴达人。
⑨小结:这是从现代人的角度看希腊人,希腊真正的文化基础是英雄主义。
二、希腊文化的特征第一个特征:英雄主义1《荷马史诗》:友情和智慧2 斯巴达的英雄:体魄与力度3 雅典的英雄:美和文化第二个特征:爱文化文化的原意就是培育。
①以艺术为例,希腊人对生命的热烈的爱。
文化从外在进入内心,再从内心进入“精神的太阳”。
②以神话为例:希腊神都是战斗英雄,中国神都是农业工程师。
西方人用武器吃饭,中国人拿树枝就餐。
猛兽崇拜与龙凤崇拜、十二生肖的比较。
③以伦理为例,幸福的观念:五种基本处境:物质、身体、社会、情感、文化需求。
④以哲学为例,苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德希腊文化熔诗性和纪律性为一炉,体现出人的真性情,因此成为西方文化传统中的要素。
希腊在政治、文化上的发展呈多元化,古希腊人所创造出的许多文化、制度和艺术精品,使古典希腊的文化成为西方文明的第一座文化丰碑。
第三个特征:爱美—美的个性形态美的三个等级①自然的美②心灵的美③真理的美:艺术品的自我满足(以艺术品为例:艺术品体现内在美。
人体不需要穿衣服,也体现出美。
美是独立的,真理是不需要掩饰的。
柏拉图之爱。
)第四个特征:高尚的竞争①竞争的目的是改善自己,不像罗马人,竞争是为了存活;②高尚竞争败者承认赢家;③高尚的竞争使得竞争成为团结的手段。
奥运会理念①古代奥林匹克的精神:竞争、荣誉和美②现代奥林匹克精神:和平、参与、合作③文化奥运的理念产生这些特点的原因①地理环境与大海的精神②黑格尔的评价:两栖式的生活方式③外来民族、外来文化和希腊的融合④重视人的能力,希腊人其实是不敬神的(席勒语:神愈近人,人愈像神。
)⑤特别的殖民方式:子邦与母邦的优雅相联三希腊的遗产:对西方文明的影响①浪漫主义的悖论西方文化是断裂性的文化,它的发展往往会走极端②人文主义的情怀文艺复兴人的神韵,热烈的情感,极强的好奇心与生命力,向极限挑战的做法(拉斐尔、达芬奇、彼特拉克)③民主传统希腊是世界上第一个公民能够参与国事的国家。
这样的民主政治以自由和平等为条件,言论自由使批评和涌现新思想成为可能。
四、对我们的启示> 1 帮助我们认识西方文明的特点> 2 帮助我们认识西方文明的弱点> 3 帮助我们认识提高人文精神的重要性> 4 希腊文明的不足之处也给我们启发(笔记)希腊神话:①主神宙斯②赫拉③阿波罗④雅典娜⑤阿芙洛狄忒总结:过犹不及、咎由自取、理性、中庸罗马概述:古代西方四大文化的要素1 希腊2 罗马3 基督教4 日耳曼希腊传统:放大了的个人诗性和谐内心涌出民主制度生命力精神化诱惑与克制美与文化情义智慧体魄理想动力个人主义罗马传统:放大了的国家强力两极分化军事扩张等级与奴隶战争英雄虚荣张狂侵犯为争夺受压迫功利的动力原始基督教传统:罗马的反文化内心舍弃平等和平负罪感和睦相处信仰虚心温柔哀恸怜悯饥渴慕义为义受压迫清心日耳曼传统:家的原则家庭血缘原则选举制蛇吞象现象自由的传统朴素性忠诚个人为集体牺牲罗马的一千年前五百年:共和国(前250年崛起和对外扩张;后250年【城市文明】从共和国转向帝国)后五百年:帝国(前250年:一度鼎盛;后250年:走向崩溃)古罗马帝国的含义第一个含义:帝制而非共和制第二个含义:罗马控制欧洲二、为什么罗马能兴盛?文化文化表象:建筑、雕刻、绘画、音乐、诗歌生活方式:永远展现强势的一面:雕像、形式、健美、武功、理智社会心态:承认强者、称赞胜利者。
因优秀而存活,不为改善而优秀。
思维方式:一切放在得失中来考虑,功利性的思考,思考得失,思考安全价值观念:强力、秩序、程序、责任。
宗教伦理:宗教要为人服务,宗教是贵族的。
我们的看法:①强大的国家机器为社会提供了稳定性②强烈的好胜心、竞争性,使得罗马人建立了一种传统:不优秀必淘汰③高度的理性和计划性使罗马人学会了用头脑办事,致力于扫除一切虚无飘渺的东西。
④罗马文化上具有开放性,这促进了罗马的发展。
⑤强烈的世俗欲望和物质欲望,使罗马人一度在政治、经济、法律上先进。
罗马人对一切制度化的东西深感兴趣。
⑥其他的民族相对落后,导致罗马的崛起。
总结:兴盛的原因(一、为什么罗马文明会取代希腊文明?)①秩序战胜紊乱。
②法制战胜人治③现实战胜想象④历史战胜诗歌⑤等级战胜自由⑥城市战胜农村⑦罗马人战胜外邦人⑧文化上形成互补,文化的开放型三、为什么罗马会崩溃?文明的结构出了五个大问题开放的文化变成了机械、封闭的文化。
进取的精神变成了麻木、懒惰、悲观的心态。
国家制度僵化,缺乏弹性,断送了改革的机会。
罗马的自我衰落导致蛮族战胜罗马,况且蛮族文化对罗马人也有吸引力。
罗马文明的发展不平衡,出现了各种矛盾。
反主流文化出现,社会矛盾尖锐。
从民主走向专制,政府的公共性减少,私人性质和军事性质增强。
七大不平衡①价值、规则和事物之间出现巨大对立。
②消费和生产的不平衡③罗马人和外邦人的不平衡④城市和农村的不平衡⑤法制和腐败的不平衡⑥国家主义和个人主义、家族传统的不平衡⑦物欲和精神的不平衡从中国人的眼光来看,罗马缺乏中国的以下特点:政治统治而非强力统治统一的文化所形成的强大的民族凝聚力知识分子与国家结合(科举取士、寒人掌机要)政权与主流经济相结合高效的中央政府和地方政府,各部门的有效分工政府主管公共利益中央地方的一致性世袭制和政权交接的稳定性中庸性和强大的综合能力三、总结:崩溃的原因①罗马帝国崩溃并非外部原因,而是自我崩溃②罗马帝国灭亡的根本原因在于:她的人民不幸福;她的道德风气江河日下;阶层间的斗争无法调和③此外,还表现在商业的败落、官僚作风、政治专制、赋税繁重以及巨额战争费用。
四、罗马文明给我们的启示第一个大启示:罗马帝国崩溃完成了西方文明中的第一次大整合第二个大启示:促成了欧洲类型封建主义的十大特点第三个大启示:古典文明:西方文明的基础东西方文明的比较(笔记)罗马文明的精神要素(不同于希腊)A希腊:浪漫精神、理想主义。
不足:政治分裂,不统一;奴隶受压迫;极度…与极度…B罗马:喝狼奶长大、对平民好(因为平民都能加入部队、扩张领土)、妇女是受害者精神元素:①(看本质)有用扶植,没用淘汰②无情,追求野兽的刺激③追求身体的快乐④荣誉(物化、凯旋柱)、声望⑤目的性强⑥技术性、律法(罗马法特点:①文字记载的法律②普遍③维护中央集权)⑦理智(≠理性)要素:排斥感情、最么做才对自己有利、用什么方法做最有效、忍耐力、宠辱不惊⑧高内在的凝聚力、一元性、共同的生活习惯、思维方式⑨外在的一元性(做得【没看懂…】失败)⑩勇敢。
胜者为王、败者为寇。
意识形态:①我要你怎么做②集体性③与政府关系密切,变成主流文化④有目的性⑤把各种思潮分成几类怎样看待罗马灭亡:自然灭亡;军阀混战(军事反叛【神马字…】),无法管住反叛;劳动与消费不成比例,居民无幸福感;军阀主义盛行,只能盛行一时(笔记)中世纪体制没文化、禁欲、带有宗教色彩、压抑人性→黑暗中世纪与古代文明区别:历史进步发展,不可分裂,中世纪里也包含古代元素区别:①社会面貌:古代统一,中世纪部落盛行②中世纪商业衰落、城市衰落③文化:到了中世纪古代文明被遗忘(拜占庭还有)④生产力破坏严重(罗马帝国崩溃,人也悲观【基督教发展】;日耳曼打仗)⑤无政府主语,罗马法没有了,用“神判法”息事宁人⑥奴隶社会→农奴社会“超经济强制”,强迫劳动者与生产资料相结合封建三特征:地方割据行政、法律权落在私人手里大部分军队掌握在私人手里【3个字认不出】三个反动:地方主义对中央政府的反动宗教势力对世俗政府的反动各种部队对国家的反动总结:①统一→分裂②世俗→封建、宗教③有序→无政府(アナーキー)④专业政府统治→业余⑤奴隶劳动→农奴劳动⑥公权力→私权力/附庸→封建主义→国家政权被分割/中西封建主义的区别(中古社会):中西①世俗宗教②延续性断裂③统一性(文化)分裂④有文化高潮(…)无文化高潮⑤政治封建主义军事封建主义⑥无典型农奴制有典型农奴制中国:贫富不均,文人当官,文官地位高于武官,科举制度→世俗的社会总结:①罗马灭亡的4种解释②中古社会分歧③古代与中古的区别④中西方中世纪的异同文艺复兴狭义:意大利文艺复兴广义:欧洲文艺复兴如何理解“复兴”?复活,再生(对之前东西的转折、新生;但丁《新的生活》),恢复以前的黄金时期,那时有学问的人研究历史,莎士比亚读《希腊罗马名人传》,薄伽丘恋爱专业户,与公主相爱,但丁九岁初恋比较:中世纪:①乱世,知识分子倾向教会,不愿与野蛮人呆在一起②中世纪人生活紧张,无暇干别的(读书),生产力低下,书读出来也没用中世纪三中知识分子:教会;学技术的;为艺术而艺术、为文化而文化(技术vs文化)中国,学文科(科举出路),重文轻理中国劳动力廉价,外国人懒,想发明机器西方:通才(学术人才;对文化痴迷的人)→结合,一批新型知识分子“全人”——他们的人生目标,把兴趣与事业结合起来,没人可以限制他们文艺复兴知识分子特点:①全能②创造力旺盛③极强表现力,在哪里就当哪里中心④兴趣广泛,对什么都要研究⑤两种人变出来(工程师、文化艺术痴迷者)⑥创造能力高于工作能力⑦敏锐,想大事⑧全都爱好艺术⑨爱女性,爱和女孩玩【…】(妇女花钱支持艺术)⑩做学问,研究古代文献,人文主义。
为了显得高雅,不无聊成果:①研究成功②变得严肃,顺带研究修辞学、外交学、政治学、拉丁文、法律等等【我总算知道祸害北外的人在哪里了】一、但丁(文艺复兴的先锋):文艺复兴为什么从但丁开始①但丁伟大【…】,资源多(政治:执政官,被流放;最著名的诗人;有国际声誉;神秘的浪漫主义)②有人要利用他来为发动文艺复兴奠定基础唯一一个被文艺复兴(活)的当代人《神曲》:用最雅的话把天地人神全部审判但丁的幸运:没想当文艺复兴创造人,当成了;完成神曲;受尽折磨居然躲过一劫,把事做完再死。
总结:人奇怪,作品奇怪,思想丰富,行为极端,但丁出现机缘凑巧。
但丁完成了一个伟大人物的变态,变态在正常范围内就是天才【…】二、彼得拉克——思想家领袖:战略家,能分析时局;能找到突破口发展自己;立个纲领,指出方向,有理想(用文化改革世界);研究古代学问后用拉丁文写历史诗,“桂冠”诗人成就:①写了不少诗歌②留下几千封信③为历史做了新的划分④有志于挥发罗马的光荣,视此为自己使命,英雄情结⑤由他开始研究古籍的运动⑥开创重文轻理的习惯,大骂医生。