土木工程专业英语考试复习资料

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土木工程博士英语必备

土木工程博士研究生专业英语必备第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语 Specialty English3 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程 Civil Engineering5 地下工程 Underground Engineering6 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程 Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程 Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程 Traffic Engineering12 港口工程 Port Engineering13 安全性 safety17木结构 timber structure18 砌体结构 masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构 steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构 steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土 plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋 rebar25 预应力混凝土 pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构 truss structure29 空间网架结构 spatial grid structure30 近海工程 offshore engineering31 静力学 statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁 simply supported beam35 固定支座 fixed bearing36弹性力学 elasticity37 塑性力学 plasticity38 弹塑性力学 elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学 fracture Mechanics40 土力学 soil mechanics41 水力学 hydraulics42 流体力学 fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力 concentrated force45 压力 pressure46 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力 uniform pressure48 体力 body force49 重力 gravity50 线荷载 line load51 弯矩 bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力 stress54 应变 stain55 正应力 normal stress56 剪应力 shearing stress57 主应力 principal stress58 变形 deformation59 内力 internal force60 偏移量挠度 deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳 buckle63 轴力 axial force64 允许应力 allowable stress65 疲劳分析 fatigue analysis66 梁 beam67 壳 shell68 板 plate69 桥 bridge70 桩 pile71 主动土压力 active earth pressure72 被动土压力 passive earth pressure73 承载力 load-bearing capacity74 水位 water Height75 位移 displacement76 结构力学 structural mechanics77 材料力学 material mechanics78 经纬仪 altometer79 水准仪level80 学科 discipline81 子学科 sub-discipline82 期刊 journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷 volume87 期 number 88 专著 monograph89 会议论文集 Proceeding90 学位论文 thesis, dissertation91 专利 patent92 档案档案室 archive93 国际学术会议 conference94 导师 advisor95 学位论文答辩 defense of thesis96 博士研究生 doctorate student97 研究生 postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目 title102 摘要 abstract103 全文 full-text104 参考文献 reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词 Subject107 关键字 keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署 110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法 analytical method112 数值方法 numerical method113 计算 computation114 说明书 instruction115 规范 Specification, Code第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土 groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table 地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察 8.boulder漂石 9.cobble卵石 10.gravel砂石 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉土 16.clayey soil粘性土 17.clay粘土 18.silty clay粉质粘土 19.silt粉土 20.sandy silt砂质粉土 21.clayey silt粘质粉土 22.saturated soil饱和土 23.unsaturated soil非饱和土 24.fill (soil)填土 25.overconsolidated soil超固结土 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土 27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土 28.zonal soil区域性土 29.soft clay软粘土 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄土 33.frozen soil 冻土 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for So il Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度 12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven p ile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力 12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向同性 18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载 22.live load活载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算荷载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing套管 29.dike=dyke堤（防） 30.clay fraction粘粒粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade路基 33.well-graded soil级配良好土 34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土 35.normal stresses正应力 36.shear stresses剪应力 37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) princip al stress最大（中、最小）主应力 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数 47.swelling index回弹指数 48.geostatic stress自重应力 49.additional stress附加应力 50.total stress总应力 51.final settlement最终沉降 52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewatering（基坑）降水 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well point真空井点 12 braced cuts支撑围护 13 braced excavation支撑开挖 14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井（箱） 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井；桩身 7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析 8.pile caps承台（桩帽） 9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力 teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验 11.ultimate lateral resistance of sing le pile单桩横向极限承载力 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向容许承载力 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力 17.silent piling静力压桩 18.uplift pile 抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） 29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistanc e桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise打桩噪音 40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear s trength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear stren gth抗剪强度总应力法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction 内摩擦角 11.cohesion粘聚力 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter 有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化 10.work hardening加工硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model 弹性半空间地基模型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundat ion soil地基极限承载力 8.allowable bearing capacity of founda tion soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile木板桩5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础 pensated foundation补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum持力层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interacti on analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering地震工程2.soil dynamics土动力学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial te st不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test 固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test 固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear t est慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验 14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free （resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验5.plate loading test静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test旁压试验11.light sounding轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measure ment 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test原位试验。

土木工程专升本-英语复习资料

复习资料一．单选1.Will you see to ____ that my birds are looked after well while I’m away?A themB yourselfC itD me2. Many teens don’t get enough sleep because they have too much homework, which ____ them up at night.A makesB breaksC turnsD keeps3. ——Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady.——But in fact she is cold and hard on us. You ____ believe it!A shouldn’tB wouldn’tC mustn’tD needn’t4. The program is like a window on the world ____ you sit by it and fix your attention on what it shows.A ifB asC whileD unless5. ____ the search engine just gave me some brief introductions rather than the whole content of the book to read.A LuckilyB MostlyC FunnilyD Disappointingly6. ——Did you know any French before you arrived in Washington?——Never ____ it, actually.A had I learnedB have I learnedC I learnedD was I learning7. In fact, more and more people ____ to live a greener, healthier and more environmentally “green life”.A choseB chooseC are choosingD have chosen8. A special dinner there might include Chinese pork dish, British roast beef and French-style vegetables. Boiled rice ____ just about everything.A is served withB will serveC serves withD is served9. The professor walked onto the platform and seated himself in a chair, ____ for answering questions.A had preparedB being preparedC preparingD prepared10. In Scandinavian countries it is common ____ for the husband to stay at home tolook after the baby.A useB senseC practiceD idea11. ——Why was our foreign teacher unhappy yesterday?——News about the tsunami striking her country ____ an attack of homesickness.A set forB set outC set aboutD set off12. ——We are informed that the Weifang International Kite Festival starts at 7:00.——Oh, I didn’t expect it was so early! I ____ to go out for dinner with my friends first.A was planningB am planningC have been planningD have planned13. ____ abroad for a tour can be a great honor for an ordinary person like me.A TakenB TakingC Being takenD Having been taken14. ——Did your classmate accept your invitation?——No, he ____ refused.A as far asB as well asC as soon asD as good as15. I spent the whole day repairing the motorbike. The work was ____ simple.A nothing butB anything butC something ofD all except16. ——Not getting that job was a big let-down.——Don’t worry. Something better will ____.A come alongB take onC go byD fall behind17. ____ the help of experienced career instructors, this type of job-hunting training____ to be very efficient.A By; has provedB With; has provedC Under; is provingD With; is proved18. To get as much firsthand information as possible, inspectors will hold workshops and distribute questionnaires, ____?A isn’t itB won’t itC aren’t theyD won’t they19. It’s a bad practice to ____ children much money as a New Year gift.A promiseB permitC admitD allow20. By the time you arrive home, I ____, so please don’t make any noise when you come in.A shall have been sleepingB shall have sleptC shall sleepD shall be sleeping二．完型We have quite a bit of information about ancient Egyptian medicine. Doctors' instructions have been found to tell us 21 they did for the sick and the injured. 22 many of the treatments included magic, ancient Egyptians used plant leaves and other methods to treat many 23 .Religion, magic and medicine were 24 related in ancient Egypt. Some priests (牧师) were specially 25 as doctors to 26 the sick and the injured. Doctors were held to a high moral standard. Patients was treated with 27 and their 28 information was highly secret. The highest-ranking doctors were priests of the goddess Sekhmet, 29 controlled illnesses. Doctors spent a part of each year 30 the goddess. Doctors were thought to be 31 to the gods and able to ask them for healing.Temples were centers for healing. 32 a person was ill, he or she would come to the temple or 33 a doctor for a diagnosis (诊断). A(n) 34 problem was treated with medicine, prayer and magic. If a clear cause was not 35 , the diagnosis would be that the illness was caused by an evil spirit or curse. The doctor would use magic spells to 36 a cure. 37 , a diagnosis could not be reached. 38 this case, a patient would be told to rest for a period of time 39 another examination could be 40 .21. A. what B. why C. that D. which22. A. When B. Since C. Although D. After23. A. damages B. diseases C. disasters D. destructions24. A. hardly B. closely C. mainly D. shortly25. A. trained B. designed C. planned D. studied26. A. look to B. come to C. care for D. search for27. A. reputation B. inspection C. fame D. respect28. A. ill B. own C. hidden D. personal29. A. that B. which C. who D. what30. A. serving B. reading C. learning D. following31. A. careful B. generous C. mean D. close32. A. Before B. When C. Until D. Since33. A. think over B. apply to C. call for D. make up34. A. serious B. internal C. odd D. obvious35. A. treated B. discovered C. cured D. aroused36. A. bring about B. set out C. insist on D. make up37. A. Subsequently B. Consequently C. Occasionally D. Hopefully38. A. With B. In C. For D. On39. A. until B. when C. although D. because40. A. decided B. performed C. carried D. discussed三．阅读Passage 1In the past, operations were difficult. Until the middle of the eighteen fifties, surgery was very dangerous. Many patients died after even the smallest operations. This was because bacteria entered the cuts in the patients’ bodied and started infection. In some countries, up to 90 percent of patients died from infection after operations. In 1865, however, Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, found an answer to the problem. He used an “antiseptic” during and after operations. This killed the dangerous bacteria and most of his patients lived. Since then, surgeons have used antiseptics in all operations.Surgery has developed in many important ways since the day of Joseph Lister. Today, when patients go to hospital for an operation, they can expect the best treatment, in clean and hygienic conditions.41. Operations were difficult and dangerous until_______.A.1850B. the middle of 1850C. the middle of the fifties of the eighteenth centuryD. the middle of the fifties of the nineteenth century42. In the passage, surgery means__________.A. The performing of an operationB. cureC. treatmentD. medicine43. In the past, up to 90 percent of patients died after operations mainlybecause__________.A. bacteria entered the cuts in the patients’ bodies and infection took placeB. the conditions in hospitals were badC. the skill of surgeons was not so goodD. there were no good medicine at that time44. Which topic of the following best suits the passage?A. Operations were difficult in the pastB. The devotion of Joseph Lister to medical scienceC. Surgery has become saferD. Developments in surgery45. Joseph Lister was________.A. a FrenchmanB. a GermanC. an EnglishmanD. an AmericanPassage 2Some 4000 Americans ambitions to become physicians are studying for their M. D. s abroad. Many were rejected by U.S. medical schools simply because there was no room. Last year, for example, some 13,000 of 35,000 would-be physicians who applied to U.S. schools were accepted. Of those who were turned down, well over 600 are trying the foreign route.But gaining admittance to a good foreign school may be a problem. British medical schools give priority to Britons , and Canada’s world-renowned McGill University School of Medicine takes only a handful of well qualified Americans annually. But several schools do welcome U.S. medical students---if they can master the local language. More than 500 Americans are enrolled in the Belgian universities at Brussels and Louvain , for example. Some 800 attend the Italian University at Bologna; 175 at Rome. Mexico’s Autonomou s University of Guadalajara numbers1,300 gringos among its 4,000 students.Despite difficulties abroad, many Americans complete their medical educations, and manage to win the respect of their professors and classmates. One second-year student at Louvain has a simple explanation for those successes: “ Anyone who comes here to be motivated. You have to learn a new language, the school is constant hard work, and it’s difficult to get back into the States to practice”.Before they can intern or practice in the United States, graduates of foreign schools must pass a special examination required by medical-education authorities. The tough test is designed primarily to weed out those who are unable to speak English or whose medical education is not up to U.S. standards.46. Which of the following is true about U.S. would-be physicians?A. America medical schools have superfluous applicantsB. language is a big problem all the American students applying to foreign medical schools have to face.C. Graduates from both American and foreign medical schools should take the same test before practiceD. As many as one-third of last year’s applicants of medical schools are now applying to foreign schools47. Which is following is true about foreign medical education ?A. A lot of foreign medical schools do not welcome U.S. students simply because they have to consider the applicants form their own countries first.B. To enter foreign medical schools is much easier than to gain admittance into American medical schools if the problem of language is not regarded.C. There are not many good foreign medical schools according to American studentsD. There are so many difficulties in studying abroad that not many American students become successful in foreign medical schools48. Which of the following is one of the difficulties the American students at foreign, medical schools have to face.A. Living and medical conditions in foreign countries are not so good as those in America.B. There is racial discrimination against them.C. They are given no opportunities to practice at local places.D. They are treated the same as foreign physicians and medical school graduates when trying to go back to America to practice.49. What does the word “gringos” mean?A. Americans.B. ForeignersC. Americans in MexicoD. Mexicans50. Which of the following can be the title of this passage?A. Foreign Medical Schools.B. Life at Foreign Medical SchoolsC. The tough Foreign RouteD. American Would-be Physicians at Foreign Schools.Passage 3Summers with father were always enjoyable. Swimming , hiking , boating , fishing—the days were not long enough to contain all of our activities. There never seemed to be enough time to go to church, which disturbed some friends and relations. Accused of neglecting this part of our education, my father instituted a summer school for my brother and me . However, his summer course included ancient history, which Papa felt our schools neglected ,and navigation, in which we first had a formal examination in the dining room, part of which consisted of tying several knots in a given time limit. Then we were each separately sent on what was grandly referred to as a cruise in my father’s 18-foot knockabout, spending the night on board, and loaded down, according to my mother, with enough food for a week. I remember that on my cruise I was required to formally plot our course, using the tide table, even though our goal was an island I could see quite clearly across the water in the distance.51. What was the original reasons for holding the summer school?A. Friends and relatives thought the children should learn religionB The father wanted the children to learn more about religionC. The children got poor grades in their regular schoolD. The regular school teachers neglected the children52. The purpose of the cruise mentioned in the passage was to ________.A. have funB. reward the author for completing summer schoolC. test the author’s sailing abilityD. get to the island53. Why did the author have to plot the course of her cruise ?A. She had to demonstrate her ability to do so.B. The coast was dangerous.C. She was afraid of getting lost.D. The tides were strong54. How long did the author’s cruise last?A. all summerB. overnightC. a weekD. one day, morning till night55. Apparently a knockabout is _______.A. an islandB. a boatC. a cruiseD. a seaman’s knot四．翻译61.在房子前面的大树下放着一张桌子。

土木工程专业英语期末题库二

《土木工程专业英语》考点提炼二一、词汇汉译英1.初步设计：preliminary design ：2.屈服强度：yield strength3.水灰比：water-to-cement ratio4.空气调节：air conditioning5.园艺：horticultural6.承重墙：bearing wall7.管道；沟渠：conduit8.骨架：framework9.有限的；临界的：terminate10.分层：stratification二、词汇英译汉1.Residential:住宅2.high-rise building:高层建筑3.boundary:界限4.refuse disposal:垃圾处理5.sedimentation:沉降6.reinforced concrete:钢筋混凝土7.construction management:工程管理8.refuse disposal：垃圾处理9.water treatment and disposal：水处理10.Air-pollution control：空气污染控制三、句子英译汉1、The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation,is that part of a building below ground.上部结构是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部结构以及基础是建筑物的地下部分。

2、Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice．好的方案可以使来访者在建筑中找到其目的地并留下印象，这种印象也许是下意识地通过把大的建筑体系中一些单元明显地联系起来而造成的。

(完整word版)土木工程专业英语复习资料

承重骨架 load carrying frame结构工程 structural engineering钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete稳定性 stability岩土工程 geotechnical engineering楼板、平板 slab结构性能 structural behavior测量 Survey均匀沉降 uniform settlement浇筑 pour测量是指为收集数据，以便在水平面内画出地球表面点的相应位置图的一种技术Surveying is defined an art of collecting data for mapping the relative positions of points on the surface of earth in a horizontal plane.摩天大厦的存在归功于19世纪的两大发明：钢结构和载人电梯The skyscraper owes it is existence to two developments of the 19th century:steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator.一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对现场进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水、下水道和电力线When a project begins,the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement water,sewer,and power lines.1.excavate 开挖2.Structural engineering 结构工程3. water and sewage systems 给排水工程4. settlement 沉降5. heating and cooling systems 供暖、制冷系统6. cantilever beam 悬臂梁7. balustrade 栏杆8. decoration 装饰9. span 跨度10. pour 浇筑11. blank wall 围墙、挡墙12. budget 预算13. plan 计划、方案、规划14. partition 隔墙15. lintel 过梁16. skin 外墙17. allocate 分配18. bearing wall 承重墙19. superstructure 上部结构20. substructure 下部结构21.mechanical and electrical systems 机电系统22. slab-column system 板柱系统23. time-dependent 截止日期24. outline 外观25. Parlance 术语26. Depth 进深27. reservoir 水库28. high-rise building 高层建筑29. tube in tube 筒中筒30. spillway 泄洪道31. water-to-cement ratio 水灰比32. asphalt 沥青33. predominate 主导34. hydroelectric 水电35 . tension 应力36 . compression 压缩37. simply supported beam 简单支撑梁38. elevator 电梯39. reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土40. truss 桁架41. rigid frames 刚性框架42. maintenance 养护43. Arch bridge 拱桥44. bridge piers 桥墩45. abutment 桥台46. auxiliary 附加的47. embankment 坝48 . permeability 渗透性49. arch dam 拱坝50. shaft 轴1. 工程管理 Engineering management2. 动力厂(发电厂) power plant；power station3. 连续梁 continuous beam4. 力 force5. 混凝土 concrete6. 公路工程 highway engineering7. 支配的，统治的，占优势 dominant8. 说法，术语 parlance9. 隐蔽处，躲避处，避难所 shelter10. 抗剪强度 shearing strength11. 建筑物 building12. 建筑学 architecture13. 建筑的组成 components of a building14. 承重框架load-carrying frame/ load-bearing frame15. 直升电梯 elevator/lift16. 砖石、砌体masonry17. 桁架truss18. 粉土silt19. 不均匀沉降uneven settlement20. 均匀沉降 uniform settlement21.基础 foundation22.过梁柱 post and lintel/ post and beam23. 钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete24. 荷载 load25. 剪力墙 shear wall26. 筒中筒tube in tube27. 刚梁桥rigid beam bridge28. 悬索桥suspension bridges29. 公路工程highway engineering30. 土石坝earth and rockfill dam31.混凝土坝concrete dam32.堤坝embankment1.Civil engineering, the oldest of engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage system to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。

土木工程专业英语题库

土木工程专业英语题库一、单选题（题数：45，共90.0 分）1The material costs make up only about（）of the cost of the completed steel structure in a building（2.0分）0.0 分A、one-thirdsB、one-thirdC、one-thirdlyD、one-three正确答案：C C2Steel and composite construction is often adopted in（）owing to high structural efficiency with large strength-to-self-weight ratios as well as large flexural rigidities against instability and serviceability problems.（2.0分）2.0 分A、super high-rise buildingsB、long span bridgesC、roof structuresD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D3Both elastic theory and plastic theory are used for composite members, the differences being as follows: concrete in tension is （）neglected in elastic theory, and（）neglected in plastic theory.（2.0分）2.0 分A、usually, usuallyB、always, alwaysC、usually, alwaysD、always, usually正确答案：C C4Failure modes include（）and less rigidity of bending（2.0分）2.0 分A、Strength failureB、Lateral-torsional-bucklingC、Local buckling of platesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D5（）, where the column’s failure is due to the crushing of concrete or due to the yielding of the steel bars under the full load capacity of the column.（2.0分）2.0 分A、Short columnsB、Long columnsC、Slender columnsD、None正确答案：A A6（）loaded columns, where the loads are applied at any point on the column section, causing moments about both the x axis and y axis simultaneously（2.0分）2.0 分A、AxiallyB、EccentricallyC、BiaxiallyD、None正确答案：C C7Strictly speaking, all（）nonlinearities of the different materials should be observed in calculating the strength of steel-concrete composite column.（2.0分）2.0 分A、geometrical and physicalB、mechanical and geometricalC、mechanical and physicalD、none正确答案：A A8The main structural forms of steel structure are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Truss structuresB、Frame structuresC、Grids structuresD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D9A tendon with a duct that contains multiple pieces of prestressing steel strand is commonly called a（）tendon.（2.0分）2.0 分A、multistrandB、monostrandC、singleD、strand正确答案：A A10The（）system makes use of either column capitals, drop panels or both to increase the shear and moment resistance of the system at the columns where the shears and moments are greatest.（2.0分）2.0 分A、flat plateB、waffle slabC、flat slabD、two-way slab with. beams正确答案：C C11The height of Khalifa tower is 828m, and the total number of floors is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、100B、130C、162D、188正确答案：C C12It includes（）,keyways, threads, or abrupt changes in plate width or thickness.（2.0分）2.0 分A、holesB、groovesC、notchesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D13Prestressing by（）involves installing and stressing prestressing strand of bar tendons only after the concrete has been placed, hardened and attained a minimum compressive strength for that transfer.（2.0分）2.0 分A、pretensioningB、post-tensioningC、pretensionedD、post-tensioned正确答案：B B14When grease is used, the prestressing steel is permanently free to move relative to the sheathing and the tendon is referred to as an]（）tendon.（2.0分）2.0 分A、bondedB、unbondedC、barD、strand正确答案：B B15In（）members the prestressing strands are tensioned against restraining bulkheads before the concrete is cast.（2.0分）2.0 分A、pretensioningB、post-tensioningC、pretensionedD、post-tensioned正确答案：C C16Yan Fu, a translator at the end of the Qing Dynasty, thinks that the standard of translation is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、faithfulnessB、expressivenessC、eleganceD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D17This section mainly introduces the professional English vocabulary and expression related to（）of steel structure technology（2.0分）2.0 分A、the development levelB、market prospectC、design principleD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D18For walls, a（）is a slab wider than the wall and extending the length of the wall（2.0分）2.0 分A、combined footingB、spread foundationC、grid foundationD、mat foundation正确答案：B B19（）, because there is only one point at the intersection of the center line of the long and narrow section, which is their shear center（2.0分）2.0 分A、Cross sectionB、Angle sectionC、T-sectionD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D20Reinforced concrete beams not included（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Singly reinforced rectangular beamsB、Doubly reinforced rectangular beamsC、Plain concreteD、Singly or doubly reinforced T -beams正确答案：C C21Standard parts can be measured（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、yield strengthB、ultimate strengthC、elastic modulusD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D22The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、0.01B、0.1C、0.001D、正确答案：A A23The classification and grade of steel are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、carbon structural steelB、low alloy structural steelC、quality carbon structural steelD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D24The assumed complete interaction enables definition of（）for the whole inhomogeneous cross-section.（2.0分）2.0 分A、section propertiesB、stiffnessC、slender ratiosD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D25（）are most economical for spans from 4.5 to 6m（2.0分）2.0 分A、Flat platesB、Waffle slabC、Flat slabTwo-way slab with beams正确答案：A A26The "Structural Welding" provides welding processes for（）and SAW.（2.0分）2.0 分A、SMAWB、GMAWC、FCAWD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D27Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、0.3B、0.03C、0.0033D、0.003正确答案：C C28In the（）, the steel mesh reinforcements of 3-4mm in diameter are embedded into the horizontal mortar joints every 2-5 courses.（2.0分）2.0 分A、steel mesh reinforced brick masonryB、reinforced hollow unit masonryC、reinforced grouted cavity masonryD、composite brick masonry正确答案：A A29In steel mesh reinforced brick masonry，the steel mesh reinforcements of 3-4mm in diameter are embedded into the horizontal mortar joints every 2-5（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、layersB、coursesC、piecesD、blocks正确答案：B B30Bending in a main plane is called（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、biaxial flexural memberB、unidirectional bending memberC、platform beamD、castellated beam正确答案：B B31Civil Engineering English is set as a required course to cultivate high-quality civil engineering talents, which is beneficial to（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、improve the students' attention to professional English learningB、promote the construction progress and height of professional English online coursesC、training senior civil engineering talents with international vision and professional English literacy D、All of the above are right正确答案：D D32It is believed that automobile is blamed for such problems as（）and slum conditions in the central areas, and air and noise pollition.（2.0分）2.0 分A、urban expansionB、wasteful land useC、congestionD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D33（）has excellent deep drawing and deep drawing properties（2.0分）2.0 分A、Fire resistant steelB、ultra-low yield point steelC、high friction factor steel plateD、structural casting steel正确答案：B B34According to the load, it can be divided into（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Axially loaded columnsB、Eccentrically loaded columnsC、Biaxially loaded columnsD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D35The compressive capacity of unreinforced masonry is far greater than its（）capacity（2.0分）2.0 分A、tensileB、bendingC、shearD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D36If the bearing soil capacity is different under different foundations—for example, if the foundations of a building are partly on soil and partly on rock—a（）settlement will occur（2.0分）2.0 分A、differentB、differentialC、identicalD、same正确答案：B B37The grade of asphalt is divided according to () technical index（2.0分）2.0 分A、PenetrationB、ductilityC、softening pointD、flash point正确答案：A A38The reinforced concrete confining elements are horizontal members called （）and vertical members called（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、ring beams, structural columnsB、structural columns, ring beamsC、ring beams, ring beamsD、structural columns, structural columns正确答案：A A39The advantages of steel structure residence are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Good seismic performanceB、Low comprehensive costC、Fit with the development direction of housing industrializationD、All of the above are right40Three different types of composite columns:（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、steel reinforced concrete columnsB、rolled section columns partly encased in concreteC、concrete filled steel tubesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D41（）was founded in 1969（2.0分）2.0 分A、SSCIB、ISSHPC、ISSD、HCV正确答案：A A42Which of the followings is mechanical imperfection of steel members?（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、initial out-of-straightnessB、initial eccentricityC、residual stressD、initial crookedness43The whole instability of solid web compression member refers to（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Flexural bucklingB、Torsion bucklingC、Flexural-torsional bucklingD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D44The section form of compression member is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、doubly symmetricB、singly symmetricC、unsymmetricD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D45The characteristics of vocabulary are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Professional vocabulary and semi professional vocabularyB、Get used to using compound wordsC、Get used to using abbreviationsD、All of the above are right二、多选题（题数：5，共10.0 分）1As English majors pay attention to the （）of technical problems, the translation standards of professional English are more focused on "faithfulness" and "expressiveness"（2.0分）2.0 分A、scientificityB、logicalityC、correctnessD、strictness正确答案：ABCD ABCD2Factors affecting the properties of steel include（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、chemical compositionB、process of steelmakingC、time-hardeningD、cold work正确答案：ABCD ABCD3Applications of steel structures include（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Large-span structuresB、Multi-story &high-rise buildingsC、Buildings of heavy duty plantsD、Portal frames正确答案：ABCD ABCD4Masonry structure can be divided into（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Brickwork structureB、stone masonry structureC、Block masonry structureD、Reinforced masonry structure正确答案：ABCD ABCD5Major Courses You will learn（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Engineering GeologyB、Engineering MeasuremenC、Soil MechanicsD、Foundation Engineering正确答案：ABCD ABCD。

《土木工程专业英语》复习题

《土木工程专业英语》一、单项选择（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）1. Before designing a project, civil engineers should survey both the ( ) and subsoil features of the proposed site.A. photographyB. geographerC. topographyD. graphy2. Dams, ( ), water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers to work together.A. beamB. columnC. brickD. bridge3. In modern road constructions, powerful modern machines are employed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the ( ) as direct as possible.A. routesB. rootsC. surfacesD. lane4. Between the buildings （）a primary school.A. standB. standsC. to standD. standing5. Tensile failure of ( ) concrete happens easily and involves progressive micro-cracking.A. forcedB. reinforcedC. steelD. unreinforced6. ( ) concrete is used only for footings and concrete slabs laid on the ground, and for other massive structures.A. forcedB. reinforcedC. steelD. Plain7.The laws that （）how the buildings maybe made are building codes.A. tellB. tellsC. toldD. telling8. The steel bars in concrete take the ( )component of the bending moment.A. shearB. compressiveC. tensileD. draw9.It is expensive （）future cities on the sea.A. buildB. builtC. to buildD. builds10. Cracks would not only be unsightly but would ( ) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.A. adoptB. exposeC. employD.make11. The（）cements are widely used on the construction site.A. above-mentionedB. above-mentioningC. above-mentionD. above-mentions12. Besides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be ( ).A. capableB. considerableC. durableD. beautiful13. It is our duty to （）the specification .A. comply withB. completeC. knowD. make14. Concrete is ( ) a porous material.A. natureB. inherentlyC. madeD. not15. Conclusions can be ( ) from the above discussion.A. drawnB. tensileC. towed C. looked二、单词填空（共10空；每空2分，满分20分）1. The Romans bound their empire together with an extensive system of roads radiating in many directions from Rome.2. Portland cement must pass a series of chemical and physical tests before it can be shipped.3. Concrete consists of water , cement , aggregate and sand .（admixture）4. A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties.5. The presence of cracks in concrete reduces its resistance to the action of corrosion of reinforced bars.6. Concrete is a widely used material in numerous civil engineering structures三、英译中（短句翻译，共10句，每句2分，满分20分）1. Later in history, when well-traveled routes were made sturdier with rocks and stones, the path was raised above the surrounding land, it became a “high way”.史上记载，当交通量大的道路用更坚实的岩石和石头来建造，且路面被建在路基上，它就变成了一条“高速公路”。

土木工程专业英语期末复习题.doc

土木工程专业英语期末复习题。

《专业英语》复习题一、选择题1.土木工程涉及（民用)永久结构,而军事工程涉及军事用途的临时结构。

必须注意机器的工作温度3 .中国和美国已经建立了外交关系。

直流电是一种总是朝同一个方向流动的电流5 .我们有责任遵守规范6 .你们工厂供应钢筋吗？7.我和他都不喜欢音乐一、选择题1.土木工程涉及（民用)永久结构,而军事工程涉及军事用途的临时结构。

必须注意机器的工作温度3 .中国和美国已经建立了外交关系。

直流电是一种总是朝同一个方向流动的电流5 .我们有责任遵守规范6 .你们工厂供应钢筋吗？7.我和他都不喜欢音乐。

通过测量进行工程放线；准备细部图纸,以使施工技术人员弄清设计工程师的图样意图；工程检查,以保证工程施工遵循设计及设计说明书。

四、根据词根或词缀写单词1.ag=do，act做,动代理机构,作用；代理商的代理人2.agri=field田地,农田农业田地,农田；农业的农业的,农艺的 3.ann=年份年周年纪念日周年纪念日年刊每年的,年度的4.奥迪=听到听观众听众,倾听礼堂礼堂,讲堂5.brev=短短简短的短暂的,简短的简单短暂,简短 6.ced=go行走先例先行的,在前的空前的无先例的,空前的7.cept=接受拿,取反对除之外例外例外,除外8.cid，cis=切断,杀死切,杀决定决定决定决定,决心9.circ=环环,圆传播循环圆圆,圈10.大声叫喊喊叫惊叫呼喊,惊叫感叹呼喊,惊叫11.clar=清除清楚,明白声明表明,声明申报者宣告者,声明者12 .咯咯声,咯咯声=关闭,关闭关闭排除排斥,拒绝接纳独家的排外的,除外的13.cogn=知道知道认识知道,认识可辨识的可认识的,可认知的14 .绳索=心脏心记录记录,记载记录员录音机15.cred=相信,信任相信,信任可靠的可信的,可靠地惊人的难以置信的土木工程土木工程结构工程结构化工程土力学土壤力学现场勘察现场调查项目经理projectmanager土木工程师土木工程岩土工程岩土工程工程师施工检查施工检查施工监管施工监理助理工程师助理工程师多孔材料多孔材料平衡条件平衡条件弹性模量弹性模量应力张量应力传感器孔隙压力porepressure有效应力主应力专业技术人员专业技术人员压缩模块压缩模量各向同性法向应力各向同性正应力应力分量应力分量施工监管施工监理范文。

《土木工程专业英语》期末考试重点及参考答案

土木工程civil engineering结构工程structural engineering 土力学soil mechanics现场勘察site investigation项目经理project manager土木工程师civil engineer岩土工程Geotechnical Engineer 施工检查construction inspection 施工监管construction supervision助理工程师assistant engineer多孔材料porous material平衡条件equilibrium condition弹性模量elastic modulus应力张量stress tensor孔隙压力pore pressure有效应力principle of effectivestress专业技术人员professional andtechnical personnel压缩模块compressive modulus各向同性法向应力isotropicnormal stress应力分量stress components施工监管construction supervise1.Despite the essential尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。

munication lines道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。

3.The principle of 流体力学原理可以用到日常生活中，如：飞机的飞行，水中鱼的游动，以及血管中的血液循环等。

4.Water supply engineering供水工程涉及水的定位和收集、水处理方法、标准极限试验和水的有效供给。

5.The role of an environmental环境工程师的作用是通过将各种技术应用到清理垃圾的工作中，从而在生物与技术之间建造一座桥梁。

专业英语复习要点-土木工程专业英语

Lesson 1 Civil Engineering 土木工程
添加副标题
Special English for Civil Engineering 土木工程专业英语
试题结构形式
Translate the words and phrases into English:（20%） Translate the paragraphs into Chinese:（25%） Translate the paragraphs into English:（15%） Write a short paragraph（20%）
Organization of this text
Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.
Structural engineering 结构工程
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. 他们专门研究设计和维修所有类型的运输设施，公路和街道，公共交通系统，铁路和机场，港口及海港。 Bridge is a structure that spans obstacles, such as rivers and valleys, to provide a roadway for traffic. 桥梁是跨越障碍（比如河流和峡谷）的结构物，从而为通行提供道路。 Transportation engineering 运输工程

土木工程专业英语全部

Lesson 1Compression MembersNew Words1. achieve achievement2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心，偏心距3. inevitable evitable 可避免的avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的unavoidable4. truss 桁架triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge5. bracing brace 支柱，支撑；bracing, 支撑，撑杆6. slender 细长，苗条；stout; slenderness7. buckle 压曲，屈曲；buckling load8. stocky stout9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly10. stub 树桩，短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle，贬低，诽谤；13. convince14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据（理由）15. crookedness crook 钩状物，v弯曲，crooked 弯曲的16. provision 规定，条款Phrases and Expressions1. compression member2. bending moment shear force, axial force3. call upon (on) 要求，请求，需要4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载critical 关键的，临界的5. cross-sectional area6. radius of gyration 回转半径gyration7. slenderness ratio 长细比8. tangent modulus 切线模量9. stub column 短柱10. trial-and-error approach 试算法11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的12. residual stress 残余应力residual13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢hot-rolled bar14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限16. effective length 计算长度Definition （定义）Compression members are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive forces: that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross section, and the stress can be taken as f a=P/A, where f a is considered to be uniform over the entire cross section. 受压构件是仅受轴向压力作用的构件，即：荷载是沿纵轴加在其截面形心上的，其应力可表示为…，式中，假定f a在整个截面上均匀分布。

土建英语考试复习资料

Bid Security From Specimen投标保函样本Whereas [name of the Bidder] (hereinafter called “the Bidder”) has submitted its bid dated [date of submission of bid] for the construction erection, and maintenance of 4no. Two - storey Hostel Blacks and Extension to the Cafeteria Block (hereinafter called “the Work”)而(投标人名称)(以下简称“投标人”)提交其投标日期(提交投标日期),建设和维护两层招待和所食堂扩建(以下简称“工程”)。

KNOW ALL PEOPLE by there presents that WE [name of country], having our registered office at [address of bank](hereinafter called “the Bank”),are bound unto the Malawi College of Medicine (hereinafter called “the Employer”) in the sum of [amount] for which payment well and truly to be made to the said Employer, the Bank binds itself, its successors and assignees by these presents. Sealed with the Common Seal of the said Bank this________ days of________ 2005我们所有的人知道这些,(银行名称)of(国家名称),在我们的注册办事处(银行地址)(以下简称“银行”),被绑定到马拉维医学院(以下简称“业主”)的总和(数量)的付款方式,银行绑定真正的雇主,其继承人和受让人本身。

土木工程专业英语考试复习资料

专业英语一．专业词：1.asphalt沥青2.abstruct 摘要3.aluminum铝4.alloy合金5.access road进出共地道路6.abutment桥台7.arch拱8.blast-hole爆破孔 9.bearing pressure承载力 10.building materials建筑材料11.bearing wall承重墙 12.bolting栓接 13.building code建筑标准 14.beam梁15 pressive压缩的 16.corossion腐蚀 17.cement水泥 18.construction施工19.concrete砼 20.column柱 21.construction施工 22.concrete curing砼养护23.cantilever悬臂 24.column柱 25.ceiling天花板 26.construction control施工控制27.construction operations场地准备 28.construction engineering施工工程29.civil engineering materials土木工程材料 30.concrete construction砼施工31 munity and urban planning城乡规划 32.concrete placement砼浇筑33.concrete production砼搅拌 34.concrete forming砼制模板35.curtain wall幕墙 36.detailed design详细设计1.excavation开挖2.expansive soil膨胀土3.engineering management工程管理4.explosive炸药5.engineering properties of soils土的工程性6.elastic modulus弹性模量7.excavation开挖8.embed埋入9.earthmoving土方工程 10.expressway公路 11.execution具体操作12.embankment路堤 13.exploration/drilling 勘探/钻探 14.elevation立面图15.engineering公路工程 16.fireproof防火 17.foundation treatment地基处理18.gravel 砾石 19.grout灌浆 20.ground water table/level地下水位21.geotechnical engineering岩土工程 22.geophysical seismic地球物理地震23.girder主梁 24.highway高速公路 25.highway 26.hydration水化29.multistory building多层楼房 30.management skill管理职能31.masonry砌体 32.mud 淤泥 33.mechanical and electrical systems机械与电力系统34.oxidation氧化 35.plastic塑料 36.plan平面图 37.pipeline engineering管道工程38.planning施工规划 39.job site工地 40.professional staff专业人员41.propagation velocity传播速率 42.pavement人行横道43.project manager工程经理 44.permeability渗透性 45.pier墩 46.quarry采石场47.rock 岩石 48.representative soil sample代表性土样 49.riveting铆接50.resist抵抗 51.roof屋顶 52.rigid frame钢构1.soil type 土类2.silt 粉土3.sand 沙4.site investigation 场址勘察5.seismic人工地震6.speciality专业7.structural engineering结构工程8.surveying and mapping测绘工程 9.steel钢材 29.timber木材10.shear/bend抗压/抗弯 11.reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土12.structural member构架 13.slab板 52.skyscraper摩天大楼14.settle沉降 15.subgrade地基 16.superstructure上部结构 17.substructure下部结构18.span跨 19.transportation engineering交通工程20.tall (apartment、office) building高层建筑 21.tensile forces扭力22.truss桁架 23.uneven settlement不均匀沉降 24.uniform settlement均匀沉降25.ultimate tensile/strength极限抗拉强度 26.visual inspection 踏勘27.welding焊接二．句子翻译：1.Concrete construction consists of several operations:forming,concrete, Production,placement,curing.混凝土施工包括几道工序：支模板，搅拌混凝土，浇筑，养护。

土木工程专业英语期末复习题学习资料

土木工程专业英语期末复习题学习资料《专业英语》复习题一、选择题1.civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for (civilian) use,whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military use2.attention must (be paid to) the working temperature of the machine.3.diplomatic relations (have been established) between china and theunited states of America4.a direct current is a current (flowing) always in the same direction.5.it’s our duty to (comply with) the specification.6.dose your shop (supply) rebar ?7.neither I nor he (is) fond of music.8.the (above-mentioned)cements(水泥) are widely used on theconstruction site.9.the production of steel has been increased (by) 70%.10.i f the garden is big, some floodlights can be (installed).11.(wherever) you go, you can see many buildings.12.d ams, (bridge), water supply systems, and other large projectsordinarily employ several engineers to work together.13.the bigger quantity you order,(the lower until cost you will beoffered).14.i n modern road constructions, powerful modern machines areemployed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the (surfaces) as direct as possible.15.b esides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be(durable).16.t ensile failure of (reinforced) concrete happens easily and involvesprogressive micro-cracking.17.c oncrete is (inherently) a porous material (多孔材料)18.–may I use your bike for a moment?--(by all means)(一定，务必)19.conclusions can be (drawn) from the above discussion.20.it’s a small country, yet has a lot of (potential) resources.21.a person’s calorie requirements vary (throughout)22.there is a computer syetem (with which) the company is experiencing problems.23. usually there is (less) traffic in the streets on weekday than on Sundays.24. The thief tried to open the locked door but (in vain)25. cracks would not only be unsightly but would (expose) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.26.(having packed) their luggage, the tourists hurried to the airport.27.generous public funding of basic science would (lead to) considerable benefits for the country’s health,wealth and security.28.”you are very selfish,it’s high time you (realized) that you are n ot the most important person in the world,” edgar saidto his boss angrily.29.(even if) the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have include all variables and modeled accurately.30.remember that customers don’t (bargain) about pr ices in the city.二、词组互译1.tensile strength 抗拉强度：/doc/83941de2f011f18583d049649b6648d 7c0c70853.html pressive strength 抗压强度3.construction engineering 建筑工程4.reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土5.raw material 原材料6.civil engineers 土木工程师7.assemblage technology 装配技术8.simply supported beam 简支梁9.continuous beam 连续梁10.f raming member 框架构件11.b ending strength 抗弯强度12.s hearing strength 抗剪强度13.b ill of quantities 工程量清单14.e stimated cost 预算成本15.t he column-diagonal truss tube 对顶柱桁架筒体16.c ash flow 现金流动17.t hree-dimensional 三维的18.E nglish for specialized science and technology 专业外语19.g eotechnical engineering 岩土工程20.f oundation settlement 地基沉降21.f undamental assumption 基本假设22.b ending moment 弯曲力矩23.s hear stress 剪应力，剪切应力24.n ormal stress 正应力，法向应力25.o n schedule 按时26.b e in equilibrium with 与···平衡27.h orizontal plane 水平面28.v ertical plane 垂直面29.s oil mechanics 土力学30.a erial photographs 航空摄影31.s anitary engineering 卫生工程32.d etrimental agents 有害因素33.j oint action 联合作用34.d eformed bars 变形钢筋35.c urrent situation(present situation) 现状36.p ositive sequence 正序37.n egative sequence 逆序（负序）38.f abrication plant 加工厂（加工设备）39.f inancial budget 财政预算40.d ivide by 除以41.i n charge of 负责（主管）42.t ake account of 考虑到，顾及43.s pectacular achievements 惊人的成就44.u ltrahigh-rise buildings 超高层建筑45.t erminate contract 解除合同（终止合同）46.s pandrel beams 外墙托梁47.e ncroach on 侵占，蚕食48.i ntersect surfaces 相交曲面49.b undled-tube structures 束筒结构50.t ake delivery of 取货，提货三、翻译句子1.The term civil engineering originally came into use to distinguish itfrom military engineering .土木工程这个术语起初是用来与军事工程相区别的，土木工程处理的是民用的永久性建筑结构，而军事工程则是主要负责处理临时性的军用建筑。

土木工程专业英语复习重点词汇.doc

Lesson 1civil engineering 土木匚程structural engineering 结构工稈water resources engineering 7K源工无呈environmental engineering 环境7T程transportation engineering 运输T程construction engineering 建筑1 ［程community and urban planning 社区与市政规划survey测量，勘测engineering management 丁程管理drainage system 排污系统utility 公共设施groundwater 地下水material property(behavior)材料性能potential 潜能，电位pressure 压力stability 稳定性earthquake 地慝wastewater treatment plant 废水处理丿air scrubber空气净化器installation 安装strength 强度rate of flow 流率frame work 框架，构架natural resource 白然资源discipline 学科，分枝predominate居支配地位,(数量上)占优势geotechnical 岩土丁•程的specification详述，说明书，清单supervise监督，管理subc on tractor 转包合同asphalt 沥青aluminum 铝runoff雨量，流量lock 水闸，闸门fill装填物，填土scrubber洗涤器incineration 焚化toxic有毒的combustible 易燃的ramp斜坡excavate 挖掘aerial空气的,航空的sonic声音的，音速的，利用音波的plotting测绘，标图municipal市政的，地方的commissi on 委员会Less on2budget 预算raw material 原材料* compressio n 压缩compressive strength 抗压强度tension 拉彳巾tensile strength 抗拉强度support 支撑vertical 垂直的horizontal 水平的colum n 柱了beam 梁frame construction 扌匡架结构cantilever 悬臂梁golden section黄金分割点mathematical formulas 数学公式stress 应力strai n 应变character 特性，性能geography 地理shelter遮蔽处encompass包括，围绕identical完全相同的illumination 照明parlance说法，用法edifice大建筑物,大厦dominant支配的，占优势nave早期教堂屮殿，屮央广场aisle走廊transept教堂的交叉通道apse教堂的后殿balustrade 栏杆intermediate 中间的clue线索colonnade柱廊,柱列aspiration抱负，渴望incarnation化身，体现blank wall扌当墙cave dweller 穴居人Gothic cathedral哥特式大教堂Lesson3Lesson4comp orient 构件stressed-skin tube 承力表层式筒体load-carrying capability 承受能力lateral sway 侧面位移ptioartin 隔板，隔墙stiffness 刚度，刚性heating and cooling system 加热与冷却系统boundary condition 边界条件superstructure 上部建筑rigid belt trusses 刚性带式桁架substructure 基础framed tube 框式筒体foun datio n 基础，地基column-diagonal truss tube 基刪打土也基steel framework 刚架结构bundled tube 筒体系cast-ir on 铸铁spandrel beams 拱梁reinforced concrete 钢筋水泥rigid shear wall tube 刚性承剪墙式筒体mas onry 砌体composite material 复合材料corrugated steel deck 波纹钢地板spectacular 壮观的ateral force（deformation）侧向力（变形）sway摇摆，歪，使倾斜tran spare nt 透明的，明晰的residential居住的,住宅的opaque不透明的innovation创新，新事物pre-cast concrete 预浇铸水泥eliminate 排除stiffn ess 硬度column柱,圆柱物rib 肋骨demonstrate证明，示范slab beam 薄板梁project凸出，投射，工程ven tilati ng 通风truss框架three-dim ension 三维的，立体的bundle 捆,束hinge 绞链terminate使终止elastic property 弹性性能fagde房屋的正面,外观truss 桁架perimeter周围,周界plumbing system 水管系统encroach 侵占partition分开，隔墙high-rise building 高层建筑converter炼钢炉reinforced concrete 钢筋丫昆凝土surpass 超过spandrel beam窗下墙的墙托梁exterior 外部（的）shear wall剪力墙lintel过梁curtain wall悬墙,幕墙deck甲板bearing wall 承重墙corrugate 弄皱plumbing system 丁1.生设备系统duct管道，预应力筋孔道conduit 管道ancillary辅助的stratification 分'层，层理ventilate使通风exhibit显示,呈现conceal 隐蔽Lesson5organic matter 有机物质noxious odor 有毒气体dis-infection 消毒bacteria 细菌viruses 病毒protozoa 原生动物coagulatio n 凝结activated carbon 活性碳biological disc 生物转盘metropolita n 都市的microorga nism 微生物pesticide 杀虫剂herbicide 除草剂potable water 可饮用水dewater 脱水compost 混合肥料centrifuge 离心分离机afterburner 加力燃烧室cement mortar 水泥砂浆electrostatic precipitator静电沉淀剂fluid-bed流化床purification 净化Lesson6ventilate 使通风，使换气mobile vehicle 机动车辆thermal diffusion 热扩散，热漫布thermal equilibrium condition 热平衡条件thermal vibration 热振动central heating 屮央加热humidity 湿度，湿气climate 气候suction 吸，吸力，吸气chamber 燃烧室shaft 轴refrigerati ng 冷冻plenum system 压力通风系统pedestal 基础，底座acoustics声学，建筑物的传音性cognizance认识，注意charcoal 木炭aperture 孔隙，口径potbelly 大腹hypocaust 热坑canopy天蓬，防雨盖板pedestal基座,柱脚,底座cloak斗篷horticultural 园艺的convector对流器apparatus器械，设备amelioration 改善，改进suction吸气，吸力ubiquitous普遍存在的perforate穿孔，打洞trough 沟，槽Mediterranean 地中海的plenum system 压力通风系统terra-cotta 陶瓦Thames River 泰晤士河Less on7 Less on8spa n 跨度，跨距initiate 开始，发动pedestria ns 行人authority 权力，当局highway 公路，高速公路approach 通路，途经，接近roadway 车行道，路面safe factor 安全因子forming 成型chip 碎裂shapi ng 修整weather 受侵蚀，使风化tropical regions 热带地区hardening process 硬化过程suspension bridge 巾桥yield strength 屈服强度bridge pier 桥墩laminate 层叠stability 稳定性failure 失效anchor 锚定stress and strain 应力和应变overlap 重叠，交迭static load 静载荷can tilever bridge 悬臂式桥梁dynamic load or live load 动载荷corbel arch 突拱impact 冲击rigid beam 刚性梁bump 冲击，碰撞girder 梁，钢桁的支架vibratio n 振动stretch 拉伸tremor 震动，颤动buckle 屈Illi dynamic behavior 动态性能cable 电缆,索wind tunnel 风洞valley山谷revenue收入，税收obstacle 障碍durability 耐久性aqueduct 沟渠，引水桥tremor震动，地震barge驳船，用船运输debris碎片,残骸isolated隔离的,单独cofferdam 围堰log原木caisson沉箱，沉井vine帝j萄树，藤蔓hazardous危险的slant倾斜，鞋面temporary暂时的subsoil 下层土,天然地基ingenuity独创性，灵活性,精巧aerialist高空杂技师derrick人字起重机tightrope 钢丝winch卷扬机,绞车abutment 桥墩,桥台guardrail 护栏anchorage 锚定,固定支座accessory附件，辅助设备stretch拉伸，展开toll通行费girder桁架，主梁，撑杆preliminary design 初步设计intersect 横断，相交tensile strength 抗拉强度intermediate pier 中间墩yield strength 屈服强度suspension bridge i吊桥.悬索桥compressed air 压缩空气Less onlllayout 规划，设计terrain 地形right of way 可通行ground mapping 地图测绘expressway 高速公路，快车道traverse 横过，穿过metropolitan 大城市的，主要城市的acquisiti on 获得substitute 代替，取代blueprint 蓝图，设计图accommodate 提供，供应，容纳frequency 频率，周期capacity 容量，能力duration 持续时间runoff rate 流率roughness 粗糙度interstate 州际的maintenance 维护，保养pavement 公路，人行道abutting邻近的speculative投机的，推测的traverse 横穿recreational娱乐性的,供消遣的gradation分级，级配,层次expressway高速公路compact压实，捣实accommodate供应，容纳，适应caliche钙质壳,生硝oyster•砾，牡蛎bituminous含沥青的catchbasin汇水沟，雨水井adverse相反的，不利的precipitation沉淀，降水量，地形性降雨photogrammetric摄影制图的outlet出口，排水口pneumatic-tired roller 气胎压路机public utilities 公共设施calcium chloride 氯化钙guard rail 护栏Less onl2traffic routing 交通路线freeway 高速公路through streets 直通大街one-way streets 单行线，单行道regulation 规则，规章，法规intersection 十字路U,交叉点expedite 加速，派出pavement marking 路面标记artery 动脉，干线congestion 拥塞，充血crosswalk 斑马线，人彳亍横道symbol 信号bit 字节alleviate减轻，缓和off-peak periods非高峰时间bottleneck 道路的瓶颈，狭道interference 冲突，干扰mileage 英里数，行车里稈curvature弯|W，曲率shift 转移，轮班，替换reliance信赖,依靠的人或物reversible可逆的，回行的channelization管道化,河道疏浚intersection十字路口,交叉点conflict 冲突interference冲突,干扰,相互影响remote遥感的，远程的arbitrary任意的,随机的bottleneck狭道，交通堵塞periphery夕卜围,边缘off-peak periods非高峰时间Less onl6footing 基础，底座rectangular 长方形，矩形trapezoidal 梯形，不规则四边形description 描述，描绘enlarge 扩大，增加retention 保留，保持discontinuity 间断，不连续subside 下沉，沉降infiltrate 渗入，渗透，透过basement 基础，地下室encase 包裹，围住accumulate 积聚，堆积flexibility 弹性，挠性backfill 冋填，装填admixture 混合物，掺合物mat foundation 板式基础slab foundatio n 平板基础plain concrete 索水泥sump水坑，积水井grout水泥浆，灌浆weep渗漏,滴水swell膨胀，涨水，增大，隆起Less onl7layout 设计，布置master schedule 设计任务书subsidiary 辅助的，补充的forecast 预测，预想procurement 取得，获得expedite 加速，促进fabricate 制作，构造comply with 照做formwork 模子材料budget 预算，做预算unit cost 单位成木time card 计时卡片overrun超过，超出time study 丁•时定额研究water table 地下水位fissure 裂缝，裂纹execution 执行,完成，施工invoice 发票，发货单dismantle 拆卸，拆除clarify澄清,阐明,净化payroll T.资单productivity生产力，劳动生产率bulldozer推土机,压路机shovel铲，挖掘机dragline拉索，拉铲挖土机clamshell抓斗，蛤壳式挖泥机scraper铲运机，刮土机，平土机haul拖,拉，拖运contamination污染,污染物wellpoint降低地下水位的井点，深坑点fragment断片,碎块solidify凝固，固结ingredient成分，配料silo竖井，发射井amalgam软的混合物slip form滑动模板，滑模Lessonl8deform 变形physical property 物理性能elasticity 弹性plasticity 册性brittle 碎性的fracture 断裂elastic modulus 弹性模量extrude 挤压hydratio n 水化pulverize 研磨成粉durability 耐久性synthetic 合成的，人造的resin 树脂，胶质thermosetting 热固塑料thermoplastic热塑性塑料seashell 贝壳，海贝ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度grain颗粒，粒血elasticity弹性，弹力，弹性力学stiffness刚度，硬度secular世俗的,现世的,非宗教的pyramid金字塔,四面体stack堆叠，整齐地对其slate石板瓦,铺石板timber木材，原木conifer针叶树spruce云杉cabinetwork细木T,细木家具cellular细胞的,分格的,多孔状的grain颗粒，纹理，粒血silicon 硅manganese 猛negligible可以忽略的douglasfir 美国松Lessonl9overall 全部的，全血的collapse 倒塌，崩溃ascertain 确定，探知stability 稳定性exert 施加，尽力reaction force 反作用力static equilibrium 静力平衡line of action 作用线determi nate 静定indeterminate 超静定equivalent 相等的，相当的lateral force 测向力coplanar 共面的noncon curre nt 不集屮于点的normal 法线approximate近似的,大约的redundant 多余的superposition 叠加,重叠inversion 倒置matrix 矩阵procedure步骤,过程facilitate促进，简化abrupt突然的,不连续的nonconcurrent 非共点的reaction反应反作用，反力superposition 叠加,重合contraflexure 反向玩去simultaneous联立的，同时的algebra 代数laborious艰苦的，费力的multiplication 乘法，倍增invert反演，倒置，转化，颠倒random任意的，随机的neutral axis 屮和轴pin joint 较接angular displacement 角位移earthquake-resistant 抗地震的statically in determi nate structure 超静定结构。

(完整版)土木工程专业英语-复习重点词汇

Lesson1civil engineering土木匠程structural engineering结构工程water resources engineering水源工程environmental engineering环境工程transportation engineering运输工程construction engineering建筑工程community and urban planning社区与市政规划survey丈量，勘察engineering management工程管理drainage system排污系统utility公共设备groundwater地下水material property(behavior)资料性能potential潜能，电位pressure压力stability稳固性earthquake地震wastewater treatment plant废水办理厂air scrubber空气净化器installation安装strength强度rate of flow流率frame work框架，构架natural resource自然资源discipline学科，分枝predominate 居支配地位，（数目上）占优势geotechnical 岩土工程的specification详述，说明书，清单supervise 监察，管理subcontractor转包合同asphalt 沥青aluminum铝runoff雨量，流量lock 水闸，闸门fill 装填物，填土scrubber 清洗器incineration焚化toxic 有毒的combustible易燃的ramp 斜坡excavate 发掘aerial 空气的，航空的sonic 声音的，音速的，利用音波的plotting 测绘，标图municipal市政的，地方的commission 委员会Lesson2budget估算raw material原资料compression压缩compressive strength抗压强度tension拉伸tensile strength抗拉强度support支撑vertical垂直的horizontal水平的column柱子beam梁frame construction框架结构cantilever悬臂梁golden section 黄金切割点mathematical formulas 数学公式stress应力strain应变character特征，性能geography地理shelter 遮盖处encompass 包含，环绕identical完整同样的illumination照明parlance说法，用法edifice大建筑物，大厦dominant支配的，占优势nave 初期教堂中殿，中央广场aisle 走廊transept 教堂的交错通道apse 教堂的后殿balustrade 栏杆intermediate中间的clue 线索colonnade 柱廊，柱列aspiration 志向，盼望incarnation 化身，表现blank wall 挡墙cave dweller 穴居人Gothic cathedral 哥特式大教堂Lesson3component构件load-carrying capability蒙受能力ptioartin隔板，隔墙heating and cooling system加热与冷却系统superstructure上部建筑substructure基础foundation基础，地基steel framework刚架结构cast-iron铸铁reinforced concrete钢筋水泥masonry砌体corrugated steel deck涟漪钢地板ateral force(deformation)侧向力（变形）transparent透明的，清晰的opaque 不透明的pre-cast concrete预浇铸水泥stiffness硬度rib肋骨slab beam薄板梁ventilating通风three-dimension三维的，立体的hinge绞链elastic property弹性性能truss桁架plumbing system水管系统partition 分开，隔墙converter 炼钢炉surpass 超出exterior 外面（的）lintel 过梁deck 甲板corrugate 弄皱duct 管道，预应力筋孔道ancillary 协助的ventilate 使通风conceal 隐蔽Lesson4stressed-skin tube承力表层式筒体lateral sway侧面位移stiffness刚度，刚性boundary condition界限条件rigid belt trusses刚性带式桁架framed tube框式筒体column-diagonal truss tube基础，地基bundled tube筒系统spandrel beams拱梁rigid shear wall tube刚性承剪墙式筒体composite material复合资料spectacular 壮观的sway 摇晃，歪，使倾斜residential 居住的，住所的innovation 创新，新事物eliminate 清除column 柱，圆柱物demonstrate 证明，示范project 凸出，投射，工程truss 框架bundle 捆，束terminate 使停止fa?ade 房子的正面，外观perimeter 四周，周界encroach 侵犯high-rise building 高层建筑reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土spandrel beam 窗下墙的墙托梁shear wall 剪力墙curtain wall悬墙，幕墙bearing wall承重墙plumbing system 卫生设备系统conduit 管道stratification 分层，层理exhibit 显示，表现Lesson5Lesson6organic matter有机物质ventilate使通风，使换气noxious odor有毒气体mobile vehicle灵巧车辆dis-infection消毒thermal diffusion热扩散，热漫布bacteria细菌thermal equilibrium condition热均衡条件viruses病毒thermal vibration热振动protozoa原生动物central heating中央加热coagulation凝结humidity湿度，湿气activated carbon活性碳climate天气biological disc生物转盘suction吸，吸力，吸气metropolitan都市的chamber焚烧室microorganism微生物shaft轴pesticide杀虫剂refrigerating冷冻herbicide除草剂plenum system压力通风系统potable water可饮用水pedestal基础，底座dewater脱水acoustics 声学，建筑物的传音性compost混淆肥料cognizance 认识，注意centrifuge离心分别机charcoal 木炭afterburner加力焚烧室aperture孔隙，口径cement mortar水泥沙浆potbelly大腹electrostatic precipitator 静电积淀剂hypocaust 热坑fluid-bed流化床canopy 天蓬，防雨盖板purification净化pedestal 基座，柱脚，底座cloak 斗篷horticultural 园艺的convector 对流器apparatus 器材，设备amelioration 改良，改良suction 吸气，吸力ubiquitous 广泛存在的perforate 穿孔，打洞trough 沟，槽Mediterranean 地中海的plenum system 压力通风系统terra-cotta 陶瓦Thames River 泰晤士河Lesson7span跨度，跨距pedestrians行人highway公路，高速公路roadway车行道，路面forming成型shaping修整tropical regions热带地域suspension bridge吊桥bridge pier桥墩stability稳固性anchor锚定overlap重叠，交迭cantilever bridge悬臂式桥梁corbel arch突拱rigid beam刚性梁girder梁 , 钢桁的支架stretch拉伸buckle屈曲cable电缆，索valley 山谷obstacle 阻碍aqueduct 水渠，引水桥barge 驳船，用船运输isolated 隔绝的，独自log 原木vine 葡萄树，藤蔓slant 倾斜，鞋面subsoil 基层土，天然地基aerialist 高空杂技师tightrope钢丝abutment桥墩，桥台anchorage 锚定，固定支座stretch 拉伸，睁开girder 桁架，主梁，撑杆intersect 横断，订交intermediate pier中间墩Lesson8initiate开始，发动authority权利，当局approach通路，路过，靠近safe factor安全因子chip碎裂weather受侵害，使风化hardening process硬化过程yield strength折服强度laminate层叠failure无效stress and strain应力和应变static load静载荷dynamic load or live load动载荷impact冲击bump冲击，碰撞vibration振动tremor震动，抖动dynamic behavior动向性能wind tunnel风洞revenue收入，税收durability持久性tremor 震动，地震debris 碎片，残骸cofferdam 围堰caisson 沉箱，沉井hazardous 危险的temporary 临时的ingenuity 独创性，灵巧性，精良derrick 人字起重机winch 卷扬机，绞车guardrail 护栏accessory 附件，协助设备toll 通行费preliminary design初步设计tensile strength抗拉强度yield strength 折服强度suspension bridge 吊桥，悬索桥compressed air 压缩空气Lesson11layout规划，设计terrain地形right of way可通行ground mapping地图测绘expressway高速公路，快车道traverse横过，穿过metropolitan大城市的，主要城市的acquisition获取substitute取代，取代blueprint宏图，设计图accommodate供给 , 供给，容纳frequency频次，周期capacity容量，能力duration连续时间runoff rate流率roughness粗拙度interstate州际的maintenance保护，养护pavement公路，人行道abutting 周边的speculative谋利的，推断的traverse 横穿recreational娱乐性的，供消遣的gradation分级，级配，层次expressway 高速公路compact 压实，捣实accommodate 供给，容纳，适应caliche 钙质壳，生硝oyster 砾，牡蛎bituminous含沥青的catchbasin 汇水渠，雨水井adverse 相反的，不利的precipitation 积淀，降水量，地形性降雨photogrammetric 拍照制图的outlet 出口，排水口 pneumatic-tired roller 气胎压路机 publicutilities 公共设备calcium chloride 氯化钙guard rail 护栏Lesson12traffic routing交通路线freeway高速公路through streets直通大街one-way streets单行线，单行道regulation规则，规章，法例intersection十字路口，交错点expedite加快，派出pavement marking 路面标志artery动脉，干线congestion拥堵，充血crosswalk斑马线，人行横道symbol信号bit字节alleviate减少，和缓off-peak periods非顶峰时间bottleneck道路的瓶颈，狭道interference矛盾，扰乱mileage英里数，行车里程curvature 曲折，曲率shift转移，轮班，替代reliance 信任，依赖的人或物reversible可逆的，回行的channelization管道化，河流疏浚intersection十字路口，交错点conflict 矛盾interference矛盾，扰乱，互相影响remote 遥感的，远程的arbitrary随意的，随机的bottleneck 狭道，交通拥堵periphery外头，边沿off-peak periods非顶峰时间Lesson16Lesson17footing基础，底座layout设计，部署rectangular长方形，矩形master schedule设计任务书trapezoidal梯形，不规则四边形subsidiary协助的，增补的description描述，描述forecast展望，预料enlarge扩大，增添procurement获得，获取retention保存，保持expedite加快，促使discontinuity中断，不连续fabricate制作，结构subside下沉，沉降comply with照做infiltrate浸透，浸透，透过formwork模型资料basement基础，地下室budget估算，做估算encase包裹，围住unit cost单位成本accumulate聚集，聚积time card计时卡片flexibility弹性，挠性overrun超出，高出backfill回填，装填time study工时定额研究admixture混淆物，掺合物water table地下水位mat foundation板式基础fissure裂痕，裂纹slab foundation平板基础execution履行，达成，施工plain concrete素水泥invoice发票，发货单sump水坑，积水井dismantle拆卸，拆掉grout水泥浆，灌浆clarify 澄清，说明，净化weep渗漏，滴水payroll 薪资单swell 膨胀，涨水，增大，隆起productivity 生产力，劳动生产率bulldozer 推土机，压路机shovel 铲，发掘机dragline 拉索，拉铲挖土机clamshell 抓斗，蛤壳式挖泥机scraper 铲运机，刮土机，平土机haul 拖，拉，拖运contamination污染，污染物wellpoint降低地下水位的井点，深坑点fragment断片，碎块solidify 凝结，固结ingredient成分，配料silo 竖井，发射井amalgam 软的混淆物slip form滑动模板，滑模Lesson18deform变形physical property物理性能elasticity弹性plasticity塑性brittle碎性的fracture断裂elastic modulus弹性模量extrude挤压hydration水化pulverize研磨成粉durability持久性synthetic合成的，人造的resin树脂，胶质thermosetting 热固塑料thermoplastic热塑性塑料seashell贝壳，海贝ultimate tensile strength极限抗拉强度grain 颗粒，粒面elasticity 弹性，弹力，弹性力学 stiffness 刚度，硬度secular 世俗的，现世的，非宗教的pyramid 金字塔，四周体stack 堆叠，齐整地对其slate 石板瓦，铺石板timber木材，原木conifer 针叶树spruce 云杉cabinetwork 细木匠，细木家具cellular 细胞的，分格的，多孔状的grain 颗粒，纹理，粒面silicon 硅manganese 猛negligible 能够忽视的douglas fir 美国松Lesson19overall所有的，全面的collapse坍毁，崩溃ascertain确立，探知stability稳固性exert施加，全力reaction force反作使劲static equilibrium静力均衡line of action作用线determinate静定indeterminate超静定equivalent相等的，相当的lateral force测向力coplanar共面的nonconcurrent不集中于一点的normal法线approximate近似的，大概的redundant剩余的superposition叠加，重叠inversion倒置matrix矩阵procedure步骤，过程facilitate促使，简化abrupt忽然的，不连续的nonconcurrent 非共点的reaction反响反作用，反力superposition叠加，重合contraflexure 反向玩去simultaneous 联立的，同时的algebra 代数laborious 艰辛的，费劲的multiplication 乘法，倍增invert 反演，倒置，转变，颠倒random 随意的，随机的neutral axis 中和轴pin joint铰接angular displacement角位移earthquake-resistant 抗地震的statically indeterminate structure超静定结构。

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