八年级上册英语课堂笔记(1-6单元)汇编
八年级上册英语1--6单元知识点总结
Unit 1on /at weekends 在周末 on /at weekdays 在工作日期间 surf the Internet 上网冲浪last/this/next weekend 在上个/这个/下个周末(last/this/next 前不加介词on /at)go to the movies 去看电影 junk food 垃圾食品 look after=take care of 照看exercise(动词)=do/take/have exercise(U)=do/take/have sports(C) 做运动eye/morning exercises(C) 做眼保健操/早操 as for 就…而言the result(s) of /for (the student activity survey) (学生活动调查)的结果be good/bad for 对……有好处 /有害 an unhealthy eating habit 一种不健康的饮食习惯keep/ stay/be healthy=keep in good health 保持健康1.What does she usually do on weekends? 她在周末常干什么?She usually goes to the movies. 她通常去看电影。
2. What does he sometimes do on weekends?He sometimes surfs the Internet.3. How often does he go shopping?He goes shopping once a month.4. How often does Lucy exercise?She exercises about twice a week.5. How often does she eat vegetable(s)?She eats vegetable(s)three times a day.6. Where there is will, there is always a way. 有志者事竟成。
八年级上册英语笔记总结
八年级上册英语笔记总结Unit 1:In this unit, I learned about different ways to greet someone in English, such as "Hi, hello, good morning, good afternoon, and good evening." I also learned how to introduce myself and others, and how to ask and answer questions about names, ages, and nationalities. I practiced using the verb "to be" in various sentences and understood how to use possessive adjectives like "my," "your," and "his/her."Unit 2:In Unit 2, I learned about numbers, especially how to express them in words and how to spell them correctly. I also learned about the time, including how to ask and tell the time in both the 12-hour and 24-hour systems. Additionally, I practiced talking about daily activities using the simple present tense.Unit 3:This unit introduced me to different places and how to ask for and give directions. I learned important vocabulary related to locations, such as "bank," "restaurant," and "hospital." I also practiced using prepositions of place and the imperative form to give directions and advice.Unit 4:In Unit 4, I learned about school subjects, such as math, science, and history, as well as how to express likes and dislikes about them. I also learned about hobbies and interests and practiced using the verb "to like" and "to love" to talk about activities I enjoy.Unit 5:This unit focused on family members and relationships. I learned how to talk about my family and the people in it, as well as how to describe appearances and personalities. I alsopracticed using possessive pronouns like "mine," "yours," and "theirs" to talk about ownership.Unit 6:In Unit 6, I learned about different kinds of food and drinks and how to express preferences for them. I also learned how to order food in a restaurant and how to use countable and uncountable nouns correctly.Unit 7:This unit introduced me to different types of clothes and accessories, including how to describe what I and others are wearing. I also practiced using the present continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment.Unit 8:In Unit 8, I learned about the past simple tense and how to talk about past experiences and events. I also practicedusing irregular verbs and time expressions to describe activities that happened in the past.Overall, this semester I have gained a solid foundation in basic English language skills, including grammar, vocabulary, and communication. I feel more confident in my ability to speak and understand English and look forward to continuing to improve my language skills in the future.。
人教版八年级英语上册单元笔记_I_(Unit1-Unit6)_本人原创
人教版八年级英语上册知识点总结Unit 1: How often do you exercise?【语言目标】会使用频率副词及短语;能描述课余时间的活动安排;会描述基本饮食结构。
1.How often do you exercise?你多久锻炼一次?本句是对“动作发生的频率”进行的提问,其中“how often”是一个特殊疑问词。
所谓的“频率”指的是某个动作多长时间/多久发生一次。
试比较:How often do you swim ?你多久游一次泳?How often does your father go to a movie?你爸爸多久看一次电影?针对“how often”引导的问句所进行的回答:本单元常用的表示频率的短语有:once a week, twice a week, three times a month等等。
当然,也可以用一些常见的频度副词来进行回答,如always ,usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never.例:对划线部分提问:He always takes a bus to school. 注:划线部分都是对“频率”的描述,所以答案为He takes a bus to school twice a week. How often does he take a bus to school?He never takes a bus to school.2.I always go shopping . Go +V-ing 表示“去xx”。
常见形式还有:go swimming,I often go skateboarding. go fishing,go walking...3.I can't stand shopping. 我无法忍受购物。
“can't stand doing sth”意为:无法忍受xxx 。
特别注意:stand 后跟V-ing 形式。
八年级上册英语课堂笔记(1-6单元)
八年级上册课堂笔记(1-6单元)Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?1,一般过去时基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他;否定形式:①was / were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原动词;一般疑问句:①Was/Were+主语+其他?②Did+主语+动词原形+其他?2,动词过去式规则变化:直接加ed;以不发音e结尾的单词,直接加d;以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed;以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed;以重读闭音节结尾的,双写最后的辅音字母+ed不规则变化的动词过去式(见书本最后一页)3,go on vacation去度假be on vacation在度假4,a nyone任何人,只用于指人,一般用在否定句、疑问句中,后面不接of 短语。
做主语时位于动词用单数。
Eg:Is there anyone at home?any one任何一个,指人或物,后面接of 短语。
Eg:You can take any one of these books. 5,adj修饰不定代词后置anything special something importantenough作adv,修饰adj/ adv 后置old enough fast enoughelse作adj,修饰疑问代词和不定代词后置what else who else something else 6,quite a few/ little 相当多7,How/ what about+V-ing/ n/ 代词…怎么样?(表建议、询问)8,most students= most of the students“one of +the most +adj +n复数”表示“最…之一”Eg:He is one of the most famous writers in China.A most +adj +n 非常Eg:Hangzhou is a most beautiful city.9,buy/ get sb sth= buy/ get sth for sb10,what do you think of/ about…?= how do you like…?你认为…怎么样?11,have fun,enjoy oneself,have a good/ great/ wonderful time+V-ing,12,主语+ seem+(to be)+表语(n/adj)eg:Tom seems to be a smart boy/ happy.It seems that从句eg:It seems that he understand.主语+ seem to do sth eg:He seems to understand.13,adj 以-ing结尾“令人…的”exciting,interesting,relaxing,boring以-ed结尾“人感到…的”excited,interested,relaxed,bored14,询问价格:How much is…? What’s the price of…?表示价格高低:…be expensive/ cheapThe price of …is high/ low15,get to, arrive in/at, reach,到达(如果后面接地点的副词home,here或there,就不用介词in ,at, to)16,decide(not)to dodecide that从句decide+疑问词+不定式17,try(not)to do sth尽力try doing sth 尝试try/ do one’s best to do sthtry it on试穿(动副结构)try out试验have a try试一试18,feel like感觉像feel like doing sth/ want to do sth/ would like to do sth19,a lot of= lots of =plenty of20,in the past在过去21,enjoy/ like doing22,感叹句:How+adj+主谓!How+adj+a/an +n单+主谓!What+ a/an +adj+ n单+主谓!What+ adj+ n复/ 不可数+主谓!23,more than=over超过less than 少于more or less或多或少24,wait for等待25,too many“太多”修饰可数名词复数too much“太多”修饰不可数名词much too“实在太”修饰形容词或副词26,because+从句because of +n/ V-ing /代词27,enough作adj修饰n,enough time enough moneyhave enough…to do sth eg:I have enough time to finish the work.enough作adv修饰adj/ adv old enough fast enough…enough for sb to do sth eg:The job is easy enough for me to do.not…enough to do The book isn’t easy enough for me to read.too…to…The book is too difficult for me to read.so…that…The book is so difficult that I can’t read.28,the next day第二天29,remember/ forget+to do要做+doing做过30,Stop sb from doing sth阻止Stop to do 停下来去做其他事Stop doing 停止正在做的事31,another two hours=two more hours32,at the top of在…顶端,名列…之前强调点on the top of在…上面强调面33,find out查明,弄清find找到(结果)look for寻找(过程)34,go on with/ doing sth继续原来的事go on to do sth继续做别的事35,so +adj +that +结果状语从句“如此……以致……”eg:I was so busy that I didn’t go to sleep for 3 days.so that 引导目的状语从句,以便,为了(in order to)eg:they got up early so that they could catch the early bus.so +adj +(a/ an+n单数)that It is so important a meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ a/ an+ adj + n单数+that It is such an important meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ adj+n复数/不可数+thatUnit 2 How often do you exercise?1,How如何(方式)how long多长(时间)答语常用“(For/ about +)时间段”how far多远(距离)答语常用“(It’s +)数词 +miles/ meters/ kilometers”how often多久一次(频率)答语常用“Always/ often/ every day/…”或“次数+时间”等表频率的状语How soon多快,多久以后,常用在将来时中。
八年级上册英语重点笔记(精)
八年级上册英语重点笔记(精)- Unit 1: Greetings and Introductions- Basic greetings and responses- Introducing oneself and others- Asking and answering about personal information- Unit 2: Classroom Language- Vocabulary related to classroom objects- Expressions for asking and answering questions in class- Unit 3: Numbers and Time- Cardinal and ordinal numbers- Telling time and expressing schedules- Days of the week, months, and dates- Unit 4: My Family- Vocabulary for family members and extended family - Describing family members and their relationships- Talking about family activities and celebrations- Unit 5: School Life- Vocabulary related to school subjects and activities- Expressing likes, dislikes, and preferences in school- Talking about school rules and responsibilities- Unit 6: Daily Routine- Describing daily activities and routines- Time expressions for daily routines- Talking about personal habits and preferences- Unit 7: Food and Drinks- Vocabulary for food and drinks- Ordering food and drinks in a restaurant- Talking about preferences and dietary habits- Unit 8: Hobbies and Interests- Expressing likes, dislikes, and preferences in leisure activities - Talking about favorite hobbies and pastimes以上为八年级上册英语的重点笔记。
超详细八年级英语上册笔记,重点页码已标出,复制到
超详细八年级英语上册笔记,重点页码已标出,复制到超详细2018年八年级英语上册笔记(人教版)重点页码已经标出Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?复制以下内容到word可打印Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?本单元的话题:谈论假期活动内容,复习一般过去时。
本单元的语法:1.复习一般过去时;2.学习不定代词和不定副词的用法。
1.本单元出现的动词不规则过去式有:is\am--was是are -- were是go--went去buy—bought买take --took拿走do\does—did feed—fed喂see—saw 看见eat—ate 吃have\has—had 有,吃feel—felt感觉ride—rode骑get—got到达,得到can—could 能,会forget—forgot忘记 drink—drank喝 find—found找到2.不定代词和不定副词的用法:some bodyany oneevery thingno where(疑问副词)不定代词和不定副词(1)左边的some、any、every、no与右边的body、one、thing构成不定代词,some、any、every、no与右边的疑问副词where构成不定副词;(2)一般情况下以some开头的不定代词和不定副词用于肯定句,以any开头的不定代词和不定副词用于否定句、疑问句;以no开头的不定代词和不定副词表示否定含义(no one为两个单词);(3)不定代词或不定副词和形容词连用时,形容词放在后面。
He has something important to do.他有重要的事情要做。
(肯定句用something,形容词important放后)Did you buy anything special? (一般疑问句用anything,形容词special放后)Did you go anywhere interesting last month?上个月你去令人感兴趣的地方了吗?(一般疑问句用不定副词anywhere,形容词interesting放后)(4)不定代词和不定副词做主语时,后面的动词用单数形式。
八年级上册英语笔记1~10单元
八年级上册英语笔记(1 - 10 单元)一、Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?(一)重点词汇1.anyone /ˈeniwʌn/ 任何人-解析:用于疑问句和否定句中,表示“任何人”。
-例句:Did anyone see my keys?(有人看到我的钥匙了吗?)2.wonderful /ˈwʌndəfl/ 精彩的;极好的-解析:形容事物非常好,令人愉悦。
-例句:We had a wonderful time on vacation.(我们在假期里过得非常愉快。
)3.few /fjuː/ 很少;几乎没有-解析:修饰可数名词,表示数量少。
-例句:There are few people in the park today.(今天公园里人很少。
)4.quite a few 相当多;不少-解析:强调数量比较多。
-例句:I took quite a few photos on my trip.(我在旅行中拍了不少照片。
)5.most /məʊst/ 大多数;大部分-解析:可作形容词、名词或副词。
-例句:Most people like to travel.(大多数人喜欢旅行。
)(二)重点句型1.Where did you go on vacation? 你去哪里度假了?-解析:这是一个特殊疑问句,询问过去的动作。
-例句:Where did you go last weekend?(你上周末去哪里了?)2.Did you go anywhere interesting? 你去了什么有趣的地方吗?-解析:一般疑问句,用“Did + 主语+ 动词原形”的结构。
-例句:Did you do anything special yesterday?(你昨天做了什么特别的事情吗?)3.I went to the mountains. 我去了山区。
-解析:简单的陈述句,表达过去的动作。
八年级英语上册 课堂笔记 外研版
八年级英语上册课堂笔记外研版八年级英语上册课堂笔记外研版八年级英语(上)课堂笔记Module 1 How to learn English一.词语链接:1. translate (v.) – translation (n.) – translator (n.人), pronounce (v.) –pronunciation (n.)advise (v.) – advice (U.n.), improve (v.) – improvement (n.), breathe (v.) – breath (n.)2. correct (v.;adj.=right)–wrong3. repeat = say again4.write/spell (v.) –writing/spelling (n.)5. base (n./v.) – basic (adj.)6. remember-forget,shy-outgoing(shy-shyer/shier-shyest/shiest),start-end, deep - low (反义词) 7. start=begin/open(同义词) 8. forget –forgot -forgotten,hear -heard -heard, send –sent -sent9. other 与else(别的,其它的)else作形容词时,通常放在疑问代词what或anything , something, nothing, nobody,等不定代词之后; else作副词时,通常放在疑问副词或anywhere等不定副词之后。
other作形容词,通常放在被修饰的名词之前; other还可作代词。
A. 1. What else do you want? Is there anybody else in the room?2. When else can I come? Would you like to go somewhere else?B. Please come some other day. 请改日再来。
八年级上册英语课堂笔记
八年级上册课堂笔记(1-6单元)Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation1,一般过去时基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他;否定形式:①was / were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原动词;一般疑问句:①Was/Were+主语+其他②Did+主语+动词原形+其他2,动词过去式规则变化:直接加ed;以不发音e结尾的单词,直接加d;以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed;以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed;以重读闭音节结尾的,双写最后的辅音字母+ed不规则变化的动词过去式(见书本最后一页)3,go on vacation去度假 be on vacation在度假4,anyone任何人,只用于指人,一般用在否定句、疑问句中,后面不接of 短语。
做主语时位于动词用单数。
Eg:Is there anyone at homeany one任何一个,指人或物,后面接of 短语。
Eg:You can take any one of these books. 5,adj修饰不定代词后置 anything special something importantenough作adv,修饰adj/ adv 后置 old enough fast enoughelse作adj,修饰疑问代词和不定代词后置 what else who else something else 6,quite a few/ little 相当多7,How/ what about+V-ing/ n/ 代词…怎么样(表建议、询问)8,most students= most of the students“one of +the most +adj +n复数”表示“最…之一”Eg:He is one of the most famous writers in China.A most +adj +n 非常 Eg:Hangzhou is a most beautiful city.9,buy/ get sb sth= buy/ get sth for sb10,what do you think of/ about…= how do you like…你认为…怎么样11,have fun,enjoy oneself,have a good/ great/ wonderful time+V-ing,12,主语+ seem+(to be)+表语(n/adj) eg:Tom seems to be a smart boy/ happy.It seems that从句 eg:It seems that he understand.主语+ seem to do sth eg:He seems to understand.13,adj 以-ing结尾“令人…的”exciting,interesting,relaxing,boring 以-ed结尾“人感到…的”excited,interested,relaxed,bored14,询问价格:How much is… What’s the price of…表示价格高低:…be expensive/ cheapThe price of … is high/ low15,get to, arrive in/at, reach,到达(如果后面接地点的副词home,here或there ,就不用介词in ,at, to)16,decide(not)to dodecide that从句decide+疑问词+不定式17,try(not)to do sth尽力try doing sth 尝试try/ do one’s best to do sthtry it on试穿(动副结构) try out试验 have a try试一试18,feel like感觉像 feel like doing sth/ want to do sth/ would like to do sth19,a lot of= lots of =plenty of20,in the past在过去21,enjoy/ like doing22,感叹句:How+adj+主谓!How+adj+a/an +n单+主谓!What+ a/an +adj+ n单+主谓!What+ adj+ n复/ 不可数+主谓!23,more than=over超过 less than 少于 more or less或多或少24,wait for等待25,too many“太多”修饰可数名词复数too much“太多”修饰不可数名词much too“实在太”修饰形容词或副词26,because+从句 because of +n/ V-ing /代词27,enough作adj修饰n, enough time enough moneyhave enough…to do sth eg:I have enough time to finish the work. enough作adv修饰adj/ adv old enough fast enough…enough for sb to do sth eg:The job is easy enough for me to do. not…enough to do The book isn’t easy enough for me to read.too…to… The book is too difficult for me to read.so…that… The book is so difficult that I can’t read.28,the next day第二天29,remember/ forget+to do要做+doing做过30,Stop sb from doing sth阻止Stop to do 停下来去做其他事Stop doing 停止正在做的事31,another two hours=two more hours32,at the top of在…顶端,名列…之前强调点on the top of在…上面强调面33,find out查明,弄清 find找到(结果) look for寻找(过程)34,go on with/ doing sth继续原来的事go on to do sth继续做别的事35,so +adj +that +结果状语从句“如此……以致……”eg:I was so busy that I didn’t go to sleep for 3 days.so that 引导目的状语从句,以便,为了(in order to)eg:they got up early so that they could catch the early bus.so +adj +(a/ an+n单数)that It is so important a meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ a/ an+ adj + n单数+that It is such an important meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ adj+n复数/不可数+thatUnit 2 How often do you exercise1,How 如何(方式)how long 多长(时间)答语常用“(For/ about +)时间段”how far多远(距离)答语常用“(It’s +)数词 +miles/ meters/ kilometers”how often多久一次(频率)答语常用“Always/ often/ every day/…”或“次数+时间”等表频率的状语How soon多快,多久以后,常用在将来时中。
八年级英语上册笔记(全部)
Unit1 Playing SportsTopic1 I’m going to play basketball.【重点短语】1. during the summer holidays 1.在暑假期间2. between…and… 2.在两者之间3. cheer sb. on 3.为某人加油4. prefer doing sth. 4.更喜欢做某事5. quite a bit/a lot 5.很多6. plan to do sth. 6.计划做某事7. have a skating club 7.举办滑雪俱乐部8. go skating/skiing/bicycling/climbing/hiking 8.去滑雪/滑冰/骑车/爬山/远足9. arrive in/at 9.到达10. play against…10.与……对抗/较量11. for long 11.很久12. leave for…12.动身去…13. the day after tomorrow 13.后天14. China’s national team14.中国国家队15. play baseball 15.打棒球16. at least 16.至少17. What a shame! 17. 多羞愧!18. be good at 18.善于做某事19. take part in 19.参加20. all over the world 20.全世界21. be good for 21.对……有益22. a good way 22.一种好方法23. keep fit/healthy 23.保持健康24. relax oneself 24.放松某人自己【重点句型】1. What’s your favorite sport? = What sport do you like best? 你最喜爱的运动是什么?2. Which sport do you prefer? = Which sport do you like better?你更喜欢什么运动?I prefer skating. = I like skating better. 我更喜欢滑雪.3. Do you skate much? = Do you often skate? 你常滑雪吗?4. She spends at least half an hour in the gym every day. 每天她至少花半小时在体育馆.5. She plays baseball pretty well and she is also good at jumping. 她棒球打得相当好而且擅长于跳.6. What kind of sports do you like? = Which sport do you like? 你喜欢哪种运动?7. Would you like to come and cheer us on? 你愿意来为我们加油吗?8. What are you going to be when you grow up? 当你长大后做什么?9. There is going to be a school sports meet next month.下月有一场运动会。
八年级上册英语重点笔记(精)
八年级上册英语重点笔记(精)Unit 1: Greetings and Introductions- Greetings: Hello, Hi, Good morning/afternoon/evening, How are you?- Introductions: My name is [name], I am [age] years old, I am from [place]Unit 2: School Life- School subjects: Chinese, English, math, science, history, geography, music, art- Classroom objects: desk, chair, blackboard, book, pen, pencil, rulerUnit 3: Family and Friends- Family members: mother, father, sister, brother, grandmother, grandfather- Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, we, theyUnit 4: Hobbies and Activities- Hobbies: playing sports, listening to music, reading books, watching movies- Activities: playing football, swimming, dancing, playing the guitarUnit 5: Food and Drinks- Food: rice, noodles, bread, vegetables, fruits, meat, fish- Drinks: water, juice, milk, tea, coffee, sodaUnit 6: Shopping- Shops: supermarket, bookstore, clothing store, toy store- Items: clothes, books, toys, snacks, electronicsUnit 7: Daily Routine- Daily activities: wake up, brush teeth, have breakfast, go to school, do homework- Time expressions: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the eveningUnit 8: Traveling and Sightseeing- Modes of transportation: bus, train, car, bicycle, airplane- Sightseeing spots: museum, park, beach, mountain, zooUnit 9: Weather- Types of weather: sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy, windy- Weather expressions: What's the weather like today? It'shot/cold/windy.Unit 10: Health and Fitness- Health issues: headache, stomachache, fever, cough, sore throat- Activities for fitness: running, swimming, cycling, doing yoga以上是八年级上册英语的重点笔记。
人教版八年级上各单元英语笔记
人教版八年级上册Unit 1 重点短语1. stay at home 待在家里stayed (stay的过去式)2. go to the mountains 去山上went (go的过去式)3. go to summer camp 去夏令营4. visit museums 参观博物馆5. meet someone interesting碰见某个有趣的人met(meet的过去式)6. do something interesting做些有趣的事7. study for tests 为考试做准备studied(study的过去式)8. be on vacation 在度假9. didn't go anywhere wonderful没有去精彩的地方10. take quite a few photos拍了不少的照片took(take的过去式)11. of course 当然12. go to a friend's farm 去朋友的农场13. in the countryside 在乡下14. feed some hens and see some baby pigs 喂母鸡和看到一些小猪仔fed(feed的过去式);saw(see的过去式) 15. seem to be bored 看上去很无聊It seems that... 看来……16. keep a diary/keep diaries 记日记kept(keep的过去式)17. an activity 一次活动activities(activity的复数形式)18. an expensive gift 一份昂贵的礼物19. an exciting vacation一个令人兴奋的假期20. buy sth. for sb.=buy sb. sth. 为某人买某物bought(buy的过去式)21. have a good time 玩得开心have a good time doing sth. 做某事开心22. find something enjoyable 找点乐子found(find的过去式)23. arrive in (+大地方)/arrive at (+小地方)get to (+地方)reach (+地方)到达……24. decide to go to the beach 决定去海滩decide to do sth. 决定做某事25. try to do sth. 尽力做某事try doing sth. 尝试做某事have a try 尝试一下26. feel like sth. 感觉像某物feel like doing sth. 想做某事27. ride bicycles to sp. 骑自行车去某地rode(ride的过去式)28. a lot of new buildings 许多新建筑物29. the houses of the Chinese traders中国商人的房子30. enjoy walking around 喜欢到处走走31. walk up to the top 走到山顶32. wait over an hour for the train等火车一个多小时33. rain hard 雨下得大34. be/get wet 淋湿got(get的过去式)35. have an umbrella 有一把雨伞36. because of 因为;由于37. can't see anything below看不见下面的东西38. bring enough money 带足够的钱brought(bring的过去式)39. along the way 沿途40. another two hours=two more hours再两小时41. in the shopping center 在购物中心42. on our school trip 在我们学校郊游中43. a bag with food and water一个装着食物和水的袋子44. find out 弄清楚;查明白45. so... that...如此……以至于……46. Beijing duck 北京烤鸭47. keep doing sth. 继续做某事48. go on 继续49. jump up and down in excitement兴奋得跳上跳下50. start to come up 开始出现重点句型1. Long time no see. 好久不见。
新人教版八年级上册英语_1-6单元基础知识总结
1-6单元知识点总结一.作文题材(参考写过的作文及练习册作文)Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation(谈论假期生活,一般过去时)Unit 2 How often do you exercise (谈论生活习惯,一般现在时)Unit 3 I'm more outgoing than my sister(谈论事物人物对比,形容词比较级)Unit 4 What's the best movie theater(谈论事物比较,形容词最高级)Unit5 Do you want to watch a game show(谈论内心想法,对事物或电视,电影看法,一般现在时)Unit6 I’m going to study computer science.(谈谈生活的目标或计划,一般将来时be going to )Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation一、词组、短语:1、go on vacation去度假,2、stay at home 呆在家,3、go to the mountains 上山/进山,4、go to the beach到海边去,5、visit museums 参观博物馆,6、go to summer camp 去夏令营,7、quite a few 相当多,8、study for为……学习,9、go out 出去,10、most of the time 大部分时间/绝大多数时间,11、taste good 尝起来味道好,12、have a good time = enjoy oneself =have fun 玩得开心(+ doing),13、of course当然可以,14、feel like感觉像……/想要,15、in the past 在过去,16、walk around绕……走,17、too many +可数名词复数: 太多...too much +不可数名词太多...much too =形容词太19、because of 因为,20、one bowl of 一碗……,21、find out 查出来/发现,22、go on继续,23、take photos 照相,24、something important重要的事情,25、up and down上上下下,26、come up出来二、重要句子(语法):Where did you go on vacation你到哪里去度假了?I went to New York City.我去了纽约城Did you go out with anyone 你出去带人吗?No, No one was here. Everyone was on vacation.不,没有人在这儿。
初二英语上册笔记
初二英语上册笔记一、Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?1. 重点单词。
- anyone:任何人,常用于否定句和疑问句中。
例如:Did you meet anyone interesting on your vacation?(你在假期遇到有趣的人了吗?)- anywhere:在任何地方,与anyone用法类似。
如:I didn't go anywhere special.(我没有去任何特别的地方。
)- wonderful:精彩的,绝妙的。
例如:We had a wonderful time in Paris.(我们在巴黎度过了一段美妙的时间。
)- few:不多,很少,修饰可数名词复数,表示否定意义。
例如:There are few people in the park today.(今天公园里人很少。
)- quite a few:相当多,不少,修饰可数名词复数。
例如:I took quite a few photos on the beach.(我在海滩上拍了不少照片。
)2. 重点短语。
- go on vacation:去度假。
例如:They go on vacation every summer.(他们每年夏天去度假。
)- stay at home:待在家里。
如:I like to stay at home and read books on weekends.(我周末喜欢待在家里看书。
)- go to the mountains:去爬山。
例如:We went to the mountains last weekend.(我们上周末去爬山了。
)- visit museums:参观博物馆。
如:Many tourists visit museums when they travel to a new city.(许多游客到一个新城市旅游时参观博物馆。
)3. 重点句型。
八年级上册英语书笔记
八年级上册英语书笔记Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?I found some important grammar points in this unit. For example, the simple past tense. We use it to talk about things that happened in the past. Like "I went to the mountains on vacation." Here, "went" is the past formof "go". And the question form is "Where did you go?" We use "did" as an auxiliary verb for the simple past tense in questions. Also, when we answer, we can say "I went to...", "I visited...", etc. There are a lot of useful expressions for talking about vacations, such as "go on vacation", "have a good time", "something interesting".Unit 2 How often do you exercise?Adverbs of frequency are very important here. Words like "always", "usually", "often", "sometimes", "hardly ever", "never". We can use them to describe how often we do something. For example, "I always exercise in the morning." It shows a high frequency. And "I hardly ever eat junk food." shows a very low frequency. The sentence structure "How often + do/does + subject + verb" is used to ask about the frequency. And we answer with the adverbs of frequency. There are also some phrases related to exercise and healthy lifestyle, like "do exercise", "keep healthy", "junk food".Unit 3 I'm more outgoing than my sister.Comparative forms are the key in this unit. When we compare two people or things, we use comparative adjectives. For example, "taller", "shorter", "more outgoing", "more serious". We add -er to short adjectives like "tall - taller", and for long adjectives like "outgoing", we use "more + adjective". We can use "than" to connect the two things or people we are comparing. For example, "My brother is taller than me." And we can also usesentences like "as... as" for equal comparison. For example, "He is as hard - working as his sister."Unit 4 What's the best movie theater?Superlative forms are the main focus. We use superlative adjectives to describe the best or worst of something. For short adjectives, we add -est, like "big - biggest", and for long adjectives, we use "the most + adjective", like "the most comfortable". The question "What's the best...?" is very common. For example, "What's the best movie theater in town?" Wecan answer by using superlative forms and giving reasons. For example, "The Sun Cinema is the best because it has the biggest screens." There are also some words related to entertainment, like "movie theater", "screen", "seat", "ticket".Unit 5 Do you want to watch a game show?There are different types of TV shows mentioned in this unit. Such as "game show", "talk show", "soap opera", "sports show". We can use sentences like "Do you want to watch...?" to ask someone's preference. And we can answer "Yes, I do. Because it's...", or "No, I don't. I think it's...". We can also talk about what we think of these shows. For example, "I think game shows are exciting because you can win prizes." And some expressions like "find out", "go on", are also important when we talk about the development of a show.Unit 6 I'm going to study computer science.Future plans are what we learn here. We use "be going to" to talk about our future intentions. For example, "I'm going to study computer science in the future." The structure is "subject + be (am/is/are) + going to + verb". We can also talk about why we have such plans. For example, "I'm going tobe a doctor because I want to help sick people." And there are some related occupations, like "computer scientist", "doctor", "teacher", "engineer". We can also use some words to describe our dreams and goals, like "dream", "hope", "wish".Unit 7 Will people have robots?Future predictions are the main topic. We use "will" to make predictions. For example, "People will have robots in the future." The question form is "Will + subject + verb...?" And the negative form is "subject + won't + verb...". We can talk about different aspects of future life. For example, "There will be more pollution if we don't protect the environment." And some words related to technology and future life, like "robot", "pollution", "environment", "space station" are important in this unit.Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?Sequencing words are very useful when we talk about the process of making something. Words like "first", "next", "then", "finally". For example, "First, peel the bananas. Next, cut up the bananas. Then, put the bananas and ice - cream into the blender. Finally, pour the milk into the blender and turn it on." There are also some food - related words, like "banana", "milk", "ice - cream", "blender". And we can use imperatives to give instructions, like "Peel the bananas." "Cut up the bananas."。
人教版八年级英语上册单元笔记 I(Unit1-Unit6) 本人原创
人教,版,八年级,英语,上册,单元,笔记,人教,版,人教版八年级英语上册知识点总结Unit 1: How often do you exercise?
【语言目标】
会使用频率副词及短语;能描述课余时间的活动安排;会描述基本饮食结构。
5. As for homework , most students do homework every day .
13. 【词语辨析】:exercise的用法『什么时候加s?』
『什么时候不加s?』
1.作可数名词用,表示“练习,习题,体操”等,常用复数。
例: I am doing my exercises . 我正在做我的练习。
Doing morning exercises is good for our health. 做早操对我们的健康有好处。
2.作不可数名词用,表示“锻炼,运动”。
不用复数。
例: I like doing exercise in winter. 我喜欢在冬天做锻炼。
14. 【词语辨析】 maybe / may be
may be 是情态动词,意为“可能是...也许是...”. 一般位于主语之后。
15. 【词语辨析】 hard / hardly
1. We must study _____ to get good grades.
2. I can understand them.
3. I ____ (hard) ever play computer games because I think it's boring. hard作形容词,意为“困难的,硬的”;作副词,意为“努力地,猛烈地”。
Hardly 作副词,意为“几乎不”。
八上英语课堂笔记人教版
八上英语课堂笔记人教版Unit 1 FriendshipLesson 1 What is a friend?- Friends are people who care about each other and always support each other.- Sometimes friends may have different interests or opinions, but they still understand and accept each other.- Good friends listen to each other and help each other solve problems.- A friend in need is a friend indeed. True friends always help each other in difficult times.- Making friends is important for our personal growth and happiness.Lesson 2 Why do we make friends?- We make friends to share our feelings, experiences, and interests.- Friends make our lives more enjoyable and meaningful.- Friends provide emotional support and help us overcome challenges.- Through friendships, we learn important social skills, such as communication and compromise.- Friends also expand our perspectives by introducing us to new cultures and ideas.Lesson 3 How do we make friends?- We can make friends by being friendly and approachable.- Showing interest in others and being a good listener helps in building friendships.- Joining clubs, teams, or participating in activities gives us opportunities to meet new people.- Being reliable and trustworthy makes others feel comfortable around us.- Smile and be kind to everyone, as giving positive energy attracts potential friends.Lesson 4 How to be a good friend?- Good friends are loyal, trustworthy, and honest.- Offering help and support when needed strengthens the bond between friends.- Respecting each other's opinions and differences is crucial.- Giving space and understanding moments of individuality shows respect in a friendship.- Celebrating each other's successes and sharing joy fosters a positive friendship.Lesson 5 Maintaining friendships- Maintaining friendships requires effort and understanding.- Communication is important, so stay in touch and share experiences regularly.- Be forgiving and understanding when misunderstandings occur.- Compromise and find solutions when conflicts arise.- Regularly spend quality time with your friends to strengthen the bond.。
最新八年级上册英语课堂笔记(1-6单元)
八年级上册课堂笔记(1-6单元)Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?1,一般过去时基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他;否定形式:①was / were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原动词;一般疑问句:①Was/Were+主语+其他?②Did+主语+动词原形+其他?2,动词过去式规则变化:直接加ed;以不发音e结尾的单词,直接加d;以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed;以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed;以重读闭音节结尾的,双写最后的辅音字母+ed不规则变化的动词过去式(见书本最后一页)3,go on vacation去度假be on vacation在度假4,a nyone任何人,只用于指人,一般用在否定句、疑问句中,后面不接of 短语。
做主语时位于动词用单数。
Eg:Is there anyone at home?any one任何一个,指人或物,后面接of 短语。
Eg:You can take any one of these books. 5,adj修饰不定代词后置anything special something importantenough作adv,修饰adj/ adv 后置old enough fast enoughelse作adj,修饰疑问代词和不定代词后置what else who else something else 6,quite a few/ little 相当多7,How/ what about+V-ing/ n/ 代词…怎么样?(表建议、询问)8,most students= most of the students“one of +the most +adj +n复数”表示“最…之一”Eg:He is one of the most famous writers in China.A most +adj +n 非常Eg:Hangzhou is a most beautiful city.9,buy/ get sb sth= buy/ get sth for sb10,what do you think of/ about…?= how do you like…?你认为…怎么样?11,have fun,enjoy oneself,have a good/ great/ wonderful time+V-ing,12,主语+ seem+(to be)+表语(n/adj)eg:Tom seems to be a smart boy/ happy.It seems that从句eg:It seems that he understand.主语+ seem to do sth eg:He seems to understand.13,adj 以-ing结尾“令人…的”exciting,interesting,relaxing,boring以-ed结尾“人感到…的”excited,interested,relaxed,bored14,询问价格:How much is…? What’s the price of…?表示价格高低:…be expensive/ cheapThe price of …is high/ low15,get to, arrive in/at, reach,到达(如果后面接地点的副词home,here或there,就不用介词in ,at, to)16,decide(not)to dodecide that从句decide+疑问词+不定式17,try(not)to do sth尽力try doing sth 尝试try/ do one’s best to do sthtry it on试穿(动副结构)try out试验have a try试一试18,feel like感觉像feel like doing sth/ want to do sth/ would like to do sth19,a lot of= lots of =plenty of20,in the past在过去21,enjoy/ like doing22,感叹句:How+adj+主谓!How+adj+a/an +n单+主谓!What+ a/an +adj+ n单+主谓!What+ adj+ n复/ 不可数+主谓!23,more than=over超过less than 少于more or less或多或少24,wait for等待25,too many“太多”修饰可数名词复数too much“太多”修饰不可数名词much too“实在太”修饰形容词或副词26,because+从句because of +n/ V-ing /代词27,enough作adj修饰n,enough time enough moneyhave enough…to do sth eg:I have enough time to finish the work.enough作adv修饰adj/ adv old enough fast enough…enough for sb to do sth eg:The job is easy enough for me to do.not…enough to do The book isn’t easy enough for me to read.too…to…The book is too difficult for me to read.so…that…The book is so difficult that I can’t read.28,the next day第二天29,remember/ forget+to do要做+doing做过30,Stop sb from doing sth阻止Stop to do 停下来去做其他事Stop doing 停止正在做的事31,another two hours=two more hours32,at the top of在…顶端,名列…之前强调点on the top of在…上面强调面33,find out查明,弄清find找到(结果)look for寻找(过程)34,go on with/ doing sth继续原来的事go on to do sth继续做别的事35,so +adj +that +结果状语从句“如此……以致……”eg:I was so busy that I didn’t go to sleep for 3 days.so that 引导目的状语从句,以便,为了(in order to)eg:they got up early so that they could catch the early bus.so +adj +(a/ an+n单数)that It is so important a meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ a/ an+ adj + n单数+that It is such an important meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ adj+n复数/不可数+thatUnit 2 How often do you exercise?1,How如何(方式)how long多长(时间)答语常用“(For/ about +)时间段”how far多远(距离)答语常用“(It’s +)数词 +miles/ meters/ kilometers”how often多久一次(频率)答语常用“Always/ often/ every day/…”或“次数+时间”等表频率的状语How soon多快,多久以后,常用在将来时中。
八年级英语上册重点知识梳理(1~6单元)!
八年级英语上册重点知识梳理(1~6单元)!八年级英语上册重点知识背记清单(1~5单元)Unit1where did you go on vacation?[重点单词]anyone [eniwAn] pron任何人anywhere [eniwea] adv.任何地方n.任何(一个)地方wonderful ['wandafl] adj精彩的;极好的few [fju:]adj. 很少的; n.少量most [maosi] adj最多的;大多数的something ['sAmΘn] pron.某事物nothing(=not... anything) pron.没有什么n.没有myself [ma'self] pron.我自己everyone [evriwan] pron.每人;人人yourself [i:sel] pron.你自己;你亲自hen [hen] n.母鸡; 雌禽bored [bo:d] adj; 无聊的;厌烦的;郁闷的pig n猪diary [darari] n.日记;日记簿(keep a diary)记日记seem [sim]vi好像,似乎someone ['s∧mwan] pron.某人;有人quite a few相当多;不少(后接可数名词)of course 当然activity [aektvati] n.活动;活跃decide [dr'sald] v.决定;选定(decide to do sth)try [tral]v.尝试; 设法;努力(ty to do sth. /try doing sth.)bird [b3:d] n.鸟;禽paragliding [paraglaiding] n.空中滑翔跳伞bicycle [baisikl]n.自行车building [buldin] n.建筑物trader 'trerda()]n.商人; 商船wonder ['wande(r)] v.惊奇;想知道;怀疑diffrence 'dfrans] n.差异;不同top n顶部;顶.wait [wert] v.等;等待(wait for)umbrella [Am'brela] n.伞;雨伞wet [wet] adj湿的;雨天的below [brlau] prep.低于; ..下面adv.在下面as 如同; 像.. 一样enough adj,足够的adv 足够地;充分地duck n.鸭肉;鸭hungry adj.饥饿的;渴望的feel like(doing sth.)想要dislike [islak]v.不喜欢;厌恶n.不喜爱;厌恶;反感[重点短语]1. go on vacation 去度假2. stay at home 呆在家3. go to the mountains 上山/进山4. go to the beach到海边去5. visit museums参观博物馆6. go to the summer camp去夏令营7. quite afew相当多8. study for为....学习,9. goout出去10. most of the ine大部分时间绝大多数时间11. taste good尝起来味道好12. have a good time玩的开心13. of course当然可以14. feel like感觉...想要15. go shopping去购物16. in the past在过去17. walk around绕...走18. too many太多(可数名词前面)19. because of of因为20. one bowl of -碗....21. find out查出来/发现22. go on继续23. take photos照相24. something important重要的事情25. up and down上上下下26. come up出来[重点句型]1.-Where did you go on vacation?你到哪里去度假了?- I went to New York City. 我去了纽约城。
八年级上册英语笔记知识点
八年级上册英语笔记知识点Unit 1 - GreetingsGreetings are expressions of acknowledgement and goodwill when meeting or departing from someone. Common greetings in English include "hello" and "goodbye". Other phrases such as "how are you?" and "nice to meet you" are also commonly used.Unit 2 - School LifeIn school life, there are many different vocabulary words and phrases that are important to know. Some key phrases include "classroom", "homework", "teacher", "student", and "textbook". It is also important to understand different subject areas, such as math, science, and social studies.Unit 3 - Family and FriendsVocabulary related to family and friends is important to understand in English. Common phrases include "mother", "father", "sister", "brother", and "friend". Understanding relationships and connections is also important, such as "aunt", "uncle", and "cousin".Unit 4 - Hobbies and InterestsHobbies and interests are an important part of life for many people. Vocabulary related to hobbies can include "sports", "music", "reading", and "art". It is also important to understand different activities, such as "swimming", "running", and "playing guitar".Unit 5 - Travel and TourismTravel and tourism are important topics in English. Vocabulary related to travel can include "airport", "hotel", "passport", and "tourist". Understanding transportation methods like "train", "car", and "plane" are also important.Unit 6 - Daily RoutineDaily routine vocabulary can help describe everyday activities. Common words and phrases include "wake up", "brush teeth", "eat breakfast", and "go to school". Understanding time and scheduling is also important, such as "yesterday", "today", and "tomorrow".Unit 7 - Health and WellnessUnderstanding health and wellness is important in English. Vocabulary related to health can include "doctor", "hospital", "medicine", and "symptom". It is also important to know how to describe how you are feeling, such as "tired", "hungry", and "sick".Unit 8 - ShoppingShopping is an important aspect of daily life. Vocabulary related to shopping can include "store", "clothing", "groceries", and "price". It is also important to understand how to ask questions related to shopping, such as "can I try this on?" and "do you have this in my size?".Unit 9 - Jobs and EmploymentUnderstanding vocabulary related to jobs and employment is important. Common words and phrases include "resume", "interview", "salary", and "employee". Understanding different job titles is also important, such as "teacher", "engineer", and "accountant".Unit 10 - TechnologyTechnology plays an important role in modern society. Vocabulary related to technology can include "computer", "smartphone", "internet", and "website". It is also important to understand different tech-related activities, such as "streaming music" or "updating software".In conclusion, understanding key vocabulary words and phrases is critical to success in learning any language. By mastering these important terms and concepts, students can gain a deeper understanding of English as a language and be better equipped to communicate with others.。
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八年级上册课堂笔记(1-6单元)Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?1,一般过去时基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他;否定形式:①was / were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原动词;一般疑问句:①Was/Were+主语+其他?②Did+主语+动词原形+其他?2,动词过去式规则变化:直接加ed;以不发音e结尾的单词,直接加d;以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed;以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed;以重读闭音节结尾的,双写最后的辅音字母+ed不规则变化的动词过去式(见书本最后一页)3,go on vacation去度假be on vacation在度假4,a nyone任何人,只用于指人,一般用在否定句、疑问句中,后面不接of 短语。
做主语时位于动词用单数。
Eg:Is there anyone at home?any one任何一个,指人或物,后面接of 短语。
Eg:You can take any one of these books. 5,adj修饰不定代词后置anything special something importantenough作adv,修饰adj/ adv 后置old enough fast enoughelse作adj,修饰疑问代词和不定代词后置what else who else something else 6,quite a few/ little 相当多7,How/ what about+V-ing/ n/ 代词…怎么样?(表建议、询问)8,most students= most of the students“one of +the most +adj +n复数”表示“最…之一”Eg:He is one of the most famous writers in China.A most +adj +n 非常Eg:Hangzhou is a most beautiful city.9,buy/ get sb sth= buy/ get sth for sb10,what do you think of/ about…?= how do you like…?你认为…怎么样?11,have fun,enjoy oneself,have a good/ great/ wonderful time+V-ing,12,主语+ seem+(to be)+表语(n/adj)eg:Tom seems to be a smart boy/ happy.It seems that从句eg:It seems that he understand.主语+ seem to do sth eg:He seems to understand.13,adj 以-ing结尾“令人…的”exciting,interesting,relaxing,boring以-ed结尾“人感到…的”excited,interested,relaxed,bored14,询问价格:How much is…? What’s the price of…?表示价格高低:…be expensive/ cheapThe price of …is high/ low15,get to, arrive in/at, reach,到达(如果后面接地点的副词home,here或there,就不用介词in ,at, to)16,decide(not)to dodecide that从句decide+疑问词+不定式17,try(not)to do sth尽力try doing sth 尝试try/ do one’s best to do sthtry it on试穿(动副结构)try out试验have a try试一试18,feel like感觉像feel like doing sth/ want to do sth/ would like to do sth19,a lot of= lots of =plenty of20,in the past在过去21,enjoy/ like doing22,感叹句:How+adj+主谓!How+adj+a/an +n单+主谓!What+ a/an +adj+ n单+主谓!What+ adj+ n复/ 不可数+主谓!23,more than=over超过less than 少于more or less或多或少24,wait for等待25,too many“太多”修饰可数名词复数too much“太多”修饰不可数名词much too“实在太”修饰形容词或副词26,because+从句because of +n/ V-ing /代词27,enough作adj修饰n,enough time enough moneyhave enough…to do sth eg:I have enough time to finish the work.enough作adv修饰adj/ adv old enough fast enough…enough for sb to do sth eg:The job is easy enough for me to do.not…enough to do The book isn’t easy enough for me to read.too…to…The book is too difficult for me to read.so…that…The book is so difficult that I can’t read.28,the next day第二天29,remember/ forget+to do要做+doing做过30,Stop sb from doing sth阻止Stop to do 停下来去做其他事Stop doing 停止正在做的事31,another two hours=two more hours32,at the top of在…顶端,名列…之前强调点on the top of在…上面强调面33,find out查明,弄清find找到(结果)look for寻找(过程)34,go on with/ doing sth继续原来的事go on to do sth继续做别的事35,so +adj +that +结果状语从句“如此……以致……”eg:I was so busy that I didn’t go to sleep for 3 days.so that 引导目的状语从句,以便,为了(in order to)eg:they got up early so that they could catch the early bus.so +adj +(a/ an+n单数)that It is so important a meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ a/ an+ adj + n单数+that It is such an important meeting that I can’t miss it.such+ adj+n复数/不可数+thatUnit 2 How often do you exercise?1,How如何(方式)how long多长(时间)答语常用“(For/ about +)时间段”how far多远(距离)答语常用“(It’s +)数词 +miles/ meters/ kilometers”how often多久一次(频率)答语常用“Always/ often/ every day/…”或“次数+时间”等表频率的状语How soon多快,多久以后,常用在将来时中。
答语常用“in +时间段”how many多少(接可数名词)how much(接不可数名词)2,exercise作v 锻炼,运动作[c] 操,练习do morning/ eye exercises作[uc] 锻炼take much/ more exercise3,at+钟点at 7 o’clock at noon/ at night(during/ in the day)at this/ that time at the age of on+ 具体某天、星期、特指的一天、纪念日、节日on April 1st on Sunday on a cold winter morning on Teachers’ Dayin +上午、下午、晚上、年、月、季节、年代、世纪in the morning/ afternoon/ evening in 1999 in August in autumn in 1960s in the 21st century4,help sb (to)do sthhelp sb with sthwith sb’s help= with the help of sb5,do(the)housework= do chores6,频度副词(行前be 后)Always usually often sometimes seldom hardly never7,sometimes 有时(频度副词)sometime(将来)有朝一日,(曾经)某天Some times 几次,几倍some time 一段时间(前面用介词for)8,go shopping= do some shopping9,once twice three times10,at once,right now,right away,in a minute,in a moment,in no time 立刻,马上once more再一次,重新once upon a time 从前,曾经11,every day 每天everyday日常的,每天的12,on the internet13,what’s your favorite program?=what program do you like best?14,free 空闲的in one’s free time be free自由的as free as a fish freedom n.自由免费的The best things in life are free.15,be full =be busy忙的be busy doing sth/ be busy with sthbe full of充满eg:The bottle is full of milk.16,How come?怎么会?为什么?17,may be 为情态动词+动词原形,在句子中做谓语,maybe是副词,表示可能,大概,一般放在句首(perhaps)。