跨文化语用学ppt

Classification of Cross-cultural Pragmatics
何兆熊:(1)跨文化语用语言学(cross-cultural
pragmalinguistics)研究, 即对不同文化中相同或相似语言形式 的语用功能的差异研究、不同文化对言语行为策略选择的差 异研究等；(2)跨文化社交语用学(cross-cultural sociopragmatics)研究, 即研究不同文化对各种语用参数 (pragmatic parameters) 的不同解释、不同文化在遵循的会话原 则上的差异、不同文化在遵循的礼貌原则及其准则上的差异 等；(3)语际语语用学( inter-language pragmatics)研究 , 即对 人们在使用第二语言进行跨文化言语交际的语用行为以及习 得第二语言时的行为模式的研究。
Conclusion
Definition of pragmatics
Part1
Pragmatics is the study of “relation of signs to interpreters” (Morris, 1938), and “how utterances have meanings in situation” (Leech, 1983).
Introduction
Part4
What we are dealing with here is the pragmatic appropriateness of a particular expression in a particular context of use. The problem is that those contexts of use tend to be rather different from culture to culture, and consequently from language to language.
The pragmatic presuppositions in Japanese culture are different from those in Western countries.
Politeness and culture
Politeness is inseparably connected with culture. Politeness phenomenon is strongly influenced by culture. Different cultures have different realizations of politeness strategies. Rules for polite behavior differ from one speech community to another. Linguistic politeness is culturally determined. A polite form of utterance in one culture may be impolite in another.
Definition of Culture
Part2
Culture is “the software of the mind”, that is the social programming that runs the way we think, act and perceive ourselves and other. In other words, your brain is simply that hardware that runs the cultural programming. The implication is that culture is not innate.
Yule（1996）states that the study of differences in expectations based on cultural schema is part of a broad area of investigation generally known as cross-cultural pragmatics”. With this point of view cross-cultural pragmatics can be defined as the study of normative similarities and differences in users of languages in their specific context in communication across cultures.
Classification of Cross-cultural Pragmatics
Blum-Kulka（1989 )
Speech act Pragmatics 言语行为的语用研究 Social-culture pragmatics 社交文化的语用研究 Contrast pragmatics 对比语用研究 Inter-language pragmatics 语际语言的语用研究
Research Methods of Cross-cultural Pragmatics
跨文化语用学研究的方法，除了语用研究中常见的描写、分析、 理论阐释等方法之外，跨文化语用学还有一些相对独立和常用 的方法。如对比和比较的方法、材料实证法和文化投射法等。
对比和比较:可以观察到各种语用现象的共性和个性。 材料实证法:通过对语料的收集、分析, 对人们或自己提出的 理论、假设进行验证的方法。
Pragmatic presuppositions in culture
That cultural presupposition can be major stumbling blocks on the road to understanding may sound like a truism; yet, it is often . overlooked what these “presuppositions”,Is there a toilet Tourist: in an actual setting, have to say as preconditions to understanding. here? around There are many examples of intercultural misunderstandings that Attendant: You want to use? Tourist (somewhat hence not were due to the presence of non-acknowledged, andastonished):shared, Sure I do. pragmatic presupposition. Example Attendant: Go down the steps.
Outline来自百度文库
Pragmatics across culture
1.Introduction 2.Pragmatic presuppositions in culture 3.Politeness and culture 4.Cooperation and conversation 5.Addressivity 6.The voice of silence
文化投射法:其基础是描写和解释, 是在作为表层的语言形式 结构及语用规则和作为内核的文化蕴含及文化背景之间建立相 应的联系。
Equivalence of cross-culture Pragmatics
“要合理地进行跨文化对比研究首先要确立对比的对等基础” （Lonner1979 27）所谓对等指的是在数量价值和意义等方 面的等同。Gudykunst认为“进行跨文化对比必须要有五方 面的对等，即功能对等，概念对等，语言对等，测量对等和 抽样对等”（2000：303）
Pragmatics across culture
Outline
Definition of Pragmatics Definition of Culture Cross-cultural Pragmatics
1.Definition of Cross-cultural Pragmatics 2.Classification of Cross-cultural Pragmatics 3.Research Methods of Cross-cultural Pragmatics 4.Equivalence of cross-culture Pragmatics
Definition of Cross-cultural Pragmatics
Young (1998) defines cross-cultural pragmatics as “the study of linguistic action carried out by language users from different ethnolinguistic backgrounds”.
Cooperation and conversation
Much of current pragmatic thinking is based on Grice‟s “Cooperative Principle”. However, many criticisms have been uttered of it, often based on the assumption that not everybody is willing, able or obliged to cooperate. The discussion on the so-called universality of cooperation often focuses on the phenomena of conversation. When it comes to actual conversation, the assumption is again that people across cultures will obey certain rules of collaboration in order to make conversation happen and have the flow of talk to progress as smoothly as possible
Definition of pragmatics
According to Hu Zhuanglin, pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation
Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, the study of contextual meaning, the study of how more gets communicated than is said, and the study of the expression of relative distance (George Yule 1985).
Definition of Culture
Culture is an iceberg, the first part (10%) is the way of doing, it is explicit, the second and third part (90%) is the way of thinking, it is tacit (include consciousness and sub-consciousness, super-ego, ego, id,)
Definition of Cross-cultural Pragmatics
Part3
Cross-cultural pragmatics can be regarded as a sub-branch of applied pragmatics and its mostly draws upon the findings of sociopragmatics (as a branch macropragmatics) and micropragmatics.