雅思7分写作讲义

雅思7分写作讲义
雅思考试写作金牌教程（6-7.5分）教学方案
第一次课
一、教学目标：雅思写作概述、基本构成、雅思写作考试与其他考试的类比
二、课时陈述：第一次课，2.5小时
三、教学重点：议论文体和报告文体的题型
四、教学难点：雅思评分标准与其他考试评分标准的异同
五、教学亮点：雅思考官阅卷的潜规则
六、课堂结构：
1、雅思考试介绍
2、雅思考试评分标准
3、雅思写作话题介绍
4、雅思写作题型介绍
5、中英两国写作对比 1、雅思考试介绍
雅思写作的量分 task1 占三分之一，而task2占三分之二。

Task 1 （以下简称小作文）
题型：LINE PIE BAR TABLE DIAGRAM MAP MIXED
Task 2 (以下简称大作文)
题型：argumentation report
2、雅思考试评分标准
孙武子说“知己知彼，百战百胜”.为了更好的对付雅思写作考试，我们起先要了解它的具体评分准则。

Task Response and Fulfillment
Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical resources
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Band 7—good user
Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning.
具体要求：
Task response: whether all parts of the task are addressed; whether a viewpoint is clearly expressed, developed and supported.
Coherence and cohesion: whether the response has a suitable layout and logical ordering of points; correct and appropriate use of connectives. Lexical resources: range and accuracy of vocabulary; the examiner will check the correct forms and the spelling of words used.
Grammatical range and accuracy: the range and accuracy of tenses and sentence structures.
Task response or fulfillment （完整性）
一篇文章必须有一定的架构，议论文通常由“内三合，外三合”所构成。

内三合讲求论点，论据，论证。

外三合正是Introduction（引言段）Body（正文）Conclusion（结尾段）.此外，每个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，若只有主题句没有推展句来进一步充实，则有头无尾，不能构成一个完整的段落，反之亦然，若只有推展句，主题思想没有得到相对交代的话，则显突兀，也不算完整。

Coherence（连贯性）
连贯性包括：意连和形连
意连指的是内在的逻辑性，形连指的是转换词语。

两者相辅相成，只形连没意连，句子或段落缺乏有机联系，只意连无形连则行文不够流畅。

Sample:
表示层进：first of all, firstly, to begin with, in the first place, secondly, besides, in addition, moreover, meanwhile, third, thirdly, what’s more, 表示举例：for instance, such as, to take… as an example.
表示解释：as a matter of fact, in other words, frankly speaking.
表示总结：overall, in summary, to conclude, on the whole.
表示强调: above all, what’s more important, in fact.
表示让步：nevertheless, in spite of, even so.
表示比较：in comparison, similarly, equally, in the same way.
表示转折：in contrast, on the other hand, yet, despite the fact that. 表示原因：since, because of, due to, in that case.
表示结局: to sum up, in conclusion, in brief.
Cohesion (统一性)
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。

One simple point is that fossil fuels are bad for our environment. The use of fossil fuels leaves behind particles in the air which can cause breathing disorders and pollute the natural world. The environment is naturally able to deal with a certain amount of pollution, but humans are now so numerous and our use of fossil fuels is so vast that this has now become impossible. As a result, we are faced with choosing renewable forms of energy or destroying our natural environment. Vocabulary & sentence structure
注意熟识与精确记忆高频精妙词汇，如遇到语言类考试：
The proliferation of (如语言，互联网，环境) plays a dominant role: lesser-known languages(小语言)，go extinct灭绝
如遇到环境类的考题：
“一次性”社会：throwaway society 有毒的：poisonous 有害的：Hazardous 放射性的： radioactive 生态系统：Ecological system
恶性循环： Vicious circle. 不可再生的：non-renewable
如遇到文化传统的考题：
少数民族：minority ethnic groups 文化特性：cultural identity
精神载体: carrier of the spirit 文化遗产：cultural heritage\legacy
学习地道的语言模块
reduce greenhouse gas emission 降低温室气体排放
conserve fossil fuel 节省化石燃料
develop low-carbon technology 研发低碳环保技术
environmentally friendly products 环保产品
alternative energy resources 新能源
积累同义表达
child-rearing - nurture - parenting - raising children - rearing -children teenager - youth – youngster- young adult
句子结构：多变，简单复杂句并用（复杂句包括：从句，并列句，非谓语动词）句子结构的开端要多样化。

如：整形手术收到了最多的褒奖与批判。

No operation has received more praise and abuse than the cosmetic operation. No invention has received more praise and abuse than the Internet 句式的升级：
普通版：Young people are so impulsive and easily influenced that they are constantly tricked by advertisement in all forms of media.
升级版：Impulsive and easily influenced as young people are, they are constantly tricked by advertisements in all forms of media.
First, most people would agree that the Internet has improved the way we communicate. (此为六分作文中常见的句子)
Firstly, few people would disagree that the Internet has greatly improved the way we communicate. （此为七分的句子）
First of all, it is an indisputable fact that the Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate (此为满分句子)
Fast food is now much more widely available than it was 50 years ago. （六分） In the past 50 years the availability of fast food has increased dramatically. (七分)
The past 50 years have seen a dramatic increase in the availability of fast food (满分)
句子的地道程度：拒绝生硬的汉语字对字翻译，多熟记一些地道的表达方法，如，请试译：
小汽车改变了一切：收入的增加和人口的增长，可能会使得城市小汽车的密度大约每十年增加4%至5%；交通流量上升，以致把所提供的任何规模的公路塞得满满的。

小汽车还具有令人奇怪的两重性：它能创造交通之便，却又能破坏交通之便。

小汽车诱使着人们出远门，却又给人们造成可怕的返程问题。

The car changes everything: rising incomes and rising populations can make urban car density increase by something like four and five percent in a decade; traffic flows rise to fill whatever scale of highways are provided for them. The car also has a curious ambivalence: it creates and then it destroys mobility. The car tempts people further out and then gives them the appalling problem of getting back.
2、考官阅卷之潜规则
（1）分开阅卷，看字数，着重看第一段，定下评分的基调（语言过关，降低错误，主谓一致，名词单复数，搭配，拼写）
（2）看下面每段的第一句，中间写了几段，是否有结尾（中间也就是主体段要么两段，或三段，千万别四段）
（3）随意扫描，感觉语言水平，看是否有承上启下的连接手段，包括内在的逻辑与外在的连接词,拒绝主体段的理由排列。

最后结论：优秀的雅思作文就是优秀的英文八股文
3、雅思写作话题介绍
Academic Education Social Matters Scientific Impact
Arts and Tradition Wildlife and Environment Women’s rights
Government and Abstracts
文明类： Education， Tourism ，Government，Consumerism, Women & Families， Language & culture, Media , Nature or Nurture, The disadvantaged. Globalization 野蛮类： Crime，Animals，Environmental Problems
Unfamiliar topics (国人所不熟悉的话题)
1Criminals should not be sent to prison. They should be given education and training instead. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
2Some people think women should be allowed to join the army, the navy and the
air force just like men. Do you agree or disagree?
3Some people think the best way to solve the environmental problems is to raise the price of fuel. Do you agree or disagree?
4Schools are no longer necessary, because children can get so much information available through the Internet, and they can study just as well at home. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
以上话题是在英国曾引起过争议的话题。

而对于我国内考生却比较陌生。

4、雅思写作题型介绍
关于题型的分类可以有三种方式，下面我从简入繁依次讲解：
传统分法: Argumentation(辩论型) 与 Report(报告型)
新式分法：
1Discuss both views & give your opinion 讨论观点，表立场
2Discuss pro & cons & give your opinion 讨论利弊，谈观点
3To what extent do you agree or disagree 表示个人倾向 4Analyze reasons & give recommendations 分析原因，提建议
四类考题的突破口
1需要知道什么是discuss.( If you discuss something, you talk about it in details, often in order to reach a decision)
2如上
3是一边倒，还是折中，所有考官范文都是折中，因有对比，可写的素材多4需要找出两点以上的原因，并按一定的逻辑关系排列，最后一段提出建议。

精确分法：
1 Argumentation
即同学们熟悉的典型的议论文。

在每年的考试中，议论文的比例基本占到
总数的70%，是需要考生重点准备的核心题型。

(1)对一个观点的讨论
题型说明：
题干中给出一个观点，问你的看法是同意还是不同意。

真题举例：
A Some people think that government should pay course fees for those who want to go to university. Do you agree or disagree?
B Some people think the main purpose of schools is to turn the children into good citizens and workers, rather than to benefit them as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
C Many scientists believe that now we can study the behavior of five years old child to see whether they will grow up to be criminals. To what extent do you think the criminal is production of human nature and can we stop the children to grow up to be criminals?
注意本题有两个问题，两者其实是统一的。

（2）对两个观点的探讨
题型说明：
题干中给出针对某话题的两个观点，问你的观点或要求讨论双方的观点。

真题举例：
A Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Some say that teachers should only teach students about academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
此为最为常见的提问方式
B some people think that increasing business and cultural contacts have a positive influence, while others think that it has a negative effect on national identities. What is your opinion?
注意这个题目的要求实际上跟上一个题目一样，也就是说题目中的两个观点都需要讨论。

C Some people think universities should provide knowledge and skills related to students’ future career: others think the true function of university is to give access to knowledge for its own sake. What is your opinion of the main function of university?
（3）某种现象或事件的利弊的讨论
题型说明：
题目中给出某种现象或事件，要求谈论其利弊。

真题举例：
A In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.
（此题的“advantages and disadvantages”是最常见的表达利弊的词汇
B Young adults should undertake unpaid work to help people in the community. Do you think it brings more drawbacks to the community and the young adults than benefits?
（此题“drawbacks and benefits”也表示利弊。

C The international trade has made many goods transport to other countries, such as daily necessities. Such goods are usually transported a long distance. Do you think if its benefits outweigh the drawbacks?
（注意”outweigh”表示超过） D Should we invent a new language for people from different countries to use for the international communication? Do you think there are more benefits or more problems with it?
(此题有两个提问，但是统一的：你认为此事利大于弊，所以“应该”；你认为此事弊大于利，所以“不应该”。

因此”should”这一提问方式，也是探讨利弊。

2RRP （ Reasons, Results and Proposals）类
题型说明：
题中会给出某一个问题或事件，要求同学们分析其原因，结果，并提出一定的解决建议真题举例：
A Customers are faced with increasing advertisements because of company competition. To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures do you think can protect them?
(请注意题目中第一个问题实质上是分析广告对消费者的影响是怎么样的，及分析结果，第一个问题要求提出解决方法)
B Nowadays people are busy with work and have not enough time to spend with families and friends. Why? What are the effects on families and society as a whole?
(注意此题要求同学们谈论此现象的原因和结果)
解题思路：
此类型题目的具体解题思路跟 Argumentation类题目稍有不同。

稍后我们会精心的讲解。

5Combination 类
题型说明：
即综合型题目。

在考试中有些题目是将前两类典型题目的要求混合起来出题，这个时候一般都会有两个提问，要注意审题，把握两个提问之间的关系。

真题举例：
A Increasing number of developing countries are expanding their
tourist industry. Why do you think it is the case? And do you think it is positive or negative?
本题首先要求大家回答为什么发展中国家要发展旅游业，然后评价其利弊。

其实两个问题是同一的，比如，我们认为此举利大于弊，同时就可以回答第一个问题，因为发展旅游业的原因之一就是因为他有好处。

5、中英两国写作对比
（1）情感分段还是逻辑分段
中文：情感分段英文:逻辑分段
（2）中心思想句是读者体会还是交代
中文：读者体会英文：交代
（3）引言段是开门见山还是层层拨开
中文:层层剥开英文：开门见山
（4）段落主题句的有无
中文：无主题句英文：有主题句
（5）线性段落还是螺旋段落
英文：线性段落中文：螺旋段落
（6）人证还是法证
中文：人证英文：法证
（7）一般具体还是曲折前进
英文：一般具体中文：曲折前进
（8）有无段内连贯，是否讲求过度词语
英文：有连贯，甚讲求中文：有是有，有时无，都可。

（9）段与段之间的连贯：形与意
（10）结尾部分是概括还是训导
英文：概括中文：训导
七、教材使用：《雅思考试写作金牌教程6—7.5分》
八、作业处理：每次课后布置一篇作文及若干段翻译
九、板书设计：课堂结构显示内容。