美国文学史及选读第三单元浪漫主义文学
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国浪漫主义 欧文 库柏)【圣才出品】
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏3.1 复习笔记I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介）In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war.美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。
1. Background（背景）(1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion.(2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in Englandand Europe, proved to be a decisive influence on the upsurge of American romanticism.(3) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.(1) 生机勃勃、开创新生活的美国渴望有新的文学表达形式。
美国文学史及选读作品作者
一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America
1．船长约翰•史密斯 Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5．安妮•布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》 “Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗•哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”
《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》 “General History of Virginia”
2．威廉•布拉德福德 William Bradford
美国文学简史常耀信版Chapter_3_The_Literature___of_Romanticism
3
American Romanticism
The
Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.
1).Walter Scott: Waverly novels, The Lady of the Lake 2).Byron: Oriental romances 3).Gothic tradition, the cult of solitude and of gloom
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Romanticism
started
ended
Backgrounds of American Romanticism
National
influences influences
International
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National Influences
A. In politics: democracy and political equality lay the foundation of Romanticism; B. In economics: the spread of industrialism; the sudden influx of immigration and the pioneers pushing the frontier further west; C. In culture: the publication of Webster’s Dictionary marked the beginning of the American English; the appearance of many magazines and newspapers.
美国文学教学大纲
海南师范学院本科英语专业理论课教学大纲：美国文学课程编号：03101026 学时：36 学分：2一、课程的性质和任务《美国文学史及选读》是英语语言文学专业（本科）的一门专业知识必修课。
它简要介绍了美国文学从十七世纪殖民时期到二十世纪的发展历史及其主要作品。
本课程是英语专业的专业基础课，目标是：通过文学史的教学拓宽学生的知识面，提高学生的文学修养，使学生了解英美文学各个历史时期的文艺思潮、文学流派、主要作家和作品；通过美国文学作品的教学，提高学生对英文原著的理解能力、鉴赏能力，培养学生发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力；通过课外实践活动，激发学生的文学兴趣，培养学生的文学鉴赏和批评能力及论文写作能力二、相关课程的衔接本课程是为英语专业高年级学生开设的，学生必须具有良好的英语阅读和理解基本功方能顺利地学习该课程，与此同时，它与美国历史、文化、社会背景等关系密切，因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，相关衔接课程有《英国文学》，《英语国家概况》《跨文化交际》等课程。
三、教学的基本要求1．了解美国文学发展史上的重要时期和阶段，包括殖民地时期、独立战争时期、浪漫主义时代、南北战争时期和两次世界大战前后文学现象及特征。
2．了解各个重要发展阶段的代表作家及作品，熟知其内容、风格和艺术价值及其在世界文学史上的重要地位。
3．了解伴随美国文学各个阶段产生的文艺批评思潮，提高学生的文艺理论水平。
四、教学方法与重点、难点教学方法：教学方法以课堂讲授为主，辅以讨论，并要求学生在课外大量阅读参考书，撰写读书报告及评论课上充分利用网络资源及现代化教学手段，使学生能够积极主动地进行学习本课程的重点与难点相对来说是一致的从时段上来说，19世纪20年代以后的美国文学由于处于第二次繁荣时期，对于美国文学的历史走向曾发生了相当重要的影响，自然是本课程的重点而这一阶段的文学语言丰富、色彩各异，且与哲学、史学、艺术学等结合得比较紧密，所以这一时期的文学作品在语言上和思想上都具备一定的难度，是本课程的难点所在另外，后现代文学作品的出现也增加了学生阅读的难度，因此了解后现代作品的创作手法，写作动机也是本科的一个难点解决的办法主要是在专业基础课之外，定期安排专家讲学，题目多涉及与课程难度相关的内容，旨在拓宽学生的知识面，使学生对特定时期的美国文学有一个历史层面上的深刻把握，从而有助于理解作品的语言和思想另外，课程组加强“英美文化”的教学力度和课外阅读的范围，在教学框架中将文学和文化结合起来，使学生在浓厚的异域文化氛围中感受美国文学，从而对深化对文学作品的理解从流派上说，《美国文学》课程的重点和难点都集中在流派嬗变的历史规律、流派与流派之间的关系、各流派的形成背景、形成历史以及体制特点美国文学各流派的继承性从总体上来说表现得相当明显，但对具体的继承与创造的关系尚缺乏充分的整理和研究我们的解决办法是：在分阶段的文学史教学过程中，充分梳理各文学流派的历史，从中概括流派的特性和历史以及与其他流派的区别我们开设有多门分阶段文学史的课程，目的就是在目前“横”的文学史的基础上，加强“纵”的线索，使学生形成纵横兼备的知识体系。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。
美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学
美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学摘要：浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一。
当美国人在大刀阔斧地建设自己的国家时，也开始逐渐意识到逐渐与欧洲的不同。
随着不断增强的民族主义意识及民族自豪感，美国人开始希望见到自己的不同与欧洲模式，能表达他们字的美国风情的文学。
这个时代伟大的作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。
随后美国文学进入了超验主义时代。
超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。
它实际上是对浪漫主义的发展。
然后，美国的国家自信心受到了内战的动摇。
内战过后，美国处在迷茫中。
在1900年前后这段时期的文学由于美国国内环境的变化而由浪漫主义和超验主义乐观精神转向对社会和人类本质更直接的探讨。
从某种角度，现实主义反对浪漫主义的理想主义和怀旧情绪。
它主要关注中下层人民的日常生活，而在这种情况下人物性格是社会因素作用的结果，环境是整个事件发展不可分割的部分。
关键词：美国文学史；浪漫主义；文学特点The Romantic Period Literature in the history of AmericanLiteratureAbstract: Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Later，American literature came to Transcendentalism Period which emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of tradition authority. It was actually greatly influenced by romanticism. However, the country’s confidence was waved by the Civil War. After the war, Americans got lost. At about 1900s, American literature came to another entirely different age—the age of Realism. Realists searched for the social and human nature more directly. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. It has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications.Keywords: American Literature History; Romanticism; Literary characteristics1、American RomanticismRomanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil.1.1The unique characteristics of American RomanticismAlthough greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams.and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and，later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesserwriters.historical reasonsWith the independence of the United States of America, political autonomy, the rise of the economy, and cultural independence, the largest land expansion in American history began during the Romantic period of the United States. As of 1860, the Civil War began, the territory of the United States extended to the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. No one could have predicted the middle of 19th century. The United States expanded from just 13 states in her early days to 21, with a nearly eightfold increase in the number of citizens from 4 million in 1790 to 1860. The total population of the country reached 30 million. At that time, the European bourgeois revolution and technological revolutionThe influence of life, this young country has experienced the rapid industrialization of baptism, the affected area in addition to the United States at each city area, including the vast rural areas. Whether industrial or agricultural development are the extensive use of the steam engine, in the vast continent of the United States, many factories such as a large number of factories set up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, the establishment of the inevitable with the demand for labor force increase, at the same time, when the United States appeared a lot of new inventions, these results quickly applied to the life, the production efficiency is greatly improved. In the romantic period, along with the rapid development of American politics, economy, culture, more and more around the worldImmigrants come to the United States, provide good human resources the arrival of immigrants to the industrial and agricultural development.epilogueThe peak period of Romanticism in American literature was the transcendentalism which appeared later.The concept of transcendentalism was first put forward by the New England Transcendentalism Club in 1830s.For the people of the New World,the idea was gradually accepted by American culture,the two most important writers were Emerson and Thoreau.They are regarded as the archetypal figures of American transcendentalism.Their works play an important role in thespiritual independence of American literature.Transcendentalism emphasizes the help of heaven to help the self-help.Strive to achieve the goal of self-improvement.Two other important writers,Hawthorne and Melvil,insisted on the original sin in the period of the moralism.They believed that only through moral constraints could human nature be promoted.reference documentation[1]Leslie A Fiedler. Love and Death in the merican Novel [M]. Harmondswort: Penguin Books, 1984.[2]Zhang Deming . Huckleberry. Adventures > and adult ceremony [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 1999. (4):91-97.[3]Jung .C.G.Conception of Collective unconsciousness [A] .trans by Wang Ai, selected by Ye Shuxian. Myth-archetypal criticism [C] .Xi 'an: Shaanxi normal University Press, 1987.101.[4]Bakhtin. Theory of novels [M] .translated by Bai Chunren, Xiao he .Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Press, 1998.。
美国文学史选读整理第一部分殖民地时期的文学
第一部分殖民地时期的文学17世纪历史文化背景1.17世纪早期，英国人最终在弗吉尼亚Virginia和马萨诸塞Massachusetts定居，奠定了人们熟知的美国主流文化的基础2.The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements.3.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.4.New England: 美国东北部地区，范围包括缅因州，新罕布什尔，佛蒙特，马萨诸塞，罗得岛和康涅狄格。
1614年由英国人John Smith命名。
5.Jamestown: 北美洲英国第一个永久性殖民地，建于1607.5.14.这里最先种植烟草，建立了大陆上第一个代议制政府（1619），运进第一批非洲奴隶，建立了美洲第一个圣公会教堂。
6.John SmithWilliam Byrd II:文学巨匠，《分界线的历史》Thomas Jefferson: 政治型学者，美国第三任总统，《独立宣言》的主要起草人，《英属美洲权利概述》（1774）：英国国会无权为殖民地制定法律；《弗吉尼亚笔记》：种族问题。
美国第一位作家：Captain John Smith1.<A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the FirstPlanting of That Colony>16082.<A Map of Virginia>1612（第二本书，共出版了8本书,部分记载了关于新英格兰的事）3.<General History of Virginia>1624有关于酋长之女波卡洪特斯Pocahontas的故事早期新英格兰文学：1.勤劳hard work、节俭thrift、虔诚piety、节制sobriety2.The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been plantedmainly as a commercial venture.3.清教传教士：John Cotton约翰·科登，Cotton Mather科登·马瑟William Bradford and John Winthrop1.Plymouth: 普利茅斯，北美第二个英国殖民地，1620五月花号抵达地2.威廉·布拉德福德（1590-1657）：<The History of Plymouth Plantation>(普利茅斯开发史)From my years young in days of youth那时我青春年少懵懂无知God did make known to me His Truth上帝眷顾教我真理And call’d me from my native place蒙他召唤我离开家乡For to enjoy the Means of Grace矢志追寻他的荣光In wilderness He did me guide苍茫大地他给我指引And in strange lands for me provide陌生土地终归我统领……As Pilgrim passed I to and fro.我作为清教徒而来，我作为清教徒而去3.约翰·温思罗普（1588-1649）：<The History of New England>(新英格兰史)清教徒的思想1.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. The Puritan wasa “would-be purified.”2.The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.3.Separatists—they wished to break free from the Church of England.4.Emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy.Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor清教徒诗人1.安妮·布雷兹特里特（1612-72）：<The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America>(在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯); <Upon the Burning of Our House>; 《沉思录》；《疲乏的朝圣者》2.爱德华·泰勒（1642-1729）：清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位。
自考《英美文学选读》（英）浪漫主义时期（1）
Chapter III The Romantic Period ⼀、本章的学习⽬的和要求 通过本章的学习，了解浪漫主义⽂学的产⽣的历史，⽂化背景，认识该时期⽂学创作的基本特征，基本主张，及其对时代及后世英国⽂学⽤⾄⽂化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的⽂学⽣涯，创作思想，艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构，⼈物刻画，语⾔风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特⾊，培养理解和欣赏⽂学作品的能⼒。
⼆、本章考核知识点及考核要求 （⼀）考核知识点 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1）浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治，经济，⽂化背景 2）浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张 3）英国浪漫主义⽂学的特⾊ 4）浪漫主义⽂学对同时代及后世英国⽂学的影响 2.浪漫主义时期主要作家的⽂学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构，⼈物塑造，语⾔风格，艺术⼿法及社会意义等。
威廉.布莱克；威廉.华兹华斯；塞.特.科勒律治；乔治.⼽登.拜伦；珀.⽐.雪莱；约翰.济兹；简.奥斯汀 （⼆）考核要求 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1）识记：a.浪漫主义时期的界定 b.历史⽂化背景 2）领会：a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。
b.浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张及对后世⽂学的影响。
、 3）应⽤：a.名词解释：浪漫主义 b.浪漫主义时期⽂学特点的分析 2.该时期的重要作家 1）识记：浪漫主义时期的重要作家，代表作品及其主要内容。
2）领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构，⼈物塑造，语⾔风格，社会意义等。
3）应⽤：a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析 b.⼩说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要⼈物的性格分析。
⼀、概述 1. ⼀般识记 English Romanticism English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge''''s Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott''''s death & the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2. 识记 Historical & Cultural background During this period, England had experienced profound economic & social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large masses of the population from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures & the agricultural mechanization, the peasants were driven of their land； some emigrated to the colonies； some sank to thelevel of farm laborers & many others drifted to the industrial towns where there was a growing demand for labor. But the new industrial towns were no better than jungles, where the law was "the survival of the fittest." The cruel economic exploitation caused large-scale workers'''' disturbances in England. 3. 领会 （1） Influences of the Romantic Movement Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary & philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of this or her unique feelings & particular attitudes & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual''''s experiences. （2） The Romantic views about literature a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen & Walter Scott.c. Besides poetry & prose, there are quite a number of writers who have fried their hand at poetic dramas in this period. 4.应⽤ （1） Literary Terms a. The Romantic Movement It expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual''''s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer. b. The Gothic novel It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader''''s emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho （1794） by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein （1818） by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance. （2） Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history. The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy： they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. Wordsworth is the closest to nature. To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.。
英美文学选读第三章笔记Romantic period
第三章I.Multiple choice1.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thoughtthat designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to seethe individual as the very center of all life and all experience在文學歷史上，浪漫主義認為個人應是生命及實踐的中心。
我們還可以說浪漫主義是將人們的注意力從外部世界---社會文明移到內部世界---人類自已的精神文明的實質2.The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake ,wordsworth,coleridge,Byron, Shelley and Keats are the marjor poets. Theystarted a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regardas the peotic revolution浪漫主義是詩歌的時代，代表詩人有布萊克，華茲華斯，科勒律治，拜倫，雪萊及濟慈. 他們發起了對新古典主義的反判，這便是後世所稱“詩人革命”3.In the romantic period, Poetry is the most prosperous 繁榮literary form浪漫主義時代也是詩歌的時代4.in the following writings by William Blake, which marks his entry intomaturity?Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的結合一詩標志著威廉布萊克創作上的成熟, 該詩創作於法國大革命高潮期間，並擔負諷喻與革命預言的兩重角色，在這首詩中，布萊克探索了對立事物之間的關系，吸引與排拆，理智與精力，愛與恨等對立事物都對人類生存有著舉足輕重的作用，布萊克認為生活就是不斷的對立沖突，如給與和索取，善與惡，天真純樸與經驗世故，肉體與精神等，他認為沒有對立的矛盾，就不會有社會與個人的進步，婚姻對布萊克意味著矛盾的調和，並非一方從屬另一方5.The declaration that “ I know that This World is a World ofImagination&Vision” and that “ the Nature of my work is visionary orimaginative” belong to which of the following writingWilliam Blake生活在革命啟示光輝中的布萊克熱切的宣布：“我認為人世凡塵是一個充滿想象與幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡塵一樣充滿想象與幻象6.In William Blake’s peotry, the father (and any other in whose he saw theimage of the father such as God&his Priest, &King) was usually a figure oftyranny 專治7.the Lone of literature in “Songs of Experience” by William Blake is doleful經驗之歌描寫了一個充滿苦難，貧窮，疾病與戰爭的世界而天真之歌描寫了一個愉快而純潔的世界，盡管著這世界偶有苦難與罪惡8.William Wordsworth is reagrades as a “worshipper of nature”華爾華茲從少年時代，他就對大自然充滿愛戀, 被稱為“大自然的膜拜者”，我如行雲獨自遊“一詩是英國詩中的奇葩，把我們帶入華茲華斯詩歌宗旨的核心9.Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A.I wandered lonely as a cloud 我如行雲獨自遊posed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特橋上有感C.The Solitary Reaper 孤獨的收割者D.The Chimney Sweeper 掃煙窗的孩子william black10.Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems aboutnature and poems about human life按照主題，華的短詩可以分為兩大類，關於自然的關於人類生活的11.Which of the following poems is a landmark in English Poetry?Iyrical Ballads(抒情歌謠集) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and WilliamWordsworth科勒律治合作的抒情歌謠集, 革命與獨立則成為抒情歌謠集中成功的結論，這在英國詩歌歷史上也是第一次12.Coleridge’s peoms”the rime of the ancient mariner, christabel and kublakhan are known as Demonic group包括他的三部代表作古航海家之歌，克麗斯特貝爾以及忽必烈汗這些詩歌的顯著特點，便是神秘與想象，詩歌的背景都設在詩人的記憶與夢幻之中，故事的發生，發展與絲毫不受理性的羈絆，這類詩歌的他作目的是將詩人自覺的意識與神的寬恕相調和13.Place me on Sumium’s marbled steep 讓我登上蘇尼姆大理石般的懸崖Where nothingSave the waves and I 那裡隻有海浪與我May hear our mutual murmurs sweep 能聽彼此的喃喃低語掠過There,swan like, let me sing and die 在那裡，象天鵝一樣，讓我歌唱後死亡A land of slaves shall ne’er be mine 一個奴棣的國家永遠不是我的國家Dash down you cup of Samian wine 把那杯薩莫斯的酒摔下These lines are taken fromThe Isles of Greece Byron拜爾的西臘島, 節選自唐璜14.“Don Juan” is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19thcentury唐璜是19世紀初斯的著名諷刺史詩15.In his lyrics 抒情詩such as “Ode 頌to Liberty”” Ode to Naples”, PercyBysshe Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred towardtyranny 專治，暴政雪萊對自由的渴望及對暴政的憎惡都體現在詩作中，如自由頌，那不勒斯頌16.Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere 狂野的精靈，你吹遍四方Destroyer and preserver 毀滅者和保存者，Hear, O hear! 聽啊聽Two lines are found inOde to the west wind by shelley 西風頌，雪萊17.In Shelley’s “ To a Skylark”致雲雀the bird , suspended between realityand poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the Poet Both celestial rapture and human limitation18.Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic dramaPrometheus Unbound雪萊最有造詣的作品是他的四幕詩劇—解放了的普羅米修斯, 詩劇源於希臘神話及古希臘悲劇家埃斯庫羅斯的劇作“被縛的普羅米修斯”，普羅米修斯為人類的生存盜取天火，被刀神之王宙斯拴縛在高加索山上，飽受折磨，雪萊在序言中指出，他雖然沿用埃斯庫羅斯的情節，卻改變了普羅米修斯與宙斯和解的結局，而是將暴君趕下寶座，換來新生的宇宙天地，詩中普羅修斯與天帝的鬥爭表現了法國大革命失敗後，英國與歐洲資產階級革命家對封建反動勢力的不滿與反抗情緒。
自考英美文学选读 第三章 浪漫主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第三章浪漫主义时期西方文学史上的浪漫主义运动是不易用一言以蔽之的,尤其是它的确切时间与特点,因为这是一场席卷全欧及美国的浩大文学变革。
而英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华滋华斯与柯勒治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃特·斯哥特的去世及议会第一个改革提案的通过。
但上述这些标志也并非精确而权威,因为作为一股文学潮流,浪漫主义早在《抒情歌谣集》之前就开始了。
在前一章提到的感伤主义作家中,我们就可以发现他们对古希腊罗马的作品风范已失去兴趣,取而代之的是对文学与传奇的重新思考。
这一切都是自蒲柏至约翰逊时期的新古典主义理性文学的叛逆。
而英国文学史上最伟大的浪漫主义作品有不少都产生于激进与传统相冲撞的18世纪末,这时英国又面临着新的发展动力,一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
法国哲学家让·亚克·卢梭是18世纪后半叶的主导思想家。
1762年,他出版了两部作品震惊欧洲,《社会契约论》与《爱弥尔》。
在这两部作品中,他探索了有关自然、社会与教育的新思想。
卢梭的这些思想为法国大革命做了必要的意识形态准备,因为它激起了人们对封建暴君的愤恨及对美好未来的希望。
法国革命的消息,尤其是《人权宣言》的发表及攻打巴士底狱也点燃了英国自由主义与激进主义者同情的火花。
英国遍地都成立了各种爱国者俱乐部或协会,宣传自由、平等与博爱。
1790年10月,埃德蒙·伯克出版了《法国大革命写照》。
他的这本政论小册子以笔墨诛伐了激进的革命以及对君主制与宗教特权摒弃,他对狂热的革命暴动及未来的暴民统治与军事独裁大泼冷水。
伯克的文章激起了要求打倒暴君、废除压迫政府的邀进派作家的反驳。
其中托马斯·潘因的《人权宣言》(1791-1792)最有力度。
潘因对欧洲的情势深为了解:大革命期间他本人就在法国,并在文章中下出结论,1789年以前的法国一片黑暗,处处都是压迫与不幸,除了革命,没有一条通向自由的路,此外,威廉·戈德温在他的《有关政治正义的研究》(1793)中强烈谴责了不合理的经济制度与政治压迫。
美国文学史概论之三：浪漫主义时期文学
4. Other Romantic poets: a. W.C. Bryant (Thanatopsis, The Yellow Violet, To a waterfoul) b. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (A Psalm of Life; The Song of Hiawatha; Evangeline; The Courtship of Miles Standish) c. John Greenleaf Whittier, New England Laureate, (Snow-Bound) d. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Boston Brahmin (Old Ironsides, The last Leaf) e. James Russell Lowell, Boston Brahmin (A Year’s Life, Biglow Papers) f. Frederick Goddard Tuckerman, poet of forest (Poems, Sonnets, “A Cricket”)
III. American Romantic Period (1820-1865)
I. Romantic Fathers: Washington Irving and J. F. Cooper II. New England Transcendentalists (1836-1855): Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau III. The First Literary Renaissance 1. Two novelists: Hawthorne and Melville 2. A Controversial man of letters: E. A. Poe 3. The Epitomes of American Poetry: Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
英美文学选读英国部分第三章浪漫主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第三章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识 (Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)（1）浪漫主义，作为一种文学思潮来说，乃是一定的历史转折时期——即十八世纪末至十九世纪初——的特征。
在英国它出现于1798年，以《抒情民谣集》的出版为起点，以1832年瓦尔特•司各特爵士的逝世和第一个改革法案在议会通过为终点。
（2）美国的独立战争和法国的大革命极大地鼓舞了英国人民为自由、平等、博爱而斗争。
（3）在这时期，经过巨大的社会斗争和残酷的经济改造，资本主义的“金钱”王国逐渐在英国确立。
一个新社会出现在英国。
它比封建主义社会更高级，但同时也孕育着其固有的矛盾。
始自十九世纪的工业革命为富人大量敛财而给穷人的工作条件和生活条件带来极大地破坏，劳资矛盾由此加剧。
（4）在英国，现代化的工业社会逐渐取代了原先的农业社会。
（5）一系列的政治改革和群众游行示威动摇了不列颠王国的贵族统治。
2、文化背景(Cultural background)（1）浪漫主义学派的灵感最初是来自两位著名的思想家：法国哲学家简·雅克•卢梭和德国作家约翰·沃尔夫贡·冯•歌德。
卢梭首先提出了个人尊严的概念，首创人的精神自由；他的最著名的宣言是：“我感受而后我思”。
歌德和他的追随者们对浪漫主义精神大加赞美，这种精神具体体现在德国民谣、歌特式建筑以及英国戏剧家威廉•莎士比亚的戏剧中。
暴风雨般的社会冲突，引起了并且推动了英国浪漫主义文学的发展。
（2）浪漫主义运动对现存的社会和政治环境多多少少持有一种否定的态度，因为浪漫主义作家都经历了封建主义社会的腐朽与不公，以及资本主义社会的经济、社会和政治势力的非人性特点。
（3）浪漫主义有意将自己的注意力从外部世界的社会活动转移到人文精神的内心世界，旨在把个人看作是所有生命和一切经验的中心。
美国文学选读 3 Romantic period 2
Walt WhitmanO Captain, My Captain!Captain! my Captain! Our fearful trip is done,The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! heart! heart! 5O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.O Captain! my Captain! Rise up and hear the bells;Rise up - for you the flag is flung - for you the bugle trills, 10For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths - foryou the shores a-crowding,For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! dear father!This arm beneath your head! 15It is some dream that on the deck,You've fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still.My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, 20From fearful trip the victor ship comes inwith object won:Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells,But I with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead. 25Comment on the poemThe poem consists of 3 stanzas, with each stanza containing 8 lines and follows a rhyme scheme of "aabbcded". The first 4 lines of each stanza are almost in heptameter, while each of the latter 4 lines is alternatively in trimeter or tetrameter. The metrical foot within every stanza also varies freely from iambus to trochee. The shifts of the methods parallels the ups and downs of the poet's passion and the freedom of expression, which avails the poet to make the work coherently whole.The stanzaic form looks like a ship, with the word "captain" at the head of each stanza. The stanzaic form was deliberately chosen and designed.Song Of Myself(excerpted)1I celebrate my self, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For very atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. 5My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same,and their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.Creeds and schools in abeyance, 10Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,Nature without check with original energy.6A child said What is the grass fetching it to me with full hands;How could I answer the child I do not know what it is any more than he. 15I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven. Or I guess it is the handkerchief of the Lord,A scented gift and remembrancer designedly dropt,Bearing the owner's name someway in the corners,that we may see and remark, and say WhoseOr I guess the grass is itself a child, the produced babe of the vegetation. 20 Or I guess it is a uniform hieroglyphic,And it means, Sprouting alike in broad zones and narrow zones,Growing among black folks as among white,Kanuck, Tuckahoe, Congressman, Cuff, I give them the same,I receive them the same.And now it seems to me the beautiful uncut hair of graves. 25Tenderly will I use you curling grass,It may be you transpire from the breasts of young men,It may be if I had known them I would have loved them,It may be you are from old people, or from offspringtaken soon out of their mothers' laps,And here you are the mothers' laps. 30The grass is very dark to be from the white heads of old mothers,Darker than the colorless beards of old man,Dark to come from under the faint red roofs of mouths.O I perceive after all so many uttering tongues,And I perceive they do not come from the roofs of mouths for nothing. 35I wish I could translate the hints about the dead young men and women,And the hints about old men and mothers, and theoffspring taken soon out of their laps.What do you think has become of the young and old menAnd what do you think has become of the women and childrenThey are alive and well somewhere, 40The smallest sprout shows there is really no death,And if ever there was it led forward life, and does notwait at the end to arrest it,And ceas'd the moment life appear'd.All goes onward and outward, nothing collapses,And to die is different from what any one supposed, and luckier. 45Comment on the poemSong of Myself, consisting of 1345 lines, is the longest poem in Leaves of Grass. The poet takes for granted the self as the most crucial element of the world and thus sets forth two of his principal beliefs: First, a theory of universality; second, all things are equal in value.In part 1 of the selected sections, the author unfolds the theme of "a leaf of grass is no less than the journey-work of the stars" by cordially celebrating himself. Meanwhile, he "extols the ideals of equality and democracy and celebrates the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man."In part 6, the poet's attitude towards life and death is pertinently presented: "The smallest sprout show there is really no death"; "ceased the moment life appeared", and "to die is different from what any one supposed, and luckier."I Hear America SingingI hear America singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as itshould be blithe and strong,The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam,The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, thedeckhand singing on the steamboat deck, 5The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench,the hatter singing as he stands,The wood-cutters's song, the ploughboy's on his way inthe morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife atwork, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day -- at night the partyof young fellows, robust, friendly, 10Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs.Comment on the poemThe poet presents to the readers a picture while he was traveling around the country, he was listening to a concert performed by his entire fellow Americans. The long cataloguer of the "songs"from various professions brings readers to the acme of optimism. The readers may be impressed that God seems extremely lavish when he led people to the New World, where everybody feels sufficient and everyone is apt to enjoy his/her life. It's paradise where everybody sings.Emily DickensonSuccess (67)Success is counted sweetestBy those who ne'er succeed.To comprehend a nectarRequires sorest need.Not one of all the purple host 5Who took the flag todayCan tell the definition,So clear, of victory,As he, defeated, dying,On whose forbidden ear 10The distant strains of triumphBreaks, agonized and clear.Wild Nights----Wild Nights! (249)Wild Nights—wild Nights!Were I with theeWild Nights should beOur Luxury!Futile-the Winds-To a Heart in portDone with the Compass-Done with the chart!Rowing in Eden-Ah, the Sea!Might I but moor-Tonight-In thee!"Hope" Is the Thing with Feathers (254)"Hope" is the thing with feathers—That perches in the soul—And sings the tune without the words-And never stops-at all-And sweetest-in the Gale-is heard- 5And sore must be the storm-That could abash the little BirdThat kept so many warm-I've heard it in the chillest land-And on the strangest sea- 10Yet, never, in extremity,It asked a crumb-of Me.The Soul Selects Her Own Society (303)The Soul selects her own society-Then--shuts the Door-To her divine Majority-Present no more-Unmoved-she notes the Chariots-pausing- 5At her low gate-Unmoved-and Emperor be kneelingUpon her Mat-I've known her-from an ample nation-Choose one- 10Then-close the Valves of her attention-Like Stone-The soul is so autocentered that she accepts only what she chooses and she is so tough-willed as to defy the divine majority. The soul is so self-asserted that she despises all kinds of authorities, powers and temptations represented by the Chariots and the Emperor. In this poem, the Soul symbolizes a persistent individual, living upon self-reliance and unable to reconcile herself with those she dislikes. She insists on the supreme importance of the self in choosing ways of existence and refuses to conform to the existing social conventions.The poet is very careful in selecting words to express her points. She takes for granted the self as the center of the world. The self confronts a large crowd which she despises, but the self reveals a remarkable personality of self-maintenance and self-assertion. By emphasizing the importance of individuality, the poet seems to imply that one is soulless if she is apt to yield to the majority without her own ideas and that she would lose her own identity in existence if she discards the principle of choosing and distinguishing.。
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历史背景1810年，美国十七州的总人口数只不过700万多一点。
51年以后，也就是国内战争开始的1861年，州的数量翻了2倍，人口总数高达3,100多万。
由于拓荒者不断地西进，美国的疆域也向西拓展至密西西比河以西的地区，到达大草原，国家人口的中心也从东部转移到西部，穿过阿巴拉契亚山脉，到达俄亥俄。
西部地区作为一支重要力量迅速崛起，并向东部、南部的政治统治提出了挑战。
1828年，西进拓荒英雄安德鲁.杰克逊当选美利坚合纵国第七任总统，这标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束”。
十九世纪四十年代，美国平民时代到来，各种选举限制被取消。
杰弗逊派的贵族统治概念已经被所有对人一律平等的平等信仰所取代，大部分人都有可能成为美国的领导。
19世纪60年代前，美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化的国家。
1829年美国首次出现了“技术”这一单词。
作为自动化的一种生产方式弗吉尼亚州开始出现一个人的面粉“磨坊”；美国人发明了轧花机、缝纫机、电报等；组装批量生产的生产方式日臻完善的蒸汽机火焰和轰鸣声象征了美国科技时代的到来，这为社会创造大量的物质财富创造了条件，但同时又加剧了社会动荡。
美国在此以前还只不过是一个小土地所有者控制的共和国，还没有明显的贫富悬殊。
如今，美国成为了一个贫富尖锐对立的国家。
“百万富翁”的人数不断增多，穷困潦倒的人数也增多。
在十九世纪上半期，在农场工作的美国人数急剧下降；离开土地，走进工厂、从事贸易的人数却不断增加。
纽约取代了波士顿和费城，成为了美国的经济文化中心，也发展成为了美国最大的城市。
在十九世纪初期开始一直到今天，追求简洁、实用、完美仍然是美国性格中的主要特征。
美国绅士们从不佩戴胭脂粉味很浓的装饰品、假发，他们不再穿欧洲齐膝的马裤，而穿黄褐色的直筒裤。
追求时尚的女子喜欢简单的服装式样，不再使用以前一些妖艳化妆品。
各种各样乌托邦式社会团体纷纷出现。
超验主义者、洗礼派人士、长老会代表、卫理公会成员等都寻找了一条通往上帝的途径。
新兴的改良与人道主义精神相继在美国出现。
教会一方面要拯救醉鬼，另一方面还要讨伐“恶魔”。
1817年，防止贫穷的协会成立，1883年一个全国性的废奴联盟还共同发起，建立了美国反奴隶制协会。
从那以后。
铁烙、肢解、鞭答女性的暴行开始减少。
欠债入狱的法律得以废除。
女权主义运动也开展得如火如荼，一些妇女为了女性的权利，奔走呼告要求政府进行社会改革。
1837年，专为妇女开办的第一所大学级学院圣奥克山女子学院在马萨诸塞州正式成立。
十九世纪五十年代，美国平均受教育的程度不断提高，识字的人数也显著增加。
美国立法机关开始颁发实施义务教育入学法，越来越多的美国人开始读书、看报、看杂志、印刷。
印刷行业整体水平提高，邮政服务范围继续扩大，这一切为各式期刊大量印刷与发行提供了必要的条件。
十九世纪初期美国出现了一些业余作家和绅士作家，书籍的版税很少。
杂志撰稿人的各种补偿机制到了二十年代才开始出现，并且在有了相对稳定的版税机制以后很长的一段时间里，作者所得的稿酬也相当低，还很不稳定。
在十九世纪中期，杂志社给亨利.沃尔沃思.朗费罗每首诗的稿费是50美金，詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀的散文是每页10美元。
大批的职业作家在美国相继出现，他们用自己的笔开始谋生。
在国内战争爆发前的一段时间里，美国想象类文学作品相对来讲数量要少。
大部分作品是年鉴类、教科书类、自助手册类的，还有些则是宗教类、医学类、法律类书籍。
每年出版的诗歌类作品也不过十来卷。
但女性杂志中却以小说居多，小说因而得到迅猛发展，尤其是欧洲一些作家所作的历史类浪漫体裁小说在美国更是流行。
其中由沃尔特.司各特写的小说更是出类拔萃，美国人称他为“小说大王”和“小说大师”。
随着时间的推移，美国的一些本土作家也开始引起国际国内人士的重视。
《见闻礼记》（1819-1820）就是由美国本土小说家华盛顿.欧文写的第一部成功小说，该作品在商业上获得极大成功，而且风靡大西洋两岸。
在十九世纪三十年代，欧文被人们认为是美国最著名的小说家，他同后来的詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀、威廉.卡伦.布赖恩特一起在文坛上亨有极高的文学地位。
随之，在坡、麦尔维尔、霍桑、梭罗、爱默生、惠特曼等后来的知名作家的推动下，美国本土文学开始蓬勃发展。
文学特征这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境以及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮的双重影响，在此基础上形成了自己的风格。
十八世纪末，新浪漫主义文学思潮在英国开始出现，并传播到欧洲大陆，随之，在十九世纪早期，又开始进入美国。
浪漫主义是多元化的；他们本身和各自的文化和思想一样都存在较大差异，表现出来的当然就不同，有的地方甚至还存在冲突。
当然，浪漫主义之间大部分地方还是相通的。
他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
在美国独立战争前，浪漫主义价值观深刻地影响了美国政治艺术和哲学方方面面。
浪漫主义强调个人主义观念必须同传统的革命理念和边疆平等的理念一致。
浪漫主义强烈反对传统的艺术形式，深受新古典主义艺术限制的人士强烈要求在文学、绘画、建筑方面创造出新的形式。
浪漫主义也拒绝理性主义，反对理性主义的冷酷，反对加尔文教主义残余宗教理念。
美国人不再对原来那些说教感兴趣，而那些令人高兴的野营布道会和新英格兰超验主义生动活泼的启发方式受到了美国人的热烈欢迎。
作为一种道德哲学，超验主义既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统。
它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
对于那些反对恪守清教教规的人来说，这些理念非常具有吸引力，对于那些反对新英格兰一元神论的人来说，也很有吸引力。
超验主义融汇了欧洲浪漫主义学理念、新柏拉图主义、德国理性哲学、东方神秘主义等诸多学说。
他们呼吁文化复兴、反对美国社会的拜金主义。
他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分。
作为一种哲学和文学运动，超验主义的繁荣是从十九世纪三十年代开始的，随国内战争的爆发而结束。
在爱默生的文学作品中，超验主义的理念得到了最好的诠释，在他看来，人类是绝对善中的一部分。
在梭罗看来，自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”。
后来的一代由于受到国内战争创伤的影响，认为超验主义者的关于人就如同上帝，罪恶并不存在看起来是一个乐观的愚蠢思想。
超验主义是当时人们思想的一种强有力的表达，它所提倡的理念深深的影响了许多伟大的作家。
从纳撒尼尔.霍桑到沃尔特.惠特曼，一直到今天的许多作家仍然受到了超验主义思想影响。
随着时代发展，美国人开始呼唤文化上的本土化，这种文化上的民族主义要求美国的艺术家创作一些爱国类歌曲，去描绘美国本土的壮丽风光，设计一些具有纪念意义的建筑，让人们永远记住美国当时生活的人们及这块神奇土地的辉煌。
美国大部分的音乐则继承了以往欧洲的传统。
这些作曲家按欧洲的话剧形式，对美国的各种传奇和传说进行了改编。
赞美诗和歌曲都是按欧洲的一些曲调所作。
弗朗西斯.司各特.基创作的美国国歌“星条旗”就是借助英国祝酒歌中的音乐创作而成的。
十九世纪二十年代美国一些画家从十八世纪贵族画中解脱出来。
哈德逊河的风景画家开始出现。
为了寻找美国山脉、河流、深林、峡谷的野性与伟大，他们翻过了卡茨基尔山，越过哈德逊河，到达落基山脉，这些画家摈弃了以往新古典主义画派中的矫揉造作，进一步发展了绘画艺术。
十八世纪，道路两旁都是对称的风景，为了更好地突出自然景色的原貌，美国人重修了十八世纪精心修建的一些景观。
十九世纪，家境好的美国人还修建了一些用人工废墟来修饰的花园，这无疑暗示天然的景观胜过了人造的景观。
到了十九世纪五十年代，美国人又开始对中世纪的一些对称艺术感兴趣，人们钟情于哥特式的设计，这无疑对古典复兴时期的艺术提出了挑战。
哥特式拱门、塔楼、以各种装饰技巧开始取代希腊罗马的寺庙建筑。
这些风格在银行、法院、大学、民用房舍甚至厕所都得到了广泛应用。
这时期美国文学，完全摒弃了原来的说教，文学再也不只是政治与宗教的附庸。
主要有早期见过这们进行文学创作的政治性写作时代宣告结束。
政治家丹尼尔.韦伯斯特主宰美国政治，凭借的不是优美散文，而是凭借他声情并茂的演讲获得成功的。
美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品为长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，这些体裁的作品成为了美国这一时期文学的主要形式。
人们不再认为剧院是万恶之源，虽然美国本土的剧作家少得可怜，创作出来的也只是二流剧作，但以本土素材为创作主题的剧作家开始出现。
由于缺乏有效的版权保护，大部分戏剧作品都是从英国进口的，戏剧演员也是从英国请过来的，诸如此类因素直接制约了戏剧在美国的发展。
想象类文学进一步向纵深发展，个人趋向和象征性趋向越来越明显，这标志着越来越多作者不再把自己仅仅看成是新古曲主义文学的文学艺人，而是认为自己应该是社会的预言家和观察家。
受美国文化民族主义思想影响，许多美国作家开始赞美美国的草原、小从林、溪流，一望无际的大草原、茂密的深林及广阔的海洋等。
戏剧化特色的**了讽喻时代的道德准则。
逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
库珀的《屁娃子故事集》，梭罗的《沃尔登》以及后来马克吐温的《哈克贝利.费恩历险记》，直到二十世纪的厄恩斯特.海明威和威廉.福克纳等人的作品都可以找到佐证。
浪漫主义作家日益重视人物情感的自由表达，越来越注意人物的心理特征刻画。
极端的敏感和兴奋成为了男女主人公的主要性格特点。
恐怖小说从那时开始一直到现在都是文学领域中最能赚钱的文学形式，哥特式恐怖小说也引起了读者的极大关注，这种小说主要描写一些遥远的超自然的恐怖现象，作者往往通过城堡附近的日光照亮的景物和一些神秘的跟踪等阴森来衬托出一些可怕的场景。
坡、霍桑、麦尔维尔及其他一些二流作家的作品中都特别注意这种氛围的烘托。
在民族主义的影响下美国作家的目光开始转向了美国本土的语言和普通的老百姓。
1828年有诺亚.韦伯斯特编写的《美国英语字典》得以证实出版。
从那以后，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
歌颂美国农民、穷人、不识字的人、孩子以及原来没被社会污染的原始人群的作品纷纷出现。
一场由霍桑、爱默生和梭罗等人发起的中世纪美国文学运动把美国带入了一个“新英格兰百花争艳”的新闻学时期，在超验主义思潮的影响下，美国波士顿、各城镇的乡土作家开始出现。
班克罗夫特、普雷斯科特、莫特丽、帕克曼等都在文学史上建立了自己特有的文学地位。
还有一些学院派诗人，如朗费罗、洛威尔，霍姆斯和惠迪尔等则通过自己的作品诠释了时代人们的向性，同时这些作品也给他们国家带来了极大的荣誉。
十九世纪早期至国内战争时期的美国式一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。
但十八世纪理想主义反对过时智慧和无用的承诺。
美国人在生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰。