中国科学技术大学考博英语题型分析
中科院考博英语培训资料考题分析
A. way
B. view
C. vision
D. pursuit
This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growth was ________ 12 percent. (2019,10)
A. expenses
B. revenues
C. budgets
D. payments
10. His ________ with computers began six months ago. A. imagination B. innovation C. observation D. obsession
A. inadequately B. systematically
C. profoundly
D. simultaneously
2. In fear for their lives and in _________ of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.
Successful students sometimes become so _________with grades that they never enjoy their school years. (2019,3)
A. passionate
B. involved
C. immersed
A. interrupt
B. bother
中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
中国科学技术大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解SECTION Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 points)(略)SECTION Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage.When, in the age of automation, man searches for a worker to do the tedious, unpleasant jobs that are impossible to mechanize, he may very profitably consider the ape.If we tackled the problem of breeding for brains with as much as enthusiasm as we devote to breeding dogs of surrealistic shapes, we could eventually produce assorted models of useful primates,ranging in size from the gorilla down to the baboon, each adapted to a specific kind of work. It is not putting too much strain on the imagination to assume that geneticists could produce a super-ape, able to understand some scores of words, and capable of being trained for such jobs as picking fruit, cleaning up the litter in parks, shining shoes, collecting garbage, doing household chores, and even baby-sitting (though I have known some babies I would not care to trust with a valuable ape).Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of agricultural work, without supervision, though they might need protection from those exceptional specimens of Homo sapiens who think it amusing to tease or bully anything they consider lower on the evolutionary ladder. For other tasks, such as delivering papers and laboring on the docks, our man-ape would have to work under human overseers; and, incidentally, I would love to see the finale of the twenty-first century version of on the Waterfront in which the honest but hairy hero will drum on his chest after-literally taking the wicked labor leader apart.Once a supply of nonhuman workers becomes available, a whole range of low IQ jobs could be thankfully relinquished by mankind, to its great mental and physical advantage. What is more, one of the problems which have plagued so many fictional Utopias would be avoided: Therewould be none of the degradingly subhuman Epsilons of Huxley's Brave New World to act as a permanent reproach to society, for there is a profound moral difference between breeding sub-men and super-apes, though the end products are much the same. The first would introduce a form of slavery;the second would be a biological triumph which could benefit both men and animals.21．In the author's opinion, the idea that geneticists could produce a super-ape is ______.A．irrational B．plausibleC．biologically impossible D．demonstrably true22．The type of job an ape could do without supervision would be one which is ______.A．repetitive B．mechanized C．unusual D．intricate23．A problem that has plagued some fictional Utopias is ______.A．creation of super-apes B．the necessity of breeding super-humans C．the necessity of breeding subhumans D．the degradation of beasts24．The author of this article isA．revealing his low opinion of mankindB．poking fun at geneticistsC．expressing his doubts about the possibility of breeding a super-apeD．presenting a reasonable theory in a humorous tonePassage TwoQuestions 25 to 28 are based on the following passage.As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be interms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Shouted, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously.As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” superimposed on the second.The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with d ecreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation”. Also, because of the persistence of the effect of the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors,the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.25．This selection is primarily concerned with ______.A．the eye's adaptation to color B．the properties of colored surfacesC．the color of colors D．the effect of changes in color intensity 26．Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different in color would depend mostly on ______.A．the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB．whether the object was seen in artificial or natural lightC．what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsD．the individual's power of lateral adaptation27．If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit, we can expect ______.A．a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB．some inability to see colors of the latter-named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC．the immediate loss of the “afterimage” of the fir st objectD．the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensity level28．The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ______.A．some experiments with color pigmentsB．the nature of colorC．the color properties of various surfacesD．the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to colorPassage ThreeQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the following passage.The Greek's lofty attitude toward scientific research—and the scientists' contempt of utility —was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether.But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement.Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few—priests, nobles, and kings—concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position.In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in war making, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production.On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.The whole ancient word was built upon this relationship— a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow—products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn't shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn't modified tofit his shoulders. For more than rive thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century)to become a rudder.With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it—but the ingenuity wasn't forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his' one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.29．Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of ______.A．natural resourcesB．inventive abilityC．people's desire for the “better things of life”D．proper social organization30．During the Middle Ages, productivity of labor ______.A．was a primary concern of societyB．was hampered by class relationshipsC．began to improve over levels reached by the GreeksD．was in a period of technical progress31．We may infer that a change in class relationships after the close of the Middle Ages produced greater productivity because ______.A．freemen had incentive to produce moreB．masters had greater incentive to work their workers harderC．slaves never starved, no matter what they producedD．productivity could go in only one direction32．In supporting his contentions about the ancient world, the author relies mainly on illustrations drawn from ______.A．examples of the separation of mechanics and geometryB．case studies of lack of social communication between classesC．technologyD．his concern with the plight of the laboring classesPassage FourQuestions 33 to 36 are based on the following passage.The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes,approximately equal numbers of males and females.Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection” argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930．This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females, then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy”.Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed,his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.Since Fisher's time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization.If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromo-some,then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.By Fisher's argument, it should still pay a female to pro duce equal numbers of sons and daughters.Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only onefemale usually eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking strategy.33．The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists ______.A．conducted their research at approximately the same timeB．sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studiedC．sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stableD．studied reproduction in the same animal species34．It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher's work to be ______.A．definitive and thoroughB．inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamilton's workC．accurate, but trivial compared with Hamilton's workD．admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamilton's work35．According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on ______.A．the ability to adjust one's behavior in light of the behavior of othersB．the degree of stability one can create in one's immediate environmentC．the accuracy with which one can predict future eventsD．the success one achieves in conserving and storing one's resources36．It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been ______.A．developed by scientists with an interest in geneticsB．useful in explaining some biological phenomenaC．adopted by Hamilton in his researchD．based on animal studies conducted prior to 1930Passage FiveQuestions 37 to 40 are based on the following passage.Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “Southern”—the decades after 1815．Consequently, the cultural history of Britain's NorthAmerican empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies.The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture.Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern—acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island: and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern—but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been: rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the late Colonial period.37．The author is primarily concerned with ______.A．refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American SouthB．refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American SouthC．refuting the two premises that underlie Davis' discussion of the culture of the American D．challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature38．According to the author, the depiction of American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras as an extension of New England Puritan culture reflects the ______.A．fact that historians have overestimated the importance of the Puritans in the development of American cultureB．fact that early American culture was deeply influenced by the strong religious orient-colonistsC．extent to which Massachusetts and Connecticut served as cultural models for the other American coloniesD．extent to which colonial America resisted assimilating cultural patterns that were typically English39．The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was ______.A．dying out as Puritan influence began to growB．self-consciously and distinctively SouthernC．more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of EnglandD．spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut40．Which of the following statements could most logically follow the last sentence of the passage?A．Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature.B．Thus, the contribution of Southern colonials to American culture was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans.C．Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems to have characterized the cultural development of the American colonies in the eighteenth century.D．Thus, the culture of America during the Colonial period was far more sensitive to outsideinfluence than historians are accustomed to acknowledge.SECTION Ⅲ VOCABULARY (10 points)Directions: In this section, there are twenty sentences with one word or phrase underlined each.Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.41．From 1965 to 1978 American consumer prices increased at an average annual rate of 5.7percent. This ominous shift was followed by consumer price gains of 13.3 percent in 1979．A．promising B．overwhelming C．threatening D．astonishing42．In 1982, Hitachi was indicted for stealing confidential documents from IBM. As part of a court settlement, the company paid IBM hundreds of millions of dollars.A．condemned for B．accused of C．disciplined for D．disapproved of 43．The preserved food should retain palatable appearance, flavor, and texture, as well as its original nutritional value.A．tasty B．stylish C．delicate D．notable44．The Austrian manufacturing industry consists of a few large organizations, many of which operate under government auspices.A．supervision B．orientation C．regulation D．sponsorship45．European conservatives, until the end of the 19th century, rejected democratic principles and institutions. Instead they opted for monarchies or for authoritarian government.A．chose B．constructed C．conceived D．conserved46．During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews. Nonetheless, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.A．opposed B．exploited C．despised D．annoyed47．A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.A．nutrition B．sanitation C．nursery D．welfare48．Brazilian music is thoroughly imbued with African themes, and illustrious composers have long found inspiration in the black musical heritage.A．imaginative B．sensitive C．distinguished D．persistent49．The Social Security Act did not include health insurance because the commission considered that its inclusion would jeopardize the passage of the act.A．evade B．endanger C．exclude D．enhance50．Ideally, anatomical investigation consists of a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches. Present-day anatomy involves scrutiny of the structure of organisms at many levels of observation.A．analysis B．recognition C．evaluation D．examination51．Not until the advent of histochemistry could the anatomist see through the microscope which cells carry specific enzymes or gauge how active these enzymes are in different cells under various conditions.A．discern B．grasp C．measure D．estimate52．The prevailing wind is the wind direction most often observed during a given time period. Wind speed is the rate at which the air moves past a stationary object.A．motionless B．massive C．flexible D．noticeable53．Britain occupied Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Both the British and later the Dutch tried to centralize and reform Java's administration. The Dutch wavered between opening the area to individual enterprise and reverting to a monopoly system.A．resolved B．reckoned C．hesitated D．discriminated54．Although diverse, African music has certain distinctive traits, one of which is the use of repetition as an organizing principle.A．benefits B．features C．notions D．options55．The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.A．avert B．deny C．exclude D．reduce56．The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product's local distributors.A．potential B．responsive C．inquisitive D．perceptive57．Australia began to assume its modern configuration by the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago, when Antarctica broke away and drifted southward.A．status B．sphere C．shape D．situation58．Education in Russia and the other new countries faces especially daunting obstacles because the struggling economies of these nations often provide insufficient funds for education.A．stunning B．discouraging C．concerning D．prevailing59．Admiral Cervera knew he was being ordered to certain destruction but felt compelled to obey.He chose the morning of July 3 for a gallant escape attempt.A．daring B．futile C．critical D．fruitful60．The Second Hague Disarmament Conference of 1907 was marked more by discord than discourse, a sign of the deteriorating world situation.A．facilitating B．upgrading C．justifying D．worseningSECTION Ⅳ ERROR IDENTIFICATION ( 10 points)Directions:In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C and D．Identify which of the four parts is incorrectly used and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a line through the center.61．There is nothing in science staling that it is good to attempt to save human lives. Saving Human lives seems to be a generally held value in most cultures of the world, but it is notin some sense scientifically derived.A B C D62．Theories have features that are indicative of their truth, and the task of justification is to identify these features and using them to guide choices as to which theories to believe.A B C D63．The motivation of rapists is now acknowledged to be a more complex matter than being formerly believed; it has come to be widely accepted that rape is not necessarily the result of sexual desire.A B C D64．The view which elements ofa culture are to be understood and judged in terms of their relationship to the culture as a whole led to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be evaluated or graded as higher and lower, superior or inferior.A B C D65．In the United States at the time of World War Ⅱ, when soldiers were screened formilitary service the army defined a minimal level of literacy as that was normally achieved in the fifth grade.A B C D66．Another factor in the display of art objects concerns their continued preservation. Because of the sensitivity of some of the materials used in their creation, it is necessary to control within narrowlimits the temperature, humidity, and lighting which they are exposed.A B C D67．To be measured in terms of its members, teaching is the world's biggest profession. Though the roles and functions of teachers very from country to country, the variations are generally greater within a country than they are between countries.A B C D68．Recent reform efforts have been focused on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus, not only the number of students has increased, butthe scope of education has also expanded.A B C D69．The market for manufactured goods is which economists call “imperfect”, because each company has its own style; and all of the arts of advertisement and salesmanship are devoted to makingit even more imperfect by attracting buyers to particular brand names.A B C D70．Further education is officially described as the post-secondary stage of education, comprised all vocational and convocational provision made for young people who have left school, or for adults.A B C DSECTION ⅤWORD FORMATION (5 points)Directions: Form a wordfrom the word given at the end of each sentence. Write the word you have formed in the proper space on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.71．In Yugoslavia, the late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by improved relations with。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：64
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题As the intelligence of robots increases to match humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments, harmful to ourselves.ABC D【答案】A humans改为that of humans【解析】【考查点】代词指代。
【解题思路】根据语境，A部分指的是机器智能和人工智能相当，the intelligence of robots和A部分意思对应，结构也应对应，用that指代the intelligence，因此A部分应为that of humans。
【句意】随着机器人的智能达到与人类相当的水平，以及它们的成本通过规模经济降低，我们可以利用它们来拓展我们的疆域，首先是在地球上，借用它们抵御对我们有害的环境的能力。
2.填空题The effort to clarify the bewildering number of interrelated observations ________ by psychoanalytic exploration led to the development of a model of the structure of the psychic system. (cover)【答案】uncovered【解析】【考查点】动词。
【解题思路】根据关键词by，可知横线所在内容为动词的过去分词，uncover的意思为“发现，揭露”，符合语境，其过去分词为uncovered。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：6
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Clinton denied the more serious allegations that he had lied under oath about the relationship and had entreated Lewinsky to do the same.问题1选项A.pleadedB.flatteredC.deceivedD.scared【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. pleaded 乞求，恳求B. flattered 奉承，讨好C. deceived 欺骗，蒙骗D. scared 惊吓，使害怕【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。
【解题思路】entreated的意思为“恳求，乞求”，指的是克林顿恳求莱温斯基同他一起在两人的关系上撒谎，pleaded与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】克林顿否认了更严重的指控，即他在宣誓后就两人的关系撒了谎，并恳求莱温斯基也这样做。
2.填空题Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely success is so mysterious.A B CD 【答案】D success is改为is success【解析】【考查点】倒装。
【解题思路】表示否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时，用部分倒装，句子的一般陈述句语序为success is so mysterious，此时is应该提前，因此D部分应为is success。
【句意】我们常常相信别人的成功是某种特殊的秘密或幸运的突破。
但成功很少如此神秘。
3.单选题Facing-port industry has become the basic pillar of economic strength in developed countries and promoted the formation of international production.问题1选项A.circumstanceB.motivationC.backboneD.initiative【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. circumstance 条件，环境B. motivation 动力C. backbone 支柱，骨干，基础D. initiative 主动性，积极性【答案】C【考查点】名词辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：75
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题But as the winter went on, I found it harder and harder to withdraw—either from the events we read and heard about, or from the zeal that seized the students in the seminar.问题1选项A.enthusiasmB.motivationC.evidenceD.process【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. enthusiasm 热情，热忱B. motivation 动力C. evidence 证明，证据D. process （为达到某一目标的）过程，进程【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】zeal的意思为“热情，激情”，指的是研讨会上学生们的热情，enthusiasm与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】但随着冬天的到来，我发现自己越来越难以从我们读到和听到的事件中抽身，也越来越难以从研讨会上学生们的热情中抽身。
2.单选题Despite the recession in Brazil, many job hunters are taking their last savings and investing in English lessons because so many _______ employers want workers with a knowledge of English.问题1选项A.prevalentB.proficientC.prospectiveD.prominent【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. prevalent 普遍存在的，盛行的B. proficient 熟练的，娴熟的，精通的C. prospective可能的，潜在的D. prominent 著名的，杰出的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：60
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The Romans were hardworking and frugal, self-reliant, serious about their responsibilities and steadfast in the face of adversity.问题1选项A.economicalB.cautiousC.courageousD.righteous【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. economical 节俭的，节约的B. cautious 小心的，谨慎的C. courageous 勇敢的，无畏的D. righteous 公正的，正直的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】frugal的意思为“（对金钱、食物等）节约的，节俭的”，用来形容the Romans，指的是罗马人很勤俭节约，economical与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】罗马人勤劳节俭，自力更生，认真履行他们的责任，面对逆境也坚定不移。
2.单选题He has admitted to making a blunder by loading up on this stock during the 2008 oil boom, and just before the stock-market crash.问题1选项A.errorB.riskC.fortuneD.deal【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. error 错误，差错B. risk 危险，风险C. fortune 机会，运气D. deal 协议，（尤指）交易【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】blunder的意思为“愚蠢（或粗心）的错误”，指的是在不恰当的时间囤积了股票，这是一个错误，error与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。
中科院考博英语2023年4月
【中科院考博英语2023年4月】1. 文章概述中科院考博英语作为考生考取中科院硕士和博士学位的必修科目之一，是一项重要的考试内容。
2023年4月份的考博英语考试将围绕着学术英语能力进行测验，考察考生在阅读、写作、听力和口语等方面的综合能力。
本文将从阅读、写作、听力和口语四个方面对2023年4月份中科院考博英语进行详细分析。
2. 阅读部分2.1 阅读材料2023年4月份中科院考博英语阅读部分的材料将涉及科技、环境、社会等多个领域的专业文献，考生需要在规定的时间内对这些文献进行阅读和理解。
2.2 阅读能力要求考生需要具备仔细阅读和快速理解文献的能力，对文中的关键信息和观点进行判断和分析。
考生还需要具备批判性思维，对文中的观点和论证进行评价和推理。
3. 写作部分3.1 写作题型2023年4月份中科院考博英语写作部分将涵盖议论文和科技报告两种题型。
考生需要根据提供的题目和材料进行逻辑思考，构建清晰的逻辑结构，并用准确、丰富的词汇和句型表达自己的观点。
3.2 写作能力要求考生需要具备清晰的逻辑思维能力和表达能力，写作需要具有较高的规范性和学术性。
考生需要具备科技文献的写作水平，能够准确描述实验方法和结果，提出科学性的观点和建议。
4. 听力部分4.1 听力材料2023年4月份中科院考博英语听力部分将涉及科技、医学、环境等多个领域的专业讲座和学术讨论，考生需要在规定时间内理解和评述这些内容。
4.2 听力能力要求考生需要具备较高的听力理解能力，能够抓住讲座和讨论中的核心观点和信息，理解并带有一定反应能力。
5. 口语部分5.1 口语题型2023年4月份中科院考博英语口语部分将采用独白和对话两种形式，考生需要在规定时间内对所听到的内容进行回答和评述。
5.2 口语能力要求考生需要具备流利的口语表达能力和准确的语音语调，对所听到的内容进行准确理解并做出适当的回答。
6. 总结与建议6.1 考生备考建议考生在备考中应注重积累科技、医学、环境等多个领域的英语词汇和表达方式，提高听力理解和口语回答的能力。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：86
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题Competition protects the freedom of the individual from ensuring that there is no monopoly of power. In contrast to one, all-powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits.A BCD【答案】B from改为by【解析】【考查点】介词。
【解题思路】protect为这里的谓语动词，指的是维护个体自由，B部分到句尾指的是维护个体自由的方式，介词by“（表示方式）”符合语境。
【句意】竞争可以权力垄断，维护个体自由。
与全能的政府相比，许多企业为了利润而相互竞争。
2.单选题If we all end up trying to be savers, the global economy will tilt more heavily towards protectionism and recession.问题1选项A.favorB.proceedC.leanD.extend 【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. favor 优惠，特别照顾，偏袒B. proceed 继续做（或从事、进行）C. lean 倾斜D. extend 使伸长；扩大【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。
【解题思路】tilt的意思为“使向……倾斜，偏向”，指的是保护主义和经济衰退会变得更加严重的倾向，lean与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】如果我们最终都试图成为储蓄者，全球经济将更严重地偏向保护主义和衰退。
3.单选题This time he could afford to make no mistake: his teacher was there _______, watching every move.问题1选项A.at his elbowB.off his handC.on his feetD.in his eyes【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. at his elbow 近在手边，在身边B. off his hand（get sth. o ff of one’s hand 把某物从某人手上甩掉）C. on his feet 站立着D. in his eyes 在他眼里【答案】A【考查点】词组辨析。
华慧中国科学院考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析
中国科学院考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析 中国科学院考博英语阅读理解短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。
根据大纲要求，阅读理解的常考题型主要可归纳为以下几种：主旨大意题、推理判断题、词汇语义型、事实细节题及观点态度题。
中国科学院考博英语的阅读理解共分两部分。
中国科学院考博英语阅读第一部分：5篇短文，每篇短文有6道题目，共30道题目，每道题1分，共占30分。
考生需完成1800-2200词汇的阅读量。
这一部分主要测试考生在规定60分钟时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。
要求考生能够： 1.掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节； 2.进行相关的分析、判断和推理； 3.准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义； 4.领会作者的观点和意图、判断作者的态度。
从近几年中国科学院考博英语阅读文章选材来看，文章涉及话题广泛，人文，医学，环境等话题出现比较多。
从中国科学院考博英语阅读理解整体来看，最常考是以下几种题型：细节题、词汇理解题和态度题。
要求考生从整体上要把握好出题的规律，但在具体的细节上要把握命题人的考试意图，将考点击破，双管齐下，实现考分的飞跃。
下面介绍中国科学院考博英语阅读理解问题的几种主要出题手段、解题技巧和实例分析。
A、细节题 1.标志：针对性提问2.思路：做题的关键是返回原文，不要凭印象做题，返回原文要有定位意识3.细节题迷惑选项的常用手段有：偷换概念、扩大范围、正反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断（列举和文章无关的常识，尽管常识是对的，但文章中未提，这也是错误答案） 例如：2010. Question45. The Japanese Matinee Girl would most likely favor a play that centers on .A. the childhood of a naughty boyB. the honeymoon of a young coupleC. the trial of a serial murdererD. the misfortunes of a big family B、主旨题 1.标志：the most appropriate/best title,main idea,main problem,conclusion,purpose,primarily concerned with,stress the idea2.思路：利用宏观阅读思路解题，不管此类题出现在哪个位置，都作为最后一题解答。
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Computer programmers often remark that computing machines,witha perfect lack of discrimination,will do any foolish thing they aretold to do.The reason for this lies,of course,in the narrow fixationof the computing machine’s“intelligence”on the details of itsown perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context.In a psychological description of the computer intelligence,threerelated adjectives come to mind:single-minded,literal-minded,andsimple-minded.Recognizing this,we should at the same time recognizethat this single-mindedness,literal-mindedness,and Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi simple-mindedness alsocharacterizes theoretical mathematics,though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality,even the most precisesciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understoodapproximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriateskepticism.Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock tomathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for thehydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation takingaccount of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects;and thatthis corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation toan infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.Physicists,looking at the original Schrodinger equation,learn to sense in itthe presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible,and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation.This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations.Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally.Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined,and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately,but perhaps inappropriately.In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences.The mathematicians turn the scientists’theoretical assumptions that is,their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms,and then take these axioms literally.This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.The question,central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.1.The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraphprimarily in order to do which of the following?[A]Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.[B]Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.[C]Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.[D]Provide one definition of intelligence.2.It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?[A]The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.[B]The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.[C]The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.[D]The premises on which the arguments are based may change.3.According to the text,mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?[A]Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.[B]Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.[C]Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoreticalassumptions are facts.[D]Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.4.The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?[A]Practical for scientific purposes.[B]Detrimental to scientific progress.[C]Unimportant in most situations.[D]Expedient,but of little long-term value.5.The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that[A]mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.[B]changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.[C]well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.[D]some factors in most situations must remain unknown.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。
华慧中科院考博英语写作题型考情分析
中科院考博英语翻译题型考情分析中国科学院考博英语的写作一般是考博试卷的最后一个部分，占20分，要求考生按照命题写出一篇200字的短文，目的是测试考生用英语表达思想或传递信息的能力及对英文写作基础知识的实际运用。
写作应注重思想性，能有深刻的观点为佳。
阅卷老师批改一篇文章的速度为10秒左右，所以字迹工整极为重要。
华慧考博教研中心就中国科学院考博写作题型上来看，主要是命题作文，为单一观点(A+/A-)或对立观点（A orB）。
从中国科学院考博写作的选材上来说，主要是针对一些学习、工作、生活上的问题的思考以及对社会现象的评论，提出自己的观点并论述。
中国科学院考博英语历年写作主题包括：2010.10北京是否应该控制人口2010.3人们为什么在同样的情况下会做出不同的决定2009.3中国高中应该分文理科吗2008.10中国举办奥运会有什么收获2008.3你认为什么时候确定专业比较好，是上大学前还是被大学录取时2007.10你认为学生侮辱老师的原因是什么2007.3你如何面对找工作时的外表歧视2006.10你对明星崇拜者的态度是什么2006.3中国没有诺贝尔奖获得者的原因是什么2005.10工作对你的意义是什么？中国科学院考博英语备考专题2016年中国科学院考博英语VIP保过班-全程1对1辅导考中科院更轻松！2016年中国科学院考博英语协议全程班-5次1对1辅导考中科院更轻松！2016年中国科学院考博英语系统全程班-考中科院更轻松！华慧中国科学院中科院考博英语一本通含独家历年试题答案解析中国科学院/中科院考博英语历年真题汇总华慧考博网-考博第一品牌（）考博咨询QQ：4006224468编辑推荐：考博英语辅导班：/classroom?t=1113.0考博英语专题/kaoboyingyu.html考博英语怎么复习？/yingyu_fuxi.html 考博英语真题汇总专题/kaobo_zhenti. html2016医学考博专题/yixue_kaobo.html。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：35
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and 1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters, replaced the microbe hunters.In the 1940’s and 1950’s，biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are tracking genes—the blueprints for each of the enzymes—and are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseases—diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain. What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. How do vitamins influence health?3. Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in the last paragraph of the passage?4. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?问题1选项A.The microbe hunters.B.The potential of genetic engineering.C.The progress of modern medical research.D.The discovery of enzymes.问题2选项A.They are necessary for some enzymes to function.B.They protect the body from microbes.C.They keep food from spoiling.D.They are broken down by cells to produce energy.问题3选项A.Critical.B.Speculative.C.Appreciative.D.Emotional.问题4选项A.The focus of medical research will change in the next two decades.B.Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.C.Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe hunters.D.Most diseases are caused by defective genes.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】What is the main topic of the passage? 这篇文章的主题是什么？A. The microbe hunters. A. 微生物猎人。
中科院考博英语解析
中科院阅读理解解析（一）在任何英语考试中阅读理解部分都是让考生颇为头疼的题型。
而往往阅读部分的分数在整张试卷中所占比例都特别大，大概占整张试卷的30%——45%。
做阅读理解时考生大都遇到这样的问题——明明文章中所有的单词都看的懂，为什么看文章时总是似懂非懂，而且每次答题时都只对一半，并且对的那一半还是蒙的。
这种问题的发生往往是因为考生没有阅读理解的真正意义。
阅读理解，顾名思义，先阅读后理解，也就是说先把文章中的单词、词组、俚语、成语、固定用法都理解后再经过自己大脑的分析加工后才可以做对全部题目。
奇怪的是，几乎中国80%以上的考生都忽略了逻辑分析这个环节，天真的以为只要背一定量的单词，就可以再阅读理解中取得高分，其实阅读理解重点考察的是理解，而我下面要讲解的就是怎样在储备一定量的词汇的基础上对文章进行理解。
下面选取的文章是中科院07年试题中的第一道阅读理解题。
中科院阅读理解共五篇文章占30分，答题时间为一小时，也就是说要求考生平均12分钟做完一篇阅读理解。
而在做阅读理解前考生已经答完词汇和完形填空部分的题，大概会用去30分钟，这也就是说，到了这个时间考生正好刚刚进入考试状态，只要平时训练有素，这部分答题的效率将会非常的高。
下面我们看一下文章。
Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.文章大意：众所周之，美国大多数民众都服用的高品质的医药。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：80
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Violence in teenage relationships is much more prevalent than previously thought, with those from disadvantaged backgrounds twice as likely to be abused by violent partners.问题1选项A.criticalB.widespreadC.fierceD.brutal【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. critical 批评的，批判性的B. widespread 普遍的，广泛的C. fierce 凶猛的，凶狠的D. brutal 残暴的，兽性的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】prevalent的意思为“普遍存在的，盛行的”，这里用来形容violence，指的是暴力行为比想象中普遍，widespread与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】青少年关系中的暴力比之前想象的要普遍得多，那些来自弱势背景的人被同伴暴力相对的可能性是其他人的两倍。
2.单选题The years following the publication of Darwin’s work have seen a fabulous development of general and human paleontology.问题1选项A.distinctiveB.parallelC.marvelousD.unique【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. distinctive 独特的，特别的B. parallel 极相似的，同时发生的C. marvelous 极好的，非凡的D. unique 独特的，罕见的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。
中科院考博英语培训资料考题分析
01
Overview of the PhD English Exam
To evaluate the ability of candidates to conduct academic research in an English speaking environment, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking.
Subordinate clauses
Questions ask students to analyze and understand suborder clauses, including related clauses, advisory clauses, etc
Students should analyze the context of the presence or paragraph to determine the correct meaning and usage of a word or phrase
Fill in the blank questions: These questions ask students to fill in the missing word or phrase based on the context of the sentence
Analysis of vocabulary and grammar question types
Translation from English to Chinese: This type of question requires candidates to translate English materials into Chinese, testing their language comprehension and translation skills
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：95
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题Austrian physician Alfred Adler theorized that people are primarily motivated to overcome inherent feelings of ________. (inferior)【答案】inferiority【解析】【考查点】名词。
【解题思路】feelings of ________是名词所有格结构，所以横线处应为名词。
根据关键词inherent feelings，可知这里讲的和感受相关，feeling of inferiority的意思为“自卑感”，inferiority符合语境。
【句意】奥地利医生阿尔弗雷德•阿德勒提出理论，即人们的动机主要是克服内在的自卑感。
2.单选题If you reinstate old-fashioned values about money and work, you can give your children a precious gift: the key to self-sufficiency.问题1选项A.resolveB.restoreC.redressD.resort【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. resolve 解决（问题或困难）B. restore 恢复（某种情况或感受）C. redress 纠正，矫正D. resort 诉诸，求助于【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。
【解题思路】reinstate的意思为“使恢复原职，使重返岗位”，在这里指的是恢复对传统价值观的信任，让传统价值观再次发挥作用，restore与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】如果你恢复关于金钱和工作的传统价值观，你就可以给你的孩子一份珍贵的礼物，也就是自给自足的关键。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：94
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题The effort to clarify the bewildering number of interrelated observations ________ by psychoanalytic exploration led to the development of a model of the structure of the psychic system. (cover)【答案】uncovered【解析】【考查点】动词。
【解题思路】根据关键词by，可知横线所在内容为动词的过去分词，uncover的意思为“发现，揭露”，符合语境，其过去分词为uncovered。
【句意】精神分析探索发现的观察结果数目众多、令人眼花缭乱、又相互关联，努力阐明这些结果促进了精神系统结构模型的发展。
2.单选题As we passed over the dark bridge her wan face fell lazily against my coat’s shoulder.问题1选项A.charmingB.cheerfulC.paleD.uneasy【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. charming 令人着迷的，迷人的B. cheerful 快乐的，高兴的C. pale 灰白的，苍白的D. uneasy 担心的，忧虑的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】wan的意思为“苍白无力的，无血色的”，这里形容她脸色苍白，pale与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】当我们走过漆黑的桥时，她苍白的脸懒洋洋地贴在我的外套上。
3.单选题Outdoor recreation plays a large role in national life. Norwegians prize solitude and self-reliance, and many people choose to walk or ski or camp alone.问题1选项A.richnessB.alonenessC.opennessD.fairness【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. richness 丰富，富饶B. aloneness 孤独感C. openness 诚实，率真D. fairness 公正性，公平合理性【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。
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2015中国科学技术大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、中国科学技术大学考博英语题型Part1:听力15分30分钟15题Part2：词汇和结构15分25分钟section A20个单选，每题0.5分section B挑错10题每题0.5分Part3：完形填空15分钟、15小题、15分Part4：阅读理解30分一个小时6篇30个小题Part5：翻译25分钟10分汉译英1个句子Part6：写作15分35分钟三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
初次联系好导师后，一定要注意跟导师保持联系。
每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况，交流一下科研方向，这很有必要。
一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造，另一方面显得你虔诚好学。
五、听力答题技巧1、卷子发下来后快速的浏览一遍，包括题干和答案。
这样会大大提高你对听力的理解---知道它是讲什么内容，大概是怎么回事。
联系我们扣扣：四一六九二五五五九。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
扣扣群：一零五六一九八二零。
2、没听懂的题目，就放弃它，千万不要在听下道题的时候还在想上道题。
这样会引起头脑的混乱。
3、相信第一感觉，听力部分不是非常确凿的感觉的话不要改动开始的答案。
人的大脑有时候会混淆的。
因此很多情况下不是你选错了，而是改错了。
因此轻易别选，但是选了之后轻易别改。
(1)提炼选项中的重要信息考生务必先看选项。
当录音人开始宣读Directions时，考生应充分利用这段时间速读选项，预测考点，从而做到心中有数。
通过先看选项，可以明确题目多方面的信息。
(2)掌握节奏合理安排时间可能没有哪种考试对时间安排的要求比听力考试还要苛刻。
“录音不等人”，所以很多考生答题时都很紧张。
其实，听力考试每分钟阅读的字数和停顿时间有严格限制：约每分钟140词，每个问题后有约15秒停顿。
拍子已经固定，我们要做的是跟上节奏，过分的紧张只会造成混乱，直接影响发挥。
答题时，考生切勿在某一题上花费过多的时间(一般少于10秒/题)，剩余的时间用于阅读下一题的选项和大胆猜测考点。
一旦没有听懂就根据已经掌握的信息迅速猜一个答案，马上进入下一题的节奏。
千万不可拖泥带水，否则破坏了节奏，可能造成随后的简单题目失分。
答案选定后可放松一口气，然后尽可能多看下一题乃至两题的选项。
(3)听力是一种Paraphrase考试Paraphrase就是运用同类词语的替换或句型的变换解释句或段的意义。
听力考试多数时候是一种paraphrase考试，它往往考的不是考生是否听见，而是考考生是否听懂。
把命题中的对话和段落原封不动地照搬到答案里，等着考生把它挑出来，在考博听力考试中这种题型几乎找不到。
绝大多数题目，要求考生把听到的原文进行变换和归纳，对应到选项中。
如此一来，我们不光得竖起耳朵听，还得开动脑筋想。
这就造成有的考生听懂了原文的每个字，却选不出答案。
要避免这种情况，请注意正确答案的固定特征：(4)听懂语调和重音英语和汉语一样，说话人通过各种各样的语调和重音的变化表达不同的意思。
考博听力中，专业的录音人更是力求表演得真实，他们绝不会用平淡的语调表示自己的惊讶，也绝不会把重音放在无关紧要的词上。
重读的每一处都具有提示作用。
因而，从录音人的表现中就能推测出人物的心理活动、观点和态度。
重音和语调是最为重要的线索。
辨认录音人语调中的信息在听力考试中比听懂单个词更重要。
(5)针对题型逐个演练不管是对话还是文段，听力考试的提问可分主题题型、细节题型、推断题型和语言点题型四大类。
我们可以在平时的练习中有意识的总结做题的方法和技巧。
六、阅读理解的解题技巧其实考博阅读的技巧是有针对性的，看整篇文章就是为了弄清文章的框架，具体的问题我们可以不管，但文章的层次必须弄清楚。
只有弄清了文章的层次，具体的问题才好归类，结合课后问题才能快速定位问题答案。
另外我发现考博的题目基本都围绕在文章的各层次主干上，细枝末节上基本没有涉题，于是就会发现，原文几百字的文章，真正需要了解的只有主干的几十字而已，其余的东西都可省。
当我们划去冗余，就会发现几十字的文章骨架基本覆盖所有的问题。
可见，对于考博阅读，若要高效正确的征服，必须学会快速分析文章的主干。
这就是基于逻辑的阅读，上升到理论层面的阅读模式。
下面进行具体分析：（1）主旨在英语阅读中要弄清楚层次，个人以为要弄清文章主旨，段落中心以及段落内部的次中心，这些在一些文章主旨题和一些细节题上很受用。
常规的文章主旨都会有其固定的出现地点:首段末尾处、第二段的开头和最后一段。
当然也有非常规的情况，这就需要靠自己的能力去寻找。
找主旨需要慢慢训练，常规的、非常规的文章都能通过真题并结合后面的专家解析，这样能力就能够很快地提升。
（2）常规文章行文逻辑本文中一直的强调要重视文章逻辑，那么，一般的都有哪些逻辑呢？通过一般归纳总结，大致可以得到四个逻辑框架。
这些框架特别有助于理解文章的总体内容，阅读过程按框架有重点地跳读，辨明逻辑主线，在把握文章重点、段落中心和段内次中心基础上，会有很好的效果。
也许，在做考博阅读之初，很多平日里有扎实功底的同学也会出现全军覆没的局面，出现这种情况，并不一定是英语词汇有巨大的缺知，而可能是逻辑上出现混乱。
现在将框架简单介绍如下：框架1：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题框架2：叙述现象——分析现象——结论框架3：提出观点——支持or反驳该观点——重申观点框架4：两种东西对比——分项对比——总体对照在阅读中要有意识的将文章归类分析，弄清逻辑，以上列出的是主干，还需进一步分析到枝叶，这样才能达到层次清晰的程度。
到段落级别，文章中心也容易辨出，多数文章中心在首末，少数会出现在段中。
于是在理解阅读文章的时候，在定位完毕后尽量将重点阅读范围扩大多句，观察所在句子在段落中的地位和在全文的地位。
一般情况，较接近的段中心和段落次中心往往就是正确答案，当然在最终填写答案的时候还是细细分析更为可靠。
（3）暗含答案的重点位置所谓文章重点就是阅读文章时得特别关注的地方，也是我们在浏览文章时眼界的着力点。
在考博阅读中，出题点一般都是文章中较为重要的地方，常见的有段落的中心和次中心；对于非中心，考博文章一般不会考察。
这是博士研究生入学考试的选拔性和阅读科技论文实用性所决定的。
上述的逻辑对于宏观题基本可以一网打尽，但对于微观题，我们必须通过重点位置的提示来解决。
下面通过一些分析和重点位置的介绍来理解把握文章的细节：1）所有文章的中心与段落中心和次中心。
2）转折和因果。
在阅读中，最好把含有转折和因果的词句标出来，因为转折和因果都意味着作者的观点和态度，相对一般句子更有强调性。
例如：because，for，but，however……3）表示观点的句子、观点的词可能多处出现，当然并不是所有观点的句子和词汇都是重点，但值得一读。
阅读文章中对这些词语的敏感是件令人兴奋的事情，所以平时应做好积累。
例如：agree，acknowledge，assert，see，insist，according to，find，think，believe，show，point out，content，acclaim，say等4）特殊标点符号，有的表示具体说明、有表解释、有表反义等等，均有或强或弱的强调意味，主要的特殊标点符号有：——、（）、“”等。
5）情态动词。
should，must都能表达作者感情的因素，能从侧面反映作者对于某事物的观点，理应重点阅读。
6）特殊句型。
例如副词提前加逗号这种形式Variety，……，Significantly，……副词在句中起着很大作用，能反映态度，能表程度，这种特殊句型更有强调的成分，值得多阅读分析。
7）有指代的比较级、最高级和such/so等。
上面列举的一些重点特征很多，无异就是一些相对突出强调的词语。
阅读文章的时候，仅靠这些重点基本上可以做出大部分的阅读题。
阅读时快速画出重点，仅阅读含有重点特征的句子，对文章进行“减肥”，以提高阅读效率。
（4）选项特点1）正确答案的特点a、与原文句子同义词替换。
b、相对原文语法变化，如原文中的被动变为主动。
C、正面反面，即原文句子的否定形式，答案变成肯定的正面叙述；原文是肯定形式，从正面叙述，答案变成否定形式从反面叙述。
d、AB角度，原文从A角度叙述某事，而答案从B角度叙述同一件事情，本质不变。
e、具体抽象，即原文具体事例，答案变为抽象概括，或反之。
2）干扰选项的特点a、照抄原文，个别词语不同。
b、一半信息符合原文，一半信息不符。
c、将原文某些信息张冠李戴。
d、与原文叙述的内容相反。
e、与原文中没有出现观点新信息。
f、含有绝对化的词语，如only，always，never，all，everything，anything，everywhere，everybody，nobody。