国际经济学英文PPT

ad valorem tariff
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ad valorem tariff – fixed percentage of the value of the imported good Suppose that an ad valorem duty of 15 percent is levied on imported trucks . A U.S. importer of a Japanese truck valued at $20,000 would be required to pay a duty of $3,000 to the government
• high levels of nationalism and patriotism are associated with support for protectionism . This implies that continuing global conflict , which fosters nationalist fervor at home and abroad, could undermine support for free trade.
Tariffs
o definition – a tax (duty) levied on a good when it crosses a national boundaries • import tariff – levied on imports, much more common • export tariff – levied on exported goods as they leave the country, less common
specific tariff
• Advantage: relatively easy to apply and administer
• Disadvantage: the degree of protection it affords domestic producers varies inversely with changes in import prices.
• Policymakers are torn between the appeal of greater global efficiency made possible by free trade and the needs of the voting public whose main desire is to preserve short-run interests such as employment and income.
For example
• On the other hand, a specific tariff has the advantage of providing domestic producers more protection during a business recession, when cheaper products are purchased. Specific tariffs thus cushion domestic producers progressively against foreign competitors who cut their prices
The United States cannot levy export tariffs o Why? o Constitution was written, southern cotton-producing states feared that northern textile-manufacturing states would pressure the federal government into levying export tariffs to depress the price of cotton. o An export duty would lead to decreased exports and thus a fall in the price of cotton within the United States. o As the result of negotiations, the Constitution was worded so as to prevent export taxes: o ‗‗ No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.‘‘
o Over time, tariff revenues have decreased as a source of government revenue for industrial nations, including the United States. o In 1900, tariff revenues constituted more than 41 percent of U.S. government receipts; in 2004, the figure stood at 1 percent. o However, many developing nations currently rely on tariffs as a sizable source of government revenue. o Table 4.1
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Types of Tariffs
• specific tariff, ad valorem tariff , compound tariff • specific tariff – a fixed amount of money per physical unit of the imported product. • For example, a U.S . importer of a German computer may be required to pay a duty to the U.S. government of $100 per computer, regardless of the computer‘s price.
($20 ,000 * 15% =$3,000)
ad valorem tariff
• Advantage: • As a percentage applied to a product‘s value, an ad valorem tariff can distinguish among small differentials in product quality to the extent that they are reflected in product price. • Under a system of ad valorem tariffs, a person importing a $20,000 Honda would have to pay a higher duty than a person importing a $19,900 Toyota. • Under a system of specific tariffs, the duty would be the same
For example
• A specific tariff of $1,000 on autos will discourage imports priced at $20,000 per auto to a greater degree than those priced at $25,000. • During times of rising import prices, a given specific tariff loses some of its protective effect.
ad valorem tariff
• Advantage: • it tends to maintain a constant degree of protection for domestic producers during periods of changing prices. • If the tariff rate is 20-percent ad valorem and the imported product price is $200, the duty is $40. If the product‘s price increases , say, to $300, the duty collected rises to $60; if the product price falls to $100, the duty drops to $20.
Why restrict trade?
• Benefits of free trade come in the long term, and are usually spread widely across society • Costs of free trade are felt rapidly and are usually concentrated in specific sectors of the economy (usually import-competing industries
o Purposes of tariff o protective tariff – designed to reduce the amount of imports entering a country; increase sales for domestic producers o revenue generation – designed to generate additional funds for domestic government
Tariffs
Chapter 4
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• The conclusion of the principle of comparative advantage presented so far is that free trade and specialization lead to the most efficient use of world resources. • With specialization, the level of world output is maximized. Not only do free trade and specialization enhance world welfare, but they can also benefit each participating nation. • Every nation can overcome the limitations of its own productive capacity to consume a combination of goods that exceeds the best it can produce in isolation
The purpose of export tariff o For example, cocoa exports have been taxed by Ghana, and oil exports have been taxed by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in order to raise revenue or promote scarcity in global markets and hence increase the world price especially when domestic market is scarce.