chapter_1

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海底两万里每一章100字梗概

海底两万里每一章100字梗概英文回答：Chapter 1: The Mysterious Encounter.In this chapter, the story begins with the introduction of Professor Pierre Aronnax, a renowned French marine biologist. He receives an invitation from the American government to join an expedition to investigate the mysterious sightings of a sea monster. Aronnax, along with his loyal servant Conseil, embarks on a journey aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln, commanded by Captain Farragut. As they search for the creature, they are suddenly attacked by the sea monster. Aronnax, Conseil, and a harpooner named Ned Land are thrown overboard and find themselves clinging to the creature's back. To their surprise, the sea monster turns out to be a highly advanced submarine called the Nautilus, captained by the enigmatic Captain Nemo.Chapter 2: The Underwater World.In this chapter, Aronnax and his companions are taken aboard the Nautilus, where they are introduced to the extraordinary underwater world. Captain Nemo reveals that the Nautilus is powered by electricity and is capable of navigating the depths of the ocean undetected. Aronnax is fascinated by the wonders he witnesses, such as the diverse marine life, underwater forests, and ancient shipwrecks. He also learns about the Nautilus' advanced technology, including its ability to produce fresh air and grow food. As they explore the underwater world, Aronnax realizes that he may never be able to return to the surface and is torn between his desire to explore and his longing for freedom.Chapter 3: The Secret of the Nautilus.In this chapter, Aronnax becomes increasingly curious about Captain Nemo and the secrets of the Nautilus. He learns that Nemo is a genius inventor and scientist who has turned his back on civilization and seeks revenge against those who have wronged him. Aronnax also discovers that Nemo has a deep hatred for war and imperialism, which isreflected in his attacks on warships. Despite his admiration for Nemo's intellect and the wonders of the Nautilus, Aronnax starts to question the morality of Nemo's actions. He struggles to reconcile his admiration for the captain with his own values and beliefs.Chapter 4: The Giant Squid.In this chapter, Aronnax and his companions encounter a giant squid while exploring the depths of the ocean. The Nautilus is attacked by the massive creature, and Captain Nemo decides to engage in a battle with it. Aronnax, Ned Land, and Conseil witness the intense struggle between the Nautilus and the squid, which ends with the squid being defeated. Aronnax is both terrified and amazed by the power of the sea creature and the Nautilus' ability to overcome it. This encounter further deepens Aronnax's fascination with the underwater world and his conflicted feelings towards Captain Nemo.中文回答：第一章，神秘的邂逅。

英语国家概况第一章

Chapter1Land and PeopleGreat Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern lreland. This is the full name of the country which constitutes all these places. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom, is “the UK" for short. However,most people call the UK ”Britain" or “Great Britain,” and some people simply say “England," which is incorrect and particularly annoys the Scots.According to the 2011 census, the total population of the UK was around 63 million. It is the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and France) and the 22nd-largest in the world.The UK is a developed country. According to 2013 statistics it has the sixth-largest national economy in the world (and third-largest in Europe) measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world (and second-largest in Europe) measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). It was the world's first industrialized country and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The UK remains a great power because it still has considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.The capital of the UK is London, which is among the world's leading commercial, financial,and cultural centers. Other major cities include Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England, Belfast and Londonderry in Northern Ireland, Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland, and Swansea and Cardiff in Wales.I.Geographical Features1. The UK's Geographical Location and Its SizeThe UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel. It is bordered on the east by the North Sea, and on the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The UK's only land border with another nation is between Northern Ireland and Ireland.The UK is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Suraits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. After eight years of hard work this channel tunnel, which is called"Chunnel,” was open to traffic in May 1994.The UK covers a total area of 244,110 sq km. lt runs 1,000 km from north to south and extends,at the widest part, about 500 km. So no part of the UK is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbors. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportation.England is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest division of the UK. It makes up 130,400 sq km of the UK's total area.The area of Scotland is 78,800 sq km, the area of Wales is20,800 sq km, and the area of Northern Ireland is 14,100 sq km.This means that England makes up 53.4% of the area of the UK, Scotland 32.3%, Wales 8.5%, and Northern Ireland 5.8%.2.Rivers and LakesSince the UK has a moist climate with much rainfall, it has many rivers and lakes.Rivers in central and eastern Britain tend to flow slowly and steadily all year long because they are fed by the frequent rain. Many have been navigable, and from the earliest times they have served peoples interested in either commerce or invasion. The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.Rivers and streams moving westward down from the Highlands tend to be swift and turbulent; rivers flowing eastward tend to be long and gentle, with slowly moving waters.The Thames and the Severn are the longest rivers in Britain and are almost equal in length. The Severn flows south out of the mountains of central Wales to the Bristol Channel at Bristol. It is 354 km long. The Thames,338 km long, flows eastward out of the Cotswold Hills and weaves through the metropolis of London. The Thames provides water to the city of London and is used to carry commercial freight. Other important rivers in England are the Mersey,which enters the Irish Sea at Liverpool; the River Humber on the east coast,into which the Trent River and several other rivers flow; and the Tyne River in northern England,which flows past Newcastle upon Tyne to the North Sea.In Scotland the important rivers are the Clyde and the Forth, which are joined by a canal. The River Clyde flows northwest, past Glasgow, and empties into the Atlantic at the Firth of Clyde. (Firth is the Scottish name for an arm of the sea that serves as the broad estuary of a river.) The River Forth flows eastward into the Firth of Forth, where Edinburgh rises on its south bank.The most important rivers in Northern Ireland are the Lagan, the Bann, and the Foyle.Most of the large lakes in the UK are located in the upland areas of Scotland and northern England,although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK. Loch Lomond, on the southwestern edge of the Highlands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain, measuring 37 km long and from 1.6 to 8 km ke Windermere is the largest of 15 major lakes in the famous Lake District of northwestern England.It is about 1.6 km wide and more than 16 km long.Ⅱ.Climate1.A Maritime ClimateWhen we say climate we mean the average weather conditions at a certain place over a period of years.We don’t mean the day-to-day weather conditions at a certain place. Though it seems that people are always complaining about the weather in the UK because it is rainy and so changeable and unpredictable,the climate in the UK is in fact a favorable one. The UK has a maritime climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature.The average temperature in winter in the north is 4—6℃and in summer in the south is 12—17℃.So even in winter one can still see stretches of green grass in the open country,in the parks and round the houses.2.Factors Which Influence the ClimateThe UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50°to 60°north. It lies farther north than even the northernmost par of Heilonjiang Province of China. Compared with other countries of the same latitudes it has a more moderate climate. This is influenced mainly by three factors:(1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. As the sea heats up and cools off relativelyb slowly it brings warm air in winter and cool air in summer.(2)The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies (winds which come from the west) blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate.(3) The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.Since the UK's climate is of the maritime type, it is characterized by cool temperatures, frequent cloudy days and rainstorms. It changes from day to day, and this makes it difficult to forecast. It is so changeable that sometimes one can experience four seasons in the course of a single day. Day may break as a fine spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may really be wintery with the temperatures down to about 8 °C. Then in the Jater atfternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine again, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer. It has been said that the uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character. It tends to make him cautious, for example. You may laugh when you see an Englishman going out on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella. However, most frequently it comes in drizzles and you don't necessarily need an umbrella.3.RainfallThe UK has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average annual rainfall in the UK is over 1,000 mm. It has 750 mm to 1,250 mm of rainfall along the coast in the east and south except a small area in the southeastern corner of the country which receives less than 750 mm. In the west there is as much as 1,250 mm to 2.000 mm of rainfall and in some areas in the northwest it is over 2,000 mm.The Westerlies blow over the UK all the year round, bringing warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean. They rise, climb the highlands and the mountains in the west, become colder and then cause heavy rainfall. There is not so much rainfall in the east because after climbing over the highlands and mountains the air gets warmer and drier when it descends and does not give so much rain.As a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. Reservoirs have therefore to be built in such highland areas as Central Wales,the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands, so that water can be stored here and then transferred to the more populated and industrial areas of lowland Britain.Generally speaking,the climate in the UK is favorable and equable (neither too hot nor too cold).Extremes of heat or cold, or of drought or prolonged rainfall are rarely experienced. It is estimated that on average about 3-6 cubic meters of rain per person per day fall over the UK. Thisis far more than is needed,but problems still remain. Sometimes there are several months of drought, and at other times too much rain causes flooding. Fog,smog, frost and severe gales are not uncommon and often cause great damage to crops and to people's life. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog,an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying.Since then most cities in the UK have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Although the UK does not experience hurricanes, that is,storms with a strong fast wind such as typhoons or cyclones, many areas are subjected to severe gales, especially in winter.III.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant LifeThe mild climate,ample rain, and long growing season in the UK support a great variety of plants,which grow exceptionally well. Most of the UK was once covered with thick,deciduous forests in which oak trees predominated.(Deciduous trees are those that lose their leaves every year.)The impact of centuries of dense human polpulation has massively altered the flora of the UK, and only tiny remnants of these forests remain today.Before they were affected by centuries of clearing and human use, the great oak forests spread over the best soils in Britain. Forests were unable to establish themselves in the poorer soils of the mountains,wetlands,heath,and moorlands.The plants common to these wilder areas are heather,gorse and peat moss.These regions have been altered by heavy grazing of livestock and by controlled burning.Controlled burning creates environments suitable for game birds,which feed on the shoots of the new covered by towns and farmland.The marginal wetlands that remain continue to be threatened by reclamation for farms and homes,and some wetland plant species now grow only in conservation areas.2. Animal LifeBritain has many smaller mammals, and the larger ones tend to be gentle. The only surviving large mammals are red deer, which live in the Scottish Highlands and in Exmoor in southwestern England, and roe deer, foud in the woodlands of Scotland and southern England. At one time boars (wild pigs) and wolves roamed Britain, but they were hunted to extinction.Many smaller mammals inhabit Britain, including foxes,otters, red squirrels, and wildcats. Otters are found mainly in southwestern England and in the Shetland and Orkney islands.The red squirrel, driven out of most of its range by the imported gray squirrel, is now limited mainly to the Isle of Wight and Scotland. Wildcats are found only in parts of Scotland.Bird-watching is a popular national pastime. Britain is home to a large variety of birds, due in lange measure to its position as a focal point of a migratory network.Saltwater fish were once important to Britain's economy. Cod, herring and mackerel are still caught off the coasts of Britain, although quotas are now imposed. Lobster, crab,and other shellfish are caught along inshore waters.IV. People1.Ethnic GroupsFor centuries people have migrated to the British Isles from many parts of the world,some to avoid political or religious persecution, others to find a better way of life or to escape poverty. In historic times migrants from the European mainland joined the indigenous population of Britain during the Roman Empire and during the invasions of the Angles,Saxons,Jutes,Danes,and Normans. The Irish have long made homes in Great Britain.Many Jews arrived in Britain toward the end of the 19th century and in the 1930s. After 1945 large numbers of other European refugees settled in the country. The large immigrant communities from the West Indies and South Asia date from the 1950s and 1960s. There are also substantial groups of Americans, Australians, and Chinese, as well as various other Europeans, such as Greeks, Russians,Poles, Serbs, Estonians, Latvians, Armenians,Turkish Cypriots, Italians, and Spaniards. Beginning in the early 1970s, Ugandan Asians and immigrants from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka have sought refuge in Britain. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin account for more than half of the total ethnic minority population, and people of West Indian origin are the next largest group. The foreign-born element of the population is concentrated in inner-city areas, and more than half live in Greater London.nguagesOf the surviving languages the earliest to arrive in Britain were the two forms of Celtic: the Goidelic (from which Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic derive) and Brythonic (from which the old Cornish language and modern Welsh have developed). Among the contemporary Celtic languages Welsh is the strongest: about one-fifth of the total population of Wales are able to speak it. Scottish Gaelic is strongest among the inhabitants of the islands of the Outer Hebrides and Skye, although it is still heard in the nearby North West Highlands.In Northern Ireland very little Irish is spoken. The last native speakers of Cornish died in the 18th century.The second link with Indo-European is through the ancient Germanic language group, two branches of which, the North Germanic and the West Germanic, were destined to make contributions to the English language. Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (who all arrived in Britain in the 5th century AD) and heavily influenced by the language of the Danes (Vikings), who began raiding the British Isles in about 790 and later colonized parts of northern and eastern England.Under the Norman and Angevin kings, England formed part of a continental empire,and the prolonged connection with France retained by its new rulers and landlords made a deep impression on the English language. Many additions to the English language have been made since the 14th century,but the Normans were the last important linguistic group to enter Britain.3.ReligionThe various Christian denominations in the UK have emerged from schisms that divided the church over the centuries.The greatest of these occurred in England in the 16th century, when Henry VIII rejected the supremacy of the Pope. This break with Rome facilitated the adoption of some Protestant tenets (a principle or belief held by a person) and the founding of the Church of England,still the state church in England,although Roman Catholicism has retained adherents (supporters).In Scotland the Reformation gave rise to the Church of Scotland,which was governed by presbyteries—local bodies composed of ministers and elders—rather than by bishops,as was the case in England.Roman Catholicism in Ireland as a whole was almost undisturbed by theseevents,but in what became Northern Ireland the Anglican and Scottish (Presbyterian) churches had many adherents.The British tradition of religious tolerance has been particularly important since the 1950s, when immigrants began to introduce a great variety of religious beliefs.There are large and growing communities that pactice Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism.The largest number of Muslims came from Pakistan and Bangladesh.,The lange Sikh and Hindu communities originated in India. There are also many Buddhist groups.4.UrbanizationBy any standard the UK is among the most urbanized of countries. The greatest overall change that accompanied Britain's early industrial development was, in fact, the large-scale urbanization. The increasing percentage of employees in offices and service industries ensures continued urban growth, Of every 10 people in the UK, nine live in towns and more than three of them in one of the country's 10 largest metropolitan areas. The Greater London metropolitan area—the greatest port, the largest center of industry, the most important center of office employment, and the capital city—is by far the largest of these. The need for accommodating business premises (offices) has displaced population from Inner London, and this outward movement, in part, has led to the development of new towns outside the 16-km-wide Green Belt that surrounds London's built-up area.Large metropolitan areas also formed in industrial areas during the 19th and early 20th centuries.Although coalfields or textile manufacture started the initial growth of many of these urban areas, coal mining had virtually ceased in all of them by the end of the 20th century, and heavy industry and textile production had given way to a more diverse form of manufacturing and service activities. Birmingham dominates the extensive built-up area of the West Midlands metropolitan area,but the industrial Black Country—named for its formerly polluted skies and grimy buildings—also has several large and flourishing towns.In Greater Manchester, with a similar number of inhabitants, urbanization accompanied the mechanization of the cotton textile industry. Across the Pennines similar mechanization of wool textiles created the West Yorkshire metropolitan area, with Leeds and Bradford as its twin centers. The metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear (centered on Newcastle upon Tyne) and the Greater Glasgow metropolitan area are also located on coalfields. Greater Glasgow has about one-third of Scotland's people. Merseyside (centered on Liverpool) has traditionally served as a seaport and distribution center for Greater Manchester and the rest of Lancashire.Other large metropolitan areas in Great Britain include South Yorkshire(centered on Sheffield),Nottingham,and Bristol.About one-fifth of Northern Ireland’s people live in Belfast.In addition to these large metropolitan areas,there are many other minor urban areas and large towns,several of which line the coast.With so much urban and suburban concentration, the problems of air,water,and noise pollution have caused much concern in the UK. Clean-air legislation has brought considerable progress in controlling air pollution.Smoke-control areas have been established in most cities and towns, and there has been a shift from coal to cieaner fuels.Pollution of the rivers remains a large problem, particularly in the highly industrialized parts of the UK, but vigilance,research, and control by the National River Authorities and general public concern for the environment are encouraging features of contemporary Britain.5. Population GrowthFrom the 18th century until well into the 19th century, Britain's population soared as the death rate dropped and the birth rate remained high. During this period the total population increased from about 6 million in the 1760s to 26 million in the 1870s. Toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century the birth rate stabilized and the death rate remained low. The population took on the characteristics of a modern, developed,and prosperous state. Family size decreased and the median age of the population pared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percentage of older people, with more than 20% over the age of 60; those under the age of 15 make up only 13% of the population. Britain's population has been growing slowly, slower than the average for countries in the European Union (EU).6. Migration PatternsBeginning in the 1950s, the immigration of nonwhite(“New Commonwealth") people from such developing nations as India, Pakistan, and the countries of the West Indies became significant, and from 1957 until 1962 there was a net migration gain. Since then restriction on the entry of New Commonwealth citizens has decreased the primary inflow,but dependents of immigrants already in the UK are still admitted. The reasons for restricting entry were in part economic but were also associated with the resistance of the existing population to the new arrivals. Nevertheless, thc UK continues to gain people from the New Commonwealth.Migration within the UK has at times been sizable. Until 1700 the relatively small population was sparsely distributed and largely rural and agricultural, much as it had been in medieval times. From the mid-18th century, scientific and technological innovations created the first modern industrial state.At the same time, agriculture underwent technical and tenurial changes that allowed increased production with a smaller workforce, and revolutionary improvements in transport made the movement of materials and people easier. As a result,by the late 19th century a mainly rural population had largely become a nation of industrial workers and town dwellers.Industry, as well as the urban centers that inevitably grew up around it, concentrated near the coalfields,while the railway network, which grew rapidly ather 1830,enhanced the commercial importance of many towns.The migration of people,especially young people, from the country to industrialized towns took place at an uprecedented rate in the early railway age, and such movements were relatively confined geographically.Migration from agricultural Ireland was an exception, for, when the disastrous potato disease of 1845-1849 led to widespread famine, large numbers moved to Great Britain to become urban workers in Lancashire,Clydeside (the Glasgow region), and London.The rural exodus (a lot of people leaving a place at the same time) went on, but on a greatly reduced scale after 1901.Soon after World War I, new interregional migration flows began when the formerly booming 19th-century industrial and mining districts lost much of their economic momentum. Declining heavy industry in Clydeside, northeastern England, South Wales, and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire caused a lot of people to lose jobs, and many migrated to the relatively more prosperous Midlands and southern England. This movement of people continued until it was checked by the relatively full employment conditions that occurred soon after the start of World War II.In the 1950s job opportunities in the UK improved with government sponsored diversification of industry, reducing the volume of migration to the south. The decline of certain northern industries—coal mining, shipbuilding, and cotton textiles in particular—had nevertheless reached a critical level by the late 1960s, and the emergence of new growth points in the West Midlands and southeastern England made the drift to the south a continuing feature of British economic life. During the 1960s and 1970s the areas of most rapid growth were East Anglia, the South West, and the East Midlands, partly because of limitations on growth in Greater London and the development of new towns in surrounding areas.During the 1980s the government largely abandoned subsidies for industry and adopted a program of rationalization and privatization. This resulted in the collapse of coal mining and heavy industry in the north and the West Midlands of England and in the Lowlands of Scotland and a similar loss of heavy industry in Northern Ireland, thus creating a wave of migration from these regions to the more prosperous south of England, especially East Anglia,the East Midlands,and the South West.As the economy became stable during the 1990s,migration from Scotland, Northern Ireland, and northern England decreased.While the South East (including Greater London) was the chief destination of external immigrants into Britain, this region, along with the West Midlands, produced a growing internal migration to surrounding regions of England during the 1990s. This pattern reflected a larger trend of migration out of older urban centers throughout Britain to surrounding rural areas and small towns at the end of the 20th century.。

英语语言学第一章

functionalism & formalism
• functionalism:
study the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.
• formalism:
study the abstract forms of language and their internal relations
made by Saussure in the early 20th century
competence & performance
competence underlying knowledge about the system of rules
performance the actual use of language in concrete situations
Message—Poetic
the addresser uses language for the sole purposes of displaying the beauty of language itself
Contact—Phatic communion
the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.

渔夫和他灵魂1至3章读后感英文版

渔夫和他灵魂1至3章读后感英文版全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Fisherman and His Soul - My ThoughtsIntroduction:Hi everyone! Today, I want to share my thoughts about a really cool book called "The Fisherman and His Soul." I just finished reading the first three chapters, and it was so exciting! Let me tell you all about it.Chapter 1 - The Fisherman's Discovery:In the first chapter, we meet the fisherman. He's akind-hearted person who loves fishing. One day, he catches a beautiful fish, but something magical happens! The fish can talk and asks the fisherman to let it go. I was surprised because I've never heard of a talking fish before! The fisherman decides to release the fish, and they become friends. It made me happy to see the fisherman's kindness.Chapter 2 - The Soul's Adventure:The second chapter was even more fascinating! The fisherman's soul wants to explore the world, so it asks the fisherman if they can separate for a while. I was a little worried because I thought they would be lonely without each other. But the soul promises to come back after one year, so the fisherman agrees. The soul goes on a big adventure, seeing amazing places and meeting many interesting characters. I felt excited for the soul and couldn't wait to find out what would happen next.Chapter 3 - The Soul's Transformation:In the third chapter, the soul returns to the fisherman after a year. But something strange happens! The soul looks different and has turned evil. It wants the fisherman to do bad things, but the fisherman refuses. I was really scared because the soul was acting so mean. It made me think about how important it is to be kind and not let bad influences change us.Conclusion:Reading the first three chapters of "The Fisherman and His Soul" was an amazing experience! I loved following the fisherman's journey and seeing how his soul changed. It taught me about the power of kindness and staying true to ourselves. I can't wait to read the rest of the book and find out what happensnext. If you like adventure and stories about friendship, I highly recommend this book. Happy reading, everyone!Word Count: 237Note: I tried my best to keep the language simple and suitable for a young audience. I hope you find it helpful!篇2The Fisherman and His Soul - A Magical AdventureHave you ever imagined going on an incredible journey through a magical world? Well, in the book "The Fisherman and His Soul" by Oscar Wilde, the main character, a fisherman, embarks on an extraordinary adventure that teaches him valuable lessons about love and sacrifice. I would like to share my thoughts on the first three chapters of this enchanting tale.In the first chapter, we meet the fisherman who falls in love with a beautiful mermaid. Their love is pure and strong, but there is a problem. The fisherman has a human soul, and mermaids don't have souls. They can only gain a soul if they marry a human. This creates a dilemma for the fisherman because he must choose between his love for the mermaid and his soul.As the story unfolds in the second chapter, the fisherman decides to give up his soul for the mermaid. He goes to a witch and asks her to remove his soul. The witch agrees, but warns the fisherman that without a soul, he will lose his conscience and emotions. This part made me think about the importance of our souls. Our souls make us who we are, and without them, we would be empty shells.In the third chapter, the fisherman and the mermaid live happily together, but the fisherman starts feeling empty inside. He realizes that he made a mistake by giving up his soul. Although he loves the mermaid, he misses having emotions and a conscience. This made me understand the significance of having a soul. It's not just about feeling emotions, but also about having a sense of right and wrong."The Fisherman and His Soul" is a captivating story that teaches us about the power of love and the importance of our souls. It reminds us that love sometimes requires sacrifice, but we should never give up the essence of who we are. The fisherman's journey is a metaphor for the choices we make in life. It shows that we should always consider the consequences before making decisions.This book has beautiful descriptions that transport you to a magical world. The author's use of language is poetic and vivid. It made me feel like I was right there with the fisherman, experiencing his emotions and dilemmas. The illustrations in the book also added to the enchanting atmosphere.In conclusion, "The Fisherman and His Soul" is an enchanting tale that takes us on a journey through love, sacrifice, andself-discovery. It reminds us of the importance of our souls and the consequences of our choices. I can't wait to read the rest of the book and find out what happens next. I would recommend this book to anyone who enjoys magical adventures and stories that touch the heart.Remember, my dear friends, always cherish your soul, for it is what makes you truly unique and special.篇3The Fisherman and His Soul - My ThoughtsHi everyone! Today, I want to share my thoughts on a book called "The Fisherman and His Soul." It's a really cool story that I recently read, and I think you'll enjoy it too!In the first chapter, we meet the fisherman. He's a kind and hardworking person who loves the sea. One day, while fishing, he catches a beautiful fish. But guess what? This fish is not an ordinary fish! It has a soul! Can you believe that? I was so surprised when I read that part.The fisherman and the fish become good friends. They talk and sing together. It's like they understand each other without even speaking. They spend a lot of time together, and the fisherman starts falling in love with the fish's soul. He feels so happy when he's with the fish.But here comes the twist! In the second chapter, the fisherman meets a beautiful princess. He falls in love with her instantly. Oh, the power of love! The fisherman wants to marry the princess, but there's a problem. His soul is still connected to the fish's soul. If he wants to be with the princess, he has to get rid of his soul. That's a tough decision to make, right?In the third chapter, the fisherman goes to a witch to ask for help. The witch tells him that if he wants to get rid of his soul, he needs to do something really difficult. He has to go to the edge of the sea and cut off his shadow. Can you imagine cutting off your own shadow? I couldn't believe it when I read that part. It sounded so scary!The fisherman loves the princess so much that he decides to do it. He goes to the edge of the sea, takes a knife, and cuts off his shadow. But as soon as he does that, something terrible happens. The fisherman's soul starts to hurt, and he feels so sad. He realizes that he made a mistake. Love is important, but losing your soul is not worth it.I learned a lot from this book. It made me think about the choices we make and the things we give up for love. It's important to follow our hearts, but we should also remember who we are and what makes us special. The fisherman forgot about his own soul because he was so focused on the princess. That's not a good thing to do."The Fisherman and His Soul" is a magical and exciting story. It teaches us about love, friendship, and the importance of staying true to ourselves. I really enjoyed reading it, and I hope you will too. Let's remember to always keep our souls and be true to who we are.篇4The Fisherman and His Soul - Chapters 1 to 3: My ThoughtsHey everyone! Today I want to tell you about this amazing book I just read called "The Fisherman and His Soul." It's a supercool story written by Oscar Wilde. Let me share with you what I thought about the first three chapters!In the first chapter, we meet the fisherman, who is a very kind and hardworking person. He loves fishing, and one day, he catches a beautiful fish with golden scales. But guess what? The fish can talk! I was so surprised when I read that part. The fisherman and the fish become friends, and the fish promises to grant the fisherman's wishes. Isn't that awesome? I wish I had a talking fish as my friend!In the second chapter, the fisherman makes a wish to be able to breathe underwater, just like the fish. And guess what happens? His wish comes true! Now he can swim and explore the ocean depths. I was so excited reading about all the amazing creatures he saw underwater, like colorful fish and sparkling corals. It made me want to go on an underwater adventure too!But, you know, sometimes wishes can bring trouble. In the third chapter, the fisherman falls in love with a beautiful mermaid. They have such a lovely time together, but there's a catch. The fisherman's soul is trapped inside his body, and he can't be with the mermaid forever. This made me feel sad because they really liked each other. It made me think about how important it is tomake wise choices and consider the consequences of our actions."The Fisherman and His Soul" is teaching me some important lessons. It reminds me that friendship is precious, even if it's with a talking fish. It also shows me that sometimes we have to be careful what we wish for because it might not turn out the way we expect. And most importantly, it tells me that true love is not always easy, and we need to make sacrifices for it.I love how Oscar Wilde writes this story. His words are so beautiful and descriptive. I can imagine the fish swimming gracefully in the ocean and the mermaid's enchanting voice. The story has made me feel so many emotions - happiness, excitement, and even a little bit of sadness. It's like going on a roller coaster ride of feelings!I can't wait to read the next chapters and find out what happens to the fisherman and his soul. Will they find a way to be together? I hope so! I'm learning so much from this book, and I think you would enjoy it too. It's a magical adventure that takes you to a world beyond our own.That's all for now, my friends. I hope you enjoyed my thoughts on "The Fisherman and His Soul." Remember, dreamscan come true, but we should always think about what truly matters to us. See you next time!Word count: 380 words篇5Book Report on The Fisherman and His Soul (Chapters 1-3)Hi everyone! I want to tell you about this really cool bookI've been reading called "The Fisherman and His Soul" by Oscar Wilde. It's a fairy tale but not one of those boring ones with princesses locked in towers. This one has adventure, magic, and even gets kind of spooky!The book starts off with a young fisherman who lives in a tiny hut by the sea. Every night he rows his little boat out and casts his nets to catch fish. One night, as he's pulling in his nets, he feels something really heavy. He thinks maybe he snagged an old chest full of gold and jewels from a sunken pirate ship! But when he finally gets the nets onto the boat, it's not treasure at all. It's a little mermaid whose tail is all tangled up in the nets.At first the fisherman is disappointed it's not gold and jewels. But then he sees how beautiful the mermaid is with her long green hair and sparkling tail. He frees her from the nets and can'ttake his eyes off her. The mermaid tells him she will grant him a wish for saving her life. Without even thinking, the fisherman blurts out "I wish I could love!"You see, the fisherman is so focused on his work that he doesn't have any feelings or a soul. The mermaid says she will give him a human soul so he can experience all the emotions like love, passion, and sorrow. But she warns him that once he has it, there's no going back. The fisherman doesn't even hesitate and agrees to take the soul.When he wakes up the next morning, everything looks completely different. The seagulls' cries sound like beautiful music, the air smells like a million flowers, and the silver and green waves seem to dance for him. He has his soul now and is overwhelmed by all the new sights, smells, and sounds.For the first time, he truly sees the beauty all around him. He even sees his own reflection in a pool and thinks he looks like a young god or prince. But what strikes him most is the vision of a beautiful maiden walking on the beach. The fisherman has fallen in love and spends his days pining for this mystery girl.Whenever she walks on the beach, he calls out to her but she can't hear him. He tries to approach her but then gets too nervous or tongue-tied. The fisherman is so distracted by hisnewfound emotions that he neglects his fishing duties. Some days he doesn't even go out on his boat because he's too busy daydreaming about the girl.Eventually, the maiden disappears and the fisherman is heartbroken. He wanders the beach crying and calling out her name until his soul suddenly separates from his body and takes the form of a young man. The soul starts mocking the fisherman, saying he is weak for obsessing over some human girl. It calls him a slave to his emotions and wants to go out and explore the world.The soul leaves the fisherman's body on the beach and begins its own adventure. It comes across a giant merchant ship and secretly boards it. For three whole days, the soul hides among the ship's cargo, not eating or drinking anything. Finally the ship reaches land and the soul disembarks, free at last.That's where Chapter 3 ends, with the soul heading off on its own journey while the fisherman lays motionless on the beach. I can't wait to see what crazy stuff the soul gets up to now that it's independent. And I feel really bad for the poor fisherman who seems totally devastated at losing his soul. Will he ever get it back or be the same?I'm hooked on this story so far! The writing is beautiful and poetic but also simple enough for me to understand. And the plot reminds me of some other classic fairy tales but with a much deeper meaning behind it. I think Oscar Wilde is trying to say something about the dangers of obsession or being a slave to your emotions. Maybe it's better to live a simple life focused on the present instead of daydreaming all the time.Or maybe the message is that the soul is it's own entity, separate from the body, and shouldn't be caged or suppressed. The fisherman was perfectly content before getting his soul, but then it abandoned him as soon as it tasted freedom. There's so many ways to interpret the symbolism that I can't wait to discuss it with my class!Anyways, I highly recommend checking out this book, especially if you're a fan of folklore, philosophy, or just creative fantasy tales. The story has me completely captivated so far. I'm dying to know what adventures and challenges await the soul as it explores the world. And I'm really hoping the poor fisherman finds a way to get his soul back before something terrible happens to him. Guess I'll have to read on to find out!篇6The Fisherman and His Soul: My ThoughtsHi everyone! Today I want to share with you my thoughts on the book "The Fisherman and His Soul." It's a really interesting story that I recently read, and I hope you enjoy my little review!The book is divided into different chapters, and I want to talk about the first three chapters. Let's dive right in!Chapter 1: The Fisherman's DiscoveryIn the first chapter, we meet the main character, the fisherman. He was a simple man who loved fishing by the sea. One day, while he was fishing, he caught a beautiful fish. But when he tried to let it go, the fish pleaded with him not to. The fish told him that it was not an ordinary fish, but a magical creature called a "Soul." This surprised the fisherman a lot!Chapter 2: The Fisherman's DilemmaIn the second chapter, the fisherman was faced with a dilemma. The Soul wanted to be free and experience the world, but it needed the fisherman's help. The fisherman had to make a difficult decision. Should he keep the Soul with him, or should he set it free? This made me think about how sometimes we have to make tough choices in life.Chapter 3: The Fisherman's JourneyIn the third chapter, the fisherman and the Soul embark on a journey together. They travel to distant lands and encounter many adventures along the way. The fisherman learns a lot from the Soul about love, friendship, and the beauty of the world. This chapter made me feel excited because I love going on adventures too!My Thoughts and FeelingsI really enjoyed reading the first three chapters of "The Fisherman and His Soul." The story is full of magic and wonder, and it made me think about important things in life. I liked how the fisherman and the Soul became friends and supported each other. It reminded me of the importance of friendship and helping others.The language in the book is easy to understand, and the author did a great job of describing the characters and their emotions. The illustrations were also beautiful and helped me imagine the scenes in my mind.One thing I found interesting was how the fisherman had to decide whether to keep the Soul or set it free. It made me think about how sometimes we have to let go of things we love, even if it's difficult, so that they can be truly happy.Overall, I can't wait to read the rest of the book! I want to know what other adventures the fisherman and the Soul will have. If you like magical stories with important lessons, I highly recommend "The Fisherman and His Soul."That's all for now. I hope you enjoyed my review! Happy reading, everyone!。

语言学第一章

语言学第一章Chapter 1 Invitation to linguistics1.1 Why study language?1. Language is very essential to human beings.2. In language there are many things we should know.3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.1.2 What is language?Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.3 Design features of languageThe features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.1.3.1 ArbitrarinessArbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.1.3.2 DualityDuality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.1.3.3 CreativityCreativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.1.3.4 DisplacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.1.4 Origin of language1. The bow-wow theoryIn primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.2. The pooh-pooh theoryIn the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.3. The “yo-he-ho” theoryAs primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.1.5 Functions of languageJacobson——language has six functions:1. Referential指称功能: to convey message and information;2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake;3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions;4. Conative意动功能: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties;5. Phatic寒暄功能: to establish communion with others;6. Metalingual元语功能: to clear up intentions, words and meanings.Halliday ——that language has three metafunctions:1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to thehearer;2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships;3. Textual function: referring to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spokenand written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.Hu Zhuanglin——language has at least seven functions:1.5.1 InformativeThe informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.1.5.2 Interpersonal functionThe interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.1.5.3 Performative施为功能The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.1.5.4 Emotive functionThe emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.1.5.5 Phatic communionThe phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day,etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.1.5.6 Recreational functionThe recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, suc h as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.1.5.7 Metalingual functionThe metalingual function means people can use language to talk about itself. E.g. I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” t o talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.1.6 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings.1.7 Main branches of linguistics1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.1.7.2 PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology studies the minimal units of meaning –morphemes and word-formation processes.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.1.7.5 SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context.1.8 MacrolinguisticsMacrolinguistics is the study of language in all aspects, distinct from microlinguistics, which dealtsolely with the formal aspect of language system.1.8.1 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances (and in language acquisition for example).1.8.2 Sociolinguistics社会语言学Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties1, the characteristics of their functions2, and the characteristics of their speakers3. (123相互作用构成一个speech community 语言社团)1.8.3 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Anthropological linguistics studies the history and structure of formerly unwritten language, the emergence of language and the divergence of languages.1.8.4 Computational linguistics计算语言学Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language.1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics1.9.1 Descriptive描写vs. Prescriptive规定A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses the facts observed.It is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the “correct” use of language.1.9.2 Synchronic共时vs. Diachronic历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study.The description of a language as it changes through the time is a diachronic study.The distinction between synchronic and dischronic studies is only theoretically clear.原因：①Languages are in a constant state of changing.②The language of any speech community is never uniform.③When a language changes, one set o f features are not suddenly replaced by another set of features.1.9.3 Langue 语言& parole言语Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.区别：①Langue is abstract but parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs.②Langue is not actually spoken by anyone; parole is alwaysa naturally occurring event.③Langue is relatively stable and systematic; parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.1.9.4 Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concretesituations is called performance.Competence is the ideal language user`s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.。

新理念英语七年级第一册

Inside the Gate走进苗圃园Chapter 1 Waiting for Grandma等待奶奶Today it is dusty outside. The wind is whipping at the earth and sending clouds of brown dirt all around the town.I sit here on the doorstep and watch the women come back from work.Finally, I see Grandma carrying her basket. She is covered in dust and looks tired, but she smiles when she sees me. “What are you up to, Kemzie?” she asks.“Waiting for you!” I say. “I want you to come and help me plant trees.”“Trees?” asks Grandma.I tell Grandma that someone came to speak to us at school today about tree planting.I tell her I want to help out in the nursery just out of town where they grow the trees.“We need the trees to give us wood, shade and fruit, and to help keep the Earth well.” I say quickly. Grandma laughs, and puts her basket down.“You go if you want, but I have to make dinner,” she says.For a moment I feel bad. I shouldn’t leave Grandma now. I should help her chop wood for the fire and cook the food she got at the market.Since Mun and Dad died, Grandma has been looking after all our family. It’s hard work for her.今天外面灰尘很大。

酒店英语1

大众菜肴人气美食
北方菜家庭风味蔬菜酸甜苦辣咸绿茶祝您用餐愉快！
1. Are you ready to order? 你们准备点菜了吗？ 2. That is called “shui zhu yu”. It is fish slices in spicy soup. 这道菜叫作“水煮鱼”。就是香辣汤煮鱼片。 3. Stir-fried green beans are called “si ji dou”. That dish is very popular. “四季豆”，就是炒青豆。这道菜很多人点。 4. I can also recommend a stir-fried tofu dish called “jia chang dou fu”. It’s a home-style tofu dish with some vegetables. 我还可以给您推荐一道“家常豆腐”。这是一道由豆腐和其他蔬菜一起烧的家常菜。
中餐西餐鱼肉
4.pork
5.beef 6.chicken 7.mutton 8.bean 9.tofu 10.rice
猪肉
牛肉鸡肉羊肉豆豆腐米饭
11.noodles
12.fish slices 13.spicy soup
面条
鱼片辣汤
14.knife 15.fork 16.chopsticks
Chapter 3 Taking Orders and Serving Food 点餐与上菜 Unitபைடு நூலகம்1 Taking Chinese Food Orders: Recommending Chinese Dishes 中餐点餐服务
1.Chinese Food 2.Western Food 3.fish

美女与野兽1

Beauty said to her father,美美对父亲说
"Please don't cry.请不要哭泣
We have each other and our good health.我们还有彼此还有健康
Money is not important."钱并不重要
Her sisters started to pull their hair out.她的姐姐们则开始揪起了自己的头发
"Oh,father,"the eldest daughter cried.
"What will we do now?"
"You'll have to work,"he said,very sadly.
The middle daughter was angry and said,
"We can't work.No rich man will want to marry us!"
"That's great news.
I'm so glad to see you happy again."
The two elder sisters jumped up for joy.
"We're rich! We're rich!"they shouted.
The next morning,Beauty's father woke up early.
She was the most beautiful daughter.她是姐妹中最漂亮的
In fact,everything about her was beautiful.事实上她的一切都很美

作文梗概爱丽丝漫游奇境记,第一章

作文梗概爱丽丝漫游奇境记,第一章英文回答：Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Chapter 1: Down the Rabbit-Hole.Alice, a curious and imaginative young girl, finds herself bored one summer afternoon. As she sits under a tree, she notices a White Rabbit with a pocket watch hurrying by. Intrigued, Alice decides to follow the rabbit down a rabbit-hole.The rabbit-hole is dark and seemingly endless. As Alice falls, she notices shelves lined with jars and books. She also sees a key on a small glass table, but it is out of her reach.Alice continues to fall until she lands in a long hallway. She sees doors of different sizes along the hallway, but they are all locked. Alice finds a smallgolden key on a glass table, and to her delight, it fits into a tiny door. However, she is too large to fit through the door.Alice then discovers a bottle labeled "DRINK ME." Curiosity gets the best of her, and she drinks from it. To her surprise, she shrinks to a tiny size. Now small enough to fit through the door, Alice tries the key again, but it is too small for the lock.Frustrated, Alice begins to cry, and her tears flood the hallway. She notices a cake labeled "EAT ME" and takes a bite. This time, she grows so tall that her head hits the ceiling.Alice's strange journey continues as she encounters a Mouse, a Dodo, and other peculiar creatures. She attends a Caucus-Race, where everyone runs in a circle with no clear winner. Alice also meets the White Rabbit again, who mistakes her for his servant and sends her to fetch his gloves and fan.As Alice ventures further into Wonderland, she encounters more bizarre situations and characters. The chapter ends with Alice finding herself in a room with atiny door, but she has forgotten the key on the table andis unable to open it.中文回答：《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》第一章，进入兔子洞。

数学分析第一章

Chapter1.Metric Spaces§1.Metric SpacesA metric space is a set X endowed with a metricρ:X×X→[0,∞)that satisﬁes the following properties for all x,y,and z in X:1.ρ(x,y)=0if and only if x=y,2.ρ(x,y)=ρ(y,x),and3.ρ(x,z)≤ρ(x,y)+ρ(y,z).The third property is called the triangle inequality.We will write(X,ρ)to denote the metric space X endowed with a metricρ.If Y is a subset of X,then the metric space(Y,ρ|Y×Y)is called a subspace of(X,ρ).Example1.Letρ(x,y):=|x−y|for x,y∈I R.Then(I R,ρ)is a metric space.The set I R equipped with this metric is called the real line.Example2.Let I R2:=I R×I R.For x=(x1,x2)∈I R2and y=(y1,y2)∈I R2,deﬁneρ(x,y):=(x1−y1)+(x2−y2).Thenρis a metric on I R2.The set I R2equipped with this metric is called the Euclidean plane.More generally,for k∈I N,the Euclidean k space I R k is the Cartesian product of k copies of I R equipped with the metricρgiven byρ(x,y):=kj=1(x j−y j)21/2,x=(x1,...,x k)and y=(y1,...,y k)∈I R k.Example3.Let X be a nonempty set.For x,y∈X,deﬁneρ(x,y):=1if x=y, 0if x=y.In this case,ρis called the discrete metric on X.Let(X,ρ)be a metric space.For x∈X and r>0,the open ball centered at x∈X with radius r is deﬁned asB r(x):={y∈X:ρ(x,y)<r}.A subset A of X is called an open set if for every x∈A,there exists some r>0 such thatB r(x)⊆A.1Theorem1.1.For a metric space(X,ρ)the following statements are true.1.X and∅are open sets.2.Arbitrary unions of open sets are open sets.3.Finite intersections of open sets are open sets.Proof.Theﬁrst statement is obviously true.For the second statement,we let(A i)i∈I be a family of open subsets of X and wish to prove that∪i∈I A i is an open set.Suppose x∈∪i∈I A i.Then x∈A ifor some i0∈I.Since A i0is an open set,there exists some r>0such that B r(x)⊆A i.Consequently,B r(x)⊆∪i∈I A i.This shows that∪i∈I A i is an open set.For the third statement,we let{A1,...,A n}be aﬁnite collection of open subsets of X and wish to prove that∩n i=1A i is an open set.Suppose x∈∩n i=1A i.Then x∈A i for every i∈{1,...,n}.For each i∈{1,...,n},there exists r i>0such that B ri(x)⊆A i. Set r:=min{r1,...,r n}.Then r>0and B r(x)⊆∩n i=1A i.This shows that∩n i=1A i is an open set.Let(X,ρ)be a metric space.A subset B of X is called an closed set if its complement B c:=X\B is an open set.The following theorem is an immediate consequence of Theorem1.1.Theorem1.2.For a metric space(X,ρ)the following statements are true.1.X and∅are closed sets.2.Arbitrary intersections of closed sets are closed sets.3.Finite unions of closed sets are closed sets.Let(X,ρ)be a metric space.Given a subset A of X and a point x in X,there are three possibilities:1.There exists some r>0such that B r(x)⊆A.In this case,x is called an interiorpoint of A.2.For any r>0,B r(x)intersects both A and A c.In this case,x is called a boundarypoint of A.3.There exists some r>0such that B r(x)⊆A c.In this case,x is called an exteriorpoint of A.For example,if A is a subset of the real line I R bounded above,then sup A is a boundary point of A.Also,if A is bounded below,then inf A is a boundary point of A.A point x is called a closure point of A if x is either an interior point or a boundary point of A.We denote by A the set of closure points of A.Then A⊆A.The set A is called the closure of A.2Theorem1.3.If A is a subset of a metric space(X,ρ),then A is the smallest closed set that includes A.Proof.Let A be a subset of a metric space.Weﬁrst show that A is closed.Suppose x/∈A. Then x is an exterior point of A;hence there exists some r>0such that B r(x)⊆A c.If y∈B r(x),thenρ(x,y)<r.Forδ:=r−ρ(x,y)>0,by the triangle inequality we have Bδ(y)⊆B r(x).It follows that Bδ(y)⊆A c.This shows y/∈A.Consequently,B r(x)⊆A c. Therefore,A c is open.In other words,A is closed.Now assume that B is a closed subset of X such that A⊆B.Let x∈B c.Then there exists r>0such that B r(x)⊆B c⊆A c.This shows x∈A c.Hence,B c⊆A c.It follows that A⊆B.Therefore,A is the smallest closed set that includes A.A subset A of a metric space(X,ρ)is said to be dense in X if A=X.§pletenessLet(x n)n=1,2,...be a sequence of elements in a metric space(X,ρ).We say that (x n)n=1,2,...converges to x in X and write lim n→∞x n=x,ifρ(x n,x)=0.limn→∞From the triangle inequality it follows that a sequence in a metric space has at most one limit.Theorem2.1.Let A be a subset of a metric space(X,ρ).Then a point x∈X belongs to A if and only if there exists a sequence(x n)n=1,2,...in A such that lim n→∞x n=x. Proof.If x∈A,then B1/n(x)∩A=∅for every n∈I N.Choose x n∈B1/n(x)∩A for each n∈I N.Thenρ(x n,x)<1/n,and hence lim n→∞x n=x.Suppose x/∈A.Then there exists some r>0such that B r(x)∩A=∅.Consequently, for any sequence(x n)n=1,2,...in A,we haveρ(x n,x)≥r for all n∈I N.Thus,there is no sequence of elements in A that converges to x.A sequence(x n)n=1,2,...in a metric space(X,ρ)is said to be a Cauchy sequence if for any givenε>0there exists a positive integer N such thatm,n>N impliesρ(x m,x n)<ε.Clearly,every convergent sequence is a Cauchy sequence.If a metric space has the property that every Cauchy sequence converges,then the metric space is said to be complete.For example,the real line is a complete metric space.3The diameter of a set A is deﬁned byd(A):=sup{ρ(x,y):x,y∈A}.If d(A)<∞,then A is called a bounded set.Theorem2.2.Let(X,ρ)be a complete metric space.Suppose that(A n)n=1,2,...is a sequence of closed and nonempty subsets of X such that A n+1⊆A n for every n∈I N and lim n→∞d(A n)=0.Then∩∞n=1A n consists of precisely one element.Proof.If x,y∈∩∞n=1A n,then x,y∈A n for every n∈I N.Hence,ρ(x,y)≤d(A n)for all n∈I N.Since lim n→∞ρ(A n)=0,it follows thatρ(x,y)=0,i.e.,x=y.To show∩∞n=1A n=∅,we proceed as follows.Choose x n∈A n for each n∈I N.Since A m⊆A n for m≥n,we haveρ(x m,x n)≤d(A n)for m≥n.This in connection with the assumption lim n→∞d(A n)=0shows that(x n)n=1,2,...is a Cauchy sequence.Since (X,ρ)is complete,there exists x∈X such that lim n→∞x n=x.We have x m∈A n for all=A n.This is true for all n∈I N.Therefore,x∈∩∞n=1A n.m≥n.Hence,x∈A§pactnessLet(X,ρ)be a metric space.A subset A of X is said to be sequentially compact if every sequence in A has a subsequence that converges to a point in A.For example,aﬁnite subset of a metric space is sequentially compact.The real line I R is not sequentially compact.But a bounded closed interval in the real line is sequentially compact.A subset A of a metric space is called totally bounded if,for every r>0,A can be covered byﬁnitely many open balls of radius r.For example,a bounded subset of the real line is totally bounded.On the other hand, ifρis the discrete metric on an inﬁnite set X,then X is bounded but not totally bounded. Theorem3.1.Let A be a subset of a metric space(X,ρ).Then A is sequentially compact if and only if A is complete and totally bounded.Proof.Suppose that A is sequentially compact.Weﬁrst show that A is complete.Let (x n)n=1,2,...be a Cauchy sequence in A.Since A is sequentially compact,there exists a )k=1,2,...that converges to a point x in A.For anyε>0,there exists subsequence(x nka positive integer N such thatρ(x m,x n)<ε/2whenever m,n>N.Moreover,there exists some k∈I N such that n k>N andρ(x n,x)<ε/2.Thus,for n>N we havek4ρ(x n,x)≤ρ(x n,x nk )+ρ(x nk,x)<ε.Hence,lim n→∞x n=x.This shows that A iscomplete.Next,if A is not totally bounded,then there exists some r>0such that A cannot be covered byﬁnitely many open balls of radius r.Choose x1∈A.Suppose x1,...,x n∈A have been chosen.Let x n+1be a point in the nonempty set A\∪n i=1B r(x i).If m,n∈I N and m=n,thenρ(x m,x n)≥r.Therefore,the sequence(x n)n=1,2,...has no convergent subsequence.Thus,if A is sequentially compact,then A is totally bounded.Conversely,suppose that A is complete and totally bounded.Let(x n)n=1,2,...be a sequence of points in A.We shall construct a subsequence of(x n)n=1,2,...that is a Cauchy sequence,so that the subsequence converges to a point in A,by the completeness of A.For this purpose,we construct open balls B k of radius1/k and corresponding inﬁnite subsets I k of I N for k∈I N recursively.Since A is totally bounded,A can be covered byﬁnitely many balls of radius1.Hence,we can choose a ball B1of radius1such that the set I1:={n∈I N:x n∈B1}is inﬁnite.Suppose that a ball B k of radius1/k and an inﬁnite subset I k of I N have been constructed.Since A is totally bounded,A can be covered by ﬁnitely many balls of radius1/(k+1).Hence,we can choose a ball B k+1of radius1/(k+1) such that the set I k+1:={n∈I k:x n∈B k+1}is inﬁnite.Choose n1∈I1.Given n k,choose n k+1∈I k+1such that n k+1>n k.By our construction,I k+1⊆I k for all k∈I N.Therefore,for all i,j≥k,the points x niandx nj are contained in the ball B k of radius1/k.It follows that(x nk)k=1,2,...is a Cauchysequence,as desired.Theorem3.2.A subset of a Euclidean space is sequentially compact if and only if it is closed and bounded.Proof.Let A be a subset of I R k.If A is sequentially compact,then A is totally bounded and complete.In particular,A is bounded.Moreover,as a complete subset of I R k,A is closed.Conversely,suppose A is bounded and closed in I R k.Since I R k is complete and A is closed,A is complete.It is easily seen that a bounded subset of I R k is totally bounded.Let(A i)i∈I be a family of subsets of X.We say that(A i)i∈I is a cover of a subset A of X,if A⊆∪i∈I A i.If a subfamily of(A i)i∈I also covers A,then it is called a subcover. If,in addition,(X,ρ)is a metric space and each A i is an open set,then(A i)i∈I is said to be an open cover.Let(G i)i∈I be an open cover of A.A real numberδ>0is called a Lebesgue number for the cover(G i)i∈I if,for each subset E of A having diameter less thanδ,E⊆G i for5some i∈I.Theorem3.3.Let A be a subset of a metric space(X,ρ).If A is sequentially compact, then there exists a Lebesgue numberδ>0for any open cover of A.Proof.Let(G i)i∈I be an open cover of A.Suppose that there is no Lebesgue number for the cover(G i)i∈I.Then for each n∈I N there exists a subset E n of A having diameter less than1/n such that E n∩G c i=∅for all i∈I.Choose x n∈E n for n∈I N.Since A is sequentially compact,there exists a subsequence(x nk)k=1,2,...which converges to a point x in A.Since(G i)i∈I is a cover of A,x∈G i for some i∈I.But G i is an open set.Hence, there exists some r>0such that B r(x)⊆G i.We canﬁnd a positive integer k such that1/n k<r/2andρ(x nk ,x)<r/2.Let y be a point in E nk.Since x nkalso lies in the setE nk with diameter less than1/n k,we haveρ(x nk,y)<1/n k.Consequently,ρ(x,y)≤ρ(x,x nk)+ρ(x nk,y)<r2+1n k<r.This shows E nk ⊆B r(x)⊆G i.However,E nkwas so chosen that E nk∩G c i=∅.Thiscontradiction proves the existence of a Lebesgue number for the open cover(Gi)i∈I.A subset A of(X,ρ)is said to be compact if each open cover of A possesses aﬁnite subcover of A.If X itself is compact,then(X,ρ)is called a compact metric space. Theorem3.4.Let A be a subset of a metric space(X,ρ).Then A is compact if and only if it is sequentially compact.Proof.If A is not sequentially compact,then A is an inﬁnite set.Moreover,there exists a sequence(x n)n=1,2,...in A having no convergent subsequence.Consequently,for each x∈A,there exists an open ball B x centered at x such that{n∈I N:x n∈B x}is aﬁnite set.Then(B x)x∈A is an open cover of A which does not possess aﬁnite subcover of A. Thus,A is not compact.Now suppose A is sequentially compact.Let(G i)i∈I be an open cover of A.By Theorem3.3,there exists a Lebesgue numberδ>0for the open cover(G i)i∈I.By Theorem 3.1,A is totally bounded.Hence,A is covered by aﬁnite collection{B1,...,B m}of open balls with radius less thanδ/2.For each k∈{1,...,m},the diameter of B k is less thanδ.Hence,B k⊆G ik for some i k∈I.Thus,{G ik:k=1,...,m}is aﬁnite subcover of A.This shows that A is compact.6§4.Continuous FunctionsLet(X,ρ)and(Y,τ)be two metric spaces.A function f from X to Y is said to be continuous at a point a∈X if for everyε>0there existsδ>0(depending onε)such thatτ(f(x),f(a))<εwheneverρ(x,a)<δ.The function f is said to be continuous on X if f is continuous at every point of X.Theorem4.1.For a function f from a metric space(X,ρ)to a metric space(Y,τ),the following statements are equivalent:1.f is continuous on X.2.f−1(G)is an open subset of X whenever G is an open subset of Y.3.If lim n→∞x n=x holds in X,then lim n→∞f(x n)=f(x)holds in Y.4.f(A)⊆f(A)holds for every subset A of X.5.f−1(F)is a closed subset of X whenever F is a closed subset of Y.Proof.1⇒2:Let G be an open subset of Y and a∈f−1(G).Since f(a)∈G and G is open,there exists someε>0such that Bε(f(a))⊆G.By the continuity of f,there exists someδ>0such thatτ(f(x),f(a))<εwheneverρ(x,a)<δ.This shows Bδ(a)⊆f−1(G). Therefore,f−1(G)is an open set.2⇒3:Assume lim n→∞x n=x in X.Forε>0,let V:=Bε(f(x)).In light of statement2,f−1(V)is an open subset of X.Since x∈f−1(V),there exists someδ>0 such that Bδ(x)⊆f−1(V).Then there exists a positive integer N such that x n∈Bδ(x) for all n>N.It follows that f(x n)∈V=Bε(f(x))for all n>N.Consequently, lim n→∞f(x n)=f(x).3⇒4:Let A be a subset of X.If y∈f(A),then there exists x∈A such that y=f(x).Since x∈A,there exists a sequence(x n)n=1,2,...of A such that lim n→∞x n=x. By statement3we have lim n→∞f(x n)=f(x).It follows that y=f(x)∈f(A).This shows f(A)⊆f(A).4⇒5:Let F be a closed subset of Y,and let A:=f−1(F).By statement4we have f(A)⊆⊆F=F.It follows that A⊆f−1(F)=A.Hence,A is a closed subset of X.5⇒1:Let a∈X andε>0.Consider the closed set F:=Y\Bε(f(a)).By statement5,f−1(F)is a closed subset of X.Since a/∈f−1(F),there exists someδ>0 such that Bδ(a)⊆X\f−1(F).Consequently,ρ(x,a)<δimpliesτ(f(x),f(a))<ε.So f is continuous at a.This is true for every point a in X.Hence,f is continuous on X.As an application of Theorem4.1,we prove the Intermediate Value Theorem for continuous functions.7Theorem 4.2.Suppose that a,b ∈I R and a <b .If f is a continuous function from [a,b ]to I R ,then f has the intermediate value property,that is,for any real number d between f (a )and f (b ),there exists c ∈[a,b ]such that f (c )=d .Proof.Without loss of any generality,we may assume that f (a )<d <f (b ).Since the interval (−∞,d ]is a closed set,the set F :=f −1((−∞,d ])={x ∈[a,b ]:f (x )≤d }is closed,by Theorem 4.1.Let c :=sup F .Then c lies in F and hence f (c )≤d .It follows that a ≤c <b .We claim f (c )=d .Indeed,if f (c )<d ,then by the continuity of f we could ﬁnd r >0such that c <c +r <b and f (c +r )<d .Thus,we would have c +r ∈F and c +r >sup F .This contradiction shows f (c )=d .The following theorem shows that a continuous function maps compact sets to compact sets.Theorem 4.3.Let f be a continuous function from a metric space (X,ρ)to a metric space (Y,τ).If A is a compact subset of X ,then f (A )is compact.Proof.Suppose that (G i )i ∈I is an open cover of f (A ).Since f is continuous,f −1(G i )is open for every i ∈I ,by Theorem 4.1.Hence,(f −1(G i ))i ∈I is an open cover of A .By thecompactness of A ,there exists a ﬁnite subset {i 1,...,i m }of I such that A ⊆∪m k =1f−1(G i k ).Consequently,f (A )⊆∪mk =1G i k .This shows that f (A )is compact.Theorem 4.4.Let A be a nonempty compact subset of a metric space (X,ρ).If f is a continuous function from A to the real line I R ,then f is bounded and assumes its maximum and minimum.Proof.By Theorem 4.3,f (A )is a compact set,and so it is bounded and closed.Let t :=inf f (A ).Then t ∈f (A )=f (A ).Hence,t =min f (A )and t =f (a )for some a ∈A .Similarly,Let s :=sup f (A ).Then s ∈f (A )=f (A ).Hence,s =max f (A )and s =f (b )for some b ∈A .A function f from a metric space (X,ρ)to a metric space (Y,τ)is said to be uni-formly continuous on X if for every ε>0there exists δ>0(depending on ε)such that τ(f (x ),f (y ))<εwhenever ρ(x,y )<δ.Clearly,a uniformly continuous function is continuous.A function from (X,ρ)to (Y,τ)is said to be a Lipschitz function if there exists a constant C f such that τ(f (x ),f (y ))≤C f ρ(x,y )for all x,y ∈X .Clearly,a Lipschitz function is uniformly continuous.8Example.Let f and g be the functions from the interval(0,1]to the real line I R given by f(x)=x2and g(x)=1/x,x∈(0,1],respectively.Then f is uniformly continuous, while g is continuous but not uniformly continuous.Theorem4.5.Let f be a continuous function from a metric space(X,ρ)to a metric space(Y,τ).If X is compact,then f is uniformly continuous on X.Proof.Letε>0be given.Since f is continuous,for each x∈X there exists r x>0suchthatτ(f(x),f(y))<ε/2for all y∈B rx (x).Then(B rx(x))x∈X is an open cover of X.Since X is compact,Theorem3.3tells us that there exists a Lebesgue numberδ>0for this open cover.Suppose y,z∈X andρ(y,z)<δ.Then{y,z}⊆B rx(x)for some x∈X. Consequently,τ(f(y),f(z))≤τ(f(y),f(x))+τ(f(x),f(z))<ε/2+ε/2=ε.This shows that f is uniformly continuous on X.9。

中华文化探源英文版第一章

中华文化探源英文版第一章Chapter 1: The Origin of Chinese CultureThe origin of Chinese culture is a topic that has fascinated people for centuries.It is a rich and diverse culture that has evolved over thousands of years.中国文化源远流长，数千年的历史积淀使其独具魅力。

One of the earliest records of Chinese culture is the Shijing, or the Book of Songs, which is a collection of 305 poems that were written between the 11th and 7th century BC.These poems provide insights into the daily lives of people during that time.中国文化的最早记录之一是《诗经》，这是一部收录了305首诗歌的文集，创作于公元前11世纪至公元前7世纪。

这些诗歌为我们提供了当时人们日常生活的insights。

Another important aspect of Chinese culture is Confucianism, a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of moral values, respect for authority, and harmony in relationships.Confucianism has had a profound impact on Chinese society and culture.儒家思想是中华文化的另一个重要方面。

1爱情与金钱中英对照

Love or Money 爱情与金钱Chapter 1The Clarkson family lived in the country near Cambridge, about half a mile from the nearest village and about a mile from the river. They had a big, old house with a beautiful garden, a lot of flowers and many old trees.One Thursday morning in July, Jackie came in from the garden. She was a tall, fat woman, thirty years old. It was the hottest day of the year, but she wore a warm brown skirt and yellow shirt. She went into the kitchen to get a drink of water. Just then the phone rang.'Cambridge 1379,' Jackie said.'Hello. This is Diane. I want to talk to Mother.''Mother isn't here,' Jackie said. 'She's at the doctor's.''Why? What's Wrong?''Nothing's wrong,' Jackie said. 'Why are you telephoning? You are going to come this weekend? Mother wants everyone to be here.''Yes, I want to come,' Diane said. 'I'm phoning because I have no money for the train ticket.' 'No money! Mother is always giving you money!''This phone call is very expensive,' Diane said coldly. 'Tell Mother please. I need the money.' Jackie put the phone down. She took a cigarette from her bag and began to smoke. She felt angry because her sister always asked for money. Diane was twenty years old, the youngest in the family. She lived in London, in one room of a big house. She wanted to be a singer. She sang very well but she could never get work.Jackie went back into the kitchen and began to make some sandwiches. Just then the back door opened, and her mother came in.'It's very hot!' Molly said. She took off her hat and put it down on the table. She was a tall, dark woman with beautiful eyes.Two big, black dogs came into the kitchen after her and ran across to her. She sat down and put her hands on their heads.Jackie put the sandwiches on the table. 'Mother,' she said, 'Diane phoned. She wants money for her train ticket.'1克拉克森家住在剑桥附近的乡下，离最近的村庄约有半英里路，距离河有 1 英里左右。

学术英语视听说1听力原文

学术英语视听说1听力原文Chapter 1Napoleon：From Schoolboy to EmperorNapoleon was a French soldier who became emperor of France. He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. N. wasn’t a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old, he joined the French army. In that year he began the military career that brought him fame, power, riches, and, finally, defeat. N. became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Several years later, he became the emperor of the French Empire.N. was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N. won many, many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but many countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat –his end –came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone -- deserted by his family and friends –in 1821. N. was only 51 years old when he died.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. When was Napoleon born? (a)2. What kind of student was Napoleon in most of his classes? (d)3. What did Napoleon's military career bring him? (d)4. When did Napoleon become emperor of the French Empire? (d)5. One reason that Napoleon won many military victories was that his soldiers were ready to fight to the death for him. (T)6. Austria and Russia fought fiercely against Napoleon, but England did not. (F England also fought against him.)7. Many of Napoleon's family and friends were with him when he died. (F He died alone and deserted by his family and friends.)8. Napoleon died before he reached the age of 52. (T)Listening Factoid#1The cause of Napoleon's death at the age of 51 on the island of St. Helena is still a mystery. There is no doubt that a very sick man at the time of his death. One theory about the cause of his death is that he had stomach cancer. Another theory is that he was deliberately poisoned by a servant. This third theory suggests that he was poisoned, but not by his servant. This third theory suggests that that he was poisoned, accidentally by fumes from the wallpaper were analyzed and traces of arsenic were found in it. Arsenic is powerful poison that was used in some of the dyes in wallpaper during the time that Napoleon lived. More than 170 years after his death, people are still speculating about the cause of his death.Listening Factoid #21. Ten people who speak make more noise than 10,000 who are silent.2. In politics, stupidity is not a handicap.3. A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights.4. Men of genius are meteors intended to burn to light their century.5. I know, when it is necessary, how to leave the skin of the lion to take the skin of the fox.6. History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon.7. It is success which makes great men.Chapter 2Pompeii：Destroyed, Forgotten, and FoundToday many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. P. was a beautiful city; it was located on the ocean, on the Bay of Naples.In the year 79 C.E., a young boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the eruption –the explosion -- of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of P. was at the foot of Mt. V..When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P. was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P. was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to excavate –to dig -- in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists from all over the world come to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what time of the year did wealthy Romans like to visit Pompeii? (in the summertime)2. In what year did Pliny pay a visit to his uncle/s house in Pompeii? (in 79 C.E.)3. What did Pliny see when he was looking out over the Bay of Naples one day? (a large dark cloud)4. Where was Pompeii located in relation to Mt. Vesuvius? (Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)5. When did an Italian farmer discover a part of an ancient wall of Pompeii? {in 1748)6. Rome was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. (F Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)7. Most of the people of Pompeii were able to flee the city and to escape death. (T)8. Pompeii was buried under two feet of volcanic ash. (F Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of volcanic ash.)9. Pompeii lay buried and forgotten between 79 C.E. and 1748. (T)10. The Italian farmer was looking for the ancient city of Pompeii. (F The farmer was digging on his farm.)11. Tourists come to excavate the city of Pompeii, (F Tourists come to see the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii.)Listening factoid #1In 1951, an Australian pilot prevented his plane form being shot down-by flak form a volcano. The plane was flying over a volcano in Papua, New Guinea when the volcano suddenly erupted. It sent ash and flak 36,000 feet into the air. Bits of stone pounded against the plane’s wings and fuselage, but the pilot kept control and flew the plane to safety. Incidentally, almost 3,000 people on the ground died as a result of the eruption of this volcano.Listening factoid #2Pliny the Younger saw the eruption of Mount Vesuvius form a distance. On the day of the eruption, the boy’s uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of a Roman fleet which was not far off the shore of Pompeii. On seeing the remarkable eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, Pliny the Elder, who was a great naturalist, sailed to shore to take a look at the eruption of the mountain. On his approach to the shore, he was met by a shower of hot cinders which grew thicker and hotter as he advanced. He finally landed on the shore, and went to a house away form the beach. He even went to sleep, but later in the night, the servants woke him up. By then, the house had begun to rock so violently that Pliny and everyone in his household left the house and went toward the beach to escape. Tying pillowcases on their heads, and using torches to light the way, they groped their way to the beach. But it was too late for Pliny the Elder. Apparently, he became tired and lay down on the ground to rest. But when he lay down on the ground, he died. His death was probably due to carbon dioxide poisoning. Since CO2 is heavier than air, it hugs the ground and makes it impossible to breathe when one is close to the ground. It is likely that others in the area also died of carbon dioxide poisoning if they lay down to rest on the ground below Mt. Vesuvius.Chapter 3Lance Armstrong: Survivor and WinnerLance Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971 in a suburb of Dallas, Texas, called Plano. Lance began running and swimming competitively when he was only 10 years old. By the time he was 13, he was competing in triathlons and won the Iron Kids Triathlon. Lance’s mother, who raised L. mostly by herself, recognized and encouraged his competitive spirit.During his senior year in high school, L. was invited to train with the US Olympic cycling developmental team in Colorado. From that time on, L. focused completely on cycling. By 1991, L. was the US National Amateur Champion. He also won 2 major national races the same year -- even beating some professional cyclists.Although he was generally doing very well, L. had his ups and downs. In 1992, he was expected to do very well at the Barcelona Olympics, but finished in 14th place. This was a big disappointment. L. got over the disappointment and decided to turn professional. In his first professional race, the 1992 Classico San Sebastian, he ended up finishing dead last, 27 minutes behind the winner. L.’s mother continued to encourage L. through his difficult times.Things went much better for L. in the following years. In 1993, he was the youngest person to win the World Race Championships. In the same year, he entered the Tour de France for the first time. He won one stage of the race, but dropped out of the race before finishing. In 1995, he even won the Classico S. S., the race he had finished last in, in 1992. L. also won the most important US tournament, the Tour du Pont, 2 times, in both 1995 and 1996. By 1996, L. was ranked 7th among cyclists in the world, and he signed a 2-year contract with a French racing team. At that time, everything was looking very good for L.A..However, everything changed dramatically and drastically in October of 1996, shortly after his 25th birthday. At this time, L. was diagnosed with advanced cancer that had already spread to his brain and lungs. He almost immediately underwent 2 cancer surgeries. After these 2 surgeries, he was given a 50-50 chance of survival as he began an aggressive 3-month course of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy left L. very weak, but the treatment worked well. Quite soon after, L. was declared free of cancer. L. returned to cycling and training only 5 months after he was initially diagnosed with cancer. He vowed he would return to competitive cycling better than ever.However, his French cycling team dropped L. from the team. They didn’t believe that L. would ever be able to return to his former level of strength and endurance. Fortunately the US Postal Service Team became his new sponsor. With the support of the US Postal Service Team, L. returned to racing in 1998. After one particularly bad day during one of his races, L. pulled over and decided he was done with racing. However, after spending time with his really good cycling friends, L. returned to racing, and again he was off again in pursuit of cycling victories!L.’s big comeback was marked by his victory at the 1999 Tour de France. L. repeated this feat in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, for a total of 6 consecutive victories in the Tour de France, the most prestigious and the most grueling of all cycling contests. L.s’Tour de France record may never be beaten or even matched. Interestingly, L. was the youngest person to win the World Cycling Championships in 1993 and the oldest person ever to win the Tour de France in 2004!In addition to his amazing athletic performance, L.A. has established the L.A. Foundation, which is devoted to providing information about cancer and support to cancer victims. He has also written a book about his life and winning the TdF, called Every Second Counts, and for L., every second has counted.L.A. gives a lot of credit for his success to his mother, whose independent spirit and support for L. inspired him to overcome all of life’s obstacles, both on and off the racetrack. Lance, in return, has provided inspiration to many, for his courage –both athletic and personal.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. How old was Lance when he began running and swimming competitively? (b)2. Which sports contest did Lance win when he was 13 years old? (b)3. How old was Lance when he was diagnosed with advanced cancer? (c)4. What chance for survival was Lance given after he underwent two surgeries? (c)5. Who was Lance's sponsor when he won the Tour de France in 1999? (d)6. What is the name of the book that Lance wrote that is mentioned in the lecture? (b)7. Lauce’s cancer had already spread to his lungs and brain before it was diagnoised? (T)8. Lauce’s French team dropped Lauce because they didn’t think he would ever return to his former level of strength and endurance. (T)9. Lauce won the Classico San Sebastian two times. (F He lost the first time and won the second time.)10. Lauce is the only cyclist to win the Tour de France five times consecutively. (F Lauce is the only person to win the Tour de France six times consecutively.)Listening factoid #1Amazingly enough, the bicycle is a more efficient mean of transportation than any other method of traveling. It takes much less energy to bicycle one mile than it does to walk one mile. In fact, it can take up to five times as much energy to walk a mile than to bicycle a mile. If we compare the amount of energy a human being uses to bicycle three miles, or about 5 kilometers, we find this amount of energy would power a car for only about 278 feet, or 85 meters.Listening factoid #2According to Professor Steve Jones, the three most important inventions in the history of mankind were fire, speech, and the bicycle. He says that the invention of fire freed human being from the power of climate, dangerous animals, and monotonous diets. The invention of speech meant that human being s could begin to build civilization. And the invention of the bicycle –by which he really means modern transportation in general- meant that groups of human beings were no longer isolated, but could travel great distances. Being able to travel much more freely meant that there could never again be more than one species of human beings as there had been in ancient times.Chapter 4 The Internet: How it WorksThe Internet consists of millions of computers, all linked together into a gigantic network. Now every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of this network and can communicate with any other connected computer.In order to communicate with each other, these computers are equipped with special communication software. To connect to the Internet, the user instructs the computer’s communication software to contact the Internet Service Provider, or ISP. Now an Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides Internet service to individuals, organizations, or companies, usually for a monthly charge. Local ISPs connect to larger ISPs, which in turn connect to even larger ISPs. A hierarchy of networks is formed. And this hierarchy is something like a pyramid, with lots of small networks at the bottom, and fewer but larger networks moving up the pyramid. But, amazingly, there is no one single controlling network at the top. Instead, there are dozens of high-level networks, which agree to connect with each other. It is through this process that everyone on the Internet is able to connect with everyone else on the Internet, no matter where he or she is in the world.How does information that leaves one computer travel through all of these networks, and arrives at its destination, another computer, in a fraction of a second?The process depends on routers. Now routers are specialized computers whose job is to direct the information through the networks. The data, or information, in an e-mail message, a Web page, or a file is first broken down into tiny packets. Each of these packets has the address of the sender and of the receiver, and information on howto put the packets back together. Each of these packets is then sent off through the Internet. And when a packet reaches a router, the router reads its destination address. And the router then decides the best route to send the packet on its way to its destination. All the packets might take the same route or they might go different routes. Finally, when all the packets reach their destination, they are put back into the correct order.To help you understand this process, I’m going to ask you to think of these packets of information as electronic postcards. Now imagine that you want to send a friend a book, but you can send it only as postcards. First, you would have to cup up each of the pages of the book to the size of the postcards. Next, you would need to write your address and the address of your friend on each of these postcards. You would also need to number the postcards so that your friend could put them in the correct order after he receives the postcards. After completing these steps, you would put all the postcards in the mail. You would have no way to know how each postcard traveled to reach your friend. Some might go by truck , some by train, some by plane, some by boat. Some might go by all 4 ways. Now along the way, many postal agents may look at the addresses on the postcards in order to decide the best route to send them off on to reach their destination. The postcards would probably arrive at different times. But finally, after all of the postcards had arrived, your friend would be able to put them back in the correct order and read the book.Now this is the same way that information is sent over the Internet using the network of routers, but of course it happens much, much faster!PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What is the Internet? (d)2. What is a router? (c)3. What is carried on every tiny packet of information that travels through the Internet? (d)4. What is a router compared to in the lecture? (b)5. The Internet is controlled by one gigantic ISP. (F There is no one controlling network at the top)6. Routers can send the packets of information in one e-mail massage over many different routes to their destination. (T)7. The lecturer compares the tiny packets of information that travel through the Internet to electronic postcards. (T)B. The Listening ExpansionTask 1 Connection the Process the first thingfirstthenfinallyafter completingsome stepsFirstAfter thatthenafter readingthe next stepIn the meantimeAfter completingbefore installing。

大学英语跨文化交流第一章ppt课件

Key words:
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4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective
“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.”
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3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In
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“Out of water” = Out of Context
As a schooled fish… “Water” is my culture Other Waters or Air are
3. Summarize the process of the formation of cultural identity.
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Chapter Outline
Culture
The Nature of Definitions Characteristics Cultural
Culture
How can we recognize it i精n选opptth课e件r2s02?1
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Can you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?
What and how people eat How to keep healthy How to raise children How to do business How to use time How to introduce people How to participate in ceremonies Rules for gestures Rules for facial expressions and eye contact Etiquette Work speed What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or

语言学作业第一章

语言学作业班级：姓名：Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsI. Please illustrate the following terms.1. Arbitrariness:The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.The different levels of arbitrariness:(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.(3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. 2. DualityThe property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Phatic communionPhatic communion refers to the social interaction of language.4. Synchronic linguistics:A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.II. Please distinguish the following terms:1. Langue vs. ParoleLangue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, that is, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual, and it is the linguist’s proper object;Parole refers to the realization of langue, the immediately accessible data. While parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, and it is a mass of confused facts, so it is not suitable for systematic investigation..(1) Langue is abstract, while parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs.(2) Langue is not actually spoken by anyone, while parole is always a naturally occurring event.(3) Langue is relatively stable, systematic and social, while parole is subject to personal, individual and situational constraints.(4) Langue is essential while parole is accessory and accidental.2. Descriptive vs. PrescriptiveThe distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character.The grammarians tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. That is prescriptive.These attitudes are still with us, though people realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority-made “standards”. The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.3. Synchronic vs. DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.Actually synchrony is a fiction since any language is changing as the minutes pass.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.4. Competence vs. PerformanceAccording to Chomsky:A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language or the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances in concrete situations.A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, so a speaker’s performance does not always or equal his supposed competence.He believes that linguists ought to study competence rather than performance.5. Langue vs. CompetenceAccording to Chomsky:Langue is a social product, a systematic inventory of rules of the language, a set of conventions for a speech community.Competence is defined from the psychological point of view, is deemed as a property of the mind of each individuals, or underlying competence as a system of generative processes.According to Hymes:He approaches language from a socio-cultural viewpoint with the aim of studying the varieties of ways of speaking on the part of individual and the community.He extended notion of competence, restricted by Chomsky to a knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic ability for language use. This extended idea of competence can be called communicative competence.III. Answer the following questions in brief:1. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the synchronic ordiachronic orientation just from the titles?1) English Examined: Two Centuries of Comment on the Mother Tongue2) Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage3) Pejorative Sense Development in English4) The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation5) Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular1) diachronic 2）synchronic 3）diachronic 4）synchronic5）We can’t judge whether it is synchronic or diachronic orientation just from the titles.2. What is language? What is linguistics?Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication and interaction.Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. The aims of linguistic theory: 1) what is knowledge of language? (Competence) 2) how is knowledge of language acquired? (Acquisition) 3) how is knowledge of language put to use? (Performance/language processing). Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics, Phonology Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics.3. How do you understand performative function of language?The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons or the situations of events, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an as a means of controlling the invisible forces which the believers feel might affect their lives adversely.IV. Discuss the following question in detail.How do you interpret the viewpoint that “arbitrariness is a matter of degree”?1)Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words:The dog barks bow wow in English but “汪汪汪” in Chinese.2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.⏹He came in and sat down.⏹He sat down and came in.⏹He sat down after he came in.3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.⏹Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative.⏹Conventionality of language makes learning a languagelaborious.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds I. Complete the following statements.1. Human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and conceptswhich are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as __________.2. The sound [p] can be described with “voiced, __________, stop.”3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically differentbut do not make one word different from another in meaning,, are_________. 4. Both semantics and ________ investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus ondifferent aspects.5. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language andsettle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is ___________ linguistics.6. Phones that fall into allophones of a phoneme have to satisfy two conditions, oneis they are ___________________, and another is that they should be in _____________________.7. The vowel ________ is high front tense unrounded.8. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days, because itslanguage does not have the feature of ___________.9. Computational linguistics often refers to the problems of ________________,information retrieval, and ______________.10. Halliday proposed a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has___________, ____________ and _____________ functions.II. Define the following terms.1. Manner of articulation:2. Distinctive features:3. Intonation:4. Assimilation:III. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using distinctive features.1) [l] [ł ] 2) [p h] [p] 3) [b] [d] 4) [k] [g] 5) [I] [u]2. Work out the features of the following sounds.1) [t h] ________________________________________2) [w] ________________________________________3) [v] ________________________________________4) [ð] _________________________________________5) [l] __________________________________________3. In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels, as shownby the phonetic transcription. Based on these data, answer the questions that follow.A B. Cbite [bʌi t]bide [ba i d]tie [ta i]rice [rʌi s]rise [ra i z]by [ba i]type [tʌi p]bribe [b r aib] sigh [s a i]wife [wʌi f]wives [wa i vz]die [d a i]tyke [tʌi k]time [ta i m]why [wa i]1) What is the difference of the sounds that end the words in columns A and B?2) How do the words in column C differ from those in column A and B?3) Are [ʌi] and [a i] in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.4) What are the phonetic transcriptions of (a) life and (b) lives?5) What would the phonetic transcriptions of the following words be in the dialectsof English shown in the data?(a) trial (b) bike (c) lice(d) fly (e) mine6) State the rule that will relate the phonemic representations to be phonetictranscriptions of the words given above.IV. Discuss the questions in details.1. Illustrate phoneme, phone and allophone.2. To what extent is phonology related ot phonetics and how do they differ?。

语言学第一章

Theoretical linguistics
2.1ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱPhonetics( 语音学） is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication， e g. how a person make a sound 2.2 Phonology(音位学）studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication, for example, the sound /l/
in leap and feel are two different sounds, but they are interchangeable and make no differences in meaning, we can just leave them as one phoneme(音位） /l/
3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic
Synchronic study（共时的）---- description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study（历时的）---- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time)
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of social aspects of language and its relation with society ,for example, dirty words are spoken in different social classes, but the extent of speaking it is varied concerning different area, education background and so on. 2.8 Psycholinguistics（心理语言学） is the study of language that relates to psychology such as how our mind works when we use language, how we memorize and how we process the information we receive in communication.

语言学复习重点第一章

Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics(这一章主要探讨什么是语言，语言的功能是什么，语言的起源和分类，以及，什么是语言学，语言学的研究范围是什么)1.1 The nature of language---什么是语言？一句话总结，Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (systematic, symbolic, arbitrary, primarily vocal, human specific, used for communication)nguage is systematic 系统性（重点：语言的双重性duality）解释：language is systematic since element in it are arranged to certain rules.(e.g.only certain combination of sounds are possible in English)双重性duality: Each language is organized into two basic systems: a system of sound and a system of meaning.nguage is symbolic 符号性（重点：Icon, Index, Symbol 的区分）解释：there is no or little connection between the sounds that people use and objects to which the sounds refer.（这句话丝毫没重点，不过没办法，PPT上这么说，我觉得对符号性的理解应该是people use signs to communicate, which means that language involves signs 才有逻辑）因为：伟大的现代语言学之父Saussure: linguistics is a subdivision（分支）of semiology(符号学), dealing with language as a special means of human communication. （语言学是符号学的分支，是研究语言作为以一种特殊交流方法的学科。

第一级中英文对照文本

The boy eats from a bowl. 男孩儿用碗吃饭。
And the bug eats from a bottle cap.虫子用瓶盖吃饭。
They all read from the same book.他们同看一本书。
Chapter 2 第二章
There go a bug, a boy, and a bear.虫子、男孩儿和熊在往田地里走。
And the rabbit can only watch.兔子只能看着。
Chapter 3 第三章
A boy, a bug, and a bear play hid-and-seek.男孩儿、虫子和熊在玩捉迷藏。
The bear is big. The bug and the boy always find him.熊很大，虫子和男孩儿总能找到它。
The bear digs the dirt.熊来翻土。
The bug plats seeds.虫子来播种。
The boy waters them.男孩儿来浇水。
The seeds grow into plants.种子发芽了。
A rabbit comes and eats them.一只兔子跑来吃这些植物。
When spats said no, the bird said yes.斯派茨说“不”的时候，小鸟却说“是”。
“Look out,” said the bird.“当心！”小鸟说。
“There’s a big dog right in front of us!”“我们前面有只大狗！”
The bird led Spats to the nearest tree.小鸟带着斯派茨跑到了离它们最近的树那里。

英文影视赏析(1)

Comparison between early cinema and modern movies

From an aesthetic point of view, early cinema bears little in common with the cinema of today. They commonly sought to record and represent aspects of “real life”. Early cinema relied primarily on spectacle rather than narrative.

New Hollywood Period (Renaissance)
新好莱坞时期（复兴时期) Late 1960’s-1970’s
Байду номын сангаас

New New Hollywood Period
新新好莱坞时期 From 1980’s
New Hollywood Period (Renaissance)
The late 1960’s and 1970’s
Early Cinema
1829 1832 1853
早期电影
发现“视象暂留原理” 发明“诡盘” 运用幻灯，放映了原始的动画片
比利时约瑟夫普拉多比利时约瑟夫普拉多奥地利冯乌却梯奥斯将军
18721878 1888
1894 1895
美国法国
美国法国
爱德华慕布里奇雷诺
爱迪生卢米埃尔兄弟
Classical Hollywood Cinema
经典好莱坞电影
Early 1920’s—Late 1950’s The most important technological advance: the arrival of sound and colour. The period is characterized by the emergence of the “studio system” （制片厂制度）and the domination of five major companies (the so-called “big five”)

博弈论第一章

招认囚徒１沉默
囚徒２招认沉默 –5, -5 0, -8 -8, 0 -1 , -1
囚徒的困境
策略“沉默”严格劣于策略“招认”
博弈分析的目的：预测博弈的均衡结果，即给定每个参与人都是理性的是共同知识，什么是每个参与人的最优策略？什么是所有参与人的最优策略组合？
*肯定性（sure-thing）或替代性（substitution）公理：一个决策者在事件Ａ发生的偏好选项１胜于选项２，并且在事件Ａ不发生时也偏好选项１胜于选项２，那么就有，他在知道事件Ａ无论是发生还是不发生之前都应该偏好选项１胜于选项２。
Chapter 1 完全信息静态博弈 Static Games of Complete Information In this chapter we consider games of the following simple form: first, the players simultaneously choose actions; then, the players receive payoffs that depend on the combination of actions just chosen. Within the class of such static (or simultaneous-move) games,we restrict attention to games of complete information. That
招认
囚徒２招认沉默 –5, -5 0, -8
-8, 0 -1 , -1
囚徒１
沉默
囚徒的困境
We now turn to the general case. The normal-form representation of a game specifies: (1)the players in the game; (2)the strategies available to each player; (3)the payoff received by each player for each combination of strategies that could be chosen by the players.

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2.
We have shipped the 3 dozen desk sets you ordered.
2.
Your 3 dozen desk sets should reach you with this letter.
外语教学与研究出版社
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Exercise II on page 16
1. We will be pleased to deliver your order by May 16. 3. I am please to inform you that I can grant your request for payment of travel expenses. 6. we have received your letter of May 16.
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Exercise IV on page 17

2. We will deliver the goods in the near future. soon 4. I will talk to him with regard to the new policy. about 6. You should study all new innovations in your field.

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Exercise I on page 15
1.Unfortunately, your order cannot be sent until next week. 2.To avoid the loss of your credit rating, please remit payment within 10 days. 3.Your misunderstanding of our January 8 letter caused you to make this mistake. 4.You cannot visit the plant except on Saturday.

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Taking a positive tone

A positive tone builds the reader’s confidence in the writer’s ability to solve problems and strengthens personal and business relationships.
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Example 4

They informed Messrs. Smith and Richardson that they would receive an answer in a few days. (Poor) They informed Messrs. Smith and Richardson that the latter would receive an answer in a few days. (Better)

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Correctness

Correct grammar, punctuation and spelling are basic requirements for business writing, In addition, correctness means choosing the correct level of language, and using accurate information and data.

Being conversational
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Different viewpoint
We / I-viewpoint
1.
You-viewpoint
We are in need of 1. In order to maintain fund, you must remit your excellent credit the payment within 10 rating, please remit days. in 10 days.

Being prompt in replying to the opposite part’s letter. The reply should usually be sent on the same day.
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Courtesy

Using you-viewpoint
Taking a positive tone

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Being conversational
The writer has traveled on a piece of paper to talk to the reader with a sense of personal contact. Warm and natural language, more interesting, convincing Avoid using cold and too formal words.

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Key
Your order can only be sent next week. Please remit payment within 10 days so that you can maintain your credit rating. If you had understood our January 8 letter, you would have done it correctly. You can visit the plant only on Saturday.

Courtesy Clarity Correctness Concreteness Conciseness Completeness
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Courtesy

Treating people with respect and friendly human concern. Considering the reader’s desires, problems, circumstances, emotions and probable reactions.

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Conciseness
Effective writing is concise—each word, sentence, and paragraph counts. Conciseness means to write in the fewest possible words without sacrificing completeness and courtesy. Because a wordy message requires more time to write and read, business people put a high premium on conciseness in business messages. Conciseness will give emphasis to your message.

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Key
1. your order will be delivered by May 16. 3. you will be glad to know that your request for payment of travel expenses is granted. 6. your letter of May 16 has been received. / Thank you for your letter of May 16.

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Example 3

We do not anticipate any increase in prices in the near future. (Poor) We do not expect prices to rise soon. (Better) Owing to the fact that your competitor’s price is much lower than yours, we cannot accept your offer. (Poor) Because your competitor’s price is much lower than yours, we cannot accept your offer. (Better)
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Example 1
Dear Sirs, we are sorry you have misunderstood us. (×) Dears Sirs, we are sorry we didn’t make ourselves clear. (√) We cannot understand why you have had trouble with these articles. (×) We presume that there must be some reasons for you having trouble with these articles. (√)
Business Writing
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Functions of Business Writing
1.
2.
To inform To persuade
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To inform
Messages to inform are used to convey the vast amount of information needed to complete the day-to-day operations . The major purpose of most of these messages is to have the receiver understand a body of information and concentrate on the logical presentation of the content.

chapter_1

海底两万里每一章100字梗概

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