英汉互译中的词类转换-汇总

2.2 有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受（遭） 到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。



Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. 由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响， 卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。 The company impressed itself greatly upon the mind of customers. 公司在顾客脑海中留下了不可磨灭的印象。
3. 转译成形容词







3.1 形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。 He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. 他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很 大的怀疑。
4. 其他词类转译



4.1 形容词与副词的互相转译 1）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形 容词往往转译成汉语副词。 Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero. 偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不 时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。 It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a ChineseAmerican dialogue. 这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望 开始中美对话的原因。
English English sentence contains no more than one predicate verbs in that predicate verbs in sentences are confined by many grammatical rules. Meanwhile, nouns which are originated from verbs also indicate movements, actions, changes, sensations, states, etc. Compared with verbs, they are less marked and more flexibly placed in a sentence. Nominalization is a predominant feature in English.
1. 转译成动词




英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这 是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词， 而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如： He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。 汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此， 英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副 词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。
我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。
1.3 形容词转译成动词

英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容 词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。 如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious 等。
1.2 介词转译成动词




“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越 过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉 台，进了门廊。 I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.




பைடு நூலகம்
Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但 是我必须小心谨慎。
2）含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多） 往往可以转译成动词。

The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令 我特别神往。 A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑 和林肯纪念馆的全景。
英汉互译中的词类转换

由于汉语国家和英语国家在历史、文化、 风俗习惯等各方面的不同，在语言上形 成了很大差异。有时候一句英文在英美 人看来顺理成章，但在中国人看来却是 颠三倒四，极为别扭。很多时候，需要 我们对语言中的词类进行转换，然后再 翻译，方可使译文显得通顺、自然。
Nominalization in English and Verbalization in Chinese
1.1 名词转译成动词


1）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比 较多。 The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli’s right to exist. 1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉 伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
Nominalization in English and Verbalization in Chinese
Chinese In Chinese, verbs are unmarked and less confined so that clusters of verbs are used to express an event in one sentence. A frequent use of verbs is predominant in Chinese sentences.
2.

转译成名词




2.1 英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用 的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时 可将其转译成汉语名词。 1）名词派生的动词 Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 2）名词转用的动词 Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命 后，在大气层中焚毁。
2.3 形容词转译成名词



1）英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译 时常译成名词。如： They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。 2）此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如： Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 They were considered insincere. 他们被人认为是伪君子。
3.2 有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转 译成形容词。




The blockade was a success. 封锁很成功。 As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这城市是完全陌生的，所以我希望你能 给他必要的帮助。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。




He turned talkative at the mention of tea. 一提到茶，他的话就多起来。 She jumped up for joy at the news of her husband’s return.
听到丈夫要回来这个好消息，她高兴地跳了起 来。 Admission to the university is by examination and selection. 进大学要考试，择优录取。

3）英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，有时可转换为其 对应的名词。



如teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其 身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰 当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。 I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。 Sea gulls are good flyers. 海鸥很善于飞行。 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。