英文学术论文写作技巧(写作常用句型)
英文论文写作中常用的10种句式
英文论文写作中常用的10种句式1、否定句许多否定句不含not的否定结构。
如果论文作者能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使显得生动活泼。
,childrenshouldbetaughthowtobenefitfromusefulin formationontheinternet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。
我们绝不能忽视知识的巨大价值。
erstandingofsocieties.大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱，而是为了更好地了解社会。
’ssalarydoesnotdependsomuchonhiseducationalbackgroun dasonhisabilityandcontributiontothesociety.一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献。
2、非限制性定语从句如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。
,practicalcoursescanbeusedtothereality,whichiso fvitalimportancetotheirdevelopmentinthefuture.毫无疑问，实用性课程可以用于实际中，这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。
,whichissometimesdangerousandharmful.孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。
hmoreopportunitiestodeveloptheirinterpersonalskills ,whichmayputtheminafavorablepositioninthefuturejobm arkets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
3、让步句让步句是写论文最常用的句式之一，作者务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏跌宕，富于变化。
学术研究中的英语写作技巧推荐
学术研究中的英语写作技巧推荐在学术研究中，英语写作是一项至关重要的技能。
无论是撰写论文、发表研究成果还是与国际同行交流，良好的英语写作能力都是必不可少的。
本文将介绍一些学术研究中的英语写作技巧，帮助读者提升自己的写作水平。
一、选择合适的词汇和句型在学术写作中，使用准确、恰当的词汇和句型是非常重要的。
首先，要避免使用口语化的词汇和俚语，而应该选择正式、专业的术语。
其次，要注意使用准确的动词和形容词，避免使用过于笼统或模糊的词汇。
此外，可以尝试使用一些学术写作常用的句型，如“It is widely acknowledged that…”、“There is growing evidence to suggest that…”等，以提升文章的表达力和严谨性。
二、合理组织文章结构良好的文章结构对于传达思想和观点非常重要。
在学术写作中，常用的结构包括引言、正文和结论。
引言部分应该简要介绍研究背景和目的，并概括前人研究成果。
正文部分应该合理组织，清晰地呈现研究方法、实验结果和分析讨论。
结论部分应该总结研究成果，并提出未来的研究方向。
此外，还可以使用一些连接词和过渡句，如“however”、“on the other hand”、“in contrast”等，使文章结构更加连贯。
三、注意文章的逻辑性和连贯性在学术写作中，逻辑性和连贯性是非常重要的。
文章中的每个段落都应该有明确的主题句，并围绕主题句展开论述。
同时，要注意段落之间的过渡，以确保文章的连贯性。
此外，还可以使用一些逻辑连接词，如“therefore”、“thus”、“consequently”等，来表达因果关系和逻辑推理，使文章更具说服力。
四、避免冗长和啰嗦的表达学术写作应该力求简洁、明了，避免冗长和啰嗦的表达。
可以通过删除冗余的词汇和句子，简化句子结构，以及使用简洁的动词和形容词来实现。
此外，还可以使用一些缩写词和缩略语，如“e.g.”、“i.e.”、“etc.”等，来简化表达。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结1.引言句型：- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid development of...- In the context of...- It is widely recognized that...2.目的句型：- The purpose of this study is to...- This research aims to...- The objective of this paper is to...3.方法句型：- The experimental design involves...- The research methodology employed in this study includes...4.结果句型：- The results indicate that...- It is evident from the findings that...- The study reveals that...- The data suggests that...5.讨论句型：- The current study has several implications for...- These results are consistent with previous research showing...- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be considered, such as...6.结论句型：- In conclusion...- To sum up...- Overall...- This study provides further evidence that...7.建议句型：- It is suggested that future research should focus on...- Further investigation is warranted to...8.引用句型：- According to (author's name), (quote)...- (Author's name) has argued that...- The literature suggests that...9.比较句型：- In contrast to...- On the other hand...- Similarly...10.解释句型：- This can be attributed to...- One possible explanation for this phenomenon is...- The results can be explained by...请注意，在撰写SCI论文时应避免直接复制粘贴以上句型，而是根据具体情况进行适当修改，以确保句子的流畅性和准确性。
学术写作常用词汇句型
学术写作常用词汇句型一、表示因果关系的词汇与句型。
1. 词汇。
- because [bɪˈkɔːz]：连词，“因为”。
例如：He didn't come because he was ill.- since [sɪns]：连词，“既然；因为”，可表示已知的原因。
例如：Since you are here, you can help me.- as [æz]：连词，“由于”，强调两个动作同时发生或某事为众人所知的原因。
例如：As it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.- therefore [ˈðeəfɔː(r)]：副词，“因此；所以”。
例如：He was ill, and therefore could not come.- consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli]：副词，“因此；结果”。
例如：She missed the train and consequently was late for the meeting.- so [səʊ]：连词，“所以”，口语和书面语都常用。
例如：It was raining, so we took an umbrella.2. 句型。
- The reason why... is that...：“……的原因是……”。
例如：The reason why he failed the exam is that he didn't study hard.- Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + noun phrase, clause：“由于……”。
- Due to [djuː tuː]：例如：Due to the bad weather, the flight was delayed.- Owing to [ˈəʊɪŋ tuː]：例如：Owing to his carelessness, he made a lot of mistakes.- Thanks to [θæŋks tuː]：常带有感激的意味，例如：Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.二、表示比较和对比的词汇与句型。
英语学术论文常用句型总结版
英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。
6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。
7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。
9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
英文学术论文写作技巧
英文学术论文写作技巧在英文学术论文写作中，使用恰当的句型和表达可以增强文章的逻辑性和可读性。
以下是一些常用的句型：1.引言- In recent years, there has been a growing interest in...- It is widely acknowledged that...- With the rapid development of...- The purpose of this study is toinvestigate/examine/analyze...2.文献综述- According to previous research, ...- Several studies have shown/suggested/indicated that...- Smith (2024) pointed out that...- Previous studies have focused on..., however, little attention has been given to...3.问题陈述- One of the major challenges in this field is...- The main issue for consideration is...- This problem can be attributed to...- It is important to address this issue because...4.方法描述- The research was conducted using aquantitative/qualitative approach.- A sample of XX participants was selected for the study.- The data were collected throughsurveys/interviews/observations.- Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS/Excel.5.结果呈现- The findings of the study suggest/indicate/show that...- The data revealed a significant/inverse correlation between...- It was found that there is a strong association between X and Y.- These results support the hypothesis/theory/framework that...6.讨论- The results are consistent with previousstudies/scholarship/theories.- The findings of this study provide important insights into the understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.- Further research is needed to explore/address/clarify the factors/relationships.7.结论- In conclusion, this study has shown/provided evidence that...- The findings of this research contribute to the existing literature.- This study has implications for futurepractice/policy/research.- To sum up, this research provides a foundation for further investigation.8.建议- Future studies should focus on...- It is important to develop/implement strategies/policies to...- The implications of this research suggest the need for...这些句型可以帮助你陈述论文的目的、描绘问题、描述方法、呈现结果和讨论结论。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
（known /h eard/h ad/r ead, etc）Lack of in ter p ers on al sk ills is one of th e mos t serious d ef ec ts t hat we h ave ever kn ow n about t od ay' s（olle ge s tudents.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、No th i ng is + ------- er th an to + VN oth i ng is + m or e + 形容词+ t ha n to + V例句：For pare nts, n o th i ng is m or e imp ort a nt t h a n to ed uc ate c h ildr en in a p ro per w ay. 没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、 -- c ann ot em ph asiz e t he imp ort ance of ------------- to o m uch.（再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过。
）例句: We c an not em ph asiz e th e im por ta nee o f p rotec ting c ele br it ies ' pr iv acy to o m uch.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、T h ere is n o de ny i ng t hat + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句: T h ere is no denying th at the pr act ic al it y of o ur high er ed ucat i on h as g o ne fro m bad t o w ors e.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
最加分的英文学术论文常用句型，拿走不谢！
最加分的英文学术论文常用句型，拿走不谢！开始写学期论文了吧，是不是写着写着就词穷了？数据不会描述，观点不会引用，各种问题层出不穷，需要帮助了吧！小编这么贴心，当然知道你的需求咯！下面献上的这份超全面的英文学术论文常用句型，还不快收藏了好好学习！想要高分论文，小编只能帮你到这了！英文学术论文常用句型引用数据（图表、表格）1. 常用的动词：show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide,list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …2. as从句：As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …引用/简述他人的研究/观点：1. XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为：state,claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe,develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss,observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume,speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend2. 其它：Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …表达可能性：It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径：There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …表示例外：With the exception o f …Apart from …Except for …表示原因/缘由：be due tobe attibuted tobe accounted forbe a consequence ofstem from表示定义/命名：be namedbe calledbe denoted bybe known asbe defined asbe referred to引出设问句（不能直接使用设问句）：It is uncertain/unclear …It has not been determined …It is necessary to consider …The question remains …Current studies provide little information on …We need to know/consider …There is some question as to …Another issue raised by this study is …指出问题所在：This system/process/idea has its problems. There remains the issue of reliability.This model has some serious liminations. Few solutions have been found to …Little progress has been made in …The problem remains as to how …Researchers still have to find a way to …引出解决方案：Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One remedy is to …One method to address this difficulty is to …There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The first … The second …Several options are available to address this obstacle. Howe ver, the best one seems to be …A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this limitation.Recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming this difficulty by …引出中心话题：Recently, there has been growing interest in …The p ossibility of … has generated wide interest in …The development of … is a classic problem in …The development of … has led to the hope that …The … has become a favorite topic foranalysis …Knowledge of … has great importance for …The study of … has become an important aspect of …A central issue in … is …(The) … has been extensively studied inrecent years.Many investigators have recently turned to …The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.Many recent studies have focused on …表达相似之处：Similarly, …Likewise, …In the same fashion, …As in X, in Y …Like X, Y …The same …X is similar/comparable to YX resemble YX correspond to Y表达不同之处或比较/对照：In contrast, …Unlike X, Y …In contrast to …On the other hand, ……; however, ……, but …Whereas/While …, ……, whereas/while …X differ from YX is different from YX contrast with评价他人的研究/论著：1.正面：useful, important, interesting, clarity,accessibility,detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive,practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original,perceptive, rigorous, economical2.负面：inconsistent, restricted,misleading, thin, anecdotal, sloppy总结：Overall, …In general, …On the whole, …In the main, …With … exception(s), …The overall results indicate …The results indicate, overall, that …指出本研究的局限：It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with …This analysis has concentrated on …The findings of this study are restricted to …Th is study has addressed only the question of …The limination of this study are clear: …We would like to point out that we have not …指出研究结果的局限：However, the findings do not imply …The results of this study cannot be taken asevidence for …Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …指出本研究的意义：Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest …Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to in dicate …However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …。
英语议论文写作36个常用句型
l 前进类（用来论证好的方面）1. benefit from 从……当中获益例句：Many children who suffer from this illness will benefit from the new treatment(治疗).【主语一般为人，宾语一般为物】详解：这个句型与is beneficial to …(对……有益)的主语和宾语正好相反。
有时还可以把它们放在文章不同位置交替使用，来实现句式的多样化。
例句：Confucius' thought is beneficial to mankind. 孔子的思想有益于全人类。
例句：However, these habits are beneficial to my body.不过这些习惯是否有益于我身体。
2. Invest in 对……投资例句：Let's invest in our people without leaving them a mountain of debt.近义词汇：subsidize/sponsor/allocate to反义句型：withdraw/suspend the funding of…中止对……的投资例句：That money is used to subsidize /sponsor /allocate everything else.例句：Japan withdrew the funding of Africa.3. Promote the development of…促进……的发展例句：This championships will surely promote the development of basketball.详解：近义句型：facilitate the development of…/is a main contributor to….例句：Soil erosion is a main contributor to water pollution.4. Boost efficiency / productivity 提高效率/生产率例句：The language can simplify projects, reduce costs and boost efficiency.近义句型：enhance efficiency / productivity例句：We should constantly improve our own skills, in order to enhance efficiency.我们应该不断提高自身技术水平，以提高工作效率。
英语学术论文常用句型(大全)(免费)
英语学术论文常用经典句型(1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. 英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex1.problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem.2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.6. Several problems are associated with them.7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.8. Most problems in practice are complicated9. More problem surface here.10. Hamper effort toward a xx system11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.5. Main simplifying assumptions are:6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research2. Information is incorporated within the scheme3. Is built into ... structure4. A nice modular structure.5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassification1. A xx system comprises three main components:2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..3. Consists of the following steps:4. This is summarized in the following steps:5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas:l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing thel Can allow further breadth of application of ...into morel The following steps should be followedl xx can be classified by a different ways.l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.l The system consists of both ... and ...l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.l expert system domains are area of expertisel To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:l The system has been developed / designed to determinel The system has proven to be able tol The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domainl The system comprises a ... withl The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniquel The system environment must be relatively stablel The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.l The most essential part of .. system is the ...l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development ofl An automated system was developed for英语学术论文常用经典句型(3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.l An interactive automatic ... systeml A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. systeml Should be capable of being generated from a ... systeml xx is an important part of the integrated system.l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer Systeml The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WA TFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on aXX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor.l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor.l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyl Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.l This combination is being implemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Smalltalk 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving systeml To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of thel Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally acceptedl This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.l This can be accomplished byl This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:l The above preliminary analysis has provided important informationl Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...l These concepts have been applied tol On the basis of the concept mentioned above,l This can be achieved byl This fact suggests that a new conceptl This was accomplished by taking ...l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibilityl There is little hope of achieving successful ...l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception ofl Only a few studies can be found.l It is a very tedious process to go throughl It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedl The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.l Several techniques can be usedl A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.l A process decision model captures the logic essential tol From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.l A number of heuristic rules have been developed forl Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatl An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determinel Euler's formula states the following:l The completed model should agree with the formula.l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessaryl Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful.Point of Viewl from an implementation standpoint,l From the point of view of this application,l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canl Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Datal The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.l The data consists of over xx measurements.l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxl Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed. l This example clearly demonstrates that the pro an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisonsl As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitablel As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],英语学术论文常用经典句型(4)as shown in Table 1 and 2l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data.l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row headings,xx through xx as column headings.l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made.CONJUGATIONTo Indicate Additionl additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speakingTo Indicate Cause and Effectl accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, trulyTo indicate Comparisonl in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternativelyTo Indicate Concessionl after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of courseTo Indicate Contrastl and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately,To Indicate Time Relationships：after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, whileTo Indicate Special Features or Examples：for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / aboveTo Indicate Summary：in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately,VERB PHASEl build a .. modell build up the key linkl began a new era in ...l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained throughl can result inl carries out ... tasksl production information in order to simultaneouslyl contains all information necessary to describel do not make use of production informationl deals withl end with failurel fetch the information from the model directlyl has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of /been recognized asl BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a composite component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the searchl makes use ofl make upl meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon itl must be justifiedl point outl play an important role。
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总1.引言句:- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid advancement of technology, there is an increasing need for...- The issue of... has attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry.2.概括句:- In summary, it can be concluded that...- Overall, the findings suggest that...- Taken together, these results indicate that...3.解释原因句:- This can be attributed to...- The main factor contributing to... is...- The reason for this phenomenon can be explained by...4.分析结果句:- The results imply that...- It is evident from the data that...- The findings provide insight into...5.提出观点句:- It is worth noting that...- It can be argued that...6.强调句:- Importantly,...- Of particular significance is...- An important aspect to consider is...7.限定句:- However,...- Nevertheless,...- On the other hand,...8.总结句:- In conclusion, it is clear that...- To sum up,...- Therefore, it can be inferred that...9.建议句:- One possible solution to address this issue is... - It is advisable to...10.进一步研究句:- Future research should focus on...- There is a need for further investigation into...- It would be interesting to explore...注意，在写作过程中，应根据具体情况选择合适的句式，并结合适当的过渡词来使论文内容具有连贯性和逻辑性。
SCI论文写作框架及英文常用句型模板
SCI论文写作框架及英文常用句型模板1.标题：明确论文的主题和目标。
2.摘要：简要介绍论文的内容、研究方法和主要结论，通常在200-300个词之间。
3.引言：介绍研究的背景和意义，阐述相关文献的研究进展，明确研究的目的和研究问题。
4.材料与方法：详细描述研究所采用的方法和实验设计，包括样本收集、实验设置、数据分析等。
5.结果：以文字和图表的形式呈现研究的主要结果，客观、简明地总结实验数据。
6.讨论：对结果进行解释和分析，比较实验结果和现有文献，指出研究的局限性，提出建议和展望。
7.结论：简明扼要地总结研究的主要发现，回答引言中提出的研究问题，强调研究的重要性和价值。
英文常用句型模板：1.引言部分：- Introduce the background of the study: "In recent years, there has been a growing interest in..."- State the importance of the research: "This study aims to address the gap in knowledge by..."- Outline the objectives of the study: "This study seeks to investigate..., and to determine the impact of..."2.材料与方法部分：- Describe the research design: "A cross-sectional study design was employed..."- Explain the selection of participants: "A sample size of n=200 was determined based on..."- Discuss the data collection procedure: "Data was collected through structured interviews..."- Detail the statistical analysis: "Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were conducted using..."3.结果部分：- Present the findings: "The results showed that there was a significant difference between..."- Discuss the key trends or patterns: "This finding suggests a positive correlation between X and Y."- Highlight any unexpected or interesting results: "Contrary to our hypothesis, the study found that..."4.讨论部分：- Interpret the findings: "These results suggest that X may be a key factor influencing Y."- Identify the limitations of the study: "One potential limitation of this study is the small sample size."- Provide suggestions for future research: "Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of..."- Conclude the discussion: "In conclusion, this study contributes to the understanding of..."5.结论部分：- Summarize the main findings: "In summary, this study found that..."- Emphasize the significance of the research: "Thesefindings have important implications for..."- Discuss the potential applications of the results: "The findings of this study could be useful in..."以上是SCI论文写作的一般框架和常用句型模板，根据具体情况和论文要求，可以进行适当调整和修改。
小论文(SCI)Abstract、Introduction和Discussion写作常用句型
Abstract一、在摘要中直接提出论文主题的句型和句式1、In this paper,we present a… approach to…本文提出了一种针对…的…方法。
2、In this paper,we describe improved… models for…本文介绍几种针对…的改进的…模型。
3、We propose a new… model and…algorithm that enables us to…我们提出一种新的…模型和…算法，它让我们能够…4、We present a…model that enables…我们提出了一种…模型，它使我们能够…5、This paper demonstrates the ability of …to perform robust and accurate…本文证明了…进行…可靠准确的…的能力。
6、In this paper we report results of a…approach to…本文报导了…的…方法的实验结果。
7、This paper demonstrates that…can effectively…with very high accuracy.本文证明，…能够有效地准确地…8、The purpose/goal/intention/objective/object/emphasis/aim of this paper is…本文的目的是…9、The primary/chief/overall/main object of this study is to survey…本研究的首要目标是考察…10、The chief aim of this paper/research/study/experiment/the present work is…本文的主要目标是…11 、The emphasis of this study lies in …我们的研究重点是…12、The work presented in this paper focuses on…本文所述工作重点放在…13、Our goal has been to provide…我们的目标是提供…14、The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …我们的研究目标是获取有关…的知识。
英语科技论文写作的常用句式
英语科技论文写作的常用句式英语科技论文写作的常用句式导语：英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。
那么它的写作句式都有哪些？以下是小编为大家搜集的文章，欢迎大家阅读与借鉴！研究现状模块的常用句式研究现状模块，主要阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作，通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。
研究现状这部分的目的是引出存在的问题。
“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作，一般用现在完成时：(1)用主动语态时，常用researcher／author／investigator／writer等作主语，如：Many／Several／A number of／Few researchers have studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on／discussed／considered+研究主题．(2)用被动语态时，常用study／research／investigation／experiment／work／attention等作主语。
如果描述“研究主题”的单词少，那么“研究主题”可置于句中，如：Many studies／researches／investigationes／experimentes on+研究主题+have been performed／done／published．当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时，可置于句末，如：Much work／attention has been performed／done／published on+研究主题．用被动语态时，也可用“研究主题”作主语，如：研究主题+has been studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on ／discussed／considered by many investigators／several researchers／a number of authors／few writers．又如：The study of+研究主题+has been widely reported／found／published in the literature．“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。
英语科技论文常用句型结构-new
英语科技论文常用句型结构-new英语科技论文常用句型结构-new英语科技论文常用句型结构1. Introduction(引言):引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。
1）研究目的（1）论文导向使用paper, thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词，直接提及研究论文本身，而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。
常用的句型有：The purpose of this paper is…/The aim of this report is…/The objective of the paper is to obtain quantitative about the particles size distribution/to model the dynamic behavior in the super-or near-critical CO2 extraction.（2）研究导向study, research, investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。
这类句子是表达已经过去的事情，所以使用一般过去时态。
The purpose of the experiment reported here was…/The aim of this study was…/The objective of this research was to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit./to examine the apparent osmotic behavior of some contemporary commercial reverse osmosis membranes.或用被动结构：In the research described here, /In this study, /In the present investigation, /In this research, /In the experimentsreported here, vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 20 kilometers off the coast was examined.描述研究目的时，最简单的句型是用this paper, this study, this project, this research等词做主语，后面用实意动词作谓语，如investigate, discuss, examine, test等，宾语为研究内容。
英文论文写作常用句法
写英文的论文总不如用汉语那么顺畅，所以想到看英文文章的时候把大师们常用的句法、写作方法摘出来，以备自己写的时候不用再在海量的文章里找类似的句子，节省了时间，也能更加方便快捷的用正宗的英语把自己想要表达的意思表达出来，同时也能提高英文写作的能力。
只不过这个不是一天两天就可以完成，需要长期坚持。
暂时这里只列出了一小部分，把它分享出来，希望能对大家有用，也对自己起到一个督促的作用，会继续总结文章中常用的句子，词等等。
欢迎大家一起进行补充，交流心得。
文章来源From: Unsupervised Object Segmentation with a Hybird Graph Model(PAMI2010)在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sthIn this paper , we propose the ...在这一章节，我们介绍……In this section , we present ...We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks :A被认为是BA can be regarded as B为了这个目的，我们提出了 ATo this end ,we propose A.在样本的……和……上都很有效make effective use of both ...and ...among samples.当应用到……中的时候When applied to...通过将……和……结合起来，……By combining ...and ... , ....A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B目的在于……Its goal is to do ...We aim at doing...Our target is ...Our basic notion is to do...为了达到……的目的To achieve ...To achieve this ,因为……，做什么是困难的As .... , it is very difficult to do ....As..., ir is usually hard to ...Due to ...e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately.就这点而言，……In this regard, ...一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ...这极大的降低了……的难度This greatly reduces the difficulty of ...这个算法可以应用于……These algorithm may be applicable to ...……是不太可能的It is unlikely to do...……（偏向于）将……认为是...is prone to judge ... as ...... view .... as ...……可以解决……问题... is the solution to ...跟……相比较，……Compared to ...这篇文章接下来的内容安排如下The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: (introduces, details, extends ... to address ... , presents the results , concludes our paper)前面已经提到，……As mentioned before,...换句话来说，……On the other hand , ...自然而然地，……It is natural , ...e.g. It is natural that this threshold be chosen as the mean of pi.图示... is outlined in Fig. 2.Fig. 4 shows ...通过……方法，可以得到……By doing sth ,we have sth.e.g. By iteration over all selected images and matching visual words to all detected object parts using NGC, we have a table of the spatial ralation between pairs of visual words .由于……极大地依赖于……，有必要……As ... heavily relies on ... , it is necessary to do ...这就说明了……This testifies to the ...本文的主旨在于……The core is ...英语学术论文常用经典句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme mustsatisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective methodhas yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies forstructuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
英语议论文常用句型
英语议论文常用句型一、段首句1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。
一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to …….Some people suggest that…….2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying……. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。
首先，……；其次，……。
更为糟糕的是……。
Today，……，which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First，……Second……，What makes things worse is that……t.4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。
Nowadays，it is common to ……. Many people like……because……. Besides，…….5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。
它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and……is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……People’s opinions about ……vary from person to person. Some people say that……. To them，…….7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型英文摘要虽然不像公文文体那样程序化,但由于它在语法结构上有较强的倾向性,因此英文摘要许多句型模式出现的频率很高,熟练掌握这些常用句型模式,有助于提高英文摘要写作质量和速度,进而能保证其可读性。
下面举一些有代表性和常用的句式供参考。
1)常用于摘要开头部分的有4类。
A.(In this paper,…)The results ofA simple method for...cases ofThe...approach forAn attempt to (do)...presenteddescribed (through…)is(are) reported (under...)discussed (along with...)analyzed例如:The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented.对用费希尔试料蒸馏法热解澳大利亚鲁德尔页岩所产生的工业废水提出了分析结果。
B.The chief aimpurposeobjectobjective the present studyof this investigationthe researchthese studiesto obtain…to evaluate…is (was/has been/will be) to find out…to establish…to asses…例如:The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。
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英文学术论文写作技巧（常用句型）用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。
不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。
了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。
对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。
用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。
关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。
此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。
一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。
在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。
也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。
因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。
这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。
Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。
它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。
标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。
读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。
因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。
本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。
6.1 标题的长度标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 22) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 03) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 314) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 25) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 26) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8—12个单词左右。
表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。
表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计(一)标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等7) On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 28) Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures: A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 49) Acoustics of Long Spaces: Theory and Application 7 4 l 210) Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 011) Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 212) High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 213 ) Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l14) The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3.15) Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3平均（约） 9 5.5 1.5 2来源：中国第三届青年学术会议论文集，材料科学与工程技术。
北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998。
标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1) Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 22) Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 23) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l4) Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 35) Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 26) A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth? 7 3 1 37) The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey 11 5 2 48) Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 39) Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l10) Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 611) Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14 8 5 112) Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents: the College Experience 8 5 0 313) Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 714) Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9 5 2 2标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等15) Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14 6 3 5平均(约) 9.5 5 1.5 3来源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96(2)表6.1中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题，平均9个单词。
表6.2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题，平均9．5个单词。
要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨，用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲，选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。
6.2 标题的用词从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，标题中用得最多的是名词(包括动名词)，平均占总单词数的50％～60％之高。
其中有的标题中80％以上的词为名词。
除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。
标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括，因此用词要贴切、中肯，不能有任何随意性。
为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词，下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。
例1a．标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Componentsb．关键词：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction ·疲劳点焊汽车寿命预测b．标题：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling关键词：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting铸件充型计算机模拟冷隔铸造c．标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant关键词：air bag out-of-position occupant安全气囊离位乘员c．标题：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions关键词：fatigue test statistical method test specimens疲劳实验统计方法试样分析：例1a中，有4个关键词，在标题里出现了3个，而标题中出现的两个名词词组fatigue life prediction 和 spot welded components都是文章的关键词。