华中师范大学基础英语2009真题
2009年普通高考湖北省英语试题答案
二、四级高频词组 -1. at the thought of一想到… -2. as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论 -3. at will 随心所欲 -4. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于，富有 -5. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近，进入，了解 -6. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地，意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地， -7. of one’s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地 -8. in accord with 与…一致. out of one’s accord with 同…。
不一致 -9. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 -10. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照，根据 -11. on one’s own account -1) 为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益 -2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 -3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 -12. take…into account(=consider)把..。
考虑进去 -13. give sb. an account of 说明，解释 (理由) -14. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释，说明。
-15. on account of (=because of) 由于，因为。
-16. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要，无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装) -17. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控，控告 -18. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于。
2009年普通高考英语试题(湖北卷)
学习长顺县敦操乡“背篼干部”心得——文明长期以来，为人民服务是一个永盛不衰的话题，是一个永不过时的激励机制，是我们党激励广大党员干部更好地履行职责的一项重要举措。
为人民服务是敢创一流的勇气，是永不懈怠的精神，也是共产党人光荣传统和优良作风的具体表现。
近日，在全省上下掀起向长顺县敦操乡“背篼干部”学习的热潮，敦操乡党员干部多年如一日，坚持为群众办实事、办好事，用“背篼”背出了信任、背出了民心、背出了“鱼水深情”，充分体现了“背篼干部”对党和人民的忠诚，充分体现了基层工作的艰辛和不易。
他们牢记宗旨、心系群众、扎根基层、艰苦奋斗、无私奉献的精神，十分让人感动，让我们更加坚定了贵州能够发展、能快速发展的信心和决心。
通过学习，我感受颇丰。
下面我将学习心得总结如下：一、把心思扎根在基层面对高山深沟、交通不便、恶劣环境，敦操乡“背篼干部”把人民群众的利益看得高于一切，重于一切，牢固树立全心全意为人民服务的宗旨，翻山越岭，风雨无阻，全心全意为人民办实事，办好事。
把群众的困难装在心里、扛在肩上，他们把人民群众当亲人，当家人，心里装着人民，凡事想着人民。
长年身背背篼为深山里的群众谋致富、促发展。
扎根基层，心系基层。
二、把服务落实在基层敦操乡“背篼干部”把62个村民组划分为34个服务点，全乡34名乡村干部每人负责一个点，并将定点服务人员的姓名、职务、联系电话及监督电话制成公示牌，钉挂在村口显眼位置，大到为村民代办低保、养老保险等事宜，小至捎带所需生活物资等，只要村民一个电话，就服务到家。
敦操乡“背篼干部”用实际行动践行了党员干部全心全意为人民服务的宗旨。
三、把青春奉献在基层从上世纪90年代起，敦操乡干部就开始帮助群众捎带生活用品，最初只是一两包烟，后来是盐、酱油等，到现在是各种生活用品，甚至于水泥、瓦片等。
尽管平均每周要步行上百里山路，一些路险坡陡地段要攀着岩石、拉着藤蔓才能通过，他们始终无怨无悔、坚持不懈。
弘扬“背篼干部”精神，作为党员干部，就要像敦操乡“背篼干部”那样，把本职岗位作为实现自己人生价值的舞台，爱岗敬业，踏实工作，无私奉献，在平凡的岗位上创造不平凡的业绩。
华师附中2009届高三综合测试(一)(英语)
2009届高三综合测试(一)英语本试卷共四大题，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
I．听力(共两节，满分36分)第一节听力理解(5段共l5小题；每小题2分，满分30分)每段播放两遍。
各段后有几个小题，各段播放前每小题有5秒钟的阅题时间。
请根据各段播放内容及其相关小题，在5秒钟内从题中所给的A、B、c项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
听第一段对话，回答第l一3题。
l. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. Inside a fruit shop． B．In an outdoor market． C．In a restaurant．2．What did the woman buy?A．Apples，grapes and bananas．B．Apples, peaches and watermelon．C．Apples，grapes and watermelon．3．How much did the woman pay for her fruit?A．$10．40． B．$12．40． C．$13.40．听第二段对话，回答第4—6题。
4．What is the most probable relationship between the two speakers?A．Travel guide and customer．B．Driver and passenger．C．Teacher and student．5．Where are they going?A．To an art gallery． B．To the zoo． C．To an art school．6．What can be concluded from the conversation?A．Miss James doesn’t like being compared to a camel．B．Miss James doesn't like animals sucb as camels．C．Miss James can often be very stubborn．听第三段对话，回答第7—9题。
华东师范大学2009年基础英语考研真题
华东师范大学2009年基础英语考研真题Section Ⅰ:Words and PhraseChoose the most suitable word to complete each sentence. (45 points total in this section with 3 points for each item)1.A full-size tripod is far too ＿＿to carry around .I find this pocket-sized one is much handier.A. overweightB. ineptC. unwieldyD. outsize2.Many diseases that used to be considered＿＿of mankind are now easily treatable with antibiotics.A. scourgesB. blightsC. torturesD. thorns3. She knows she needs exercise, but finds going to the gym a＿＿.A. jobB. toilC. workD. chore4.The special effects were quiet good , but that＇s more than could be＿＿for the acting.A. mentionedB. spokenC. saidD. told５．There has been s great deal of＿＿surrounding the closure of the hospital.A. discrepancyB. combatC. disparityD. controversy6.There are a ＿＿reason why a patient might decide not to consulta doctor.A. crowdB. multitudeC. delugeD. horde7.There are some safety＿＿in connection with the new building that still need to be addressed.A. worriesB. caresC. troublesD. concerns8.If you don＇t eat fruit and vegetables, you may suffer from a vitamin＿＿.A. shortageB. insufficiencyC. deficiencyD. defect9.Some actors suffer from stage＿＿before every performance.A. frightB. fearC. anxietyD. panic10.After the earthquake, the entrance hall was turned into a ＿＿casualty ward.A. mainstayB. makeshiftC. pieceworkD. wayside11.The sun＿＿behind the mountain, giving the whole sky a rosy glow.A. layB. settleC. setD. tumbled12.It＇s a ＿＿for decent jobs these days, so you need every qualification you can get.A. scrambleB. jumbleC. jostleD. flurry13.The artist＇s use of swirls of＿＿colors conveys a sense of excitement.A. vigorousB. drasticC. vibrantD. strident14.There is＿＿pressure on the minister responsible for the disaster to resign.A. intenseB. compulsiveC. sturdyD. prevailing15.It＇s a modern city, full of＿＿tower block.A. risingB. heavingC. ascendingD. soaringSectionⅡ:Error CorrectionRead the extract and the ten mistakes. (30 points total with 3 for each item)A ReviewOrganized by the national gallery of Scotland on collaboration with the royal academy of arts, Rembrandt＇s Women was first been acclaimed by the critics, at its opening this summer in Edinburgh. Do not expect the emotional impact from his best-known masterpieces such like “The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicola＇s Tulp”: rather , the exhibition is valued for bringing under the spotlight the fascinating intertwining of private life and artistic matter in Rembrandt＇s portrayals of women.The exhibition is the first to focus in the subject of Rembrandt＇s depiction of womankind, and feature a total 141 drawings, etchings and paintings, ranging from mythological or biblical subjects up to intimateportrayals. At chronological order, we see the development of Rembrandt＇s sensitive and perceptive depiction of women with it＇s unparalleled blend of universal and personal elements. If, on the one hand, his realism, inspired by Caravaggio, shocked contemporaries because of this refusal of classical standards of idealized beauty, in the other hand the influence from Titian and Carracci＇s classicism are clear.Section Ⅲ:Reading ComprehensionYou will read an excerpt from Room with a View by E.M. Forster. Read and answer the questions that fallow. (35points total in this section with5 for each item)A passionate musicianIt so happened that Lucy, who found daily life rather chaotic, enter a more solid world when she opened the piano. She was then no longer either deferential or patronizing; no longer either a rebel or a slave. The kingdom of music is not the kingdom of this world; it will accept those whom breeding and intellect and culture have alike rejected. The commonplace person begins to play, and shoots into the empyrean without effort, whilst we look up, marveling how he has escaped us, and thinking how we could worship him and love him would he but translate his visions into human actions. Perhaps he cannot; certainly he does not, or does so very seldom. Lucy had done so never.She was no dazzling execultante; nor was she the passionate young lady, who performs so tragically on a summer’s evening with the window open. Passion was there, but it could not be easily labeled. And she was tragical only in the sense that she was great, for she loved to play on the side of Victory. Victory of what and over what-that is more than the words of daily life can tell us. But that some sonatas of Beethoven are written tragic no one can gainsay; yet they can triumph or despair as the player decides, and Lucy had decided that they should triumph.A very wet afternoon at the Pension Bertolini permitted her to do the thing she had really like, and after lunch she opened –the little draped piano. A few people lingered round and praised her playing, but find it that she made no reply, dispersed to their rooms to write up their diaries or to sleep. She took no notice of Mr. Emerson looking for his son, nor of Miss Bartlett looking for Miss Lavish, nor Miss Lavish looking for her book. Like every true performer, she was intoxicated by the mere feel of the notes.Mr. Beebe, sitting unnoticed in the window, pondered over this illogical element in Lucy Honeychurch, and recalled the occasion at Tunbridge Well when he had discovered it. It was at one of the those entertainments where the upper classes entertain the lower. The seats were filled with a respectful audience, and the Indies and gentlemen of this parish, under the auspices of their vicar, sang, or recited, or imitated the drawing of a champagne cork. Among the promised items was ‘Miss Honeychurch. Piano. Beethoven’, and Mr. Deebe was wondering whether it would be ‘Adelaida’, or the march of ‘The Ruins of Athens’, when his composure was disturbed by the opening bars of Opus Ⅲ. He was in suspense all through the introduction for not until the pace quickens dose one know what the performer intends. With the roar of the opening theme he knew that things were going extraordinary; in the chords that herald the conclusion he heard the hammer strokes of victory. He was glad that she only played the first movement, for he could have paid no attention to the winding intricacies of the measure of nine-sixteen. The audience clapped, no less respectful. It was Mr. Bebee who started the stamping; it was all that one could do.“Who is she?” he asked the vicar afterwards.‘ Cousin of one of my parishioner. I do not consider of her choice of a piece happy Beethoven is so usually simple and direct in his appeal thatit is sheer perversity to choose a thing like that , which, if anything disturbs.’When he was introduced, Mr. Beebe realized that Miss Honeychurch, disjoined from her music-stool, was only a young lady with a very pretty, pale, underdeveloped face. She loved going to concerts, she love stopping with her cousin, she loved iced coffee and meringues. But before he left Tunbridge Wells he made a remark to the vicar, which he now made to Lucy herself when she closed the little piano and moved dreamily towards him. ‘ If Miss Honeyvhurch ever takes to live as she plays, it will be exciting—both for us and for her.’Select the best answers to the question or complete to sentences.1.In the first paragraph we told that _______.A.one needs to reject worldly pleasure to truly develop musicaltalentB.music is sometimes regarded as a substitute for creationC.there is often a mismatch between great musical talent andordinary lifeD.it is amazing how great an effect music tends to have on our lives2.Lucy’s piano playing______.A.displayed a mixture of strong feelingsB.tended to be rather melodramaticC.failed to capture the tragic nature of some musicD.was marred by some inaccuracies3.When she played at the Pension Bertolini, Lucy ______.A.wished she could play betterB.asked to be left aloneC.resented being interruptedD.was engrossed in the music4.What did Mr. Beebe realize at the entertainment he remembers atTunbridge Wells?A.That the vicar had vetted the contributionsB.That Lucy had a special musical talentC.That Lucy’s was the only performance of any valueD.That the audience were duty-bound to show appreciation5.What surprised Mr. Beebe when he heard Lucy at Tunbridge Wells?A.Lug’s choice of composerB.The way the opening theme developedC.Lucy’s choice of pieceD.The fact that Lucy didn’t play more of the work6.What was the vicar’s attitude to the music Lucy played?A.It was daring.B.It was offensive.C.It was too difficult.D.It was unsuitable.7.Wheat was Mr. Beebe’s reaction when he met Lucy?A.He was pleased that she enjoyed simple pleasures.B.He was disappointed at how ordinary she was.C.He felt that she ought to make life more seriously.D. He was surprised that she wasn’t as beautiful he had imagined.Section Ⅳ: WritingRead the following quote and write an article of at least 500 words long for a newspaper to argue for or against the author’s opinion.(40 points for this section)We shall live to see the day, I trust, when no man shall build his house for posterity. He might just as reasonably order a durable suit of clothes… so that his great-grandchildren should cut precisely the same figure in the world…I doubt whether even one public edifice…should bebuilt of such permanent materials…Better that they should crumble to ruin, once in twenty years or thereabouts, as a hint to the people to reform the institutions which they symbolize.Nathaniel Hawthorne Should buildings be built to crumble to ruin every twenty years?Write an essay in response to this question.参考答案及解析SectionⅠ：Words and Phrase1.C unwieldy笨重庞大的，不易移动的。
2009年高考英语试题及答案(全国卷II)
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试考题卷英语第一卷（选择题）第一部分英语知识运用（共三节，满分50分）第一节语音知识（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例：haveA. gaveB. saveC. hatD. made答案是C1. JulyA. diaryB. energyC. replyD. daily2. medicineA. twiceB. medicalC. perfectD. clinic3. seizeA. neighbourB. weighC. eightD. receive4. determineA. remindB. ministerC. smileD. tidy5. existA. experienceB. examineC. exciteD. explode第二节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例：It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever答案是B。
6. It is often that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.A. saidB. to sayC. sayingD. being said7. Charles was alone at home, with looking after him.A. someoneB. anyoneC. not oneD. no one8. Progress so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.A. wasB. had beenC. has beenD. will be9. The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride .A. mostB. moreC. lessD. little10. All the dishes in this menu, otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.A. asB. ifC. thoughD. unless11. I’m sure that your letter will get attention. They know you’re waiting for the reply.A. continuedB. immediateC. carefulD. general12. The CDs are on sale! Buy one and you get completely free.A. otherB. othersC. oneD. ones13. Jenny nearly missed the flight doing too much shopping.A. as a result ofB. on top ofC. in front ofD. in need of14. What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting.A. a; 不填B. the; 不填C. the; anD. a ; the15. If you leave the club, you will not be back in .A. receivedB. admittedC. turnedD. moved16. They use computers to keep the traffic smoothly.A. being runB. runC. to runD. running17. My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it18. It’s high time you had your hair cut ; it’s getting .A. too much longB. much too longC. long too muchD. too long much19. ——Do you mind my opening the window? It’s a bit hot in here.—— , as a matter of factA. Go aheadB. Yes, my pleasureC. Yes, I doD. Come on20. I can’t leave. She told me that I stay here until she comes back.A. canB. mustC. willD. may第三节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1. 5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
(完整)2009年湖北高考英语试题及答案,推荐文档
【09英语高考·湖北卷】2009年湖北高考英语试题及答案(word版含答案) 2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)英语本试卷共16页，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的制定位置。
2. 选择题在每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；完成句子和短文写作题用0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔答在答题卡上相对应的答题区域内。
答在试题卷上无效。
3. 考试结束，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。
第一部分:听力(共两节,满分30分)做题时,先将答案划在试卷上. 录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分,满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.19.5.B.9.15.C.9.18.1. 1.What will the woman do?A.A. Stay indoors.B. B. Have a walk.C. C. Get a coat.2. 2. What will the speakers order?A.A .Coke and orange juice.B. B .Orange juice and coffee.C. C .Coffee and Coke.3. 3. How did the woman know about the fire?A.A She read about it.B. B She witnessed it.C. C She saw it on TV.4. 4 .What is the man worried about ?A.A .The match may be delayed.B. B .Their car may go out of control.C. C .They may arrive late for the game.5. 5. What does the man mean?A.A .He had a terrible vacation.B. B .He remained at home all the time.C. C. The woman asked a silly question.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分,满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白.每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
2009年全国高考英语试题及参考答案
2009年全国高考英语试题及参考答案(广东卷) 本试卷共12页，四大题，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项:1.答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型(A)填涂在答题卡相应位置上。
将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。
2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I 听力(共两节。
满分35分)第一节听力理解(5段共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)每段播放两遍。
各段后有几个小题，各段播放前每小题有5秒钟的阅题时间。
请根据各段播放内容及其相关小题，在5秒钟内从题中所给的A、B、C项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
听第一段对话，回答第1—3题。
1.Why doesn't the man choose Japanese: food?A.He doesn't like Japanese food.B.He ate Japanese food last night.C.He thinks Japanese food is expensive.2.What does the man really want to eat?A.Buffet.B.Fast food.C.Chinese food.3.Where will the man probably eat?A.In a steak house.B.In the shopping center.C.Outside the shopping center.听第二段对话，回答第4。
2009年普通高考英语试题(湖北卷)
Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
In America, people are faced with more and more decisions every day, whether it's picking one of 31 ice cream (36) _____ or deciding whether and when to get married. That sounds like a great thing. But as a recent study has shown, too many choices can make us (37) _____, unhappy – even paralyzed with indec ision.That's (38) _____ true when it comes to the workplace, says Barry Schwartz, an author of six books about human (39) _____. Students are graduating with a (40) _____ of skills and interests, but often find themselves (41) _____ when it comes to choosing an ultimate career goal.In a study, Schwartz observed decision-making among college students during their (42) _____ year. Based on answers to questions regarding their job-hunting (43) _____ and career decisions, he divided the students into two groups: "maximizers" who consider every possible option, and "satisficers" who look until they find an option that is good enough.You might expect that the students (44) _________________________________. But it turns out that's not true. Schwartz found that while maximizers ended up with better paying jobs than satisficers on average, they weren't as happy with their decision.The reason (45) _________________________________. When you look at every possible option, you tend to focus more on what was given up than what was gained. After surveying every option, (46) _________________________________.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.How good are you at saying "no"? For many, it's surprisingly difficult. This is especially true of editors, who by nature tend to be eager and engaged participants in everything they do. Consider these scenarios:It's late in the day. That front-page package you've been working on is nearly complete; one last edit and it's finished. Enter the executive editor, who makes a suggestion requiring amore-than-modest rearrangement of the design and the addition of an information box. You want to scream: "No! It's done!" What do you do?The first rule of saying no to the boss is don't say no. She probably has something in mind when she makes suggestions, and it's up to you to find out what. The second rule is don't raise the stakes by challenging her authority. That issue is already decided. The third rule is to be ready to cite options and consequences. The boss's suggestions might be appropriate, but there are always consequences. She might not know about the pages backing up that need attention, or about the designer who had to go home sick. Tell her she can have what she wants, but explain the consequences. Understand what she's trying to accomplish and propose a Plan B that will make it happen without destroying what you've done so far.Here's another case. Your least-favorite reporter suggests a dumb story idea. This one should be easy, but it's not. If you say no, even politely, you risk inhibiting further ideas, not just from that reporter, but from others who heard that you turned down the idea. This scenario is common in newsrooms that lack a systematic way to filter story suggestions.Two steps are necessary. First, you need a system for how stories are proposed and reviewed. Reporters can tolerate rejection of their ideas if they believe they were given a fair hearing. Your gut reaction (本能反应) and dismissive rejection, even of a worthless idea, might not qualify as systematic or fair.Second, the people you work with need to negotiate a "What if ...?" agreement covering "What if my idea is turned down?" How are people expected to react? Is there an appeal process? Can they refine the idea and resubmit it? By anticipating "What if...?" situations before they happen, you can reach understanding that will help ease you out of confrontations.47. Instead of directly saying no to your boss, you should find out __________.48. The author's second warning is that we should avoid running a greater risk by __________.49. One way of responding to your boss's suggestion is to explain the __________ to her and offer an alternative solution.50. To ensure fairness to reporters, it is important to set up a system for stories to __________.51. People who learn to anticipate "What if...?" situations will be able to reach understanding and avoid __________.Section BDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants' impact on the economy and the reality?There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the role of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation's fears and insecurities. There's some truth to all these explanations, but they aren't quite sufficient.To get a better understanding of what's going on, consider the way immigration's impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly from immigrants' low-cost labor are businesses and employers – meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers' savings probably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced the wages of Americanhigh-school dropouts by 9% between 1980-2000.Among high-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest in states with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous social services. What worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal (财政的)burden of immigration. That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants' access to certain benefits.The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration is minimal. Even for those most acutely affected – say, low-skilled workers, or California residents – the impactisn't all that dramatic. "The unpleasant voices have tended to dominate our perceptions," says Daniel Tichenor, a political science professor at the University of Oregon. "But when all those factors are put together and the economists calculate the numbers, it ends up being a net positive, but a small one." Too bad most people don't realize it.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2009年教育硕士考试英语二试卷一A真题及答案
2009英语二试卷一A[供报考学科教学(英语)专业考生使用]Section ⅠUse of English (20 minutes,10%)Section ⅡReading Comprehension (70 minutes,50%)SectionⅠUse of English (20 minutes,10%)Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank from A. B. C or D.Can you “think” yourself younger?Anti-aging may be more than herbs, creams, or exercise. Recently, more and more people are01 towards anti-aging psychology, a major claim of 02 is that anti-aging requires you to learn life 03 attitudes, beliefs. and coping skills that 04 youthfulness and health. It is said only 30% of your aging is predetermined by your genetic code, and the 05 is your decisions and attitude.So can you ―think‖yourself younger? Many people 06 these sorts of attitude adjustments as opposed to 07 your body with countless chemicals. Often, people say mind over matter, and to a degree 08 psychology works when you are looking 09 better performance on sports or other tests, but you cannot use your mind to 10 a physical injury, such as a broken bone, or in our 11 , get a wrinkle out of our forehead. Your attitude can change your 12 personality, and smiling may make other people 13 you more, but I am not sure it is truly anti-aging.14 , your attitudes and believes can change your outward appearance and 15 as a possible effective anti-aging agent 16 by changing your attitude you reduce stress, which is a large 17 in aging. So, indirectly you can ―think‖ yourself younger if your thoughts lead to less stress, but you will never become younger 18 simply thinking about becoming younger. Thinking positively and anti-aging is not 19 , rather thinking positively is correlated with anti-aging 20 it reduces stress and helps you live a more active life.01. [A] moving [B] going [C] turning [D] coming02. [A] that [B] which [C] what [D] who03. [A] enhanced [B] enhance [C] enhancing [D] enhances04. [A] include [B] constitute [C] construct [D] foster05. [A] rest [B] other [C] others [D] opposite06. [A] like [B] prefer [C] enjoy [D] support07. [A] covering [B] checking [C] changing [D] filling08. [A] positive [B] reliable [C] advanced [D] modern09. [A] for [B] to [C] at [D] up10. [A] deal [B] heal [C] reveal [D] recover11. [A] case [B] sense [C] mind [D] time12. [A] major [B] born [C] outward [D] obvious13. [A] to like [B] like [C] liking [D] liked14. [A] Therefore [B] However [C] Although [D] Furthermore15. [A] are [B] find [C] play [D] act16. [A] unless [B] but [C] if [D] after17. [A] problem [B] factor [C] issue [D] question18. [A] when [B] for [C] by [D] with19. [A] cause [B] caused [C] causing [D] causation20. [A] because [B] while [C] whether [D] howSectionⅡReading Comprehension (70 minutes, 50%)Part ARead the following text and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D.The True Meaning of Self-HelpAccording to self-help expert Tony Robbins, walking barefoot across 1,000-degree red-hot coals ―is an experience in belief. It teaches people in the most intuitive sense that they can do things they never thought possible.‖I’ve done three fire walks myself, without chanting ―cool moss‖or thinking positive thoughts. I didn’t get burned. Why? Because charcoal is a poor conductor of heat, particularly through the dead calloused skin on the bottom of your feet and especially if you walk across the bed of coals as quickly as fire walkers are likely to do. Physics explains the ―how‖ of fire walking. To understand the ―why,‖ we must turn to psychology.In 1980 I attended a bicycle industry trade convention whose keynote speaker was Mark Victor Hansen, well known coauthor of the wildly popular Chicken Soup for the Soul book series. I was surprised that Hansen didn’t require a speaker’s fee, until I saw what happened after his talk; people were lined up out the door to purchase his motivation tapes. I listened to those tapes over and over during training rides in preparation for bicycle races.The ―over and over‖ part is the key to understanding the ―why‖ of what journalist Steve Salerno calls the Self-Help and Actualization Movement (SHAM). In his recent book: How the Self-Help Movement Made America Helpless, he explains how the talks and tapes offer a momentary lift of inspiration that fades after a few weeks, turning buyers into repeat customers. Surrounding SHAM is a builetproof shield: if your life does not get better, it is your fault--your thoughts were not positive enough. The solution? More of the same self-help--or at least the same message repackaged into new products. Consider the multiple permutations of John Gray’s Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. SHAM takes advantage by cleverly marketing the dualism of victimization and empowerment. SHAM experts insist that we are all victims of our wild and cruel ―inner children‖ who are produced by painful pasts that create negative ―tapes‖ that replay over and over in our minds. Liberation comes themselves, for prices that range from $500 one-day work-shops to Robbins’s $5,995 ―Date with Destiny‖ seminar. Do these programs work? No one knows. According to Salerno, no scientific evidence indicates that any of the countless SHAM techniques—from fire walking to 12-stepping—works better than doing something else or even doing nothing . The law of large numbers means that given the millions of people who have tried SHAMs. Inevitably some will improve. As with alternative, ineffective medicine, the body naturally heals itself and whatever the patient was doing to help gets the credit. Patient, heal thyself—the true meaning of self-help.21. What does Tony Robbins say about fire walks?[A] Fire walkers are actually cheaters.[B] Fire walkers should have experience.[C] Fire walking is a special experience.[D] Fire walking requires much self-confidence.22.‖…turning buyers into repeat customers‖ implies[A] SHAM may lead to a dramatic shopping inspiration.[B] SHAM believers buy more books of similar content.[C] usually SHAM will only last for several weeks.[D]tapes of Steve Salerno’s talks are sold at different time.23.the advantage that SHAM takes is possibly the[A] economic benefit.[B] scientific advances.[C] public indulgence.[D] believers’ vulnerability.24. What is the author’s attitude towards SHAM?[A] Critical.[B] Understanding.[C] Admiring.[D] Indifferent.25. The purpose of mentioning the prices (for prices that range from $500 … to …$5,995 …) is to[A] tell readers the actual cost of such activities.[B] satirize the high cost and a not-much-useful activity.[C] recommend some of the worthwhile soul trainings.[D] show the quality discrepancy among such activities.26. Which of the following statements would the author agree with?[A] SHAM will work together with certain medicine.[B] SHAM techniques are better than other techniques.[C] SHAM may work for only a small number of people.[D] SHAM works as effectively as physical healing.Part BYou are going to read an extract about the work of the Master of Ceremony. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (27-32). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use .Preparation for the Master of CeremonyThe Master of Ceremony (MC) performs a variety of duties during a program. As theMC you are responsible for getting things started, keeping the program moving, and closing the meeting. All that occurs between the opening and closing is your responsibility.27As in preparing for any speaking situation, it may work to your advantage to outline the program and then the ―body‖of the presentation before you prepare your introduction and conclusion. In some instances, however, your welcome may be an established custom, and is preparation may well be your first and easiest task.28In preparing the welcome, remember to start on time. Then, greet your guests and fellow members. Briefly make your remarks welcoming all present. Never let your welcome be presented impromptu. Plan ten wording carefully as your beginning is likely to set the mood for the entire program. If you are serious or humorous, the atmosphere will have thus been set for the occasion.29On the other hand, you don’t want people waiting for a speaker long after they have completed their dessert. It is best to prepare a time schedule for your entire program, check it with your caterer and speakers, and then stick to it as closely as you can.3As you arrange the program, have a reason for putting one event or speaker first, another second, and so on. This will help you provide continuity and will help the audience to see connections between speakers. In some instances, you may need to provide impromptu remarks to tie one speaker’s presentation to the next speaker.31Finally, as you prepare for the closing, review the suggestions in chapter 33 for the farewell speech. While the two are not exactly the same, there are similarities. Even the best program needs some sense of finality. Don’t simply dismiss your audience; you need to take a few seconds and thank the audience and tie the program to them one final time. Plan a way of tying the program to something in the future, and point out the benefits of having attended meeting.32As you can see, the preparation for being an MC is very extensive and needs to be planned carefully. Nothing should be left to chance. On the other hand, you should also prepare to speak, change, and adapt to the circumstances of the situation at hand. Adapt to the specific remarks of the speakers.[A] Next, prepare your introductions and transitional remarks so they tie your programtogether and provide continuity. When you speak, make your comments brief and related to the speeches or events that have just occurred or are about to take place.[B] It is essential that you keep a constant reminder that your purpose as MC is to; get thingsstarted, keep the program moving, and close the meeting. Resist any temptation during your preparation to think the audience has come to hear you. Whatever the occasion, you are not the featured speaker, so you will not want to ―spotlight‖ your speeches.[C] As you introduce speakers, remember, it is your responsibility in introducing speakers toarouse interest in the speaker and the speaker’s topic. Again, try to avoid lengthy or toobrief introductions. Otherwise, you may find yourself in a predicament by having used too much of the speaker’s time or not have properly prepared the audience for the speaker.[D] As a follow-up, stop and shake hands and thank all of your guest speakers again. Let themknow that you are pleased with their performance and appreciate their help in making your job easy and enjoyable. Wait until all guests have departed before leaving. It is generally rude and impolite for the MC to leave the banquet or dinner before the special guests.[E] Sometimes the MC has other responsibilities within the organization. These duties mustalso be maintained. Handle these first, so the duties do not interfere with your responsibilities as MC. Once you have accounted for your official duties, you can begin to prepare for the responsibilities of being MC.[F] Once the program is under way, it is your responsibility to see that things keep moving.Try to avoid long gaps of time between events, but you don’t want to rush things too quickly either. If it is a dinner or banquet, you don’t want to have people eating their main course while the guest is speaking.[G] On some occasions, you may also need to prepare yourself for either presenting orreceiving awards or gifts. As in the other speeches by the MC, these speeches are generally brief. All you need to do is to highlight the honoree and stimulate the audience to appreciate the person being honored.Part CYou are going to read a passage about habits. From the list of headings A – G. choose the best one to summarize each paragraph (33-38) of the passage. There is one extra heading that you do not need to use.Habits are bad only if you can’t handle them33We are endlessly told we’re creatures of habit. Indeed, making this observation as if it were original is one of the most annoying habits of pop psychologists. The psychologist William James said long ago that life ―is but a mass of habits …our dressing and undressing, our eating and drinking. our greetings and partings. our giving way for ladies to precede are things of a type so fixed by repetition as almost to be classed as reflex actions.‖What pop psychology can’t decide, though, is whether this state of affairs is good or bad. Are habits, properly controlled, the key to happiness? Or should we be doing all we can to escape habitual existence?34This isn’t a question of good versus bad habits: we can agree, presumably, that the habit of eating lots of vegetables is preferable to that of drinking a three-litre bottle of White Lightning each night. Rather, it’s a disagreement about habituation itself. Since habit is so much more powerful than our conscious decision-making. What are needed are deliberately chosen routines. No matter how hard you resolve to spend more time with your spouse, it’ll never work as well as developing the habit of a weekly night out or of doing the hardest task first each morning.35You on the other hand, as we know all too well, habits lose their power precisely because they’re habitual. An expensive cappuccino, once in a while, is a life-enhancing pleasure; an expensive cappuccino every day soon becomes a boring routine. Even proven therapeutic techniques. such as keeping a diary, work better when done occasionally, not routinely.36I don’t have an answer to this dilemma. But there is one way to get the best of both worlds: develop habits and routines that are designed to disrupt your habits and routines, and keep things fresh. One obvious example is the ―weekly review‖, which time-management experts are always recommending: a habit, yes, but one that involves stepping out of the daily habitual stream to gain perspective. Or take Bill Gates’s famous annual ―think week‖, in which he holes up in the mountains with a stack of books and journals, to reflect on future paths of action. You don’t need a week in the mountains, though: an hour’s walk in the park each week might prove as beneficial.37A smaller-scale kind of routinised disruption is a method known as burst working, involving tiny, timed sprints of 5 to 10minutes, with gaps in between. Each burst brings a microscopic but refreshing sense of newness, while each tiny deadline adds useful pressure, preventing a descent into torpor. Each break, meanwhile, is a moment to breathe – a miniature ―think week‖, to step back, assess your direction, and stop the day sliding into forgetfulness. 38All these techniques use the power of habituation to defeat the downsides of habituation. Like jujitsu (柔道). You’re turning the enemy’s strength against him; unlike jujitsu, we physically malcoordinated types can do it, too.[A] Breaking routines does not need a lot of time[B] Things done too much lose their value.[C] Psychologists are not sure about the value of habits.[D] It is possible to change habits deliberately.[E] Disrupting habits and routines may lead to fresh ideas.[F] There is a way out from habituation.[G] Habits are indication of laziness.Part DYou are going to read a passage about productive postponement. Decide whether the statements in the box agree with the information given in the passage. You should choose from the following:A Yes = the statement agrees with the information in the passageB No = the statement contradicts the information in the passageC NOT GIVEN = there is no information on this in the passageProductive postponementIt’s frustrating irony of the universe that the way to get something you really want is often not to want is so badly. Worry too hard about a task and the anxiety will prevent you performing your best: stop looking for love, goes the cliché, and that’s when you’ll find it. Try too hard to be happy and you’ll find yourself on a misery-inducing treadmill (单调的工作) of self-improvement efforts, contradictory advice and motivational seminars conducted by exceptionally dubious men in hotel ballrooms.The solution is to ―leg go‖ of worry, of seeking happiness. But implementing that advice is close to impossible: it’s a tall order just to stop feeling anxious or to stop wanting something you want. Mercifully, some authors offer a far more palatable alternative: instead of getting embroiled in trying to let go of thoughts and emotions that get in your way, postpone them instead.Understandably, putting things off has often been considered as undesirable: see the bestseller Excuse Me, Your Life Is Waiting and similar warnings not to ―postpone your dreams‖. But there’s a flipside –a technique you might call productive postponement. The psychiatrist Robert Leahy, for example, recommends ―worry postponement‖; writing down your worrier as they arise, and scheduling time to fret. It sounds strange, but there’s researchevidence for it, and logic: we worriers derive huge payoffs from worrying – we believe, on some level, that it makes things go better – and so the idea of giving if up can be terrifying. Just putting it off, safe in the knowledge that you can return to it later, is easier. (If you’re worried you’ll forget to worry, consider an email reminder service, and if worrying you’ll forget to worry strikes you as absurd, well. consider yourself lucky and welcome to my world.)Psychotherapists call techniques such as postponement ―metacognitive‖, meaning that they make you aware of your habitual thought processes, and therefore work more lastingly than, say, trying to relieve a particular worry by addressing its specific content. Postponement works with perfectionism, too. If you can’t get rid of the notion that some task must be done perfectly, can you suspend that requirement just for now, resolving to revert to your perfectionism at some predetermined point in the near future? The essayist Anne Lamott, in her book Bird By Bird, calls this the principle of ―shitty first drafts‖. but, like so much of her counsel, it applies beyond writing.NotNo givenYes39 The more we try to get something, the more difficult if[A] [B] [C]becomes.40 It is advisable to give up what we are looking for. [A] [B] [C]41 Temporarily postponing things may be a good way to[A] [B] [C]get what we want.42 If you forget your worries. They will disappear. [A] [B] [C]43 Most people forget about their worries if they[A] [B] [C]postpone worrying about them.44 If you want to do things perfectly, you have to[A] [B] [C]postpone.45 Sometimes things can be done better when postponed. [A] [B] [C]。
华中师范大学各专业课真题附录
中国教育史 1999——2004
中外教育史 1998——2005（注：2005年有两种）
德育原理 1998，2003
课程与教学论1999——2005
比较教育学2000——2005
特殊教育概论2005
教育心理学1998——2002
心理学院
国际政治学概论2003——2004
国际关系史1998
世界政治经济与国际关系1999——2000
战后国际关系史 2002——2008
国际政治与国际关系理论 2002
中国近代史（中国近现代史专业）1998——2005
中国近代史(中共党史专业)1998——2005，2007——2008
中国民主党派史1998——1999，2001
文学概论2000
文学评论1998，2000
文学批评1999
中国文学批评史1999
文学评论、文学批评史2001
欧美文学史1999
汉语语言学（含现代汉语、古代汉语两部分） 2001——2006，2008
汉语言文字学（含现代汉语、古代汉语两部分） 2003——2005，2007
古代汉语 2000——2002（注：2000年有两种）
邓小平理论和三个代表重要思想2005
毛泽东思想概论1999——2000
政治社会学 2004——2005，2007——2008
行政学基础 1998——2000（注：1998试卷名称为“法学、行政学基础理论”）
行政管理学1999——2005（2004有答案）
法理学与宪法学2008
考试学2000，2007——2008
2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Mr. Smith is supposed______for Italy last week.A．to have leftB．having leftC．to leaveD．to be leaving正确答案：A解析：句子大意为：史密斯先生上周就——动身去意大利了。
本题考查常用动词suppose的用法。
sb．be supposed to do sth．相当于sb．should do sth．，意为“某人应该做某事”；sb．be supposed to have done sth．相当于sb．should have done sth．，意为“某人本应该做某事”。
由于本题涉及过去的时间，故须使用完成时态，表示虚拟语气。
所以，正确答案是A。
2．With an initial investment of only ten thousand dollars, both partners have increased their money______.A．by two thousand moreB．by two thousandC．for two thousand moreD．for two thousand正确答案：B解析：句子大意为：由于初始投资只有一万美元，双方各自又——了两千美元。
本题考查常用动词的搭配用法。
动词increase常和介词by搭配，表示具体增加的量。
副词more在本题中属于累赘。
所以，正确答案是B。
3．A______from every person, no matter how small, will help the Red Cross reach its goal of $100,000.A．contractB．concentrationC．contributionD．construction正确答案：C解析：句子大意为：不论多么微小的个人——都有助于红十字会实现其十万美元的募捐目标。
2009-2010试卷A-
2、 因疲劳、疾病、饮酒、药物作用等导致的行为变化不是学习。
3、 在经典条件作用中，强化在反应之后，而在操作条件作用中，强化在反应之前。
4、在沉睡期，通过仪器可以观测到睡者的眼球有快速跳动现象。
5、动机水平越高，工作效率或作业成绩就越高。
得分
评阅人
五、简答题： （回答要点并作简要说明。共 6 题，每题 5 分）
(
)７、日常生活中所看到的电影、动画等都是利用了 A．自主运动 C．相对运动 B．动景运动 D．诱导运动
的原理制作的。
： 院（系）
(
)８、注视发光的灯泡几秒钟后闭上眼睛，我们会感到黑暗的背景上有一与灯泡相似的光源出现，这是 ___________现象。 A、正后像 B、负后像 B．100% C、感觉适应 C．150% D、感觉对比 D．200%
(
)９、当学习程度为___________时，记忆的效果最好。 A．50%
（
）10．下列“少女和老妇”的双关图，最能说明知觉的___________。
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A．相对性 B．选择性 C．理解性 D．整体性 ) 11、先前学习的内容对后续学习内容所产生的干扰作用叫___________。 A．前摄抑制 B．倒摄抑制 C．超限抑制 D．侧抑制 ) 12、由于三班倒而造成的睡眠困难属于___________。 A．情境性失眠 B．假性失眠 C．失律性失眠 D．药物性失眠 ) 13、 “鱼和熊掌不可兼得”反映了___________冲突。 A．双避 B.双趋 C.趋避 D.多重趋避 )14、心理学家把如急躁、莽撞、情绪变化快的气质类型叫做 。 A．胆汁质 B.抑郁质 C．粘液质 D.多血质 ) 15、对事实类的信息，如字词、地名、人名、观点、概念等的记忆是 。 A．内隐记忆 B. 陈述性记忆 C. 程序性记忆 D. 技能记忆 ) 16、某 5 岁小孩在斯坦福—比奈量表智力测验中智商为 120，他的智力年龄为___________。 A.5 岁 B.6 岁 C.7 岁 D.8 岁 ) 17、受到知识经验的影响，成年后不因年龄增长而降低的智力是 。 A、流体智力 B、背景智力 C、晶体智力 D、经验智力 )18、有拉拉队在场的时候，运动员的表现更好，这种现象称为 。 A. 社会助长 B. 社会浪费 C. 社会懈怠 D. 责任分散 )19、艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线中，遗忘速度是___________。 A. 先快后慢 B. 先慢后快 C. 逐渐加快 D. 前后一样 )20、 “一俊遮百丑”属于 。 A．首因效应 B．晕轮效应 C．正性偏差 D．刻板印象
2009年高考试题——英语(湖北卷)解析版
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语本试卷共16页。
全卷满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项:1．答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
2．选择题在每小题选出答案后，用扔铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑;完成句子和短文写作题用0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔答在答题卡上相对应的答题区域内。
答在试题卷上无效。
3．考试结束，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。
第一部分:听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上，第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What will the woman do?A. Stay indoorsB. Have a walkC. Get a coat【答案】A2. What will the speakers order?A. Coke and orange juice.B. Orange juice and coffee.C. Coffee and Coke.【答案】C3. How did the woman know about the fire?A. She read about it.B. She witnessed it.C. She saw it on TV.【答案】B4. What is the man worried about?A. The match may be delayed.B. Their car may go out of control.C. They may arrive late for the game.【答案】C5. What does the man mean?A. He had a terrible vacation.B. He remained at home all the time.C. The woman asked a silly question.【答案】A第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分。
2009年普通高考英语试题(湖北卷)
浅谈不同国家和地区的商务谈判风格[摘要] 随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，国际商务活动日益频繁，而各个国家之间的文化差异为国际商务谈判带来了许多障碍。
不同国家、不同身份、不同职业、不同性别、不同年龄的谈判者，带着他们根深蒂固的价值观念和特定的行为方式来到谈判桌前，若果不了解他们与自己之间的各种差别，特别是潜藏与这些差别之后的深刻背景，便无法得心应手地与之谈判。
所以作为国际商务谈判人员应具备了解谈判对手所在的文化背景及特点的能力，做到有的放矢，有理、有节、有度地开展谈判活动。
关键词：谈判风格；商人；价值观念国际谈判是进行多国和跨文化的交易过程，如果忽略对手的文化背景，很有可能会影响商务交流的顺利进行，甚至导致商务交流的失败；只有了解并正确分析文化差异，才能在国际商务交流中掌握主动，实现双赢。
一、文化背景与谈判方式文化是一个民族或群体在长期的社会生产和生活中的价值观念、宗教信仰、生活态度、思维方式、行为准则、风俗习惯等各方面所表现出来的区别与另一民族或群体的显著特征。
正是这种文化上的差异，导致了国际商务谈判中文化碰撞甚至冲突。
跨文化谈判要求双方超越由于政治制度、意识形态和历史传统造成的文化心理上的差异，其核心问题是要超越文化教育上的藩篱和阻碍。
任何一种文化都是人类物质和精神活动的产物，都有其存在的合理性。
由于不同国家。
民族和地区的文化背景和商务活动各具特色，不同文化下的商务谈判风格差异很大。
我们应该清醒地认识自己和对手，辩证地对待这些差异，针对不同文化背景的商业伙伴，强化基于文化差异的谈判管理，提高自己的谈判能力，以便在国际商务谈判中巧妙地运用谈判策略，争取理想的谈判效果。
二、亚洲商人的谈判风格与习俗（1）中国人的谈判风格中华民族历史悠久，儒家文化的影响根深蒂固。
中国人待人注意礼节，重人情，讲关系，素有“礼仪之邦”的美称。
中国人吃苦耐劳，具有很强的韧性，谈吐含蓄，不轻易直接表露真实思想，工作节奏总体不快，比较保守，不已冒险，足智多谋。
湖北省09年英语高考试卷
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)英语第二部分：词汇知识运用（共两节，满分40分）第一节：多项选择（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例：To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their and weaknesses.A.strengthsB.benefitsC.techniquesD.values答案是A21.Would you please the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes?A.look aroundB.look intoC.look upD.look through22.During the war there was a serious lack of food. It was not unusual that even the wealthy families had to breaad for days.A.eat upB.give awayC.do withoutD.deal with23.The loss has not yet been accurately,but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars.A.calculatedB.consideredpletedD.controlled24.Some parents are just too protective. They want to _______their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined.A.spotB.dismissC.shelterD.distinguish25.Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for building.A.respectB.friendshipC.reputationD.character26.In our class, when the bell rang and the taacher closed his book, it was a _______for everyone to stand up.A.signalB.chanceC.markD. measure27.As there is less and less coal and oil,scientists are exploring new ways of making use of ________ energy, such as sunlight,wind and water for power and fuel.A.primaryB.alternativeC.instantD.unique28.The questionnaire takes _________ten to fifteen minutes to complete and can be used along with the assessment interview.A.mainlyB.punctuallyC.approximatelyD.precisely29.Y ou‟d sound a lot more polite if you make a request a question.A.in searchB.in the form ofC.in need ofD.in the direction of30.His efforts to raise money for his program were _________ because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets.A.in placeB.in sightC.in effectD.in vain第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分,满30分）阅读下面短文,从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试湖北卷
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语试卷本试卷共16页，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项：1．答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案示号，在试题卷上作答无效。
．．．．．．．．．．3．考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：听力（共两节,满分30分）做题时,先将答案划在试卷上.录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A．￡19.5. B．￡9.15. C．￡9.18.答案是B1．What will the woman do?A．Stay indoors.B．Have a walk.C．Get a coat.2．What will the speakers order?A．Coke and orange juice.B．Orange juice and coffee.C．Coffee and Coke.3．How did the woman know about the fire?A．She read about it.B．She witnessed it.C．She saw it on TV.4．What is the man worried about?A．The match may be delayed.B．Their car may go out of control.C．They may arrive late for the game.5．What does the man mean?A．He had a terrible vacation.B．He remained at home all the time.C．The woman asked a silly question.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分,满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白.每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
湖北高考真题2009-2012三年整合英语
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北英语卷）第一节：多项选择（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）21. The young man made a _________ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation.A. predictionB. promiseC. planD. contribution22. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly_________.A. atmosphereB. stateC. situationD. phenomenon23. Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still______ the traditional customs.A. performB. possessC. observeD. support24. As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to _________ the problem.A. handleB. raiseC. faceD. present25. The teacher stressed again that the students should not _________any important detail while retelling the story.A. bring outB. let outC. leave outD. make out26. In modern times, people have to learn to________all kinds of pressure although they are leading a comfortable life.A. keep withB. stay withC. meet withD. live with27. The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to_________its reality.A. make upB. figure outC. look throughD. put off28. In those days, our _________concern was to provide people who were stopped by the snow storm with food and health care.A. normalB. constantC. permanentD. primary29. As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only _________.A. occasionallyB. anxiouslyC. practicallyD. urgently30. When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have_________for her, but now all her worries are gone.A. in needB. in timeC. in preparationD. in store第二节：完成句子（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下列各小题，根据括号内的汉语提示，用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子，并将答案写在答题卡上的相应题号后。
2014年华中师范大学英语专业考研基础英语真题
华中师范大学二〇一四年研究生入学考试试题院系、招生专业: 外国语学院英语语言文学外国语言文学及应用语言文学考试时间：元月5日午考试科目代码及名称：713基础英语I. In each of the following sentences, 4 WWORDS or PHRASES have been underlined. Choose the one word or phrase that would NOT be appropriate in standard English. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (15/150)1.Studies have suggested that eating nuts—almonds in particular—might help toAlower blood cholesterol levels in humans and reducing the risk of heart diseaseB Cby protecting the blood vessels.D2. Last summer, when Mary’s aunt and uncle flew from Turkey to visit their relativesAand tour the United States, Marry invited Sandy and I to her house to meet them.B C D3. Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations is a novel which the main character becomesAso obsessed with the idea of becoming a gentleman that his moral judgment isB C Dtemporarily affected.4. My roommate, a drama major, claimed that Ibsen’s plays, unlike Ionesco, areA Btotally conventional in their style.C D5. Because our casserole was smelling surprisingly badly as it baked, the food scienceAteacher came over to ask us what we had put it.B C D6. The problem of storing the sun’s heat is supposed to be studied by scientistsA Ball over the world in the past decades.C D7. It is difficult to predict what kinds of books will be popular in the years ahead,A Bbecause tastes change and topics either get overexplored and lost their relevance.C D8. Ms. Kovak proudly displayed her research group’s most ingenious invention, aA Bvacuum cleaner that empties its own dust bag when pressing a button.C D9. Susan is considered to be as intelligent, or more intelligent than the other studentsA B Cin her class.D10. Large sums of money have to spend each year in painting the steel works ofA B Cbridges, ships, and other exposed structures.D11. Only when the book has assumed its final form an author can declare to the readerA Bwhat he thinks he has accomplished.C D12. Betty spent all evening talking about her book, which none of us had ever heard.A B C D13. I have no idea of Mr. Smith having been promoted to the new post. Y ou should tellA B C me about it earlier.D14. It was years after I had visited my hometown, and I was determined to enjoyA B Cmy stay.D15. The more complex a subject becomes, the more necessary is it to break it up into aA B C number of parts which the reader can visualize.DII. Find the ONE choice that best completes the sentence. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (15/150)1. She called her friend before she left the city to her friend would miss her.A. insureB. ensureC. assureD. reassure2. The students begin to themselves to their studies after long summer vocation.A. applyB. engageC. convertD. exert3. Before moving to California, Tom Warren has to of his house and the furniture.A. dispenseB. discardC. disposeD. discharge4. The central government is now making unremitting efforts to its policy of poverty relief in the remote rural areas.A. constructB. implementC. demonstrateD. integrate5. Accuracy and expressiveness are the two in translation. The first is to express the exact thought of original article and the second is to make the translation readily understood.A. acquisitionB. inquiriesC. requestsD. requisites6. It is believed that the deal between the two enterprises is finally made through theof the local government.A. conventionB. preventionC. interventionD. termination7. There is no perfect trading system, and each of the proposed ones has its .A. limitationsB. bordersC. frontiersD. prohibitions8. Dr. Hill has just received an invitation from Washington University to join theas a full-time professor.A. committeeB. associationC. facultyD. branch9. People find that expected noise are usually more than unexpected ones of the like magnitude.A. manageableB. controllableC. revocableD. tolerable10. Y ou will have to be very if you want him to come around and approve of the plan.A. diplomaticB. industriousC. vigilantD. sensitive11. The sell their military equipment to whoever needs it, with the purpose of making profit.A. uniqueB. unanimousC. soleD. singular12. Expects suggested that speech stages are reached in the fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who turns out to be of high IQ.A. automaticallyB. eventuallyC. inverselyD. contradictorily13. He has been coughing all day and and has a cold.A. evidentlyB. correspondinglyC. normallyD. admittedly14. This book is wide attention because it gives a detailed description of the life of Princess Diana.A. composed ofB. regardless ofC. worthy ofD. ignorant of15. Would you please these invitations to all the teachers of English department?A. hand overB. hand outC. hand downD. hand inⅢ. Proofreading: (30/150):(Do it in on the ANSWER SHEET)The following passage contains 15 errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error.Y ou should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing wor d, mark the position of the missing word with a“八”andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Fast food has grown remarkably, not only in the United States, but alsoaround the world. Restaurant chains represent a multi-billion-dollars (1)industry that shows no sign of slowing down. Innovations for operations (2)and products have kept the industry growing and, some cities wouldargue, leading to speeding up the pace of contemporary life. (3) From its inception, fast food has lived up its name. In the early (4)days of fast food, as Americans came to depend more on their cars, outletsoffered drive-in service, enabled customers to park and eat in their cars. (5)This service reduced the cost and established relative low prices. (6) Giving the popularity of fast food for lunch and dinner, it was only a (7)matter of time after marketers and franchisees realized they could (8)expand their line of products by offering breakfast to hungry peoplein a hurry.For many people, moreover, fast food has become symbolic of a (9)fast-paced lifestyle that is neither natural or healthy. An organization (10)called Slow Food was established in Italy in 1986 to oppose fast food andtheir assembly-line approach to cooking and eating. The Slow Food (11) manifesto, endorsing in Paris 1989 by delegates from 15 countries, states, (12)“We are slaved by speed and have all succumbed to the same insidiousvirus: Fast Life, who disrupts our habit, pervades the privacy of our (13)homes and forces us to eat Fast Foods.” To fight the positive connotations (14)of fast food, many companies now emphasize on the word “fresh” (15)in their advertising and use the term “quick service” to describe theiroperations.Ⅳ. Fill in each blank with THE BEST ANSWER from the four choices given under the correspondent number. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (30/150)One of the most pressing challenges that the world will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing 1 the environment. The consequences are just too great to 2 . Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments 3 more land. Plant and animal species are becoming 4 at a greater rate now than at any time in Earth’s history. 5 as 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks are over-exploited. And the list goes on.6 , there is reason to have hope for the future.7 in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers8 a better understanding of these problems. Recent developments in science and technology could provide the9 for some major, and timely actions that would 10 our understanding of how human activities affect the environment.One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting. It has been 11 that the world’s water use could triple in the next two decades. Already, widespread water 12 have occurred in parts of China, India, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Only two percent of the nation’s streams are considered in good 13 , and close to 40 percent of native fish 14 are rare to extinct.To prevent outbreaks of 15 diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species——as 16 as humans and other species they infect——are 17 by changes in the environment. The overuse of antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has 18 to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Researchers 19 new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and 20 the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks.1. A. at B. in C. cover D. on2. A. notice B. speculate C. ignore D. emphasize3. A. take over B. take up C. take in D. take on4. A. dangerous B. risky C. extinct D. insecure5. A. As B. So C. Too D. very6. A. Likewise B. Y et C. Consequently D. Furthermore7. A. Advances B. projects C. Inventions D. Proposals8. A. hold B. receive C. gain D. pay9. A. basis B. base C. stage D. ground10. A. affirm B. consolidate C. hinder D. improve11. A. advocated B. expected C. estimated D. calculated12. A. supply B. use C. pollution D. shortage13. A. health B. condition C. status D. situation14. A. foods B. products C. species D. races15. A. serious B. infectious C. fetal D. deadly16. A. much B. long C. well D. far17. A. affected B. restricted C. distributed D. compensated18. A. referred B. allocated C. contributed D. attributed19. A. call in questionB. take advantage ofC. give rise toD. bring into operation20. A. see B. report C. guess D. predictV. Read the following passages carefully and choose THE ONE BEST ANSWER to each question from the four choices given. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20/150)Text A[1] “Aggression”means a mixture of three features: injury (real or symbolic), intent, and emotion. Having a toe trodden upon may or may not make you the object of aggression: it all depends on the emotion and intent of a man inside the boot. One recurring question is the exact nature of the motivation. If the answers to this and similar questions were known, better solutions might be offered. Instead, the expects continue to offer contradictory opinions. It has been suggested that competitive sports decrease aggression. But many have suggested that such sports may cause it. Similar conflicting opinions have been offered about violence on film and television. How do we begin to make sense of rival views? One way is by looking at how the ideas developed historically.[2] When Freud first considered human aggression, he suggested that it originated from the blocking of a pleasure-seeking drive. He later changed his mind, suggesting that the aggressive drive was something independent of the blocking of pleasure, and that aggression was inherent part of human conditions. These two very different views have formed the basis of contemporary thinking on the nature of aggression. Freud’s earlier idea, that it originated from the blocking of a pleasure drive, led to the frustration theory. It suggested that interference with any pleasure including, or rewarding activity, once this had begun, would produce a state of frustration, which would then evoke anger. The frustration theory has stimulated much research on both human and animals. But its limitations in explaining all human aggression are now very apparent. If you are frustrated, for example, by someone turning up to an appointment on time, anger is indeed a likely outcome. Bur so other reactions: anxiety and nervousness, trying to find the missing person, or making light of the situation by joking.[3] Freud’s later idea—that there is a separate aggressive drive—influenced a totally different set of ideas. Most important among these is the notion that the act of violence can release a tense which has previously built up in someone. Ideas of this sort not only have a long history, but also have a intuitive appeal because of thefeeling of relief that often follows an emotional act, such as an aggressive outburst. The later Freud saw aggression as a drive building up spontaneously until the act occurred, which then reduced the tension. This embodies a profoundly pessimistic belief about human nature. It led Freud to comment that it is fruitless to try to eliminate human violence, but we can only provide safe outlets for it.[4] One extension of the frustration approach is my own discrepancy theory, which I originally put forward to explain the animal fighting. Animal fight in response to sudden pain or novelty or frustration. All three situations can be thought of in terms of animal finding a large discrepancy between events and what is expecting on the basis of its past experience. When this happens, either fear or aggression is likely to occur, though many traditional factors will determine which of the two takes place in a given situation. On this view, aggression occurs because the animal compares events in its environment with its expectations built up from the past experiences.[5] The same idea can be extended to human aggression. We are likely to become angry when our expectations, wishes, beliefs or attitudes are not fulfilled by what we experience. One very clear example occurs after a person has lost a marriage partner, close relative or friend. There is distress, and attempts to escape, at first. These are replaced later by aggression.1. The author of the passage believes that if we know the nature of aggressionA. we may find better ways to deal with human violenceB. we may better understand people’s intent and emotionC. we may have a clear view of its historical developmentD. experts may stop arguing about violence on film and television2. Freud thought later on that human aggression was caused byA. the blocking of a pleasure driveB.an inherent aggressive driveC. frustration, anger and anxietyD. unexpected failures3. Freud’s later idea is pessimistic because it implies thatA. it’s impossible to eliminate human violenceB. it’s impossible to find safe outlets for violenceC. man will never understand the nature of aggressionD. man will never find ways to reduce tension4. The author’s own theory is influenced byA. Freud’s earlier ideaB. Freud’s later ideaC. research on animalsD. studies on frustration5. according to the author, whether fear or aggression occurs in a situation of discrepancy is determined byA. the extent of discrepancyB. the degree of frustrationC. our expectationsD. other factorsText B[1] Consider the puppy. At only three weeks of age, this tiny ball of fur has already begun gnawing, pawing, and tugging at its littermates. At four to five weeks, its antics rival those of a rambunctious child, chasing and wrestling with its siblings at all hours of the day and night.[2]Such behavior is not unusual among social animals. From human children to whales to sewer rats, many groups of mammals and even some birds play for a significant fraction of their youth. Brown bear cubs, like puppies and kittens, stalk and wrestle with one another in imaginary battles. Wolves play solitary games with rocks and sticks.Chimpanzees tickle one another.[3]However fascinating these displays of youthful exuberance may be, play among animals was ignored by scientists for most of this century. Biologists assumed that this seemingly purposeless activity had little effect on animal development, was not a distinct form of behavior, and was too nebulous a concept either to define or to study. Even the term "play" caused problems for researchers, because it suggests that watching animals goof off is not an activity for serious scientists.[4]But a steady accumulation of evidence over the past two decades now suggests that play is a distinct form of behavior with an important role in the social, physical, and mental development of many animals. In one study, kittens, mice, and rats were found to play the most at ages when permanent changes were occurring in their muscle fiber and the parts of their brains regulating movement. Kittens were 30 most playful between 4 and 20 weeks of age; rats, from 12 to 50 days; and mice, from 15 to 29 days. Development at those ages is comparable to that of a two-year-old human infant. At these precise times in the development of these animals, muscle fibers differentiate and the connections to areas of the brain regulating movement are made. Such changes apparently are not unique to kittens, mice, and rats,but apply to mammals in general.[5]Thus, research on play has given biologists an important tool with which to probe the development of the brain and 40 motor systems of animals. The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults. By stalking and capturing imaginary prey over and over again, a kitten builds its muscle and brain connections in a way that allows it to perform those actions later in life.[6]Play may also provide insight into the social development of animals. When the rough-and-tumble of play ends traumatically with a yelp or a shriek, young animals may be learning the limits of their strength and how to control themselves among others. Those are essential lessons for an animal living in a close-knit group. Perhaps, some scientists guess, as mammals gathered into social groups, play took on the function of socializing members of the group. Not everyone agrees with this theory, though. Another explanation is that play may not have evolved to confer any advantage but is simply a consequence of higher cognitive abilities or an abundance of nutrition and parental care.[7]Why did play evolve? No one knows for certain, but after ten years of studying brown bears of Alaska, biologist R obert Fagen has his own opinion. “Why do people dance?” he asks. “Why do b irds sing?” For the bears, we are becoming increasingly convinced that aesthetic factors are primary." Sometimes, that is, animals play simply for the fun of it.6. In the paragraph 2, the references to animals primarily serve toA. emphasize physical similarities between and humansB. prove a controversial point about animal playC. suggest that animal play can be difficult to studyD. show the variety of animal play7. Which of the following claims do the findings of "one study" mentioned inParagraph 4 support?A. Play is a key factor in the social organization of some animal groups.B. Most animal species tend to begin playing as they approach adulthood.C. Research into play may help us understand animals’physiological development.D. Researchers do not always recognize behavioral similarities among diversespecies8. How do expect who agree with “this theory”mentioned in Paragraph 6 look at animal play?A. It is an enjoyable activity.B. It serves as a useful purpose.C. It occurs only among mammals.D. It varies from one animal to another.9.The discussion of Robert Fagen’s work serves toA. show that varying explanations may be logically relatedB. expand the discussion by introducing a different opinionC. strengthen the earlier argument with corroborating evidenceD. illustrate the resistance conservative scientists to new ideas10.Fagan compares bears playing to people dancing in order to suggest that bothactivitiesA. have little practical functionB. promote physical coordinationC. are associated wills social developmentD. involve peer groups in shared physical activityⅥ. Read the following article and answer the questions about it in ENGLISH.Y ou may borrow words or phrases from the article, are but not allowed borrow clauses or sentences. Both the content and language accuracy of your answers will be considered. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40/150)[1]If the new art is not accessible to everyone, which certainly seems to be the case, this implies that its impulses are not of a generically human kind. It is an art not for people in general but for a special class who may not be better but who are evidently different.[2]Before we go further, one point must be clarified. What is it that the majority of people call aesthetic pleasure? What happens in their minds when they “like” a work of art; for example, a play? The answer is easy. They like a play when they become interested in the human destinies that are represented, when the love and hatred, the joys and sorrows of the dramatic personages so move them that they participate in it all as though it were happening in real life. And they call a work “good” if it succeeds in creating th e illusion necessary to make the imaginary personages appear like living persons. In poetry the majority of people seek the passion and pain of the human being behind the poet. Paintings attract them if they find in them figures of men or women it would be interesting to meet.[3]It thus appears that to the majority of people aesthetic pleasure means a state of mind that is essentially indistinguishable from their ordinary behavior. It differs merely in accidental qualities, being perhaps less utilitarian, more intense, and free from painful consequences. But the object toward which their attention and, consequently, all their other mental activities are directed is the same as in daily life: people and passions. When forced to consider artistic forms proper-for example, in some surrealistic or abstract art-most people will only tolerate them if they do not interfere with their perception of human forms and fates. As soon as purely aesthetic elements predominate and the story of John and Susie grows elusive, most people feel out of their depth and are at a loss as to what to make of the scene, the book, or the painting. A work of art vanishes from sight for a beholder who seeks in that work of art nothing but the moving fate of John and Susie or Tristan and Isolde. Unaccustomed to behaving in any mode except the practical one in which feelings are aroused and emotional involvement ensues, most people are unsure how to respond toa work that does not invite sentimental intervention.[4]Now this is a point that has to be made perfectly clear. Neither grieving nor rejoicing at such human destinies as those presented by a work of art begins to define true artistic pleasure; indeed, preoccupation with the human content of work is in principle incompatible with aesthetic enjoyment proper.Questions;1. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 1?2. How does aesthetic pleasure happen to the majority of people?3. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 3?4. Why, according to this article, can’t most people appreciate a work of abstract art?5. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 4?。