2019全国博士考试病生真题共22页
河北医科大学3011心脏病学2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
河北医科大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（8*5分）
高血压脑病
艾森伯格综合症
预激综合征
心室重塑
缺血性心肌病
二、简答题（12*5分）
1 .2018版指南心衰的分类标准
2.钠尿肽有利尿利钠作用为什么心衰时液体潴留这种现象叫什么产生原因或机制是什么
3.心脏病学注重循证医学，循证医学主要在哪三方面……
4.心衰治疗的金三角是哪些药物其靶点？
5.一句话描述下列药物的作用机制
洋地黄、米力农、左西孟旦、多巴酚丁胺
解放军医学院(301医院)心脏病学2019年考博真题试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：心脏病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1.妊娠期高血压
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2.室性并行心律 3.TAVI 4.梗死后心绞痛 5.直立倾斜试验 6.心肌桥 7.FFR 8.Graham-Steel杂音 9.左室致密化不全 10.IABP 二、简答题 1.TIMI血流的分级 2.利尿剂的分类、作用机制、研究进展 3.ACS抗血小板的治疗原则 4.心原性晕厥的鉴别诊断 5.HRnEF的诊断标准 三、论述题 1.顽固性心衰的治疗进展。 2.非瓣膜性房颤卒中的防治进展。 3.冠脉粥样硬化性斑块影像学进展评价。
南开大学病理生理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
南开大学医学院
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 代谢性碱中毒 肝性脑病 低钾血症 二、简答题 1 高钾血症酸碱代谢失衡的类型及心肌电生理特点 2MODS 的组织和代谢变化 3 肝纤维化的发病机制 4 肺换气功能障碍的类型和机制 5 全身缺氧的代偿和损伤变化 三、论述题 1 休克器官功能障碍的细胞机制 10 分 2 细胞功能障碍的方式，心血管疾病和肿瘤试述 15 分 3 缺血再灌注钙超载的作用机制 15 分 4 体液因素在损伤中的的作用方式简述，外泌体在衰老和肿瘤中的作用方式，机制 15 分
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四川大学内科学(呼吸内科)2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
第1页 共1页2019 年攻读博士学位研究生 Nhomakorabea学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
二、呼吸内科 1. 限制性通气功能和阻塞性通气功能的肺功能异常指标的不同（五个） 2. 哮喘的诊断标准 3. AECOPD 的 2019GLOD 定义及治疗 4. IPF 的 HRCT 分类标准 5. 病毒性肺炎的病例题 6. 肺移植的适应症和禁忌症 7. 五个肺部病原菌病史症状特征及 X 线特征
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四川大学口腔组织病理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
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攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔组织病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一.名词解释（英文 5*5=25 分） 固有牙槽骨 缩
兰州大学病理学和病理生理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
兰州大学
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学和病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题（25 个单选，5 个多选）
二、名词解释 5 个 1. nanplasia tumor 2. 肉芽肿性炎 3. 桥接坏死 4. 肺褐色硬变 5. 全身适应综合征
三、简答题 4 个 1. 肺结核的基本病变特征，形成条件 2. 胃溃疡的病理学特点，疼痛的原理 3. 固缩肾由哪些疾动的机制
四、论述题 2 个 1. 发热的分期及热代谢特点 2. 分子病理学的含义。与传统组织病理学的区别
英语 作文是批判性思维 翻译是 copd
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解放军医学院(301医院)病理生理学(肾内科)2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学（肾内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、填空题： 补体激活途径，
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肾性贫血的原因， 肾血管由粗到细分别是， 肾小球旁器， 肾前性AKI的尿液分析诊断标准 二、名词解释： azotemia， kidney tubular acidosis， 挤压综合征， Fanconi综合征， 细胞衰老 三、简答题： 肾性高血压病理生理机制， 肾脏生理功能， 血栓性微血栓病分类， ADPKD 四、论述题： 慢性肾脏病钙磷代谢异常的病理生理机制， 老年人容易发生急性肾损伤的原因及机制
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Hale Waihona Puke
昆明医科大学病理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
昆明医科大学
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（40 分） 1. 肺动脉血栓的后果 2. 慢性肝炎的分型 s 3. 滋养细胞病理改变 4. 伤寒病理改变 5. 三阴乳腺癌的病理改变 二、论述题（60 分） 1. 干细胞在细胞增殖和组织修复中的作用。 2. 血栓形成的因素和条件。 3. 肝硬化的病理和临床联系。 4. 非小细胞癌的分子学分型和临床价值。 5. 细胞芯片在病理诊断的应用前景。
华中科技大学神经病学2019年考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学同济医学院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释（5×6＝30分） 1. Lhremiter sign 2. akinetic mutism 3. 延髓背外侧综合征 4. 大脑脚综合征 5. 感觉性失语 二、简答题（4×10分） 1. 简述视神经不同部位病变时临床表现 2. 髓内，髓外硬膜ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้，髓外硬膜外病变鉴别 3. 分水岭区脑梗死分型及临床表现 4. 重症肌无力Oserman分型 三、病例分析30分 1. 脊髓炎诊断，诊断依据，鉴别诊断，治疗措施
苏州大学病理学2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
苏州大学பைடு நூலகம்
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、论述题（100分） 1.精准医学概念，结合临床相关专业从病理学角度谈一谈精准医学的诊疗思路及应用 2. 肿瘤命名的原则并举例详细说明 3.良恶性肿瘤区别并结合临床举例说明 4. 炎症的类型及相关病理特点并举例说明 5. 生物标志物的概念，并结合临床相关专业生物标志物阐述其在疾病中的应用及预后的作用
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吉林大学内科学(肾病内科)2019年考博真题试卷
9急性肾炎综合征，
10
二、简答题5’*
4NS病理类型，
5肾小球疾病临床分型
6尿路感染长期低剂量治疗实施，
7LN急性指标慢性指标，
8继发型肾病举例，
9,肾脏的内分泌功能
10，AKI病因
三、问答题10’*2
1，CKD的一体化治疗
2,NS的并发症及原因
吉林大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
吉林大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（肾病内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释3’*10
1蛋白尿，
2血尿，
3无症状血尿，
4范可尼综合症，
5无症状细菌尿
6慢性肾脏病，
7满堂亮现象，
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may scar achild’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and ec onomic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is bloomingtwo to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and the y’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksep p discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams82. Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A. Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83. Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive________.A. originates in the limbic systemB. involves parts of the forebrainC. controls how we respond to stimulusD. exists in many, other animals。
中山大学肿瘤学2019年考博真题试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、必答题
1、简述局限性小细胞肺癌的治疗策略。
2、错配修复基因和微卫星不稳定性的意义。
3、免疫检查点的意义。
4、简述寡转移的定义。
二、选答题
1、MR在加速器中的优势
2、简述高LET射线的生物学特点。
3、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法?
4、PD1/PDL1通路中的疗效预测指标。
5、肿瘤综合性治疗的定义和基本原则。
6、简述局限期小细胞肺癌的治疗的策略。
7、直肠癌TME的手术原则
华中科技大学诊断学(专业型)2019年考博真题考博试卷
三、名词解释 5 个 20 分 3 个英语（Jaundice,Austin_flint 杂音，vital signs） 2 个汉语（肝颈静脉回流征 肌张力）
四、简答题 5 个 25 分 呕血和咯血的区别 二尖瓣关闭不全的体征 肝脏触诊的内容 干啰音和湿罗音的区别 心肌梗塞的心电图演变与特点
五、病例分析 2 个 20 分 1.COPD 肺心病 继续问诊 完整的主诉 全身体格检查阳性指标 2.冠心病 心肌梗塞 完善问诊 完整的主诉 心脏听诊顺序与内容
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学同济医学院
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：诊断学（专业型） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、单选题 25 道 25 分
二、多选题 5 道 10 分
大连医科大学内科学2019年考博真题考博试卷
Hale Waihona Puke 医学考博真题试卷大连医科大学
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题 1.慢性心衰时，RAAS 抑制剂的种类和用法 2.心衰时，心脏再同步治疗的指证 3.IPF 时，HRCT 的特征性表现及肺功特点 4.肺栓塞的概念 5.原发性肾小球疾病的病理类型 6.肾病综合征的诊断和鉴别诊断 7.消化性溃疡的并发症 8.溃疡性结肠炎的消化系统症状和体征 9.糖尿病时尿蛋白阳性的原因 10.类风湿关节炎的分类标准
二、简答题 1.急性心肌梗死的并发症及心律失常的处理原则 2.呼衰时低氧血症及高碳酸血症的机制 3.肝硬化病因 4.高血压低血钾综合症的疾病及临床特点 5.骨髓瘤的临床表现？
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2019全国博士考试病生真题-10页文档资料
2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。
2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。
3、肾性贫血的机制。
4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。
三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。
2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。
3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。
4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。
09病生1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。
7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？9. DIC引起休克的机制？10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。
该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？08病生1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点?5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制?8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制?9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。
试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mm ol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,BUN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？南方医科大学2019年病理生理学（博士）一、简答题：4题×5分_1.简述gaba在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致paco2升高？:3.简述dic时出血的机制TY M6P"_Ep4.肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克i 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：ph 7.26，paco2 65.5, hco3－30,cl－92, na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）2009年病理生理题目：简答题：1．肾性贫血发病机制2．产科意外导致DIC机制3．阵发性夜间呼吸困难的发病机制4．ARDS发生1型呼吸衰竭的机制问答题：1．感染发热的机制2．缺氧的类型以及血液氧指标的变化3．病例分析（酮症酸中毒），写出该病例的水、电介质、酸碱平衡混乱的类型及机制4．假性神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5分一个）1、paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea2、SIRS3、stress disease4、renal tubular acidosis二简答题（20分一个）1、DIC引起出血的发病机制。
河北医科大学病理生理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
河北医科大学
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（全是英文）3*10 分 1. 容受性舒张 2. 黑伯反射 3. 用力肺活量 4. 红细胞比容 5. 兴奋收缩耦联 6. 特殊动力效应 7. LTP 8. 异常调节 9. 渗透性利尿
二、简答题 4*10 分 1. 低氧和二氧化碳潴留对呼吸运动的变化 为什么 2. 大量饮清水尿量变化 3. 葡萄糖在肾小管上皮和肠上皮吸收的机制 4. 内分泌系统的调节方式 三、论述题 2*15 分 1. 神经元之间相互作用形式 2. 心迷走在心功能的影响和离子基础
第1页 共1页ຫໍສະໝຸດ
山东大学病理学2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释 1、 血栓机化 2、 桥接坏死 3、 微卫星不稳定性 4、 炎症介质 5、 早期胃癌 6、 肺肉质变 二、问答题 1、 慢性萎缩性胃炎的组织学病理特征 2、 梅毒的病理特征 3、 风湿病的病理特征 4、 霍奇金淋巴瘤的组织学分类和免疫表型 5、 野生型P53基因和突变P53基因的功能 原发性肺结核的结局。 6、 引起成人和儿童肾病综合征的病并描述病理特点。 三、试述题 1、 肿瘤的免疫治疗靶点，如何检测和意义。 2、 肝硬化引起门脉高压的机制。 3、 乳腺癌ER PR HER2如何检测，意义。
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2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。
2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。
3、肾性贫血的机制。
4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。
三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。
2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。
3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。
4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。
09病生1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。
7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？9. DIC引起休克的机制？10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。
该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？08病生1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点?5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制?8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制?9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。
试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mmol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,B UN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？南方医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、简答题：4题×5分 _1.简述gaba在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致paco2升高？ :3.简述dic时出血的机制 TY M6P"_Ep4.肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克 i 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：ph 7.26，paco2 65.5, hco3－30,cl－ 92, na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）2009年病理生理题目：简答题：1．肾性贫血发病机制2．产科意外导致DIC机制3．阵发性夜间呼吸困难的发病机制4． ARDS发生1型呼吸衰竭的机制问答题：1．感染发热的机制2．缺氧的类型以及血液氧指标的变化3．病例分析（酮症酸中毒），写出该病例的水、电介质、酸碱平衡混乱的类型及机制4．假性神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5分一个）1、paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea2、SIRS3、stress disease4、renal tubular acidosis二简答题（20分一个）1、DIC引起出血的发病机制。
2、从多环节分析细胞信号转导障碍与糖尿病的关系3、急性肺损伤的病因及引起ARDS的发病机制4、肾性贫血的发病机制2009年广州医学院病理生理学考博真题一.简答：1.慢性缺氧时红细胞增多的利弊？2.试述微血管病性溶血性贫血的发病机制？3.试述凋亡蛋白酶的作用机制？二.论述题：1.左心衰竭呼吸困难的发病机制？端坐呼吸及夜间阵发性呼吸困难的原因？2.SIRS和MODS发病过程中，肺为何最先和最易受损？3.急性呼吸窘迫症发生呼吸窘迫的机制？4.休克最常见的酸中毒是什么？为什么？酸中毒是如何影响休克进展的？5.肾性高血压发病机制？协和医科大学2003年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）1.热休克蛋白2.粘附分子3.死腔样通气4.白细胞致热原5.独特型抗体6.假性神经递质二、名词解释并作比较（9分）1.chromatid-type aberration and chromosome-type aberration2.endocrine, paracrine, aoutcrine三、单选题（每题2分，共16分）1.生物膜的基本结构是：①固态②液态③液晶态的脂双层。
2.某糖尿病患者血气检测结果是PH降低，AB降低，PaCO2降低，提示有：①AG正常型代谢性酸中毒②AG增大型代谢性酸中毒③呼吸性酸中毒④代谢性酸中毒⑤呼吸性碱中毒3.代偿性心肌肥大不平衡性生长的分子水平特点是：①肌动蛋白减少②肌球蛋白减少③肌钙蛋白减少④向肌球蛋白增多⑤肌球蛋白ATPV3增多V1减少4.某患者血气检查结果为血氧容量12ml%，动脉血氧含量11.4ml%,动脉血氧分压13.3Kpa(100mmHg)，动静脉氧差3.6ml%,此患者患何种病可能性大：①肺气肿②大叶性肺炎③休克④慢性贫血⑤维生素B2缺乏5.下列哪一项是DIC的直接原因：①血液高凝状态②肝功能障碍③血管内皮细胞受损④单核巨噬细胞功能抑制6.癌基因与癌的发生：①有直接关系②无直接关系③完全无关7.持续性肾制备和肾毒素作用引起的肾功能衰竭，其肾脏损害的突出表现：①肾脏血液循环障碍②肾小球病变③肾间质纤维化④肾小管坏死⑤肾小管阻塞8.引起肝性非脂型黄疸的原因：①胆红素生成增多②肝摄取和结合胆红素障碍③肝排泄胆红素障碍④肝外胆道梗阻⑤胆红素转变为尿胆原减少三、判断题（共5分）1.细胞凋亡是在一定生理或病理条件下遵循自身程度的细胞病理性死亡。
（）2.重症肌无力的病因是由于体内产生乙酰胆碱受体的抗体。
（）3.全身炎症反应综合征是由于机体在有关病因作用下，中性粒细胞大量被激活所致。
（）4.红细胞中2，3-DPG增加引起氧解离曲线右移的机制是稳定HHb构型，降低红细胞中的PH值。
（）5.急性肾衰竭最严重的并发症是氮质血症。
（）四、填空题（共12分）1.受体有多种分类，根据它们的配体可分为 _____ 、 _____ 、 _____ 等。
2.机体内稳态的维持主要依靠细胞 _____ 、 _____ 及 _____ 之间的动态平衡。
3.细胞中毒性脑水肿的主要机制是 _____ ，水肿液主要分布在 _____ 。
4.细胞信号转导的主要途径 _____ 、 _____ 、 _____ 、 _____ 。
五、论述题（共40分，每题10分）1.试述原癌基因的生理功能。
2.细胞凋亡信号转导的特点。
3.简述心力衰竭的机制。
4.粘附分子在恶性肿瘤发病机制中作用。
协和医科大学2004年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）1.核黄疸2.肺性脑病3.死腔样通气4.无复流现象5.氮质血症6.SARS二、名词比较（每题6分，共12分）1.parallel hyperplasia and series hyperplasia2.病理过程和病理状态三、判断题（共5分）1.氰化物中毒会导致组织中毒性缺氧。
（）2.低血钾时机体一定缺钾。
（）3.肝性脑病系肝功能不全继发神经精神障碍，故属MODS。
（）4.ARDS时必定有二氧化碳潴留。
（）5.我国目前临床实践中法律认可的死亡标志是脑死亡。
（）6.急性高血钾症时可因超级化阻滞而发生肌肉弛缓性麻痹。
（）7.低渗性缺水时机体丢失的是低渗液体。
（）8.休克患者的心输出量均有所减少。
（）9.动脉血氧容量大于静脉血氧容量。
（）10.新生儿黄疸都是生理性的。
（）四、选择题（每题0.5分，共5分）1.易发生外周循环衰竭的是：①低渗性缺水②高渗性水③等渗性缺水④水中毒⑤脑水肿2.心肌向心性肥大一般发生于：①输液过量②高血压③严重贫血④动-静脉瘘⑤甲亢3.左心衰竭引起呼吸困难的机理主要是：①交感兴奋呼吸中枢②H+对呼吸中枢的刺激③肺淤血水肿④PaCO2升高对呼吸中枢的刺激⑤缺氧反射性刺激呼吸中枢4.各种慢性肾疾病产生慢性肾功能不全的共同发病环节是：①肾缺血②肾中毒③肾血管梗塞④肾小管阻塞⑤肾单位广泛破坏5.PH降低，AG＝12，PaCO2=40mmHg通常提示发生了：①代谢性碱中毒②呼吸性酸中毒③呼吸性碱中毒④内生酸增多导致的代谢性酸中毒⑤HCO3-丢失导致的代谢性酸中毒6.产生内源性致热原最多的细胞是：①肝细胞②脾淋巴细胞③中性粒细胞④嗜酸性粒细胞⑤单核细胞7.下述哪种激素分泌增多会导致水中毒：①甲状旁腺②甲状腺素③抗利尿激素④肾上腺素⑤醛固酮8.对诊断循环性缺氧最有价值的血氧指标是：①血氧容量②血氧含量③血氧饱和度④动脉血氧分压⑤动-静脉氧差9.心肌抑制因子的实质是：①K+ ②H+ ③内毒素④脂多糖⑤活性小分子多肽10.在诊断呼吸衰竭时，最全面正确的血气分析结果是：①PaO2<60mmHg或伴有PaCO2正常②PaO2<60mmHg或伴有PaCO2异常③PaO2>50mmHg或伴有PaCO2正常④PaO2>60mmHg或伴有PaCO2<40mmHg⑤PaO2<60mmHg或伴有PaCO2>50mmHg五、填空题（每空0.5分，共10分）1.急性低钾血症对心脏的影响主要表现为：心肌的兴奋性 _____ ，传导性 _____ ，自律性 _____ ，收缩性 _____2.细胞膜上调控Ca2+内流的钙通道主要有： _____ 、 _____ 和 _____ 。
3.缺血-再灌注损伤发生的基础是 _____ 。
而 _____ 和 _____ 是其重要的发病环节。
4.就酸碱平衡而言，所有呼吸衰竭患者均可发生程度不等的 _____ ，其主要原因是这些患者 _____ 。
在此基础上呼吸衰竭患者有可能合并发生 _____ 和_____ ，甚至发生 _____ 。
5.引起心室顺应性下降的主要原因是 _____ 和（或） _____ ，心室顺应性下降可通过 _____ 、 _____ 、 _____ 诱发或加重心衰。
六、论述题（每题10分，共50分）1.细胞死亡有哪些形式？不同形式的细胞死亡有何差别？2.诊治功能性肾衰与器质性肾衰的基本原则及其病理生理依据。
3.辨别休克、感染性休克、SIRS等概念的区别与联系。
4.MODS发病形式的不同类型。
5.某慢性肾功能不全患者，因上腹部不适呕吐而急诊入院。
实验室检查结果：PH7.40，PaCO2 44 mmHg, [HCO3-]26.4mmol/L, [Na+]142mmol/L, [Cl-]96.5mmol/L，分析其酸碱平衡紊乱类型并说明判断依据。