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污水处理工业废水回用中英文对照外文翻译文献

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水污染监测英文文献

The Besign of Oxidation Ditch Control System Based on PLC andKingviewJie SUCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Ningxia UniversityYinchuan, China********************Xuejun ZhuCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Ningxia UniversityYinchuan, China*********************Abstract— With the exhaustion of water resources, the urban sewage circulation processing has become an indispensable way for the construction of an environmental-friendly, energy-saving and sustainable society. The key is directly determined by the superiority of treatment process and automatic level of control system. For instance, there is a sewage treatment plant in Yinchuan city, which has the sewage treatment capacity of 50,000 t/d and uses the oxidation ditch process. In this paper, we design an automatic control and monitoring system for the sewage treatment plant. In the system, Siemens S7-300 PLC is a slave station. It can be used to control field devices and collect variable data from sensors, including DO, PH, liquid level, flow, and MLSS, etc. The upper computer uses KingVIEW software to exchange data with slave station, thereby realizing the centralized management. Keywords: Sewage treatment; oxidation ditch process; PLC; DCS; KingVIEWI、INTRODUCTIONWater is a basis for the survival of human being, and is the foundation of all creatures. It plays an important role in regulating global climate. But with the rapid economic and social development and the further promotion of industrialization and urbanization, water resources have become an important factor of restricting economic development [1]. By the end of 2010, Chinese urban waste water quantity is 133.45 million m3 per day but urban sewage disposal capacity is only 102.62 million m3/d. The rate of urban sewage treatment is only 76.9%. The general situation of water resources is worsening, and improving the capacity of sewage treatment is extremely urgent.In the sewage treatment process, oxidation ditch is the core of biological chemical method and influences the quality of effluent water directly. Using the PLC controller with a superior performance, a stable and reliable integrated automation system for sewage treatment can be designed and has great significance. The configuration monitoring system can help the sewage treatment process to realize fully automatic control. KingVIEW with industry is leading HMI and object oriented environment with strong graphic network function, can exchange data realtime with the machine and other computer application [2]. Through the communication protocol conversion interface I/O Server, it is convenient to connect other industrial control equipment. Due to KingVIEW, we can create the oxidation ditch process section efficiently by using computer interface.II、INTRODUCTION TO THE OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS At present, biological chemical method is a way most frequently used in urban sewage treatment. Compared with chemical treatment, biological treatment method for the sewage processing is more economical, efficient and mature. It is to absorb and transform the harmful substances in sewage water by the metabolism of microorganism. The oxidation ditch process is typical in biological treatment method. It is a kind of connections between the front and the cycle flow aeration ditch. It can also be called continuous circulating aeration which is a kind of activated sludge variant [3]. Considering the stability of sewage water and its treatment capacity between 30000 to 100000 m3 per day, we choose the Carrousel-3000 oxidation ditch. It can fully embody the good treatment effect and its energy-saving characteristic of oxidation ditch process [4], [5]. It has a thick grid, sewage pump room, ascension grid, aeration heavy fine sand pool, choose pool, anaerobic pool, oxidation ditch, eventually pond, contact disinfection pool, backflow sludge pump room, the sludge regulation ponds and sludge dewatering, etc. The Carrousel--3000 oxidation ditch process section is shown in figure 1 and its flow diagram type in figure 2. After primary treatment, urban sewage water flows into oxidation ditch with decomposition purification and finally gets to the stage of mud water processing. The oxidation ditch process section is the place for biological treatment, where waste water and the biological sludge are mixed; table aeration machine provides suitable dissolved oxygen levels for bacteria metabolism, help form alternately good oxygen, lack of oxygen and anaerobic conditions in the trench and undertakes the main task of biochemicaltreatment.Figure 1 Carrouse-3000l oxidation ditch process sectionFigure 2 Carrousel-3000 oxidation ditch process flowFigure 3 DCS control system structure based on PLC and the KingVIEWIII、THE OVERALL DESIGN OF CONTROL SYSTEMAs an object for control, the demand for oxidation ditch process section mainly centers on data collection and its order and logic control. Thus, PLC is chosen as the slave station inautomatic control system [6]. The system needs to realize monitoring and automatic control of the biochemical treatment process, which mainly includes the control of table aeration machine, propeller and water electric weir. The DO value is monitored and by the use of soft measurement technology, BOD is estimated and the flow of water is monitored based on the value of DO, PH, ORP. Table aeration machine realizes its control by taking dissolved oxygen aeration as a control variable; propeller adopts switch control; water electric weir takes BOD as a variable to realize its control. According to the characteristics of the Carrousel--3000 oxidation ditch process and its controlling requirements, we can design a DCS control system in line with the idea of "separate control and integrated management", which is based on PLC and KingVIEW [7]. As is shown in figure 3, the first level is Site layer, mainly including inspection instruments, the I/O interface device, and the local control cabinet; The second layer is PLC programmable controller, which can realize logic control based on the data collected from site and the logic relationship of equipment operation; The third layer is the remote monitoring (scheduling) center, mainly using industrial control computer (IPC) to monitor the real time parameters of process section and the working condition of equipments, automatically adjust the equipment operation and realize the functions of alarming and interlocking. It can also display the dynamic real-time graph directly, make the trend analysis and show and print the historical monitoring data[8]. For the monitoring system, we use Yanhua industrial computer IPC as the master station. After installing the KingVIEW configuration software, we can set up a database. The SIMATIC S7-300 PLC is employed as a slave station. In the oxidation ditch process period, the logic control of table aeration machine, propeller and water electric weir is realized based on the data collected from site and the logic relationship of equipment operation. Touch screen will be fixed if needed, mainly used to display the field of process parameters and configure control parameters, which can realize the manual operation. The central processing unit chooses CPU315-2 DP. It has strong processing capacity and adopts modular design structure which has an easy configuration and is convenient for future expansion. Equipped with CPU module CPU315-2 DP, we need PS307 power supply module 1 piece, CP343-1 comunication module 1 piece, 2 pieces of 32 points SM321 DI module, 2 pieces of 32 points DO module, 1 piece of SM322 8 road SM331 AI module [9], SIMATICTP270-10 touch screen. The data transmission is mainly achieved through adopting an universal, open, high-speed and reliable industrial Ethernet betweenmaster-slave stand [10]. By installing the distributed the I/O ET200, it makes possible communication between the machine with the field under equipment and intelligent instrument, constituting the bottom profibus-DP. Figure 4, figure 5 and figure 6 are the wiring diagram between PLC and the equipment, instrument, which are DI module, DO module and the AI module of the wiring diagram respectively.Figure 4 oxidation ditch process section digital input module wiring diagramFigure 5 oxidation ditch process section digital output module wiring diagramFigure 6 oxidation ditch process section analog input module wiring diagramNOTE:IFTAAMC:Industrial frequency table aeration automatic machine conversion; IFTAMMC:Industrial frequency table aeration machine manual conversion;IFTAMSR:Industrial frequency table aeration machine soft running;IFTAMMO:Industrial frequency table aeration machine motor overloaded;FCTAMAC:Frequency conversion table aeration machine automatic conversion; FCTAMSR:Frequency conversion table aeration machine soft running;FCTAMMC:Frequency conversion table aeration machine manual conversion; FCTAMMO:Frequency conversion table aeration machine motor overloaded;1 #PO:1 #Propeller operation ; 1 #PMO:1 # Propeller motor overloaded;1 #PCC:1 #Propeller control conversion; 2#PO:2# Propeller operation;2#PMO:2#Propeller motor overloaded; 2#PCC:2# Propeller control conversion;3#PO:3# Propeller operation; 3#PMO:3# Propeller motor overloaded;3#PCC:3# Propeller control conversion; 4#PO:4#Propeller operation;4#PMO:4#Propeller motor overloaded; 4#PCC:4#Propeller control conversion;WEWL:Water electric weir lower; WEWC:Water electric weir cap;EWCC:Electric weir control conversion ; EWMO:Electric weir motor overloaded;1#PAC:1#Propeller automatic control; 2#PAC:2#Propeller automatic control;3#PAC:3#Propeller automatic control; 4#PAC:4#Propeller automatic control;WEWR:Water electric weir rise; WEWD:Water electric weir down;IFTAMSAC:Industrial frequency table aeration machine soft and automatic control;30HZFCTAMSAC:30HZ frequency conversion table aeration machine soft and automatic control; ORP MI:ORP Measuring instrument;40HZFCTAMSAC 40HZ frequency conversion table aeration machine soft and automatic control; DO MI:DO Measuring instrument;30HZFCTAMSAC:30HZ frequency conversion table aeration machine soft and automatic control; PH MI:PH Measuring instrument;FMI:Flow measuring instrument; LMI:Level measuring instrument;MLSS MI:MLSS Measuring instrument;IV、THE SOFTWARE DESIGN OF OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS SECTION PLC CONTROL STATIONIn the oxidation ditch process, the control station is mainly responsible for data acquisition and monitoring of table aeration machine, propeller, water electric weir and apparatus.In the oxidation ditch process, we install two table aeration machines, one of which adopts Frequency conversion control, four propellers and a water electric weir. All devices can realize local control, remote control and automatic control. We install DO meter, PH meter and ORP meter, whose data are sent to the PLC in the form of the 4-20 mA standard signal. The oxidation ditch process is to absorb and decompose the matter in the sewage through the metabolism of microorganism. Since the concentration of dissolved oxygen hasdirect influence on biological activity, it is of great importance to keep an appropriate dissolved oxygen level of the filter ditch. According to previous experience, when the dissolved oxygen level remains at 1.0 -2.0 mg/L, the biological activity is the largest and the treatment effect is the best [11]. DO meter transmits the dissolved oxygen to PLC in the form of standard electrical signal. Based on DO value, PLC adjusts the speed of the table aerator machine by regulating the frequency of inverter, thereby controlling the concentration of dissolved oxygen in oxidation ditch [12]. The DO control flow chart of Frequency conversion table aeration machine is shown in figure7.Figure 7 frequency conversion table aeration machine DO value control flow chart wayFlow meter transmits the flow of water to PLC in the form of standard electrical signal and based on the flow data, PLC controls the start/stop of the propeller so as to keep the velocity above 0.3 m/s.V、THE DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF KING VIEW MONITORING SYSTEMWith the technology of soft measurement, data measured by DO meter, PH meter and ORP meter are sent to PLC in the form of standard electrical signal, and then PLC will control the rise and fall of water electric weir based on the estimation of BOD5. After confirming the framework of control system and the scheme of hardware configuration in the stage of craft, the human-machine interface used to monitor the real time device status and parameters of Oxidation Ditch craft section is designed by the use of KingVIEW6.53 developmentenvironment, combined with the technology of database, command language, equipment, and system configuration. Its specific functions include: oxidation ditch process interface, operating parameters and settings, real-time and historical data query, alarm, operating authority, etc. Operators can not only learn the device operating parameters, status, alarms, real-time data display directly through interface, but also can set up and operate parameters for the locale equipment.VI、CONCLUSIONSWith this design of the control system, it can make water index meet the demand of the second level of China's sewage discharge standard stably, guarantee devices operate stably and reliably. Meanwhile, the system can be used easily and maintained conveniently. It greatly reduce the workload and labor intensity of operators, improve the utilization efficiency of energy and equipment, solve the problem that equipments in the sewage treatment plant are distributed, complex and difficult to control, achieve energy conservation and reduce energy consumption as well; which provides a theoretical reference for the design of urban sewage treatment system in the future. Wastewater treatment process is a complex, nonlinear, uncertain and time-varying process, so the real-time on-line detection of water quality parameters has increasingly become a prominent problem. The use of soft measurement technology for real-time on-line detection can be a good way to solve this problem [13][14]. In order to overcome the errors caused by inaccurate model, uses the advanced intelligent control system will become effective means. PLC is a controller in the DCS, it plays the role of Upload issued, the FieldBus-coexist and the locale equipments are supported different agreement to make the interchangeability poor. The PLC communication module will be attached more and more importance by automation manufacturers [15]. With the rapid development of network technology and enterprise's request for the interchangeability of locale equipment, we must cater to the market. Therefore, in the future development of DCS, Ethernet technology extension into the industrial control field device layer will become the trend [16].REFERENCES[1] Bin Chen, Yuannong Li. Yang ling vocational technology college[J].Journal of shallow city the rationaluse of water resources and management,2009(3):28-29.[2]Yakun technology KingVIEW 6.53.[3] Kaijun Wang, Limin Jia. Wastewater treatment new technology development and application [M].Beijing: chemical industry press. 2001,1.[4] Hongbo Miao, Yuxiang Liang, Fu Bing. Chemical and guangxi conservation[J]. Several of the oxidationditch process are analyzed, 2004 (6):42-45.[5]Changchun Lin, Zhigang Xie, Chuantao Wang. Environmental science and technology[J]. The SBRcontrast with oxidation ditch process operation, 2009.[6] Jianguo Wu, Peijian Zhang, Guoqing Qu. Nantong tech[J].The design of distributed control systembased on PLC, 2004(2):57-60.[7] Xuejun Zhu, Huige Lai. Combination machine tools and automatic processing technology[J]. Thesummarize of distributed control system based on Fieldbus and PLC, 2006(7):1-3.[8] Jiaqi Chen. Automation and instrumentation[J]. The automatic control system research of sewagetreatment based on PLC, 2010(3):20-21.[9]Guoyong Wang, Sile Ma. Automatic control engineering design [J]. Sewage treatment control systembased on s7-300 and WINCC, 2007(4):53-56.[10] Siemens s7-300 PLC selection manual.[11]Chunhong Xu,Jihong Zhao, Haiying Liu.Industrial water and wastewater[J]. Carrousel--2000 oxidationditch process examples of application, 2006(5):84-87.[12]YangQuan. Science and technology consulting [J].the application of PLC in the urban sewage treatment,2010(16):69.[13] Fengliang Huang. Nanjing normal university Journal[J]. detecting technology based on the softmeasurement, 2003(1).[14] Zaiwen Liu, Lifeng Cui, Guoqiang Qi, Chaozhen Hou, Taijie Liu. China water [J].RBF softmeasurement method of SBR BOD, 2004(5):17 -20.[15]Qiuliang Chen.Automatic control technology[J]. Summarize of field bus control system ,01.2001,01-0013-04.[16]TuXuan, JiangYe, Minggen Shi. Automation instrument[J].The application of many FieldBustechnology in wastewater treatment control system 2006.。

给水排水中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in coal-accumulated basin of North ChinaAbstract The conflict among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is getting more and more serious due to the irrational drainage and exploitation of ground water resources in coal-accumulated basins of North China.Efficient solutions to the conflict are tomaintain long-term dynamic balance between input and output of theground water basins,and to try to improve resourcification of the mine water.All solutions must guarantee the eco-environment quality.This paper presents a new idea of optimum combination of water drainage，water supply and eco-environment protection so as to solve theproblem of unstable mine water supply,which is caused by the changeable water drainage for the whole combination system.Both the management of hydraulic techniques and constraints in economy,society,ecology,environment,insustuial structural adjustments and sustainable developments have been taken into account.Since the traditional and separate management of different departments of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is broken up these departments work together to avoid repeated geological survey and specific evaluation calculations so that large amount of national investment can be saved and precise calculation for the whole system can be obtained.In the light of the conflict of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in a typical sector in Jiaozuo coal mine,a case study puts forward an optimum combination scheme,in which a maximum economic benefit objective is constrained by multiple factors.The scheme provides a very important scientific base for finding a sustainable development strategy.Keywords combination system of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection,optimal combination,resourcification of mine water.1Analyses of necessity for the combinationThere are three related problems in the basin.It is well known that the major mine-hydrogeological characteristics of the coal accumulated basin in North China display a stereo water-filling structure,which is formed by multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically together with various kinds of inner or outer boundaries.Mine water hazards have seriously restricted the healthy development of coal industry in China because of more water-filling sources and stronger water-filling capacity in coal mines of the basin.Coal reserves in the basin are threatened by the water hazards.In Fengfeng,Xingtai,Jiaozuo,Zibao,Huaibei and Huainan coal mine districts,for example,it is estimatedthat coal reserves are threatened by the water hazards up to 52％,71.％40,％,60％,48％and 90％of total prospecting reserves respectively.It is obvious that un-mining phenomenon caused by the water hazards is serious.Water-bursting accidents under coal layers have seriously influenced safe production.Some statistical data show that there were 17 water-bursting accidents with over 1 m3/s inflow from 1985.Water drainage is an increasing burden on coal mines threatened by water hazards:high cost of water drainage raises coal prices and reduces profits of the enterprise.On the other hand,it is more and more difficult to meet the demand of water supply in coal mine districts in the basin.The reasons are not only arid and semi-arid weather conditions,but also a large amount of water drainage with deep drawdown in coal mines and irrational water exploitation.The deterioration of eco-environment is another problem.Phenomena of land surface karst collapse can be found.Many famous karst springs,which are discharge points for the whole karst groundwater syatem,stop flowing or their discharge rates decrease on a large scale.Desert cremophytes in large areas in west China die because of falling groundwater level.These three problems are related and contradictory.In order to solve the problems while ensuring safe mining,meeting water resource demands and slowing down the pace of eco-environment deterioration,it is necessary to study the optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in the basin.2The state of the art of research and the problemsAlthough research into the combination of water drainage and water supply started much earlier in some countries,their conception is simple and some shortcomings remain in their study on the theory and pattern of combination.China’s research history on the combination can be divided into three stages.The first stage is the utilization of mine water.A century ago mine water started to be used as water supply for mines.But the utilization scale and efficiency were quite limited at that time.The second stage is a comprehensive one:mine water was used while water hazards were harnessed.Great progress was made both in theory and practice of the combination.For example,the combination of water drainage and water supply not only means the utilization of mine water,but also means that it is a technique of preventing water hazards.It is unfortunate,however,that the combination research in this stage offered less sense ofeco-environment protection.Optimum combination management of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is the third stage.Main features in this stage are to widen traditional research,and to establish an economic-hydraulic management model,in which safe mining,eco-environment protection and sustainable development demands,etc.are simultaneously considered as constraint conditions.3Trinity systemThe trinity system combines water drainage,water supply and eco-environment quality protection.The water-collecting structures of the system consist of land surface pumping wells in the mines,shallow land surface well in groundwater recharge areas and artificial relief wells under the mines.Both integration and coordination for the trinity system are distinguished according to the combination.The integration for the system means to utilize drainage water under the mines and pump water onto the land surface as water supply for different purposes without harming the eco-environmental quality.The coal mines are not only drainage sites,but also water supply sources.The purpose of drilling pumping wells on the land surface is to eliminate special influences on different consumers,which are caused by terminating drainage processes under the mines due to unexpected accidents in mining.The coordination for the system means to bulid some water supply sources for different consumers while ensuring eco-environmental quality in groundwater recharge positions,where pumping groundwater is quite effective on lowering groundwater heads in the mine areas.Itintercepts in advance the recharging groundwater flow towards the mines,which may not only provide consumers with good quality groundwater,achieve the goal of dropping down groundwater heads in the mines,but also effectively reduce the high costs of drainage and water treatment,which are needed by traditional dewatering measures with large drainage flow rates under the mines.The coordination changes the traditional passive pattern of preventing and controlling groundwater hazards under the mines into that of active surface interception.Both very developed karst flow belts and accumulated groundwater recharge ones under the ground are relatively ideal interceptive coordination positions in the system.For the integration of the trinity system,artificial relief wells under the mines and the land surface pumping wells mainly penetrate into direct thin bedded karst aquifers interbedded with the mining coal layers,while for the coordination of the system,the shallow land surface wells mainly penetrate into very thick karst aquifer.Therefore,hydrogeological conceptual model for the system involves the multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically by different inner boundaries.Setting up stereo hydrogeological conceptual models and corresponding mathematical models is a prerequisite for solving the managemental problems for the system.Management of the trinity system not only considers the effects of lowering groundwater heads and safe operation for water drainage subsystem,but also pays attention to the water demands for water supply subsystem and quality changes for eco-environment protection subsystem.They play the same important role in the whole combination system.It controls the groundwater heads in each aquifer to satisfy the conditions of safe mining with certain water head pressures in the mines,and to guarantee a certain amount of water supply for the mines and near areas,but the maximum drawdown of groundwater must not be ex ceded,which may result in lowering eco-environmental quality.4Economic-hydraulic management modelIn the trinity system management,groundwater resources in the mines and nearby areas,which are assessed on the premise of eco-environment qualities and safe operation in the mines,may be provided as water supply prices,drainage costs,transportation costs(including pipeline and purchasing the land costs)and groundwater quality treatment costs for the three different waterconsumers,the optimum management models may automatically allocate to each consumer a certain amount of groundwater resources and a concrete water supply scenario based on comparisons of each consumer’s economic contribution to the whole system in objective function.Therefore the management studies on the optimal combination among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection involve both the management of groundwater hydraulic techniques and the economic evaluations,eco-environment quality protection and industrial structure programs.In addition to realizing an economic operation,they also guarantee a safe operation which is a key point for the combination of the whole system.5The management model for the trinity system can reach water supply goals with drainage water under the mines and the land surface pumping water on the premise of ensuring eco-environmental quality.And it can make use of one model to lay down comprehensively optimum management scenarios for each subsystem by means of selecting proper constraints and maximum economic benefit objective produced by multiple water consumers.The model can raise the security and reliability of operation for the whole trinity system,and the drainage water can be forecast for the mines and the management of water supply resource and the evaluation of eco-environment quality can be performed at the same time so as to respectively stop the separate or closed management,of departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation.This,in economic aspect,can not only avoid much geological survery and special assessment work which are often repeated by the three departments,and save a lot of funds,but also ,in technical aspect,make use of one model to simultaneously consider interference and influence on each other for different groundwater seepage fields so as to guarantee calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.The economic-hydraulic management model can be expressed as follows.6 A case studyA typical sector is chosen.It is located in the east of Jiaozuo coal mine,Henan Province,China.Itconsists of three mines:Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.The land surface is flat,and the whole area is about 30 km2.An intermittent river Shanmen flows through the sector from the north to the south.Average annual precipitation in the sector is about 662.3mm.Theprecipitation mainly concentrates inJune,July,August and September each year.Strata in the sector consist of very thick limestone in Middle Ordovician,coal-bearing rock series in Permo Carboniferous and loose deposits in Quaternary.There are four groups of faulted structures.The first is in northeast-southwest direction such as F3 and F1..The second is in the northwest-southeast direction such as Fangzhuang fault.The third is in the east-west direction such as Fenghuangling fault.The last is almost in north-south.These faults are all found to be normal faults with a high degree of dip angle.Four major aquifers have been found in the sector.The top one is a semi-confined porous aquifer.The next one is a very thin bedded limeston aquifer.The third is a thin bedded limestone aquifer.The last one at the bottom is a very thick limestone aquifer.Objective function of the management model is designed to be maximum economic benefit produced by domestic,industrial and agricultural water supply.Policy making variables of the model are considered as the domestic,industrial and agricultural groundwater supply rates in every management time step,and they are supplied by artificial relief flow wells under the mines,the land surface pumping wells in the mines and the shallow land surface wells in the groundwater recharge areas.All the 135 policy making variables are chosen in the model,27 for drainage wells under the mines in aquifer,27 for the land surface pumping wells in the mine districts in aquifer 27 in aquifer 27 in aquifer O2 27 for the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2Based on the problems,the following constraint conditions should be considered:(1)Safe mining constraint with groundwater pressure in aquifer L8.There are altogether three coalmines in the typical sector,i.e.Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.Elevations of mining level for these mines are different because it is about 88-150 m in the second mining level for Hanwang Mine,and -200m in the second mining level for Yanmazhuang Mine,and-225 m in the first mining level for Jiulishan Mine.According to mining experiences,pressure-loaded heights for groundwater heads in safe mining state are considered as about 100-130m.Therefore,the groundwater level drawdowns in the three management time steps for aquifer L8 at three mines have to be equivalent to safe drawdown values at least in order to pervert groundwater hazards under the mines and to guarantee their safe operation.(2)Geological eco-environment quality constraint.In order to prevernt groundwater leakage fromupper contaminater porous aquifer into bottom one and then to seepage further down to contaminate the thin bedded limestone aquifer in the position of buried outcrop,the groundwater heads in the bottom porous aquifer must keep a certain height,i.e.the groundwater drawdowns in it are not allowed to exceed maximum values.(3)Groundwater head constraint at the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2,The shallow landsurface wells should penetrate in aquifer O2 in order to avoid geological environment hazards,such as karst collapse and deep karst groundwater contamination.Groundwater head drawdowns in aquifer O2 for the shallow land surface wells are not allowed to exceed criticalvalues.(4)Industrial water supply constraint for the groundwater source in aquifer O2 .The rate ofindustrial water supply needed by the planned thermal power plant in the north of the sectoris designed to be 1.5 m3/s according to the comprehensive design of the system in thesector.In order to meet the demands of water,the rate industrial water supply for thegroundwater source in aquifer O2 in every management time step must be equivalent at leastto 1.5 m3/s.(5)Maximum amount constraint of groundwater resource available for abstraction.In order tomaintain the balance of the groundwater system in the sector for a long time and to avoid anyharmful results caused by continuous falling of groundwater head,the sum of groundwaterabstraction in each management time step is not allowed to exceed the maximum amount ofgroundwater resource available for abstraction.Since there is not only water drainage in the mines,but also water supply in the whole combination system,management period for the model is selected from June 1,1978 to May 31,1979,in which annual average rate of precipitation is about 50％.Management time steps for the period are divided into three.The first one is from June to September,the second from October to next January,and the last one from next February to May.According to comprehensive information about actual economic ability,economic development program and industrial structure adjustment in the sector at present and in the near future,and different association forms of water collecting structures among the land surface pumping wells,the shallow land surface wells and artificial relief flow wells under the mines,this paper designs 12 management scenarious,all of which take the safe operation in the trinity system as the most important condition.After making comparisons of optimum calculation results for the 12 scenarious,this paper comes to a conclusion that scenarios is the most ideal and applicable one for the typical sector.This scenario not only considers the effective dewatering advantage of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantage of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantage of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment in the land surface pumping wells.Meanwhile,eh shallow land surface wells inaquifer O2in this scenario would not only provide water supply for the thermal power plant as planned,but also play an important role in dewatering the bottom aquifer,which is major recharge source of groundwater for the mines.If the drainage subsystem under the mines runs normally,this scenario could fully offer the effective dewatering functions of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines,and makes the trinity system operate normally.But if the drainage subsystem has to stop suddenly because of unexpected accidents,the scenario could still fully utilize the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,and increae their pumping rates in order to make up for temporary shortage of water supply for the trinity system and to make its economic losses reduced to a minimum extent.Increasing groundwater abstraction rate for the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,in fact,is very favorable for harnessing the water-accidents under the mines and for recovery production of the mines.To sum up,this scenario sets up a new pattern for the combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection.It solves quite well the conflicts between the low safe guaranty rate and the effective dewatering result for the artificial relief flow wells under the mines.It makes full use of beneficial aspect of the conflicts,and meanwhile compensates for the unbeneficial one by arranging the land surface pumping wells in the coal mine districts.Therefore,this scenario should be comprehensive and feasible.In this scenario,Hanwan Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine are distributed optimally for certain amount of domestic and industrial water supply,but not for much agricultural water supply.The land surface pumping wells are also distributed for different purposes of water supply.The water supply for the thermal power plant (1.5 m3/s) is provided by the shallow land surface prehensive effects,produced by the above three kinds of water collecting structures,completely satisfy all of the constraint conditions in the management model,and achieve an extremely good economic objective of 16.520551million RMB yuan per year.In order to examine the uncertainty of the management model,12management scenarios are all tested with sensitive analysis.7Conclusion(1)The optimum combination research among water drainage,water supply and eco-environmentprotection is of great theoretical significance and application value in the basin of North China for solving unbalanced relation between water supply and demands,developing new potential water supply sources and protecting weak eco-environment.(2)The combination research is concerned not only with hydraulic technique management but alsowith constraints of economic benefits,society,ecology,environment quality,safe mining and sustainable development in the coal mines.(3)The combination model,for the first time,breaks up the closed situation existing for a longtime,under which the government departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation work respectively.Economically,it can spare the repeated geological survey and special assessment work done by the three departments and save a lot of funds;technically,one model is made use of to cover the interference and influence each other for different groundwater seepage fields soas to guarantee a high calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.(4)The management scenario presented in the case study is the most ideal and applicable for thetypical sector.This scenario not only makes full use of the effective dewatering advantages of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantages of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantages of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment for the land surface pumping wells.References1.Investigation team on mine-hydrogeology and engineering geology in the Ministry ofGeology and Mineral Resources.Investigation Report on Karst-water-filling Mines(inChinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,19962.Liu Qiren,Lin Pengqi,Y u Pei,Investigation comments on mine-hydrogeological conditionsfor national karst-water-filling mines,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19793.Wang Mengyu,Technology development on preventing and curing mine water in coalmines in foreign countries,Science and Technology in Coal(in Chinese),19834.Coldewey,W.G.Semrau.L.Mine water in the Ruhr Area(Federal Republic of Germany),inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire:Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19945.Sivakumar,M.Morten,S,Singh,RN,Case history analysis of mine water pollution,inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire;Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19946.Ye Guijun.Zhang Dao,Features of Karst-water-filling mines and combination betweenwater drainage and water supply in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and EngineeringGeology(in China),19887.Tan Jiwen,Shao Aijun,Prospect analyses on Combination between water drainage andwater supply in karst water basin in northern China,Jounnal of Hebei College ofGeology(in Chinese),19858.Xin Kuide,Yu Pei,Combination between water drainage and water for seriouskarst-water-filling mines in northern China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19869.Wu Qiang,Luo Yuanhua,Sun Weijiang et al.Resourcification of mine water andenvironment protection,Geological Comments(in Chinese),199710.Gao Honglian,Lin Zhengping,Regional characteristics of mine-hydrogeological conditionsof coal deposits in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),198511.Jiang Ben,A tentative plan for preventing and curing measures on mine water in coal minesin northern China,Geology and Prospecting for Coaofield(in Chinese),1993中国北方煤炭积聚区的最佳组合排水，供水和生态环境保护摘要为了开采中国北方煤炭资源丰富的区域，不合理的排水使排水、供水和保护生态环境之间的冲突日趋严重。

水污染控制工程中英词汇表2

Chapter 7 Advanced Wastewater Treatment and ReuseWastewater Reuse Applications 废水再利用1.agricultural irrigation；农业灌溉ndscape irrigation；景区灌溉3.industrial activities, primarily for cooling and process needs；工业活动：冷却及过程中的需要4.groundwater recharge；地下水填充5.recreational/environmental uses; 娱乐与环境利用6.nonpotable urban uses;饮用水7. Potable reuse. 饮用水再利用Disinfection Process消毒过程对于消毒过程的问题：describe the process of disinfection, list the methods and give some explanation.Disinfection Methods and Means:●Chemical agents 化学添加剂chlorine, ozone, bromine and iodine etc.●Physical agents 物理添加剂heat, light( UV radiation) and sound waves.●Mechanical means 机械方法●Radiation 放射线Gamma raysNitrogen Removal 氮去除Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia 氨基的化学氧化Ion-Exchange (zeolite exchange)：离子交换Chlorination 用氯处理的过程问题：describe the breakpoint chlorination.What is the breakpoint chlorination?Breakpoint 我的理解就是用过量的氯去处理，并且使其达到一个饱和的状态7.3.3 Biological Nitrogen Removal 生物性氮去除Anaerobic Contact Time 缺氧接触时间Solids Retention Time 固体保留时间Waste Sludge Processing 废物淤泥处理Pre-anoxic denitrification 缺氧前denitrificationPost-anoxic denitrification 缺氧后的denitrificaitonChapter 6●Lagoons and Stabilization Basins 湖泊与盆地的稳定●Land Treatment 土地处理Aerated Lagoons 氧化塘Chapter 4 Biological treatment –Activated Sludge Process (ASP) 活性淤泥过程（生物处理方法）Aeration Systems 通风系统Aeration Tanks and Appurtenances 通风槽与其附属物Primary treatment 一级处理Secondary treatment 二级处理Tertiary treatment 三级处理Chapter 8 Sludge Handling and DisposalSludge: 淤泥Anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化Aerobic digestion 好氧消化Classify the sludge and describe them 淤泥的分类及描述污泥重力浓缩(gravity thickening)What is gravity thickening? Describe its process.a.水解发酵阶段水解：hydrolysisb.产氢产乙酸段乙酸：acetic acid氢气：hydrogenc.产甲烷段甲烷：methane✧半封闭水体semi-enclosed water body✧饱和浓度saturation concentration✧饱和溶解氧saturated dissolved oxygen✧曝气器aerator✧曝气池aeration basin✧曝气滴滤池aerated trickling filter✧泵送量pump delivery✧滗水器decanter✧比容积specific volume✧比色测氧仪colorimetric oxygen detector✧表面加速曝气accelerated surface aeration✧表面曝气机surface aerator✧表面活性剂interfacial active agent✧BOD （生化需氧量）Biochemical Oxygen Demand ✧不降解non-degradable✧不溶解物insoluble substance✧采滤器sludge sampler✧残渣量level of residue✧槽桨式搅拌器trough-paddle mixer✧沉淀池sedimentation tank✧沉淀滴定法volumetric precipitation method✧沉淀（降）物foots, settling matters✧沉泥池mud sump✧沉砂池（箱）grit chamber✧沉污池（沉淀池）wet pit✧沉砂池搅拌器grit chamber agitator✧沉箱sinking caisson✧废物处理waste disposal✧垃圾焚化装置refuse incinerator✧垃圾收集refuse collection✧澄清池clarification tank✧澄清过滤clarifying filtration✧澄清器defecator✧持水当量moisture equivalent✧充水堰waste weir✧冲砂闸sand sluice (under sluice)✧冲砂闸门flush gate (wash-out gate)✧冲洗池rinse tank✧抽水池priming reservoir✧出水阀outlet valve✧出渣槽slag notch✧初沉池primary settling tank✧初澄池preliminary clarifier✧初滤池primary filter✧除砂设备sand eliminator✧除油池grease removal tank✧COD( 化学需氧量) Chemical Oxygen Demand ✧纯氧曝气法unox process✧次漂浮生物hyponeuston✧粗格栅coarse screen✧粗格栅井coarse screen well✧粗滤池coarse filter✧催化剂catalyst✧存水池dew-pond✧氮去除Nitrogen Removal✧氨基的化学氧化Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia ✧离子交换Ion-Exchange (zeolite exchange)✧缺氧接触时间Anaerobic Contact Time✧废物淤泥处理Waste Sludge Processing✧氧化塘Aerated Lagoons✧重力分离法Gravity Separation Theory✧沉沙池Grit Removal✧。

给水排水论文中英对照翻译——水污染和社会的关系

英文资料WATER POLLUTION AND SOCIETYByDavid Krantz and Brad KiffersteinINTRODUCTIONComprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organismsare dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCESAccording to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: “to make foul or unclean; dirty.”Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. Two types of water pollutants exist; point source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution. A nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. An example of this type of water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain, in theform of run-offwhich in turn effects aquatic life. The technology exists for point sources of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may complicate matters. Nonpoint sources are much more difficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.CAUSES OF POLLUTIONMany causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish andbottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.Pathogens are another type of pollution that prove very harmful. They can cause many illnesses that range from typhoid and dysentery to minor respiratory and skin diseases. Pathogens include such organisms as bacteria, viruses, andprotozoan. These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage. Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTIONThe major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages: primary treatment, including grit removal, screening, grinding, and sedimentation; secondary treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtration and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of solid residues can account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The characteristics of industrial waste waters can differ considerably both within and among industries. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their collective characteristics, such as biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewatercan be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.WASTEWATER TREATMENTRaw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater.These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds ofphosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus, and they often harbor pathogenic organisms. Wastes from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land; their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching. Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a variety of other methods.GLOBAL WATER POLLUTIONEstimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these verybodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.Perhaps the biggest reason for developing a worldwide effort to monitor and restrict global pollution is the fact that most forms of pollution do not respect national boundaries. The first major international conference on environmental issues was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 and was sponsored by the United Nations (UN). This meeting, at which the United States took a leading role, was controversial because many developing countries were fearful that a focus on environmental protection was a means for the developed world to keep the undeveloped world in an economically subservient position. The most important outcome of the conference was the creation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). UNEP was designed to be “the environmental conscience of the United Nations,” and, in an attempt to allay fears of the developing world, it became the first UN agency to be headquartered in a developing country, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya. In addition to attempting to achieve scientific consensus about major environmental issues, a major focus for UNEP has been the study of ways to encourage sustainable development increasing standards of living without destroying the environment. At the time of UNEP's creation in 1972, only 11 countries had environmental agencies. Ten years later that number had grown to 106, of which 70 were in developing countries.WATER QUALITYWater quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development. In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800’s.By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development ofthese sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban population (especially in Latin America and Asia) has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera and other similar diseases still occur with alarming frequency in the developing countries. Since World War II and the birth of the “chemical age”, water quality has been heavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Acidification of surface waters by air pollution is a recent phenomenon and threatens aquatic life in many area of the world. In developed countries, these general types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, however, newly industrialized countries such as China, India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico are now facing all these issues simultaneously.CONCLUSIONClearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don’t end up in sewage treatment plants that can’t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees andplant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These arejust a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.中文翻译水污染和社会的关系引言地球的表面，大约有70%的面积被海水所覆盖。

污水处理的英文文献翻译(1)

Nutrient removal in an A2O-MBR reactor with sludgereductionABSTRACTIn the present study, an advanced sewage treatment process has been developed by incorporating excess sludge reduction and phosphorous recovery in an A2O-MBR process. The A2O-MBR reactor was operated at a flux of 77 LMH over a period of 270 days. The designed flux was increased stepwise over a period of two weeks. The reactor was operated at two different MLSS range. Thermo chemical digestion of sludge was carried out at a fixed pH (11)and temperature (75℃) for 25% COD solubilisation. The released pbospborous was recovered by precipitation process and the organics was sent back to anoxic tank. The sludge digestion did not have any impact on COD and TP removal efficiency of the reactor. During the 270 days of reactor operation, the MBR maintained relatively constant transmembrane pressure. The results based on the study indicated that the proposed process configuration has potential to reduce the excess sludge production as well as it didn't detonated the treated water quality.Keywords: A2O reactor; MBR; Nutrient removal; TMP1. IntroductionExcess sludge reduction and nutrients removal are the two important problems associated with wastewater treatment plant. MBR process has been known as a process with relatively high decay rate and less sludge production due to much longer sludge age in the reactor (Wenet al., 2004). Sludge production in MBR is reduced by 28-68%, depending on the sludge age used (Xia et al.,2008). However, minimizing the sludge production by increasing sludge age is limited due to the potential adverse effect of high MLSS concentrations on membrane (Yoon et al., 2004). This problem can be solved by introducing sludge disintegration technique in MBR (Young et al., 2007). Sludge disintegration techniques have been reported to enhance the biodegradability of excess sludge (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). In overall, the basis for sludge reduction processes is effective combination of the methods for sludge disintegration and biodegradation of treated sludge. Advances in sludge disintegration techniques offer a few promising options including ultrasound (Guo et al., 2008), pulse power (Choi et al.,2006), ozone (Weemaes et al., 2000), thermal (Kim et al., 2003), alkaline (Li et al., 2008) acid (Kim et al., 2003) and thermo chemical(Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). Among the various disintegration techniques, thermo chemical was reported to be simple and cost effective (Weemaes and Verstraete, 1998). In thermal-chemical hydrolysis, alkali sodium hydroxide was found to be the most effective agent in inducing cell lysis (Rocker et al., 1999). Conventionally, the nutrient removal was carried out in an A2O process. It has advantage of achieving, nutrient removal along with organic compound oxidation in a single sludge configuration using linked reactors in series (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). The phosphoroes removal happens by subjecting phosphorous accumulating organisms (PAO) bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Akin and Ugurlu, 2004). These operating procedures enhance predominance PAO, which are able to uptake phosphorous in excess. During the sludge pretreatment processes the bound phosphorous was solubilised and it increases the phosphorousconcentration in the effluent stream (Nishimura, 2001).So, it is necessary to remove the solubilised phosphorus before it enters into main stream. Besides, there is a growing demand for the sustainable phosphorous resources in the industrialized world. In many developed countries, researches are currently underway to recover the phosphoroes bound in the sludge's of enhanced biological phosphorus removal system (EBPR). The released phosphorous can be recovered in usable products using calcium salts precipitation method. Keeping this fact in mind, in the present study, a new advanced wastewater treatment process is developed by integrating three processes, which are: (a) thermo chemical pretreatment in MBR for excess sludge reduction (b) A2O process for biological nutrient removal (c) P recovery through calcium salt precipitation. The experimental data obtained were then used to evaluate the performance of this integrated system.2. Methods2.1. WastewaterThe synthetic domestic wastewater was used as the experimental influent. It was basically composed of a mixed carbon source, macro nutrients (N and P), an alkalinity control (NaHCO3) and a microelement solution. The composition contained (/L) 210 mg glucose, 200 mg NH4C1, 220 mg NaHCO3, 22一34 mg KH2PO4, microelement solution (0.19 mg MnCl2 4H20, 0.0018 mg ZnCl22H2O,0.022 mg CuCl22H2O, 5.6 mg MgSO47H2O, 0.88 mg FeCl36H2O,1.3 mg CaCl2·2H2O). The synthetic wastewater was prepared three times a week with concentrations of 210±1.5 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40±1 mg/L total nitrogen (TN) and 5.5 mg/L total phosphorus (TP).2.2. A2O-MBRThe working volume of the A2O-MBR was 83.4 L. A baffle was placed inside the reactor to divide it into anaerobic (8.4 L) anoxic (25 L) and aerobic basin (50 L). The synthetic wastewater was feed into the reactor at a flow rate of 8.4 L/h (Q) using a feed pump. A liquid level sensor, planted in aerobic basin of A2O-MBR controlled the flow of influent. The HRT of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic basins were 1, 3 and 6 h, respectively. In order to facilitate nutrient removal, the reactor was provided with two internal recycle (1R). IRl (Q= 1)connects anoxic and anaerobic and IR 2 (Q=3) was between aerobic and anoxic. Anaerobic and anoxic basins were provided with low speed mixer to keep the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) in suspension. In the aerobic zone, diffusers were used to generate air bubbles for oxidation of organics and ammonia. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the aerobic basin was maintained at 3.5 mg/1 and was monitored continuously through online DO meter. The solid liquid separation happens inaerobic basin with the help of five flat sheet membranes having a pore size of 0.23 pm. The area of each membrane was 0.1 m2. They were connected together by a common tube. A peristaltic pumpwas connected in the common tube to generate suction pressure. In the common tube provision was made to accommodate pressure gauge to measure transmembrane pressure (TMP) during suction. The suction pump was operated in sequence of timing, which consists of 10 min switch on, and 2 min switch off.2.3. Thermo chemical digestion of sludgeMixed liquor from aerobic basin of MBR was withdrawn at the ratio of 1.5% of Q/day and subjected to thermo chemical digestion. Thermo chemical digestion was carried out at a fixed pH of 11(NaOH) and temperature of 75℃for 3 h. After thermo chemical digestion the supernatant and sludge were separated. The thermo-chemicallydigested sludge was amenable to further anaerobic bio-degradation (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004), so it was sent to theanaerobic basin of the MBR2.4. Phosphorus recoveryLime was used as a precipitant to recover the phosphorous in the supernatant. After the recovery of precipitant the content was sent back to anoxic tank as a carbon source and alkalinity supelement for denitrification.2.5. Chemical analysisCOD, MLSS, TP, TN of the raw and treated wastewater were analyzed following methods detailed in (APHA, 2003). The influent and effluent ammonia concentration was measured using an ion-selective electrode (Thereto Orion, Model: 95一12). Nitrate in the sample was analyzed using cadmium reduction method (APHA, 2003).3. Results and discussionFig. 1 presents data of MLSS and yield observed during the operational period of the reactor. One of the advantages of MBR reactor was it can be operated in high MLSS concentration. The reactor was seeded with EBPR sludge from the Kiheung, sewage treatment plant, Korea. The reactor was startup with the MLSS concentration of 5700 mg/L. It starts to increase steadily with increase in period of reactor operation and reached a value of 8100 mg/L on day 38. From then onwards, MLSS concentration was maintained in the range of 7500 mg/L by withdrawing excess sludge produced and called run I. The observed yields (Yobs) for experiments without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion were calculated and given in Fig. 1. The Yobs for run I was found to be 0.12 gMLSS/g COD. It was comparatively lower than a value of 0.4 gMLSS/g CODreported for the conventional activated sludge processes (Tchoba-noglous et al., 2003). The difference in observed yield of these two systems is attributed to their working MLSS concentration. At high MLSS concentration the yield observed was found to be low (Visva-nathan et al., 2000). As a result of that MBR generated less sludge.The presently used MLSS ranges (7.5一10.5 g/L) are selected on the basis of the recommendation by Rosenberger et al. (2002). In their study, they reported that the general trend of MLSS increase on fouling in municipal applications seems to result in no impact at medium MLSS concentrations (7一12 g/L).It is evident from the data that the COD removal efficiency of A2O system remains unaffected before and after the introduction of sludge digestion practices. A test analysis showed that the differences between the period without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion (run II and III) are not statistically significant.However, it has been reported that, in wastewater treatment processes including disintegration-induced sludge degradation, the effluent water quality is slightly detonated due to the release of nondegradable substances such as soluble microbial products (Ya-sui and Shibata, 1994; Salcai et al., 1997; Yoon et al., 2004). During the study period, COD concentration in the aerobic basin of MBR was in the range of 18-38 mg/L and corresponding organic concentration in the effluent was varied from 4 to 12 mg/L. From this data it can be concluded that the membrane separation played an important role in providing the excellent and stable effluent quality.Phosphorus is the primary nutrient responsible for algal bloom and it is necessary to reduce the concentration of phosphorus in treated wastewater to prevent the algal bloom. Fortunately its growth can be inhibited at the levels of TP well below 1 mg/L (Mer-vat and Logan, 1996).Fig. 2 depicts TP removal efficiency of the A2O-MBR system during the period of study. It is clearly evident from the figure that the TP removal efficiency of A/O system was remains unaffected after the introduction of sludge reduction. In the present study, the solubilised phosphorous was recovered in the form of calcium phosphate before it enters into main stream. So, the possibility of phosphorus increase in the effluent due to sludge reduction practices has been eliminated. The influent TP concentration was in the range of 5.5 mg/L. During thefirst four weeks of operation the TP removal efficiency of the system was not efficient as the TP concentration in the effluent exceeds over 2.5 mg/L. The lower TP removal efficiency during the initial period was due to the slow growing nature of PAO organisms and other operational factors such as anaerobic condition and internal recycling. After the initial period, the TP removal efficiency in the effluent starts to increase with increase in period of operation. TP removal in A2O process is mainly through PAO organisms. These organisms are slow growing in nature and susceptible to various physicochemical factors (Carlos et al., 2008). During the study period TP removal efficiency of the system remains unaffected and was in the range of 74-82%.。

有关水污染英语作文带翻译(通用5篇)

有关水污染英语作文带翻译（通用5篇）水污染英语作文带翻译篇1My classmates and I had an outing this spring. We had a good time. But meanwhile I noticed that water pollution in our city was becoming more and more serious.On our way we could see women washing clothes in the river. Litter was floating on the river. Waste water produced by a chemical factory was being discharged into the river. We did not see any fish in the river. The fiver was not so clear as before. Water quality was very bad. I am worried about it because water is important to all living things. Man can not live without water. I hope people pay more attention to this problem especially the government. Try to control the pollution of water as early as possible. At last I would like to say "To protect water is to protect life."【参考译文】今年春天，我和我的同学去春游，我们玩得都很高兴。

环境工程外文文献及翻译-水处理

环境工程外文文献及翻译-水处理摘要水是人类生存不可或缺的资源，但当前全球范围内的水资源短缺和水污染问题越来越严重，给人类带来了严重的环境和健康问题。

环境工程领域的研究者们在水处理方面做出了重要的贡献，下面是关于水处理的外文文献及翻译，希望对读者们有所启发。

文献1：Removal of pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater using membrane bioreactor technology这篇论文来源于《Water Research》期刊，讨论了利用膜生物反应器技术处理城市污水中的药物问题。

文章指出，生物膜反应器技术可以有效地去除医药废水中的药物，其净化效率高于传统的生物处理方法。

并且，就经济效益而言，膜生物反应器技术比传统的处理方法更为可行。

翻译1：膜生物反应器技术处理城市污水中的医药废水根据《Water Research》期刊报道，膜生物反应器技术是一种有效去除医药废水中药物的方法。

研究表明，这种技术比传统的生物处理方法更为高效，而且在经济上也更加可行。

文献2：Application of a Modified Ultrafiltration Process for Water Reuse in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant这篇论文来源于《Environmental Engineering Science》期刊，介绍了一种改进的超滤技术，在城市污水处理厂中进行水资源回收利用。

论文指出，这种技术能够去除水中的有机物和微生物等污染物，同时还能够保持水质的稳定性。

该技术对于水资源短缺的地区来说十分有用。

翻译2：改进的超滤技术在城市污水处理厂的水资源回收中的应用据《Environmental Engineering Science》期刊报道，一种改进的超滤技术已成功应用于城市污水处理厂中，用于水资源回收利用。

水污染处理文献综述英文上课讲义

水污染处理文献综述英文Application of multi-soil-layer system (MSL) in ruralwastewater treatmentAbstract: with the continuous improvement of living in rural farmers, the water consumption of residents is increasing, rural sewage emissions will continue to increase, if not treat effectively, the water environment in rural areas will be serious deteriorated, and influence the life quality of rural residents. In this case this paper presents a decentralized sewage treatment system, multi-soil-layer system technology (MSL) application in the rural sewage treatment, this paper summarizes the new technology, you can better understand and practice, especially in the developing countries where is in need of this technology. In the foreseeable future, it can protect public health and the sustainable development of the environment, and it also provides a new way for rural sewage treatment.Key words: rural sewage; multi-soil-layering system; distributed1.IntroductionIn recent years, with the continuous development of economy, people's living standards continue to improve, rural economic development is also very rapid, but the rural economic development and environmental development is not synchronized, serious rural water pollution.While high technical sewage treatment plants, such as centralized sewage treatment plants are involved in large investment costs, high operating costs,Because of economic constraints, such systems are less suitable for livestock farms and small communities in rural areas. While the multi-media-soil layer system(MSL) sewage treatment system, this decentralized sewage treatment system, it has less investment, low operating costs, high handling load. Besides, the utility model overcomes the defects of the prior soil percolation which is easy to be blocked from the space structure.The sewage treatment system is one kind of the purification technology of sewerage treatment soil developed in Japan in twentieth Century, the soil system will be modularized, and the module is set up around the water in the soil layer to avoid clogging, and adding natural organic materials to soil modules can improve the purification ability of the system.The MSL system consists of a Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),The Permeable layer is usually composed oflarger particles fillers such as gravel, pumice, perlite and zeolite.Higher porosity can effectively prevent clogging of the soil water layer.At the same time, the formation of aerobic environment is conducive to organic degradation.The mixed layer soil is mainly packing soil mixed with other 20%-30% other materials such as activated carbon, wood, iron and other material or soil with local resources.The organic material added in the soil mixed layer can improve the biological decomposition and adsorption capacity of the system, and can also improve the supply of hydrogen in the process of nitrogen removal and promote the removal of nitrogen.There are many researches on MSL system treating urban sewage, livestock wastewater and river water at home and abroad.Researchers in China, Ye Hai et al[1] studied the effect of surface load on polluted river water treated by multi-soil-layer system.Song Ying[2] had studied the treatment effect of multi medium soil infiltration system for turtle breeding wastewater.Zou Jun[3] also pointed out that multi-soil-layer material selection will have a certain impact on the domestic sewage treatment efficiency.In foreign countries, especially in Japan, Thailand and Indonesia, MSL systems have been used to handle various types of wastewater, but the domestic of this technology in sewage treatment in rural areas there is no comprehensive study,This article through to the MSL system technology processing rural domestic sewage research, inorder to provide some technical support for the MSL system in the practical application of rural sewage treatment.2.1characteristics of rural sewageFor a long time,China's pollution control on rural attention and investment far less than the city,96% of the villages without drainage pipe network and sewage treatment system,The random discharge of domestic sewage has become one of the main reasons for the deterioration of water quality in the basin, and is also an important factor causing the rural water environment pollution and lake eutrophication.At the same time, it seriously affects the safety of production and living in the rural areas, and seriously affects the economic development.The main features of rural sewage in China are:(1)The amount is huge and increases year by year.Statistics show that in 2002.There are 3.205 million tons of national rural domestic sewage daily emissions.The total nitrogen emission is about 283.1t, total phosphorus daily emission is about 56.6t, basically without any treatment directly discharged.(2)Water quality and water quantity fluctuation are huge.Rural sewage water is not stable, different periods have different water quality, generally do not contain heavy metals and toxic and harmful substances,but contains more synthetic detergent and bacteria, viruses.(3)More sources.In addition to human feces, kitchen generated sewage, there are household cleaning, domestic waste landfill leachate generated sewage, which will then enter the river part of the sewage, will cause greater pollution.(4)Low treatment rate.Part of the system can not run low temperature, rural sewage daily variation coefficient and seasonal variation coefficient, the system a few time high load operation, if there is little sewage, it will stop running [4].(5)Wide and scattered.Scattered geographical distribution of villages caused sewage dispersion and it is difficult to collect.2.2 the main source of rural sewageRural sewage refers to the formation of sewage of the rural areas in the life and production process, including rural production wastewater and rural domestic sewage two aspects.Rural domestic sewage refers to the residents living in the process of toilet discharge of sewage, bath, laundry and kitchen sewage, etc.Rural production sewage refers to livestock and poultry breeding, aquaculture, agricultural products processing and other high concentration of organic wastewater.Because China's rural living is scattered, rural domestic sewage showed a small amount and wide ck of appropriate sewage collection,treatment facilities, domestic sewage without treatment will be free to discharge, the health of rural residents to bring greater harm.At the same time, rural sewage production also poses a greater threat to the rural ecological environment.2.3main technologies of decentralized domestic sewage treatmentBeginning in 1970s, Japan, the United States, Europe and other developed countries on the use of decentralized sewage treatment of rural sewage treatment, has accumulated a lot of experience, achieved good results.The United States since the mid-20th century began the construction of rural sewage treatment facilities, in 1972 promulgated the first complete clean water, then according to the distributed processing technology in 2002 promulgated the decentralized sewage treatment system application manual [5].1987, In Denmark promulgated a decentralized sewage treatment guidelines [6].Germany from 2003 to implement the decentralized needle infrastructure system project research, use membrane bioreactor purification to treat remote rural sewage [7]. Australia proposed a sewage treatment land use system [8].While research and application of rural sewage decentralized treatment in China began in late 1980s,Compared with developed countries and regions, there are still many gaps in laws and regulations system, technical standard system and management and service system.In recent years, domestic scholars have done a lot of research on rural domestic sewage,and puts forward somemature processing technology, including aerobic biological treatment, anaerobic biological treatment technology, soil infiltration technique and physical and chemical processing technology etc.There are many scholars in the multi-soil-layer system improvement and application development of the Japanese, it has also done a lot of research, some scholars found through experiments: to earthworm soil infiltration layer can also solve the problem of blockage of MSL system, but also can guarantee the winter operation effect in winter [9-10].2.4 Multi-soil-layer system (MSL) technology2.4.1Structural characteristics of multi-media-soil layer systemMulti-soil-layer treatment (MSL) system is a kind of land sewage treatment system.Mainly composed of Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),From top to bottom are waterproof layer, gravel layer, soil layer and mixed layer (two alternately arranged), in addition, the MSL technology has a certain terrain fall from the inlet to the outlet, mainly by the drop let water can automatically flow in the system, at the same time to purify [11].2.4.2Purification mechanism of multi-soil-layer systemWastewater contains high concentrations of BOD, COD, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate ions and organic matter.When the wastewater into the MSL system, the organic matter in wastewater can be adsorbed on the surface of zeolite and soil through physical and chemical effects,followed by decomposition of soil layer in microorganism, and phosphorus removal is mainly through the soil layer of iron is oxidized to ferric hydroxide after the formation of insoluble iron, then adsorption in wastewater the formation of phosphate coprecipitation.Nitrogen removal is mainly through nitrification and denitrification by ammonia ion, and finally reduced to nitrogen discharge system.2.4.3Advantages of multi-soil-layer systemMulti-media-soil layer system is used to treat wastewater from traditional soil infiltration system.It has the disadvantages of low treatment load, large ground, easy to block nitrogen and phosphorus removal and other shortcomings [12].The MSL system with "soil modular" as the core concept, its unique brick type internal structure can form a plurality of aerobic and anaerobic environment in order to promote the removal of pollutants,Among them, the permeable layer greatly improves the water permeability of the system to prevent clogging, adding natural materials in the soil increases the purification capacity of the system. 3.ConclusionsWith the economic reform and development, China's environmental awareness is also improving, water pollution in rural areas have also obtained more and more attention,The MSL system applicable to the small population, scattered in rural areas, the decentralized sewage treatment system can be widely installed and used in the rural society,especially in rural areas of developing countries such as Chinese, Chineseis in need of such technology, sustainable development can protect thepublic health and the environment.4.Reference[1] Ye Hai Ye et al. Effect of surface load on polluted river water treated by multi-soil-layer system[J]. China water supply and drainage, 2012,28 (19): 74-77[2]Ying Song et al.Treatment of turtle aquaculture effluent by an multi-soil-layersystem[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science B.2015,16(2):145-154[3]Zou Jun, Chen Xin et al. Effect of material selection of multi-soil-layer system ondomestic wastewater treatment efficiency[J]. Journal of ecology and rural environment, 2010,26 (1): 14-18[4]Zhang Keqiang et al. Rural sewage treatment technology[M]Beijing: ChinaAgricultural Science and Technology Press, 2006.10[5] Chen Jinming et al.Policy and experience of managing decentralized wastewatertreatment systems in the United States [J]. China water supply and drainage, 2004,20 (6): 104-106[6] Hans B.Danish guidelines for small-scale constructed wetland systems for onsitetreatment of domestic sewage[C].Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Avignon, France,2004:1-8[7] Li Wushuang, Wang Hongyang. Status and treatment technology of ruraldecentralized domestic wastewater [J]. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 2008,14(6): 75-77[8] Zhang Jiawei, Zhou Zhiqin. Application of decentralized treatment technology forrural domestic sewage [J]. environmental science and management, 2011,36 (1): 95-99[9] Wang Xixi, Guo Feihong, et al. A new improved capillary infiltration ditch fordomestic wastewater treatment. [J].environmental chemistry,2011,30(3): 721-722[10] Zhang Xiaowei, Li Jianchao, et al. Experimental study on earthworm enhancedland treatment of rural wastewater [J]. Journal of agro environmental science,2009,28 (6): 1225-1229精品文档[11] Hu Hongqi, Yang Yong et al. Analysis of practical application of two efficientrural sewage treatment technologies [J]. Heilongjiang environmental bulletin, 2016, 40 (1): 20-24[12] Xin Chen et al.An introduction of a multi-soil-layering system:a novel greentechnology for wastewater treatment in rural areas[J].Water and Environment Journal.2009:255-262收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除。

中英文文献翻译—中国的水污染

中英文文献翻译—中国的水污染XXX。

water treatment facilities are not keeping up with the demand。

resulting in increased levels of water n。

In 1994.China produced 40.82 n tons of wastewater。

with 24.08 n coming from industrial use and 4.3 n from township and village enterprises。

This was a 2.7 percent increase from 1993.nally。

chemical oxygen demand。

heavy metals。

arsenic chemicals。

cyanide。

and volatile phenols all saw an increase in levels。

while petroleum-related pollutants declined by 10.1 percent.Although 75 percent of industrial wastewater received some form of treatment。

which is a 3 percent increase from the us year。

only 40 percent of treated XXX。

It's clear that more needs to be done to address this XXX to keep up with the XXX.XXX。

XXX in 1994 of seven major river basins and 110XXX only 32% of river water met the nal standards for drinking water sources。

污水处理外文翻译带原文

Study on Disinfection and Anti –microbial Technologies for Drinking WaterZHU Kun, FU Xiao Yong(Dept. of Environmental Engineering, LAN Zhou Railway University, LAN Zhou 730070, China)Abstract: Disinfection by-products produced by the reaction between chlorine and dissolved organic compounds and other chemicals are considered as a worrying problem in the drinking water treatment process since a series of mutagenic carcinogen substances are formed including trihalomethanes (THMs). Among the tested disinfectants(chlorine , ozone , chlorine dioxide , potassium permanganate , chloramines and hydrogen peroxide etc. ) , chlorine dioxide has proved to be the most feasible and effective oxidant for drinking water treatment and removal of pathogens due to its oxidation efficiency , low cost and simple way of utilization. A series of experiments indicate that chlorine dioxide can significantly restrain production of trihalomethanes (THMs) and control bacteria growth particularly for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The experiments verified that both ozone and chlorine dioxide are absolutely vital to ensure thtion of water storage are destroyed. The paper discusses oxidation capacity of chlorine dioxide, especially for removing petroleum compounds, which is affected by reaction time, gas injection way, and pH of treated water.Key words: disinfection; oxidants; water treatment; pathogens; chlorine dioxideCLC number: X523 Document code: A1 IntroductionChemical and filtration processes are two main methods used in China for treating drinking water meanwhile UV radiation has been used successfully for water treatment with relatively low flow rate. On the individual family level, usually chemical treatment is a feasible alternative. The following guidelines exist for the selection of suitablal of contaminants should be done by decomposition, evaporation or precipitation etc, to eliminate or decrease the toxicity, oxidants or reactionby-products should not be harmful to human health, and the purification processes should be practical and economical. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and discuss available disinfectants for drinking water treatment. The different disinfectants are compared regarding purification efficiencies and application approaches.2 Comparison ofO3 > ClO2 > HOCl > OCl - > NHCl2 > NH2ClReferring to Fiessinger′s [2] suggestion, the properties of these disinfectants are compared in Tab. 1. Chlorine is shown to be an excellent disinfectant to prevent waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever over long periods. Chlorine reacts not only within oxidation, but also by electrophilic substitution to produce a variety of chlorinated organic by - products, particularly trihalomethanes (THMs) and other mutagens. Here THMs mainly refer to chloroform, bromoform, dibromochloromathane and bromodichloromathane etc. Since the 1970`s, the usage of Cl2 in drinking water disinfection has been questioned with ozone being substituted as the preferred disinfectant in the water supply plants. But , ozone could not be introduced to the rural farmer community due to its high costs and short half - life (15～20 min. ) . As with other disinfectants, ozonation also leads to formation of organic by - product s such as aldehyde, ketones, and carboxylic acids, and also mutagenicity may be induced if bromic anion exists.Tab. 1 Comparison of various oxidants- no effect ; + little effect ; + + effect ; + + + largest effectMany studies have pointed out that disinfection is absolutely vital to ensure that any microorganisms arising from fecal contamination of water storage are destroyed. The selection of the available disinfectant s must concern to reduce risk from microbial contamination of drinking water and the potential increase in risk from chemical contamination that result from using any of the disinfectant s. The biocidal efficiency of commonly used disinfectants - ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine and chloramines are ranked almost with the same order as the oxidizing capacity, but the stability of those are following the order as [3]:Chloramines > Chlorine dioxide > Chlorine > Ozone3 Purification of organic pollutants by chlorine dioxideAccording to WHO guideline for drinking water quality, much consideration should be paid to benzene homologous compounds; therefore, the study on purification effect s of chlorine dioxide is focused on petrochemical pollutants. A series of experiment s were carried out to simulate the oxidation processes of contaminated water. The polluted solutions were prepared in a dark barrel (10L capacity) of seven kinds of benzene homologous compounds-Benzene , toluene , ethyl benzene , p-phenylmethane, o-phenylmethane, m-phenylmethane and styrene. Samples were taken to determine the initial concentration of the compounds prior to the test s. Standard chlorine dioxide solution was produced from sodium chlorite reacted with HCl solution of 10% [4]. The GR - 16A Gas - chromatograph with FID detector Shenyang LZ-2000 was used for measurement of Cl2, ClO2, ClO-2 and ClO-3[5]. Oil concentrations were determined with an UV -120-20 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu) following the procedure described by APHA [4]. Organic compounds in the water samples were measured with a GC-MS (QP-1000A). ClO2and O3were standardized by iodimetric titration at pH7.For the purpose of chemical disinfection for drinking water, chlorine was instantaneously ignored due to the formation of THMs and other mutagenic substances. The results indicated that potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide did not have enough oxidation capability to decompose petroleum contaminant s achieving only 46 %, and 5.7% decomposition of styrene, respectively. Ozone could not be selected due to it s high cost, complex operation and short half-life although it is an excellent oxidant for water treatment. Chlorine dioxide was the next most successful alternative for disinfection. The benefit s include-effective oxidation capacity, algicidal effect and negligible formation of halogenated by-products. Based on economic and operational requirement, the mixing gas method is easily used. The results obtained suggest that disinfection of drinking water with ozone and or chlorine dioxide seems to be a suitable alternatives to the use of NaClO for cont rolling the formation of non-volatile mutagens[6].In the laboratory experiments, the oxidants ozone, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate and the mixing gas (mainly contained ClO2 and a certain amount of Cl2, O3 and H2O2) were tested for removal of the petroleum compounds, and results are shown in Tab. 2.Tab. 2 Comparison of oxidation capacity for the various oxidantsA study was conducted to elucidate the decay pathway of monochloramine in thepresence and absence of natural organic matter (NOM) [7]. It was found that natural organic matter acted primarily as a reductant rather than catalyst. This conclusion was verified using a redox balance, and much of oxidizing capacity of monochloramine goes towards NOM oxidation. Cleaning agents and disinfectants from house keeping, hospitals, kitchens are sources of absorbable halogenated organic compounds (AOX) in municipal wastewater. The amount of AOX generated strongly depends on the nature and concentrations of dissolved and solid organic compounds, the concentration of active substances, temperature, pH and reaction time [8] When the mixing gases react with water molecules and organic micro-pollutants, hypochlorous acid is formed by chlorine, chlorite and chlorate ions are produced from chlorine dioxide in a series of redox reactions. The principal reactions are summarized as follows:ClO2+ organic →ClO -² + oxidized organic (1)2ClO -² + Cl2 = 2ClO2 + 2Cl - (2)2ClO -²+ HOCl = 2ClO2 + 2Cl - + OH- (3)2ClO2 + HOCl + H2O = 2ClO - ³ + HCl + 2H+ (4)The rate of chlorate yield can be described by Equation (5):d [ClO3]/ d t = 2 k [ClO2] [HOCl] (5)in which k = 1.28 M/ min at 25 ℃ [9].The stoichiometry of the undesirable reactions that form chlorate in low concentration of chlorite or presents of excess chlorine is given as:ClO -² + Cl2 + H2O = ClO - ³ + 2Cl - + 2H+ (6)ClO - ² + HOCl = ClO - ³ + Cl - + H+ (7)At alkaline conditions:ClO -² + HOCl + OH- = ClO - ³ + Cl - + H2O (8)Typically, chlorine dioxide is used in drinking water treatment and the concentrations are ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/L [10]. However, the relevant by - products of chlorine dioxide treatment-chlorite and chlorate have been found to induce methemoglobinemia in the human body when concentrations are more than 100 mg/L [11]. The oxidation results of the organic contaminants were affected byreaction time. The initial concentrations and removal rate at different times are listed in Tab. 3. It is shown that chlorine dioxide has a very strong oxidation capability including the break down of the benzene ring. There are no other commonly used oxidants to do like this except for ozone.Tab. 3 Removal rate of tested organic compounds at different operating time (at pH7)The injecting method for chlorine dioxide gas into the solution also has an apparent influence on the removal rate. With the indirect method, the gas firstly was dissolved in a certain amount of distilled water, and then added to the tested organic solutions, as a result, removal rates appear lower than for the direct blowing method. The main reason for the difference is due to the conversion and decomposition of chlorine dioxide in the dissolving process before the reaction. It is confirmed from Tab. 3 that the removal rate was proportional to operating time. Since chlorine dioxide showed very strong oxidation capability for organic chemicals but was reduced to chlorite anion according to Equation (4), and the removal rate initially appeared quite high. Then, chlorite keeps the oxidation capacity at a level, which allows decomposition of the organic compounds to continue even though the oxidation reaction gradually became weaker with reaction time. The experiment indicated that pH values significantly influenced the removal rate of the organic compounds. The differences of degradation rates in a variety of pH through indirect input way areshown in Tab. 4.Tab. 4 Degradation rate of benzene homologous compounds with indirect method at different pH (after 15 min)There are, however, some disadvantages with ClO2, such as easy loss from solution due to volatilization, and disproportionation above pH 10 into chlorate and chlorite ions that are of certain oxidation capacity, but reported to be harmful to health if the concentration is too high. Chlorine dioxide was unstable in the solution even though it has a stronger oxidation capability than chlorite and chlorate as the two resulted in anions being dominant in the oxidation processes. The actual concentration of chlorine dioxide depended on the existence of chlorine, chlorite and chlorate whose concentrations were determined by pH values of the solution according to Equations (6) and (8) respectively. Consequently, the pH is the critical controlling factor in the concentrations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. The latter two harmful ions can be removed quite quickly by treatment with a reducing agent such as sulfur dioxide - sulfite ion at pH values of 5～7[10 ,12]. Fe (II) can be used to eliminate chlorite from the water , and the redox reaction is kinetically more rapid at pH 5～7 as well[13]. It was evident that the decomposition in acidic conditions was much better than that in alkaline conditions because a disproportional amount of chlorine dioxide was consumed by the reactions under alkaline conditions. For drinking water treatment, it has been suggested that the mixture of chlorine 0.8 mg/L and chlorinedioxide 0.5 mg/L will achieve disinfection and control THMs formation in preference to use of pure chlorine dioxide[14]. According to USEPA drinking water standard, the residue of ClO2 is limited as 0.8 mg/L that tends to the goal of 0.4 mg/L.4 Control of pathogens with disinfectantsHuman pathogens that are transmitted by water including bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Organisms transmitted by water usually grow in the intestinal tract and leave the body in the feces. Thus, they are infections. Fecal pollution of water supplies may then occur, and if the water is not properly treated, the pathogens enter a new host when the water is consumed, therefore, it may be infectious even if it contains only a small number of pathogenic organisms. Most outbreaks of waterborne diseases are due to breakdowns in treatment systems or are a result of post contamination in pipelines.The microorganisms of concern are those which can cause human discomfort, illness or diseases. These microbes are comprised of numerous pathogenic bacteria, viruses, certain algae and protozoa etc. The disinfection efficiency is typically measured as a specific level of cyst inactivation. Protozoan cysts are the most difficult to destroy. Bacteria and viral inactivation are considered adequate if the requirement for cyst inactivation is met. Therefore, water quality standard for the disinfection of water have been set at microorganisms, usually take the protozoan cysts as indicator, so viruses will be adequately controlled under the same operation conditions required for inactivation of protozoan cysts. The widely found drinking water contamination is caused by protozoan that is a significant intestinal pathogens in diary cattle, likely a source of this outbreak.There are two of the most important protozoa - Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts those are known to outbreak diseases, frequently are found in nature and drinking water storage ponds. Protozoa form protective stages like oocysts that allow them to survive for long periods in water while waiting to be ingested by a host. Protozoa cysts are not effectively removed by storing water because of their small size and density. Cryptosporidium oocysts have a setting velocity of 0.5 um/s. Therefore, if the water tank is 2 m deep, it will take the oocyst 46 days to settle to thebottom. Giardia cysts are much large and have a great settling velocity of 5.5um/s. It was evident that chlorine and chloramines were ineffective against Cryptosporidium oocysts, which was discovered to be amazingly resistant to chlorine, and only ozone and chlorine dioxide may be suitable disinfectants [15]. The investigations have verified that Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to chorine, even up 14 times as resistant as the chlorine resistant Giardia, therefore methods for removing it in past rely on sedimentation and filtration. Watson′s Law to study protozoan disinfection, reads as follows:K = Cηt (9)In the formula:K ——constant for a given microorganism exposed to a disinfectant under a fixed set of pH and temperature conditions;C ——disinfectant concentration (mg/ L);η——empirical coefficient of dilution ;t ——time required to achieve the fixed percentage inactivation.For the preoxidation and reduction of organic pollutants , the recommended dosages are between 0. 5～2. 0 mg/ L with contact time as 15～30 min depending on the pollutants characteristics in the water. In the case of post - disinfection , the safe dosages of ClO2 are 0. 2～0.4 mg/L. At these dosages, the potential by - products chlorite and chlorate do not constitute any health hazard [16]. The relation between disinfectant concentration and contact time can be established by using Ct products based on the experimental data. From this the effectiveness of disinfectants can be evaluated based on temperature, pH value and contact time. Since Cryptosporidium has become a focus of regulatory agencies in the United States and United Kingdom, the prospects of controlling this pathogen show more considerable. The comparison of the Ct values by using ozone , chlorine dioxide , chlorine and chloramines for Giardia and Cryptosporidium cyst s are listed in Tab. 5[17 ,18 ] , and for some microorganisms disinfection are displayed in Tab. 6[19 ] .Tab. 5 Ct values (mg·min/ L.) for disinfection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts by using 4 disinfectantsTab. 6 Comparison of value intervals for the product Ct (mg·min/ L) for the inactivation of various microorganisms by using 4 disinfectantsThe mean Ct value for ClO2 at pH 7 and 5 ℃was 11. 9 mg·min/ L, and dropped to 5.2 at pH 7 and 25 ℃. High temperatures normally enhance the efficiency of disinfectants while lower temperatures have opposite effects requiring additional contact time or extra quantity of disinfectants. The best performance for ClO2 is at pH 9 and 25 ℃, which yields a Ct product of 2.8 mg·min/ L [20]. Chlorine dioxide appears to be more efficient for Cryptosporidium oocysts than either chlorine or monochloramine. Exposure of oocysts to 1.3 mg·min/ L at pH 7 reduces excystation from 87 % to 5 % in a hour at 25 ℃. Based on this result, Ct product of 78 mg·min/ L was calculated. However, the Ct product for ozone to do this work was examined as 5 - 10 mg·min/ L from observation that excystation decreased from 84 % to 0 % after 5 minutes with the ozone concentration of 1 mg/ L [15]. As with other disinfectants, increasing temperature decreased the Ct values and improved the cysticidal action. Increasing temperature unexpectedly reduced the Ct values from a high of 6.35 mg·min/ L at pH5 to a low of 2.91 mg·min/ L at pH 9[20]. It is generally the rule, that for protozoa ozone is the best cysticide, chlorine dioxide is superior to chlorine andiodine, but chlorine, in overall, is much superior to chloramines [21].Although disinfection efficiency of ozone is higher than chlorine dioxide, this difference can be compensated by the contact time. The experiment indicated that chlorine dioxide could reach the same results for disinfection of coliform bacteria as ozone did if time lasted long enough, which can be seen in Fig. 1. The added concentrations of both of ozone and chlorine dioxide were 2 mg/ L.Control of Cryptosporidium oocysts in potable water requires an integrated multiple barrier approach. Coagulation is critical in the effective control of Cryptosporidium by clarification and filtration. Dissolved air floatation can achieve oocysts removal of 3 logs compared to about 1 log by sedimentation. Dissolved air floatation and filtration provide two effective barriers to Cryptosporidium oocysts with cumulative log removal of 4 to 5 compared to log removals of 3 to 4 by sedimentation and filtration [22].Fig. 1 Comparison of disinfection efficiency between ozone and chlorine dioxide on coliform bacteria5 Tendency of disinfection for drinking waterIn the future, the burden of producing water with low pathogen level and low tastes and odor will be allocated to a combination of steps, including source water protection, coagulation - flocculation - sedimentation, filtration, floatation, membrane processes and adsorption. Some form of terminal treatment with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, UV, or other agents will also be required. No single step can or should be expected to shoulder the entire burden to controlling a given contaminant. With the development of techniques, new chemical and physical agents will meet tests of practicability for use in water treatment and will reduce pathogens. These may include electromagnetic fields and other forms of treatment with light or sonic energy [23].In light of availability, efficacy, operability and costs, the priority should be given to ultraviolet method among all of the currently utilized disinfection technologies, particularly in developing countries. The medium and low - pressure UV extends tremendous potential promise for adaptation into various scale water supply plants. The researches have validated that extremely low dosage of UV can behighly effective for inactivate oocysts [24]. Furthermore, comparison of medium and low - pressure lamps demonstrated no significant differences. By using low - pressure UV at the dosage of 3 , 6 and 9 mJ/ cm2 , oocyst inactivation levels were yielded between 3.4 and 3.7 log. In the trials of UV in water with turbidity of more than 1 NTU, the ability of medium –pressure was not affected, and high level of oocysts inactivation could still be achieved.6 ConclusionsTo purify drinking water, chlorine dioxide can be chosen instead of chlorine, ozone and other disinfectants because of it s advantages of high efficiency of disinfection, competent stability, low cost and simple utilizing way etc. Both ozone and ClO2 are absolutely vital to ensure that any microorganisms arising from fecal contamination of water storage are destroyed. The utilization of chlorine dioxide has been found to efficiently restrict protozoa growth, to disinfect from bacteria and viruses. Taking the protozoan cysts as indicator in which Cryptosporidium oocysts were solidly resistant to chlorine, but chlorine dioxide may be suitable disinfectants to mutilate. Thus, viruses will be adequately controlled by chlorine dioxide under the same operation conditions required for inactivation of protozoan cysts. The experiment indicated that chlorine dioxide could reach the same results for disinfection of coliform bacteria as ozone did if time lasted long enough although disinfection efficiency of ozone is higher than chlorine dioxide.It is an obvious preference for chlorine dioxide to pragmatically remove oil and benzene homologous compounds in water treatment meanwhile the formation of mutagenic and toxic substances is limited. The degradation rate was proportional to input amount of oxidants and increase of operating time. The dosage input , in overall , is suggested to range between 0. 5～2.0 mg/ L. The effective pH at which reactions occur is in the slightly acid range of 5 to 7 at which formation of chlorite and chlorate is minimized. The chlorine dioxide gas should be injected directly into the treated water body, so that high concentrations of ClO2 can be kept in the solution. Under these conditions, the elimination rate for organic pollutants will be much higher. For the storage system, input dosage of chlorine dioxide concentration should be higherthan that in laboratory studies due to complex pollutants in treated water. References:[1 ] Katz J . Ozone and chlorine dioxide technology for disinfection of drinking water [M]. Noyes New Jersey: Data Corporation, 1980.[2] Fiessinger F. Organic micropollutants in drinking water and health [M] . Publisher, N. Y., U. S. A: Elsevier Sci., 1985.[3 ] Hoff J C , Geldreich E E. Comparison of the biocidal efficiency of alternative disinfectants [C] . In Proceedings AWWA seminar, Atlanta, Georgia, 1980.[4 ] APHA , American Public Health Association. American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. (16th Edition) [M]. Washington D. C., 1989.[5] Dietrich A M. Determination of chlorite and chlorate in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water by flow injection analysis and ion chromatography[J ] .A nal. Chem., 1992, 64:496 - 502.[6] Monarca S. Mutagenicity of extracts of lake drinking water treated with different disinfectants in bacterial and plant tests[J ] . Water Res, 1998, (32):2 689 - 2 695.[7] Vikesland P , Ozekin K, Valentine R L. Effect of natural organic matter on monochloramine decomposition : pathway elucidation through the use of mass and redox balance[J ] . Envi ron. Sci. Tech., 1998, 32 (10):1 409 - 1 416.[8] Schulz S , Hahn H H. Generation of halogenated organic compounds in municipal wastewater [M] . Proc. 2nd Int. Assoc. Water Qual. Int. Conf. Sewer Phys. Chem. Bio. Reactor, Aalborg, Denmark, 1998.[9 ] Aieta E M. A review of chlorine dioxide in drinking water treatment [J]. J. A WWA, 1986, 78 (6): 62 - 72.[10 ] Gordon G Minimizing chlorine ion and chlorate ion in water treatment with chlorine dioxide[J ] . J. A WWA, 1990, 82 (4):160 - 165.[11] Kmorita J D , Snoeyink V L. Monochloramine removal from water by activated carbon[J ] . J. A WWA, 1985, (1):62 - 64.[12] Gordon G, Adam I , Bubnis B. Minimizing chlorate information[J ] . J. AWWA, 1995, 87, (6): 97 - 106.[13] Iatrou A. Removing chlorite by the addition of ferrous iron[J ] . J. A WWA, 1992, 84 (11): 63 - 68.[14 ] Schalekamp Maarten. Pre - and intermediate oxidation of drinking water with ozone, chlorine and chlorine dioxide [J]. J. Ozone Science and Engineering, 1986, 8: 151 - 186[15 ] Korich D G, Mead J R , Madore M S , et al . Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine and monochramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oosyst viability [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1990, 56: 1 423 - 1 428.[16 ] AWWA Research Foundation. Chlorine dioxide; drinking water issues, 2nd International Symposium [R]. Houston, TX, 1992.[17] Lykins B W, Griese H G. Using chlorine dioxide for trihalomethane control[J ] . J, A WWA, 1986, 71 (6): 88 - 93.[18] Regli S. Chlorine dioxide , drinking water issues , 2nd International Symposium [ R ] . Houston, TX, AWWA Research Foundation, 1992.[19] Hoff J C. Inactivation of microbial agents by chemical disinfectants[J] . US EPA, 1986.[ 20 ] Rubin A , Evers D , Eyman C , et al . Interaction of gerbil - cultured Giardia lamblia cysts by free chlorine dioxide [J]. Applied and Envi ronmental Microbiology, 1989, 55: 2 592 - 2 594.[ 21 ] Rusell A D , Hugo WB , Ayliffe GA J . Principes and Practice of Disinfection [M]. Preservation and Sterilization. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U K, 1992.[22 ] Edzwald J K, Kelley M B. Control of Cryptosporidium from reservoirs to clarifiers to filters [C] . Proc. 1st IAWQ –IWSA Joint Specialist Conf. Reservoir Manage. Water Supply, Prague, Czech, 1998.[23] Haas Charles N. Disinfection in the Twenty - first century[J ] . J. A WWA, 2000, 92 (2): 72 - 73.[24 ] Clancy L , Jenneifer , Bukhari Z , et al , Using UV to Inactivate Gryptosporidium[J ] . J. A WWA, 2000, 92: 97 - 104.饮用水的消毒及杀菌技术研究朱琨伏小勇(兰州铁道学院环境工程系, 甘肃兰州730070)摘要:饮用水处理消毒过程中可产生一系列致癌物质,主要是氯与水中的有机物和其它化学成分反应的结果,其中典型产物有三氯甲烷. 通过对常用消毒剂液氯,臭氧,二氧化氯,高锰酸钾,氯胺及过氧化氢的实验对比,证明二氧化氯是高效,方便,廉价的消毒剂. 它不仅对一般病原菌类有明显的抑制和杀菌作用,对清除难以灭杀的潜原性病毒也有理想的效果. 在净化水中石油类有机物时,二氧化氯的效果受到反应时间,注入方式和pH 值的影响.关键词:消毒;氧化剂;水处理;病原菌;二氧化氯中图分类号:X523 文献标识码:A中文译文：饮用水消毒和杀菌技术的研究朱琨伏小勇（兰州铁道学院环境工程系，甘肃兰州，730070 中国）在饮用水处理过程中，通过氯与溶解性有机物和其他化合物的反应所产生的消毒副产物被看作一个令人担忧的问题，因为一系列诱变致癌的物质组成包括总卤甲烷。

污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的脱氮效率1摘要：努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。

氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。

人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。

比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。

为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。

它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。

塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。

常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。

该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。

高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。

通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。

塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。

关键词：人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌１. 前言对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。

在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。

水污染处理文献综述英文

Application of multi-soil-layer system (MSL) in ruralwastewater treatmentAbstract:with the continuous improvement of living in rural farmers, the water consumption of residents is increasing, rural sewage emissions will continue to increase, if not treat effectively, the water environment in rural areas will be serious deteriorated, and influence the life quality of rural residents. In this case this paper presents a decentralized sewage treatment system, multi-soil-layer system technology (MSL) application in the rural sewage treatment, this paper summarizes the new technology, you can better understand and practice, especially in the developing countries where is in need of this technology. In the foreseeable future, it can protect public health and the sustainable development of the environment, and it also provides a new way for rural sewage treatment.Key words: rural sewage; multi-soil-layering system; distributed1.IntroductionIn recent years, with the continuous development of economy, people's living standards continue to improve, rural economic development is also very rapid, but the rural economic development and environmental development is not synchronized, serious rural water pollution.While high technical sewage treatment plants, such as centralized sewage treatment plants are involved in large investment costs, high operating costs,Because of economic constraints, such systems are less suitable for livestock farms and small communities in rural areas. While the multi-media-soil layer system(MSL) sewage treatment system, this decentralized sewage treatment system, it has less investment, low operating costs, high handling load. Besides, the utility model overcomes the defects of the prior soil percolation which is easy to be blocked from the space structure.The sewage treatment system is one kind of the purification technology of sewerage treatment soil developed in Japan in twentieth Century, the soil system will be modularized, and the module is set up around the water in the soil layer to avoid clogging, and adding natural organic materials to soil modules can improve the purification ability of the system.The MSL system consists of a Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),The Permeable layer is usually composed oflarger particles fillers such as gravel, pumice, perlite and zeolite.Higher porosity can effectively prevent clogging of the soil water layer.At the same time, the formation of aerobic environment is conducive to organic degradation.The mixed layer soil is mainly packing soil mixed with other 20%-30% other materials such as activated carbon, wood, iron and other material or soil with local resources.The organic material added in the soil mixed layer can improve the biological decomposition and adsorption capacity of the system, and can also improve the supply of hydrogen in the process of nitrogen removal and promote the removal of nitrogen.There are many researches on MSL system treating urban sewage, livestock wastewater and river water at home and abroad.Researchers in China, Ye Hai et al[1] studied the effect of surface load on polluted river water treated by multi-soil-layer system.Song Ying[2]had studied the treatment effect of multi medium soil infiltration system for turtle breeding wastewater.Zou Jun[3]also pointed out that multi-soil-layer material selection will have a certain impact on the domestic sewage treatment efficiency.In foreign countries, especially in Japan, Thailand and Indonesia, MSL systems have been used to handle various types of wastewater, but the domestic of this technology in sewage treatment in rural areas there is no comprehensive study,This article through to the MSL system technology processing rural domestic sewage research, inorder to provide some technical support for the MSL system in the practical application of rural sewage treatment.2.1characteristics of rural sewageFor a long time,China's pollution control on rural attention and investment far less than the city,96% of the villages without drainage pipe network and sewage treatment system,The random discharge of domestic sewage has become one of the main reasons for the deterioration of water quality in the basin, and is also an important factor causing the rural water environment pollution and lake eutrophication.At the same time, it seriously affects the safety of production and living in the rural areas, and seriously affects the economic development.The main features of rural sewage in China are:(1)The amount is huge and increases year by year.Statistics show that in 2002.There are 3.205 million tons of national rural domestic sewage daily emissions.The total nitrogen emission is about 283.1t, total phosphorus daily emission is about 56.6t, basically without any treatment directly discharged.(2)Water quality and water quantity fluctuation are huge.Rural sewage water is not stable, different periods have different water quality, generally do not contain heavy metals and toxic and harmful substances, but contains more synthetic detergent and bacteria, viruses.(3)More sources.In addition to human feces, kitchen generated sewage, there are household cleaning, domestic waste landfill leachate generated sewage, which will then enter the river part of the sewage, will cause greater pollution.(4)Low treatment rate.Part of the system can not run low temperature, rural sewage daily variation coefficient and seasonal variation coefficient, the system a few time high load operation, if there is little sewage, it will stop running [4].(5)Wide and scattered.Scattered geographical distribution of villages caused sewage dispersion and it is difficult to collect.2.2 the main source of rural sewageRural sewage refers to the formation of sewage of the rural areas in the life and production process, including rural production wastewater and rural domestic sewage two aspects.Rural domestic sewage refers to the residents living in the process of toilet discharge of sewage, bath, laundry and kitchen sewage, etc.Rural production sewage refers to livestock and poultry breeding, aquaculture, agricultural products processing and other high concentration of organic wastewater.Because China's rural living is scattered, rural domestic sewage showed a small amount and wide ck of appropriate sewage collection, treatment facilities, domestic sewage without treatment will be free to discharge, the health of rural residents to bring greater harm.At the sametime, rural sewage production also poses a greater threat to the rural ecological environment.2.3main technologies of decentralized domestic sewage treatmentBeginning in 1970s, Japan, the United States, Europe and other developed countries on the use of decentralized sewage treatment of rural sewage treatment, has accumulated a lot of experience, achieved good results.The United States since the mid-20th century began the construction of rural sewage treatment facilities, in 1972 promulgated the first complete clean water, then according to the distributed processing technology in 2002 promulgated the decentralized sewage treatment system application manual [5].1987, In Denmark promulgated a decentralized sewage treatment guidelines[6].Germany from 2003 to implement the decentralized needle infrastructure system project research, use membrane bioreactor purification to treat remote rural sewage[7]. Australia proposed a sewage treatment land use system [8].While research and application of rural sewage decentralized treatment in China began in late 1980s,Compared with developed countries and regions, there are still many gaps in laws and regulations system, technical standard system and management and service system.In recent years, domestic scholars have done a lot of research on rural domestic sewage,and puts forward some mature processing technology, including aerobic biological treatment, anaerobic biological treatment technology, soil infiltration technique andphysical and chemical processing technology etc.There are many scholars in the multi-soil-layer system improvement and application development of the Japanese, it has also done a lot of research, some scholars found through experiments: to earthworm soil infiltration layer can also solve the problem of blockage of MSL system, but also can guarantee the winter operation effect in winter [9-10].2.4 Multi-soil-layer system (MSL) technology2.4.1Structural characteristics of multi-media-soil layer systemMulti-soil-layer treatment (MSL) system is a kind of land sewage treatment system.Mainly composed of Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),From top to bottom are waterproof layer, gravel layer, soil layer and mixed layer (two alternately arranged), in addition, the MSL technology has a certain terrain fall from the inlet to the outlet, mainly by the drop let water can automatically flow in the system, at the same time to purify [11].2.4.2Purification mechanism of multi-soil-layer systemWastewater contains high concentrations of BOD, COD, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate ions and organic matter.When the wastewater into the MSL system, the organic matter in wastewater can be adsorbed on the surface of zeolite and soil through physical and chemical effects, followed by decomposition of soil layer in microorganism, and phosphorus removal is mainly through the soil layer of iron is oxidized toferric hydroxide after the formation of insoluble iron, then adsorption in wastewater the formation of phosphate coprecipitation.Nitrogen removal is mainly through nitrification and denitrification by ammonia ion, and finally reduced to nitrogen discharge system.2.4.3Advantages of multi-soil-layer systemMulti-media-soil layer system is used to treat wastewater from traditional soil infiltration system.It has the disadvantages of low treatment load, large ground, easy to block nitrogen and phosphorus removal and other shortcomings [12].The MSL system with "soil modular" as the core concept, its unique brick type internal structure can form a plurality of aerobic and anaerobic environment in order to promote the removal of pollutants,Among them, the permeable layer greatly improves the water permeability of the system to prevent clogging, adding natural materials in the soil increases the purification capacity of the system.3.ConclusionsWith the economic reform and development, China's environmental awareness is also improving, water pollution in rural areas have also obtained more and more attention,The MSL system applicable to the small population, scattered in rural areas, the decentralized sewage treatment system can be widely installed and used in the rural society, especially in rural areas of developing countries such as Chinese, Chinese is in need of such technology, sustainable development can protect thepublic health and the environment.4.Reference[1] Ye Hai Ye et al. Effect of surface load on polluted river water treated by multi-soil-layer system[J]. China water supply and drainage, 2012,28 (19): 74-77[2]Ying Song et al.Treatment of turtle aquaculture effluent by an multi-soil-layersystem[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science B.2015,16(2):145-154[3]Zou Jun, Chen Xin et al. Effect of material selection of multi-soil-layer systemon domestic wastewater treatment efficiency[J]. Journal of ecology and rural environment, 2010,26 (1): 14-18[4]Zhang Keqiang et al. Rural sewage treatment technology[M]Beijing: ChinaAgricultural Science and Technology Press, 2006.10[5] Chen Jinming et al.Policy and experience of managing decentralized wastewatertreatment systems in the United States [J]. China water supply and drainage, 2004,20 (6): 104-106[6] Hans B.Danish guidelines for small-scale constructed wetland systems for onsitetreatment of domestic sewage[C].Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Avignon, France,2004:1-8[7] Li Wushuang, Wang Hongyang. Status and treatment technology of ruraldecentralized domestic wastewater [J]. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 2008,14 (6): 75-77[8] Zhang Jiawei, Zhou Zhiqin. Application of decentralized treatment technology forrural domestic sewage [J]. environmental science and management, 2011,36 (1): 95-99[9] Wang Xixi, Guo Feihong, et al. A new improved capillary infiltration ditch fordomestic wastewater treatment. [J].environmental chemistry,2011,30(3): 721-722 [10]Zhang Xiaowei, Li Jianchao, et al. Experimental study on earthworm enhancedland treatment of rural wastewater [J]. Journal of agro environmental science,2009,28 (6): 1225-1229[11]Hu Hongqi, Yang Yong et al. Analysis of practical application of two efficientrural sewage treatment technologies [J]. Heilongjiang environmental bulletin, 2016, 40 (1): 20-24[12] Xin Chen et al.An introduction of a multi-soil-layering system:a novel greentechnology for wastewater treatment in rural areas[J].Water and Environment Journal.2009:255-262。

给水处理-外文文献原文+翻译

膜技术和环境保护中的水处理Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protectionREN J ianxin1 , ZHANGBaocheng2(1.China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co. , No. 9 West Road , Beitucheng Chaoyang District ,Beijing 100029 , China2. Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic of Turin , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , Italy)Abstract : The paper present s a general summary on the state of the water resource and membrane industry of China. Now the water pollution is becoming more grave , and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth. China has 660 cities ,360 cities of them are short of water. The situation in 110 cities is serious , and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous. It was predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict s and international wars. The water pollution in China is also very astonished. 77 % untreated wastewater is discharged ,and 46. 6 % river is polluted. Membrane is a clean production technology ,which could be used to improve the quality of drink water ,treat the waste to reduce the pollution and save the water resource. China has a lot of researchers and research institute on membrane. The paper present s some data of Chinese membrane research and manufacture.Key words : membrane water treatment environment protectionCLC number : TQ028. 8 Document code : A1 IntroductionWater is a main resource for our human being ,but the problem of water is more serious than before.China is a developing country while it s economy goes forward rapidly. However , along with the development of economy , the eco- environmental problem is becoming worse and worse , such as shortage of resources , ecological damage , environmental pollution and etc. all these are bound to have fatal impacts on the improvement of our living standard and on the substantial development of economy. Now the central government is focusing on the development over the western part of China , in which the economic development and the environmental protection bear key importance.Membrane separation technology is an advanced technology that has been developing very quickly during the past several decades. In 1952 , Reid introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater with RO for the first time. In 1960 , Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical application , which was a symbol of the birth of membrane science and technology. China has a 40year history of research and development of membrane. In this period , RO , NF , UF , MF , electric dialysis , pervaporation membrane , liquid membrane , membrane reactor were developed , and have been put into application in the fieldsof energy , electronics ,petroleum , petrochemical , pharmacy , heavy industry , light industry , food and brewery industry , people’s daily life and the environmental protection. Especially in the water treatment , the application of membrane technology turns wider and wider , and plays an increasingly important role.2 The state of water resource and water pollution in ChinaIn range of environmental problems , water problem is extremely severe. There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve the shortage of water and how to treat the wastewater. This number will be doubled in the next 30 years. It is forecast by some experts that water , rather than oil , is going to be the main cause of conflicts regionally even globally. There are 660 cities in China. Among the m , more than 360 are short of water and 110 are in urgent situation. Further more , 40 cities are in the list of the cities that are ext remely short of water. It is estimated that the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually , and that China will lack 60 billion tons water in 2030. Due to the water shortage , the product output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually.The water quality in China was deteriorated over the past few years. The polluted river length increased every year. According to the statistical data in 1999 , 46. 5 % of rivers were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers , but the wastewater treated ratio was only 23 %. [1 ]Water pollution has become the obstacle of economic development and social progress. In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River , there are 21 counties discharging wastes into Yangzi River. The height of the float above water reaches 24 m , sometimes 6. 5 m. It has directly affected the work of Ge Zhou Ba water power station. It causes frequent breakdown of Erjiang power station. The worst case happened was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown with an electricity loss of 14 000 kW , equal to the capacity of a small power station.Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic development , but also endangers the existence of the people. The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2 , which causes the water undrinkable.3 State of membrane industryChina has a lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane. The research on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane began in 1958[2 ] . RO membrane began in 1965 and UF membrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane , cellulose acetate UF membrane , was used in electric coat system in 1980s , after polysulfone hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured. The researches and the development also went ahead rapidly on NF membrane , gas membrane , inorganic membrane , pervaporation membrane and liquid membrane.Although the membrane industry of China is not big , it grows up very quickly. According to the statistical data in 1997 , there were 13 big companies of membrane with the output over ＄1. 2 million in China ( Tab. 1) . The output of solo membrane was ＄45 million , within which the imported value was ＄27 million. The industrialoutput relevant to membrane was estimated ＄0. 17 billion and it will be ＄0. 3 billion this year. The imported membrane is about 70 % sales in China. The output of locally manufactured membrane increased by 30 % annually.In 1997 , the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about ＄10 billion. It is estimated that the output value will be increased to ＄14 billion in 2000. The output of membrane industry of USA was ＄1. 1 billion in 1997 and will reach ＄1. 6 billion in 2001 with the annual growth rate of 8. 0 %. In 1997 , the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was ＄0. 97 billion in Europe. It is reckoned to be ＄1. 65 billion in 2004 with the annual growth rate of 7. 9 %. According to these growth rates , China will catch up with USA and Europe in the coming years as shown in Fig. 1.Tab. 1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over ＄1. 2 millionFig. 1 The output increases of membrane products in USA , Europe and China There are tens of research institutes in China , of which more than 20 are on UF and MF membrane. Meanwhile , there are two research bases on membrane. One is the aqueous membrane research institute — The Development Center of Water Treatment Technology , SOA Hangzhou China , and the other is the gas membrane research base —National Engineering Research Center of Membrane Technology , Dalian , China.4 Application of membrane in water treatmentThe application of membrane in water treatment depends on it s effectiveness of separation and cost of process. As an advanced separation technology , it is endowed with many advantages : high selectivity , applicability under ambient temperature without phase change , low cost of energy , high level of automation , low pollution and etc.4. 1 Desalination of seawater and black waterRO is the most economical way for the desalination of seawater and black water. The energy consumption is less than 5 kW·h/ t for seawater or 0. 53 kW·h/ t for black water. The biggest plant of RO for seawater desalination can produce water 2. 1 ×105m3/ d , for black water is 1. 3 ×105 m3/ d. It seems that RO is thebest method to solve the problem of drinking water and industrial water in the draught areas. It can be verified by the fact that most of the largest desalination plant s are located in Middle East as shown in tab. 2[3 ].4. 2 Purification of drinking waterMembrane is the best tool for the purification of drinking water because it can remove the suspended substance , bacteria , toxic metallic components and organic components to improve the water quality. 90 % of the city water is productive water, only 9 % supplied water is the domestic water and only 1 % is drinking water. To supply water separately for the resident zones is an effective way to improve the quality of drinking water. Supplying water separately is to treat the 1 % supplied water with membrane for special purpose. Separate supply system has been built in some resident zones of Beijing and Shenyang , which mainly use RO membrane.Tab. 2 The largest five desalination plant s in the worldThe world total capacity of desalination in 1998 is 22 735 000 m3/ d.4. 3 Reuse of municipal domestic sewageCity sewage is an important potential water resource. Recycled water for different purposes can be produced from the domestic sewage with membrane. It is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resource.There are 3 domestic sewage treatment factories in Beijing , and another 4 are under const ruction. In addition , 15 more are to be built . The sewage treat ratio will mount to 80 % in 2006. Two million tons of the treated water will flow out from the se wastewater treatment factories. After treated with membrane , the water can be reused for industrial purpose , green area and other fields. In this way , the municipal supplied water can be reduced , and the water resource can be fully utilized. If the membrane technology is applied in the deep treatment of the city sewage ,more than one million tons of discharged wastewater will be reduced every day only in Beijing. At the same time , more than one million tons of the water resource can be saved. So it would retrench 0. 36 billion tons of water per year. This method can reduce the water pollution , as well preserve the water resource.4. 4 Treatment of industrial wastewaterIndustrial wastewater has many types in large quantity and it is very harmful. If the wastewater can be treated , it would not only preserve the resource ,but also protect the environment because the wastewater contains some deleterioussubstances such as oil ,metallic ions , phenol and etc. The membrane technology bears splendid significance in the industrial wastewater treatment . In early 1970s , RO membrane began to make the electric plating wastewater recycled Charged UF membrane turned the electro coating system in automatic company into clean producing line. The wastewater treatment with membrane recycled the wastewater in dyeing process UF membrane is a key technology for the reuse of oil wastewater.5 Future of membrane application in water treatmentThe essence of membrane technology is a highly effective material. The material should provide high flux , high selectivity and so on. In the wastewater treatment , we often encounter hazardous condition. Under such kind of circumstances , organic membrane sometimes cannot meet the requirement . Consequently , more attention is paid to the inorganic membrane now that has fulfilled a considerable progress in these years with a rate of 30 %. Currently China can produce tube ceramic membran e on industrial scale. With the decrease of water resource and the increase of water pollution , it is definitely that the membrane technology , the separation technology of the lowest energy cost , will realize a brilliant future. RO , NF ,UF , MF , ion -exchange , dialysis etc which are mainly used in water treatment will be the center of membrane technology. China is a country with a large population of nearly 1. 3 billion people , which covers one fifth of the world population , but the water resource is only 1/ 20 of world. Therefore the water resource per capita is only 1/ 4 of that of the world. Membrane is an effective means to solve water problem. The advantage of membrane in water treatment is more and more obvious while it is application is wider and wider. The membrane industry of China marches rapidly at a rate of 30 % annually. However , the difference from the developed count ry is still big. The membrane output per capita is merely 1/ 32 of that of USA and 1/ 12 of that of the world. The membrane market in China is huge with a bright outlook. To enhance the application of membrane in water treatment , we should : Ó Promote the application of membrane technology.Ó Develop new - fashion membrane.膜技术和环境保护中的水处理任建新1 张保成2(1. 中国蓝星化学清洗总公司, 中国北京朝阳区北土城西路号,1000292. 意大利都灵理工大学化工系, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi24 ,Torino 10129 , 意大利)摘要：这篇文章简单介绍了目前中国水资源和膜工业的现状。

英文翻译外文文献翻译356外文英文翻译中国的水污染

中国的水污染随着当工业发展增长，在中国的都市和农村中心，水处理设施一直很缺乏，表面和地水污染变得越来越严重，在1994年，总废物量水在中国是40.82 十亿吨，包括24.08十亿从工业用途和4.3十亿吨从乡镇企业(TVEs)。

1993 年这个图高了2.7%。

另外，化学氧需求(氧气的数量必要氧化污染物入环境安全物质)增加9.4%，重金属增加了4.7%,砷化学制品增加14.4%，氰化物增加2.8%并且挥发性酚增加8.9%，当石油关系了污染物下降了10.1%。

虽然几乎75%的工业废料水接受了一年的治疗,比1993年高3个百分点,只有被对待40%的废水的符合了中国的废水effluence标准。

主要江河流域水污染几乎每条主要河在中国遭受污染，在1994年勘测七条中国的主要江河流域和110选定了这些河的关键部分，只有32%的河水被发现符合全国标准为饮用水来源(被分类作为类I和类II)，其主要污染物包括氨氧化物和有毒性的有机化学制品。

当前, 24%的中国人口被认为喝污染严重污水并且79%喝着这些污水。

几乎所有城市饮用水位于河流流出下来并且包含冒号杆菌, 此细菌有害对人的消化系统。

地面和地下水都市地下水资源被污染比一般的要更坏。

1994 年，勘测的136条河中通过市区合格或适合人的使用的只有51条河; 21条是适用于为饮用水的, 37条能被使用只为工业目的和对人体健康有着不安全的关系, 并且17 能被使用为农业灌溉。

主要污染物在都市地水里是石油化学制品、挥发性酚、氨亚硝酸和水银。

提取有地下水源在主要城市, 特别是在太原、南京、石家庄、苏州、大同、唐山、保定、青岛和烟台。

1994 年，从去年都市地下水质在乌鲁木齐，南昌、成都、大连、襄樊改善了，郑州、贵阳和信阳恶化了。

沿海水域污染在中国大陆的海岸线是18,000公里和14,000公里在超过6,000个海岛。

沿海省占本地人口的40.3%，并且超过473万平方公里沿海水域是在中国的主权之下,2.81万平方公里是海洋渔场所以在许多沿海水域提出一个严肃的污染问题, 水产养殖完全地已经被毁坏。

水污染控制工程（第三版）下册（高廷耀）专业英语对照整理

注：整理可能不齐全，部分遗漏请自己补充，粗体为较为重要的（我自己觉得），括号内为缩写简称生化需氧量（BOD ）biochemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量（COD ）chemical oxygen demand 总有机碳（TOC ) total organism carbon 总需氧量（TOD ）total oxygen demand 丙酸型发酵propionic acid type fermentation 丁酸型发酵butyric acid type fermentation 丙酸杆菌属Propionibacterium 芽孢杆菌Clostridium spp. 好氧呼吸aerobic respiration 缺氧呼吸anoxic respiration 呼吸链respiration chain 无色杆菌属Achromobacter 产气杆菌属Aerobacter 产碱杆菌属Alcaligenes 黄杆菌属Flavbacterium 变形杆菌属Ptoteus 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas 生物除磷（BRP ）biological phosphorus removal聚磷微生物PAOs phosphorus accumulation organisms 气单孢菌属Aeromonas 放线菌属Actinomyces 诺卡氏菌属Nocardia 挥发性脂肪酸VFA 聚β-羟基戊酸PHV 混合液悬浮固体浓度（MLSS ）mixed liquor suspended solids 混合液挥发性悬浮固体（MLVSS ）mixed liquor volatile suspended solids 污泥沉降比（SV% ）settled volume污泥体积指数（SVI ）sludge volume index 推流式曝气池plug-flow aeration basin完全混合曝气池completely mixed aeration basin 封闭环流式反应池CLR closed loop reacter 序批式反应池（SBR ）sequencing batch reactor 吸附-生物降解工艺（AB 法）adsorption-biodegration process循环活性污泥工艺CAST CAST cyclic cyclic cyclic activated activated sludge technology 或CASS CASS cyclic cyclic activated sludge system 膜生物反应器MBR membrane biological reactor 停留时间（污泥泥龄）SRT solids retention time 前置缺氧-好氧生物脱氮工艺A N -O 法同步硝化反硝化SNdN前置缺氧-好氧生物脱磷工艺A P -O 法聚羟基丁酸PHB A 2/O 工艺也称AOO 工艺anaerobic-anoxic-oxicUCT University of Cape Town浮游球衣菌 Sphaerotilus natans 浮游球衣菌曝气生物滤池（BAF ）biological aerated filter厌氧生物滤池（AF）Anerobic Filter上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB ）Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket 挥发性悬浮固体VSS污泥稳定化Sludge Stabilization厌氧消化法Anaerobic digestion好氧消化法Aerobic digestion。

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水本实验中使用来自一个住宅社区。

质量指标列于表1。

2.3方法
CODcr的是由重铬酸钾法测定;BOD5是通过稀释和接种方法进行测试;氨氮是由纳氏光谱法测试;总磷是用二氯化锡的方法测试;pH值是由膜电极的方法进行测试。

2.4启动反应
在生物接触氧化之前有必要驯化微生物使其正常运行。

这个过程称为生物膜的形成。

有两种方法来培养微生物。

在这个实验中，采用天然生物薄膜形成方法。

在实验的开始,将生活污水被通入氧化槽1和槽2,保持空气/水的比例5:1。

2天后,在填料的表面可以观察到淡黄的生物膜填料，4天后完全覆盖生物膜。

然后采用流化培养。

从氧化槽1流出的废水流进氧化槽2。

7天之后成功地形成生物膜(生物膜和COD浓度的废水作为标准)。

图2示出了填充物的生物膜已经形成之前和
之后的对比。

可以发现，生物薄膜在罐2比在槽1和较厚的种类和细菌的数量在等级1是更加薄笏在罐2。

而原生动物和后生动物在罐2的量为大于在罐1中，其原因可能是，对于细菌的营养物质已被而消耗和有毒物质的一部分已经在罐1被移除。

3结果和讨论
3.1水力停留时间的影响
当每个反应器的滞留时间相等时，该系统将处于最佳状态。

因此每个接触氧化槽在该实验中的保留时间来设计是相同的。

后的生物薄膜形成过程结束时，实验继续持续了7天。

图3显示HRT和CODcr的平均去除率在HRT为30，60，90，120，180，和300分钟之间的关系。

结果表明，当HRT增加时，CODcr的平均去除率增大，。

当每个氧化池的水力停留时间为1h时，CODcr的去除率为91.2％，。

因为停留时间的进一步增加不会导致在CODcr的去除速率明显增加，在本实验中，HRT选择1小时。

3.2空气/水比例的影响
气体流量是影响对去除速率的重要因素。

在相同的HRT——1h条件，通过控制两个氧化槽的气/水比例，其结果示于表2。

从表2中可以看出，是在氧化一总空气/水的比例为5:1，以3:1在氧化槽1的空气/水比，和2:1的条件下得到的流出物的最佳结果槽2的空气/水的比率下降将导致减少溶解氧的浓度和微生物的生物降解性的。

如果总的空气/水比过较大（大于5:1）中，丝状菌会迅速地再现。

由于有机物在水中有限的，营养物质越来越少了，这使得微生物处于饥饿状态。

这也导致增加的CODcr，出水。

其结果是，平均去除的CODcr的降低。

3.3 CODcr的去除效果。

图4是CODcr的运行在下述条件下14天后的去除效果：总空气/水比为5:1，以3:1在槽1和槽2中2：1的空气/水的比例，并1小时的停留时间。

从图4，出水的CODcr浓度仍保持虽CODcr的进水浓度变化较大的稳定水平。

例如，当CODcr的最高浓度是进水498.6毫克/升，流出物的浓度为17.3毫克/升，和去除率为96.5％，CODcr的平均浓度进水和出水是302.4mg/L和16.7 mg/L时，CODcr 的平均去除率为94.5％，分别。

该结果表明，该两级接触氧化工艺具有高的效率去除的CODcr，抗库存装载了良好的性能，并且CODcr的稳定质量的流出物。

3.4 BOD5的去除效果
结果（图5）表明，去除BOD5的是类似于去除的CODcr的。

出水BOD5的浓度低且稳定时的进水变化的浓度。

当进水的最高浓度为252.7毫克/升，处理后出水浓度为12.3毫克/升。

在这个实验中，进水和出水的BOD5平均浓度为154.5 mg/L和10.5mg/L时，平均去除率为93.2％。

3.5悬浮固体的去除效果
进水和出水的悬浮固体浓度的变化曲线示于图6，结果表明，悬浮固体进水和出水的平均浓度为203.2 mg/L和16.9 mg/L时，平均去除率为91.7％。

研究发现，大多数悬浮固体的污水来源于脱落的生物膜并具有良好的效率，当进水的悬浮固体浓度变高。

结果表明，氨氮进水和出水的平均浓度为27.7毫克/升和14.7毫克/升，平均去除率为46.9％，而长期传代时间和硝化细菌小的增长速度和硝化细菌引起这些细菌很难在活性污泥系统中找到。

然而，生物固体的平均停留时间没有直接关系与废水中的停留时间，这会导致这些细菌的繁殖大量存在于接触氧化系统。

这个过程有氨氮的去除较好的效率比活性污泥工艺。

小分子磷已被出去，因为厌氧区的上生物膜的面积太小，除去磷和处理系统没有剩余污泥排出。

此磷可以被去除是通过生物合成的方法。

4结论
1）通过使用在处理生活污水二级接触氧化工艺，CODcr的，BODCR和平均去除率悬浮固体是94.5％，93.2％和91.7％，当空气/水的比例为5:1和水的水力停留时间是1小时。

2）这个过程有氨氮比46.9％的平均氨氮去除率活性污泥工艺更好的去除效率。

所以。

这个过程是适合治疗的住宅小区或小城镇的生活污水。

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