电力电子技术外文翻译
电力电子翻译
abstractPower electronic technology is divided into power electronics manufacturing technology and variable flow technology (rectifier, inverter, chopper, inverter, a disguised form, etc.) two branches.Has now become indispensable to modern electrical engineering and automation major a professional basic course, occupies an important position in cultivating the professional talents.Power Electronics (Power Electronics) this name is in the 1960 s. In 1974, the United States W.N ewell with an inverted triangle (pictured) for power electronics are described, that it is by electricity, electronics and control theory of the three disciplines cross. This view is widely accepted around the world. \"Power electronics\" and \"power electronic technology\" is respectively from the Angle of the two different academic and engineering technology to call. It is generally believed that the birth of the power electronic technology is a 1957 American ge company developed the first symbol of thyristor, power electronic technology and is based on the concept of the thyristor and thyratron converter technology development and establishment of the. Previously have been used in power transformation of the electronic technology, so the thyristor appeared in front of the period can be referred to as the power electronic technology of prehistoric or dawn. In the late 70 s at the door may be shut off thyristor (decision), Power bipolar transistor (BJT), electric Power field effect tube (Power MOSFET) type of all control device development at full speed (all control device is characterized by polar opposite gate or both the base control can make its opening to shut off). Make the power electronic technology has taken on a entirely newlook entered a new stage of development. In the late 80 s, with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT as composite of MOSFET and BJT) represented by the complex device set driving power is small, fast switching speed, state the pressure drop is small, current carrying capacity is greater than one, superior performance make it become the main device of modern power electronic technology. In order to make the compact structure of power electronic devices, the volume decreases, and often take a number of power electronic devices and necessary auxiliary device to make the form of module, then the drive, control, protection circuit and the power device together, constitute the power integrated circuit (PIC). The power of the PIC is small but it represents the power electronic technology is an important direction of development.Using electricity power electronic devices to realize industrial scale transform technology, sometimes referred to as the power electronic technology. In general, it is a form of industrialelectrical energy is converted into another form of industrial electricity. For example, ac power can transform into direct current or direct current can transform into ac electricity; The industrial frequency power transformation equipment required for frequency of power supply; In the normal ac power is interrupted, using inverter (see power converter) battery dc can transform into power frequency ac power. Application of power electronic technology can realize the conversion between electric energy and electric energy. For example, the use of solar cells convert solar radiation into electricity. With the electronic technology, power electronics technology transform electricity as energy rather than as a carrier of information sensing. So people of can convert electric power.Power electronic technology is based on the principle of electronics, electrical and automatic control of three disciplines on the emerging discipline. Because it is itself a high power electric technology, mostly for the application of high-voltage electrical industrial services, reason often it belongs to the electrician class. The content of the power electronic technology mainly includes the power electronics, power electronic circuits and power electronic device and its system. Power electronic devices in semiconductors as the basic materials, the most commonly used material for monocrystalline silicon; Its theory foundation for semiconductor physics; Its process technology for semiconductor devices. The modern new power electronic devices in a large number of applications of microelectronics technology. Power electronic circuit has absorbed the theoretical basis of electronics and according to the characteristics of the device and the requirement of electric energy conversion, and developed many electric energy conversion circuit. The circuit includes a variety of control, triggering, protection, display, information processing, such as relay contact secondary circuit and peripheral circuit. Use of these circuits, depending on the application object, form the various USES of the whole machine, referred to as the power electronic devices. These devices often associated with load, the necessary equipment to form a system. Electronics, electrical engineering, automatic control and signal detection, technology used in these devices and a large number of applications in the system.ApplicationGeneral industrial:Ac/dc motor, electrochemical industry, metallurgical industryTransportation:Electrified railway, electric automobile, aviation, aerospace, navigationPower system:High-voltage direct current transmission, flexible ac transmission, reactive power compensationPower electronic device:For information on power electronic devicesHousehold appliances:"Energy-saving lamps, frequency conversion air conditioning"Other:UPS, shuttle, new energy, power systemsrole(1) the optimization of energy use. Through the handling of electricity power electronic technology, make use of reasonable, efficient, and save electricity, realized the optimization of the utilization of electric power. For example, in terms of energy saving, in view of the fan, water pump, electric traction, mill metallurgy, light industry, paper making, industrial furnaces, induction heating, welding, chemical industry, electrolytic 14 aspects, such as investigation, total potential energy saving equivalent to 16% of the 1990 national capacity, so the application of power electronic technology is a strategy of energy saving measures, general energy-saving effect of up to 10% - 10%, our country has many devices listed in the application of energy saving projects.(2) to transform traditional industries and the development of emerging industries such as mechanical and electrical integration. According to forecast of developed countries, the future will have 95% of its electricity to treat before using the power electronic technology, the various industrial and civil electrical and mechanical equipment, with 95% related to power electronics industry, in particular, the power electronic technology is high voltage low voltage control of the media, is an important interface between mechanical and electrical equipment and computer, it adopt micro-electronic technology for traditional industries and emerging industry created the conditions, guarantee and give play to the role of computer basis.(3) the development of power electronic technology of high frequency and frequency conversion technology, will make the mechanical and electrical equipment breaks through the traditional power frequency, develop to the direction of high frequency. Achieve the best efficiency, reduce the volume of a mechanical and electrical equipment will be a few times, a few times, reach high response speed, and can adapt to any reference signal, no noise and has new functions and purposes.(4) the progress of the power electronic intelligence, information processing in a certain degree of one with processing power, and make the integration of microelectronic technology and power electronics technology, its development may cause the major reform of electronic technology. Someone even suggested that under the electronics a revolution will take place in the industrial equipment and power grid as an object of the electronic technologyapplications, power electronics technology will bring people to the edge of the second electronic revolution.The deviceIn 1902 the first glass mercury rectifier. In 1910 appeared iron-clad mercury rectifier. Replace the mechanical switch with mercury rectifier and inverter, the power electronic technology is started. In 1920 developed rector, in 1923 the selenium rectifier. In the 30 s, the rectifier began to a large number of used in power rectification device. The transistor in the late 1940 s. In the early 1950 s, to the development of high power transistor, at the same time made of high-power diode semiconductor single crystal materials was developed. In 1954, the Swedish general motor company (ASEA) will first mercury arc tube used for high voltage rectifier and inverter, and application in + 100 kv dc transmission lines, transmission 20 megawatts of electricity. In 1956, americans j. Moore made thyristor. In 1957, americans R.A. york made practical thyristor. The late '50 s and thyristor is used in the power electronic devices, since the 60 s get rapid promotion, and developed a series of derived device, expand the application field of the power electronic technology. Power electronic circuit As the thyristor application promotion, developed many power electronic circuits, according to its function can be divided into: (1) to convert ac power to dc rectifier circuit; (2) to direct current (dc) can be converted into ac power inverter circuit; (3) will be a form of communication electrical energy converted into another form of communication power conversion circuit of communication; (4) will be in the form of a direct current (dc) can be converted into another form of dc to dc conversion circuit. These circuits contain thyristor, and every thyristor needs corresponding trigger. So with the power electronic circuits appeared a lot of trigger control circuit. Depending on the device, the control circuit in general can be divided into three generations. The first generation of the control circuit is mainly composed of discrete electronic components (such as transistors, diodes). Until the late 80 s, also used a lot. The second generation is composed of integrated circuit. Since 1958, the United States theworld's first integrated circuit, exceptionally rapid development. It is applied to the control circuit of the power electronic device, make its compact structure, function and reliability was improved. The third generation by microcomputer control. Since the 70 s, due to the development of microcomputer power electronic device further progress towards the realization of intelligent. Power electronic device with the development of power electronic circuits and improvement of many types of thyristor power electronic device appear constantly. Such as high-power electrolytic power supply, welding power source, plating with dc power supply; Dc and ac traction, dc drive, ac cascade speed regulation, frequency control of motor speed, such as transmission power; Excitation, static compensation of reactive power,harmonic compensation of power system with power electronic device; Low frequency, intermediate frequency and high frequency power supply and so on all kinds of power frequency power supply, especially in the high frequency induction heating power source; No electricity power supply, ac regulated power supply and other industrial power electronics power supply; All kinds of voltage regulator and so on. The power electronic devices, and the traditional motor - than a generator, a high power efficiency (with a capacity of 10 kw to hundreds of kilowatts, frequency of 1000 hz - generating unit as an example, the motor under rated load, the efficiency of eta = 80%, and significantly reduced with the decrease of the load, if the SCR power supply, eta 92% or higher, and little change with load), therefore, has obvious energy saving effect. Power electronic device is stationary type device, cover an area of an area small, light weight, easy installation, welding power source, for example, compared with rotating machine, a 80% reduction in weight, energy saving 15%). At the same time, frequency and voltage of the power electronic devices tend to be more easily, the regulation of fast response and versatility, high degree of automation, therefore used in industry as well as obvious energy saving, also often can improve productivity and product quality, save raw materials, and often can improve the working environment. But most of the electronic switch device power electronic devices, it often on the grid and load harmonic interference, sometimes also caused a certain high frequency interference on the surrounding environment, this is the design of these devices and systems must be properly solve (see higher harmonic suppression).progressFrom the 1950 s to 70 s, with high-power silicon diode, bipolar power transistor and the brake pipe application (especially thyristor) on the basis of the power electronic technology development more mature. Since the late 70 s, the development of the two aspects of power electronic technology caused a huge impact. One for the development of the microcomputer control system for the power electronic device, fault detection and information processing plays a major role, also will continue to develop in the future; Secondly for the microelectronics technology, optical fiber technology infiltrate the power electronic devices, such as to develop more of a new generation of power electronic devices. Which in addition to the ordinary thyristor to the larger capacity (6500 v, 3500 a) development, the door may be shut off thyristor (decision) voltage 4500 v, current 2500 ~ 3000 Ann; Bipolar transistor also toward greater capacity development, mid and late 80 s the highest voltage of 1400 v, industrial products maximum current of 400 Ann, working frequency is much taller than thyristor, using darlington structure current gain of up to 75 ~ 200. With the development of optical fiber technology, the United States and Japan from 1981 to 1982 have developed intoa optically controlled thyristor and used in HVDC system. This kind of light control and electric compared to trigger thyristor, simplifies the trigger circuit, improve the level of the insulation and anti-interference ability, can make the converter equipment to develop in the direction of small, lightweight, both reduces the cost, and improve the reliability of operation. At the same time, the field control of power electronic devices have been development, such as power field effect transistor (power MOSFET) and power static induction transistor (SIT) has reached QianFuJi and dozens to hundreds of Ann grade level of voltage, current, the working frequency of medium and small capacity can reach grade megahertz. By the field control and bipolar synthesis of a new generation of power electronic devices, such as insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGT or IGBT) and MOS controlled thyristor (MCT) also is on the rise, capacity has a considerable. These new devices have turned off the door, and can greatly improve the working frequency, the power electronic circuit is more simple, the volume and weight of the power electronic devices, efficiency, performance indicators, and so on various aspects it will make the power electronic technology development to a renewal phase. At the same time, power electronics, power electronic circuits and the computer simulation of power electronic devices and simulation technology is also in constant development.简介电力电子技术分为电力电子器件制造技术和变流技术(整流，逆变，斩波，变频，变相等)两个分支。
电力电子技术外文翻译
外文翻译题目：电力电子技术二A部分晶闸管在晶闸管的工作状态，电流从阳极流向阴极。
在其关闭状态，晶闸管可以阻止正向导电，使其不能运行。
可触发晶闸管能使导通状态的正向电流在短时间内使设备处于阻断状态。
使正向电压下降到只有导通状态的几伏（通常为1至3伏电压依赖于阻断电压的速度）。
一旦设备开始进行，闸极电流将被隔离。
晶闸管不可能被闸关闭，但是可以作为一个二极管。
在电路的中，只有当电流处于消极状态，才能使晶闸管处于关闭状态，且电流降为零。
在设备运行的时间内，允许闸在运行的控制状态直到器件在可控时间再次进入正向阻断状态。
在逆向偏置电压低于反向击穿电压时，晶闸管有微乎其微的漏电流。
通常晶闸管的正向额定电压和反向阻断电压是相同的。
晶闸管额定电流是在最大范围指定RMS和它是有能力进行平均电流。
同样的对于二极管，晶闸管在分析变流器的结构中可以作为理想的设备。
在一个阻性负载电路中的应用中，可以控制运行中的电流瞬间传至源电压的正半周期。
当晶闸管尝试逆转源电压变为负值时，其理想化二极管电流立刻变成零。
然而，按照数据表中指定的晶闸管，其反向电流为零。
在设备不运行的时间中，电流为零，重要的参数变也为零，这是转弯时间区间从零交叉电流电压的参考。
晶闸管必须保持在反向电压，只有在这个时间，设备才有能力阻止它不是处于正向电压导通状态。
如果一个正向电压应用于晶闸管的这段时间已过，设备可能因为过早地启动并有可能导致设备和电路损害。
数据表指定晶闸管通过的反向电压在这段期间和超出这段时间外的一个指定的电压上升率。
这段期间有时被称为晶闸管整流电路的周期。
根据使用要求，各种类型的晶闸管是可得到的。
在除了电压和电流的额定率，转弯时间，和前方的电压降以及其他必须考虑的特性包括电流导通的上升率和在关闭状态的下降率。
1。
控制晶闸管阶段。
有时称为晶闸管转换器，这些都是用来要是整顿阶段，如为直流和交流电机驱动器和高压直流输电线路应用的电压和电流的驱动。
主要设备要求是在大电压、电流导通状态或低通态压降中。
电力电子技术PowerElectronicTechnology
驱动电路（Driving Circuit）和以电力电子器件为核 心的主电路（Main Circuit）组成
图1-1 电力电子器件在实际应用中的系统组成
2.1.2 应用电力电子器件的系统组成
➢ 电力电子系统：由控制电路（Control Circuit）、
• 电力二极管（Power Diode）
• 只有两个端子，器件的通和断是由其在主电 路中承受的电压和电流决定的
2.1.3 电力电子器件的分类
➢ 按照驱动电路加在器件控制端和公共端之间信 号的 性质，分为两类：
1) 电流驱动型(Current Driving Type)——通过从控制 端注入或者抽出电流来实现导通或者关断的控制
2.1.3 电力电子器件的分类
MCT 混
功率MOSFET 功率SIT
IGBT
合 型
复 GTR
合 型
型
双 SITH 极 晶闸管
肖特基势垒二极管
电力二极管
单 极 型 （
GTO RCT
LTT TRIAC
（
电力电子图器1-件42分类树
2.2 不可控器件－电力二极管
2.2.1 PN结与电力二极管的工作原理 2.2.2 电力二极管的基本特性 2.2.3 电力二极管的主要参数 2.2.4 电力二极管的主要类型
➢ 快恢复二极管（Fast Recovery Diode）和 肖特基二极管（Schottky Diode)，分别 在 中、高频整流和逆变，以及低压高频整流 的场合，具有不可替代的地位
2.2.1 PN结与电力二极管的工作原理
➢ 电力二极管（Power Diode）基本结构和工作原理 与信息电子电路中的二极管一样以半导体PN结为基 础
chapter07 PWM Techniques 《电力电子技术(第5版)》英文版本课件
voltages, then
3 2
Vm
ca
20
Power Electronics
Switching States for 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter
p
ia
va sa
ib
vb
sb
ic
vc
sc
idc Vdc
n
sa sb sc Switching state
idc
Spectrum of 3-phase
PWM inverter
1.0
a=0.8 a=0.5
output voltage
a=0 0.8
No lower order harmonics
No harmonics at c.
The lowest frequency and highest content harmonics are
DC/AC
AC/DC
2
Power Electronics
Outline
7.1 Basic principles 7.2 Some major PWM techniques in DC/AC inverters 7.3 PWM techniques with feedback control 7.4 PWM rectifiers
9
Power Electronics
Triangular-wave natural sampling
In 3-phase VSI
Three-phase bridge inverter can only realize bi-bolar PWM therefore should be controlled by bipolar sampling.
外文翻译--电力电子技术
外文翻译--电力电子技术中文译文电力电子技术电力是一门新兴的应用于电力领域的电子技术就是使用电力电子器件如晶闸管GTOIGBT等对电能进行变换和控制的技术电力电子技术所变换的电力功率可大到数百MW甚至GW也可以小到数W甚至1W以下和以信息处理为主的信息电子技术不同电力电子技术主要用于电力变换简介电力电子技术分为电力电子器件制造技术和交流技术整流逆变斩波变频变相等两个分支现已成为现代电气工程与自动化专业不可缺少的一门专业基础课在培养该专业人才中占有重要地位电力电子学PowerElectronics这一名称是在上世纪60年代出现的1974年美国的WNewell用一个倒三角形如图对电力电子学进行了描述认为它是由电力学电子学和控制理论三个学科交叉而形成的这一观点被全世界普遍接受电力电子学和电力电子技术是分别从学术和工程技术2个不同的角度来称呼的一般认为电力电子技术的诞生是以1957年美国通用电气公司研制出的第一个晶闸管为标志的电力电子技术的概念和基础就是由于晶闸管和晶闸管变流技术的发展而确立的此前就已经有用于电力变换的电子技术所以晶闸管出现前的时期可称为电力电子技术的史前或黎明时期70年代后期以门极可关断晶闸管GTO电力双极型晶体管BJT电力场效应管Power-MOSFET为代表的全控型器件全速发展全控型器件的特点是通过对门极既栅极或基极的控制既可以使其开通又可以使其关断使电力电子技术的面貌焕然一新进入了新的发展阶段80年代后期以绝缘栅极双极型晶体管IGBT可看作MOSFET和BJT的复合为代表的复合型器件集驱动功率小开关速度快通态压降小在流能力大于一身性能优越使之成为现代电力电子技术的主导器件为了使电力电子装置的结构紧凑体积减小常常把若干个电力电子器件及必要的辅助器件做成模块的形式后来又把驱动控制保护电路和功率器件集成在一起构成功率集成电路PIC目前PIC的功率都还较小但这代表了电力电子技术发展的一个重要方向利用电力电子器件实现工业规模电能变换的技术有时也称为功率电子技术一般情况下它是将一种形式的工业电能转换成另一种形式的工业电能例如将交流电能变换成直流电能或将直流电能变换成交流电能将工频电源变换为设备所需频率的电源在正常交流电源中断时用逆变器见电力变流器将蓄电池的直流电能变换成工频交流电能应用电力电子技术还能实现非电能与电能之间的转换例如利用太阳电池将太阳辐射能转换成电能与电子技术不同电力电子技术变换的电能是作为能源而不是作为信息传感的载体因此人们关注的是所能转换的电功率电力电子技术是建立在电子学电工原理和自动控制三大学科上的新兴学科因它本身是大功率的电技术又大多是为应用强电的工业服务的故常将它归属于电工类电力电子技术的内容主要包括电力电子器件电力电子电路和电力电子装置及其系统电力电子器件以半导体为基本材料最常用的材料为单晶硅它的理论基础为半导体物理学它的工艺技术为半导体器件工艺近代新型电力电子器件中大量应用了微电子学的技术电力电子电路吸收了电子学的理论基础根据器件的特点和电能转换的要求又开发出许多电能转换电路这些电路中还包括各种控制触发保护显示信息处理继电接触等二次回路及外围电路利用这些电路根据应用对象的不同组成了各种用途的整机称为电力电子装置这些装置常与负载配套设备等组成一个系统电子学电工学自动控制信号检测处理等技术常在这些装置及其系统中大量应用作用 1优化电能使用通过电力电子技术对电能的处理使电能的使用达到合理高效和节约实现了电能使用最佳化例如在节电方面针对风机水泵电力牵引轧机冶炼轻工造纸工业窑炉感应加热电焊化工电解等14个方面的调查潜在节电总量相当于199 0年全国发电量的16所以推广应用电力电子技术是节能的一项战略措施一般节能效果可达10-40我国已将许多装置列入节能的推广应用项目2改造传统产业和发展机电一体化等新兴产业据发达国家预测今后将有95的电能要经电力电子技术处理后再使用即工业和民用的各种机电设备中有95与电力电子产业有关特别是电力电子技术是弱电控制强电的媒体是机电设备与计算机之间的重要接口它为传统产业和新兴产业采用微电子技术创造了条件成为发挥计算机作用的保证和基础3电力电子技术高频化和变频技术的发展将使机电设备突破工频传统向高频化方向发展实现最佳工作效率将使机电设备的体积减小几倍几十倍响应速度达到高速化并能适应任何基准信号实现无噪音且具有全新的功能和用途4电力电子智能化的进展在一定程度上将信息处理与功率处理合一使微电子技术与电力电子技术一体化其发展有可能引起电子技术的重大改革有人甚至提出电子学的下一项革命将发生在以工业设备和电网为对象的电子技术应用领域电力电子技术将把人们带到第二次电子革命的边缘器件02年出现了第一个玻璃的汞弧整流器1910年出现了铁壳汞弧整流器用汞弧整流器代替机械式开关和换流器这是电力电子技术的发端1920年试制出氧化铜整流器1923年出现了硒整流器30年代这些整流器开始大量用于电力整流装置中20世纪40年代末出现了晶体管20世纪50年代初晶体管向大功率化发展同时用半导体单晶材料制成的大功率二极管也得到发展1954年瑞典通用电机公司 ASEA公司首先将汞弧管用于高压整流和逆变并在±100千伏直流输电线路上应用传输20兆瓦的电力1956年美国人J莫尔制成晶闸管雏型1957年com实用的晶闸管50年代末晶闸管被用于电力电子装置60年代以来得到迅速推广并开发出一系列派生器件拓展了电力电子技术的应用领域电力电子电路随着晶闸管应用的推广开发出许多电力电子电路按其功能可分为将交流电能转换成直流电能的整流电路将直流电能转换成交流电能的逆变电路将一种形式的交流电能转换成另一种形式的交流电能的交流变换电路将一种形式的直流电能转换成另一种形式的直流电能的直流变换电路这些电路都包含晶闸管而每个晶闸管都需要相应的触发器于是配合这些电力电子电路出现了许多的触发控制电路根据所用的器件这些控制电路大体上可以分为3代第一代的控制电路主要由分立的电子元件如晶体管二极管组成直到80年代后期还用得不少第二代由集成电路组成自从1958年美国出现了世界上第一个集成电路以来发展异常迅速它应用到电力电子装置的控制电路中使其结构紧凑功能和可靠性得到提高第三代由微机进行控制70年代以来由于微机的发展使电力电子装置进一步朝实现智能化的方向进步电力电子装置随着电力电子电路的发展和完善由晶闸管组成的许多类型的电力电子装置不断出现如大功率的电解电源焊接电源电镀用的直流电源直流和交流牵引直流传动交流串级调速变频调速等传动用电源励磁无功静止补偿谐波补偿等电力系统用的电力电子装置低频中频高频电源等各种非工频电源尤其是感应加热的中高频电源不停电电源交流稳压电源等各种工业用电力电子电源各种调压器等等这些电力电子装置与传统的电动机-发电机组比有较高的电效率以容量10千瓦至数百千瓦频率为1000赫的电动机-发电机组为例在额定负载下效率η＝80％并随负载减小而显著降低若用晶闸管电源η≥92％且随负载变化不大因此有明显的节能效果电力电子装置是静止式装置占地面积小重量轻安装方便以焊接电源为例与旋转焊机相比重量减轻80％节能1 5％同时电力电子装置往往对频率电压等的调节比较容易响应快功能多自动化程度高因此用于工业上不但明显节能还往往能提高生产率和产品质量节省原材料并常能改善工作环境但电力电子装置大多为电子开关式装置它往往对电网和负载产生谐波干扰有时还对周围环境引起一定的高频干扰这是在设计这些装置和系统时必须妥善解决的见高次谐波抑制进展从20世纪50年代中到70年代末以大功率硅二极管双极型功率晶体管和晶闸管应用为基础尤其是晶闸管的电力电子技术发展比较成熟70年代末以来两个方面的发展对电力电子技术引起了巨大的冲击其一为微机的发展对电力电子装置的控制系统故障检测信息处理等起了重大作用今后还将继续发展其二为微电子技术光纤技术等渗透到电力电子器件中开发出更多的新一代电力电子器件其中除普通晶闸管向更大容量6500伏3500安发展外门极可关断晶闸管 GTO 电压已达4500伏电流已达2500～3000安双极型晶体管也向着更大容量发展80年代中后期其工业产品最高电压达1400伏最大电流达400安工作频率比晶闸管高得多采用达林顿结构时电流增益可达75～200随着光纤技术的发展美国和日本于1981～1982年间相继研制成光控晶闸管并用于直流输电系统这种光控管与电触发的晶闸管相比简化了触发电路提高了绝缘水平和抗干扰能力可使变流设备向小型轻量方向发展既降低了造价又提高运行的可靠性同时场控电力电子器件也得到发展如功率场效应晶体管 power MOSFET 和功率静电感应晶体管 SIT已达千伏级和数十至数百安级的电压电流等级中小容量的工作频率可达兆赫级由场控和双极型合成的新一代电力电子器件如绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGT或IGBT和MOS控制晶闸管MCT也正在兴起容量也已相当大这些新器件均具有门极关断能力且工作频率可以大大提高使电力电子电路更加简单使电力电子装置的体积重量效率性能等各方面指标不断提高它将使电力电子技术发展到一个更新的阶段与此同时电力电子器件电力电子电路和电力电子装置的计算机模拟和仿真技术也在不断发展电力电子技术创新98年末朱镕基总理明确指示今后必须加快国家创新体系的建设因此可以肯定的说在21世纪初国家发展中技术创新将要变成企业工作的主导内容而发展与建立适合中国国情的电气工业的技术创新机制通过电力电子技术长足进步推动新型电气工业不断升级和进步进而走向世界电力电子技术虽然它具有微电子技术的许多共同特征如发展变化都非常迅速渗透力和创新表现十分突出生命力格外旺盛处于阳光产业地位并与其它学科相互融合和发展产生新的机遇而电力电子技术还有其自身一些独具特色的地方如高电压大容量及控制功率范围大因此技术的创新难度在于必须跨越高电压大功率这一关卡及其技术的综合难度如材料工业和制造工艺而电力电子器件工作的可靠性是其极其重要的一个技术指标为此电力电子技术的创新是与多种学科相互渗透并对各种工业领域有着极强的渗透性因此电力电子技术与国家的基础产业关系密切并与国家发展的各项方针及产业政策相配台的要求在21世纪会显得越来越强烈电力电子技术又称为能流技术因此电力电子技术的发展与创新是21世纪可持续发展战略纲领的重要组成部分在21世纪初加快现代电力电子化转化的力度必将形成一条朝阳的高科技产业链推动我国工业领域的技术创新电力电子技术的创新与电力电子器件制造工艺已成为世界各国工业自动化控制和机电一体化领域竞争最激烈的阵地各发达国家均在这一领域注入极大的人力物力和财力使之进入高科技行业就电力电子技术的理论研究言目前日本美国及法国荷兰丹麦等西欧国家可以说是齐头并进在这些国家各种先进的电力电子功率量不断开发完善促进电力电子技术向着高频化迈进实现用电设备的高效节能为真正实现工控设备的小型化轻量化智能化奠定了重要的技术基础也为21世纪电力电子技术的不断拓展创新描绘了广阔的前景我国开发研制电力电子器件的综合技术能力与国外发达国家相比仍有较大的差距要发展和创新我国电力电子技术并形成产业化规模就必须走有中国特色的产学创新之路即牢牢坚持和掌握产学研相结合的方法走共同发展之路从跟踪国外先进技术逐步走上自主创新从交叉学科的相互渗透中创新从器件开发选择及电路结构变换上创新这对电力技术创新是尤其实用的也要从器件制造工艺技术引导创新从新材料科学的应用上创新以此推动电力电子器制造工艺的技术创新提高器件的可靠性由此形成基础积累型的创新之路并要把技术创新与产品应用及市场推广有机结合已加快科技创新的自我强化的循环促进和带动技术创新有着稳定的基础以使我国电力电子技术及器件制造工艺技术有以长足的发展并形成一个全新的圾阳产业转化为巨大的生产力推动我国工业领域由粗板型经营走向集型促进国民经济以高速高度可持续发展Power electronic technologyPower electronic technology is a new branch of applied to power field is to use the electronic technology power electronics device such as thyristor and GTO IGBT etc to the electric power for transformation and control technology Power electronic technology "power" which transform the power can be big to hundreds of MW GW even also can small to several W even under and 1W leds the information processing as information electronic technology different power electronic technology is mainly used in electric power transformationintroductionPower electronic technology into power electronics device manufacturing technology and communication technology rectifier inverter the chopper frequency conversion covert etc two branches Has become a modern electrical engineering and automation major indispensable specialized fundamental course a door in cultivating the specialized talented person occupies an important position Electric Power Electronics Power Electronics this name is in the 1960s appear In 1974 the United States with a fall WN ewell pictured to power a triangle electronics are described think it is by the power of science electronics and control theory formed three course cross This view is the world generally accepted "Power electronics" and "power electronic technology" are respectively from the academic and technical engineering 2 different Angle to call Generally the birth of power electronic technology in 1957 the American general electric company developed first thyristor for marks the power electronic technology concepts and foundation was that the thyristor and brake canal converter technology development and establish It has been used in power transformation of electronic technology so thyristor can be called the period before appearance of power electronic technology prehistoric or dawn period In the late 1970s with the door very can shut off the thyristor GTO a bipolar transistor Power BJT Power MOSFET Power - MOSFET as arepresentative of all-controlling devices full tilt all-controlling device characteristic is through the opposite extreme both grid or base control can make its opened again can make its shutoff make the Power electronic technology now looks grately different entered a new stage of development In the late 1980s with a bipolar transistor insulation grid can be as MOSFET and IGBT BJT compound as a representative of complex device set drive power is small the switching speed low pressure drop in normal flow capacity than a suit superior performance has become the modern power electronic technology leading device In order to make power electronics device of compact structure reduced volume often put several powerelectronic devices and necessary auxiliary devices make module form then the driver control protection circuit and power devices integration together constitute a power integrated circuit PIC At present the power are still PIC smaller but it represents power electronic technology development an important directionUsing power electronics device implements industrial scale power transformation technology sometimes also called power electronic technology Normally it is a form of industrial electrical energy converted into another form of industrial electrical energy For example will exchange power transformation to dc can or can transform into exchanges will dc power Will work needed to transform intofrequency power frequency power equipment In normal ac power disruptions using inverter see power converter will battery of dc can transform into industrial frequency ac power Application of power electronic technology also can realize the power and power conversion between For example use the sun solar radiant energy battery will convert it to electricity And electronic technology different power electronic technology transform electrical energy is as energy rather than as a carrier of information sensor So many people were concerned can convert electrical powerPower electronic technology is based on electronics electrical principle and automatic control three subjects emerging disciplines Because it is itself high-power electric technology and are mostlyfor the application of industrial services high reason often will it belongs to an electrician classes The main content of powerelectronic technology including power electronic devices power electronic circuits and power electronic devices and systems Power electronics device for basic materials in semiconductor the most commonly used material for monocrystalline silicon Its theoretical basis for semiconductor physics Its technology for semiconductor technology The modern new power electronics device used in great quantities in microelectronics technology Power electronic circuits absorbed the theory basis according to electronics device featuresand power conversion requirement and developed many power converter circuit These circuits also includes various control triggering protection display information processing relay contact a second circuit and peripheral circuitry Use these circuits according to the different application object formed a variety of USES machine called the power electronic equipment These devices often and load equipment etc a system Electronics electrotechnics automatic control signal processing technique is often in these devices and systems in large Numbers in the applicationrole1 optimizing electricity use Through the power electronic technology for electric power electricity use handle reasonably efficient and save realize the optimum power use For example in electricity saving aspects in view of fan water pump electrictraction mill smelting light industry papermaking industrial furnace induction heating electric welding chemical electrolytic 14 aspects of investigation potential power saving equivalent of 1990 total capacity so 16 of the application of power electronic technology is energy saving measures normally a strategic energy saving effect 10 per cent - 40 our country has many device listed in energy saving the popularization and application of the project2 to transform traditional industries and development electromechanical integration of new industries According to developed countries will have predicted by 95 percent of electricity to power electronic technology is used again after processing all kinds of industrial and civil electromechanical equipment 95 and power electronic industry especially relevant power electronic technology is elv control of the media is specialized in electromechanical equipment and the important interface between computers it is the traditional industries and emerging industry adopt micro-electronic technology creates conditions become the guarantee and play computer role based3 power electronic technology high frequency and the development of frequency conversion technology will make electrical equipment breakthrough tradition power frequency to high frequency change direction To achieve the best work efficiency and will make electrical and mechanical equipment reduced volume several times a few times response speed and can adapt to any high benchmark signals realize noiseless and has new functions and USES4 power electronic intelligence progress in certain level admiral information processing and power handling one make microelectronics technology and power electronic technology integration its development is likely to cause significant reform ofthe electronic technology Some even suggest electronics the next item on the revolution will take place in industrial equipment andelectric grid as object of electronic technology application domain power electronic technology will bring people to the edge of the second electronic revolutiondevice2002 in the first glass mercury arc rectifier In 1910 appeared iron shell mercury arc rectifier With mercury arc rectifier instead of mechanical switch and change flow sensor this is power electronic technology originated 1920 the copper oxide rectifier trial 1923 appeared selenium rectifier In the 1930s these rectifier used in electric power rectifier devices started mass At the end of 1940s appeared transistors In the 1950s transistors to power at the beginning of the development at the same time use the semiconductor crystal material made of high-power diodes also get development In 1954 the Swedish general motor company ASEA company will first mercury arc tube is used to high voltage rectifying and inverter and in 100 kv dc on the transmission transmission 20 megawatts of application of power In 1956 americans made Moore j thyristor prototype In 1957 americans made practical RA york thyristor At the end of the 1950s thyristor used in power electronic devices since the 1960s and rapid promotion developed a series of derived devices andexpand the power electronic technology applications Power electronic circuits with thyristor application promotion develop many power electronic circuits according to its function can be divided into 1 will exchange can convert dc power rectifier circuit 2 can convert into ac power dc the inverter circuits 3 will be a form of communication power conversion into another form of ac electric power communication transform circuit 4 will be a form of dc can be converted into another form of dc can dc transform circuit These circuits are included thyristor and each thyristor needs corresponding flip-flop Then cooperate with these power electronic circuit appeared many trigger control circuit According to the device used these control circuit may generally be divided into three generations The first generation of control circuit mainly by the division of the electronic components such as transistors diodes composition Until the late 1980s still use too much The second generation of the integrated circuit Since 1958 the emergence of the world since the first integrated circuit a rapid change Use it to power electronics device control circuit make its compact structure function and reliability were improved The third generationcontrolled by microcomputer Since the 1970s due to the development of the power electronics microcomputer intelligent toward realizing the device further direction" Power electronics device as powerelectronic circuits of development and perfection thyristor composition by many types of power electronic devices appear constantly The electrolytic power such as power welding power electroplating use dc power Dc and ac traction dc transmission and exchange bunch_rank speed-control frequency control etc transmission use power Excitation reactive power compensation and harmonic compensation of stationary power system of power electronic device with Low frequency and high frequency power supply etc Various kinds of medium frequency not power frequency inductive heating power especially in high frequency power source Dont outage power supply communication manostat etc Various kinds of industrial use electric power electronic power source Various pressure regulator etc These power electronic devices and traditional motor - generator and have higher electricity than with capacity efficiency 10 kw to hundreds of kw frequency for 1000 Hector motor - for example generating units in the rated load efficiency and η 80 percent over load decreases significantly reduced if using thyristor power η p 92 and little change with load so have obvious effect in energy saving Power electronics device is motionless device cover an area of an area small light weight convenient installation for example in the welding power compared with rotating welder weight 80 energy-saving 15 Meanwhile power electronics device of frequency and voltage etcOften the adjustment is relatively easy fast response the function is much a high degree of automation so used to industry not only obvious energy saving still can often increase productivity and quality of products save raw material and often can improve the working environment But most power electronic devices for electronic switch type device it tends to power and load harmonic generation interference sometimes on the surrounding environment cause certain high frequency interference this is the design of these devices and systems must be properly solved see high times harmonic control progressRanging from the 1950s to the 1970s high-power silicon diode in a bipolar power transistors and the brake canal application based especially thyristor of power electronic technology development more mature Since the 1970s two aspects of power electronic technology development of caused a huge impact One for the development of microcomputer control system of the power electronic devices fault detection information processing played a major role in the future will also continue to develop Second microelectronics technology optical fiber technology to infiltrate power electronics device develop more of a new generation of power electronic devices One besides common thyristor toward more large capacity 65 volts 3500 Ann development door outside most shutoff thyristor GTO voltagehas amounted to 4500 volts current has reached 25 3000 Ann A bipolar transistor also towards greater capacity development industrial products in late 1980s from its highest voltage of 1400 volts imum current 40 Ann working frequency than thyristor much higher adopt reach linton structure current gain can reach 75 200 Along with the development of the optical fiber technology the United States and Japan from 1981 to 1982 years we have developed into light-activated thyristor and used for HVDC system This kind of light controls with electricity triggered thyristor trigger circuit simplified compared improved insulation level and the anti-interference ability can make the variable flow equipment to small lightweight direction development both reduce the cost and improve operating reliability Meanwhile field control power electronics device is developed such as power MOSFET power MOSFET and power electrostatic induction transistor SIT already amounted to hundreds of Ann QianFuJi and dozens of voltage current grade level the working frequency of small capacity can reach MHZ level By field control and bipolar type synthesis of a new generation of power electronic devices such as insulation a bipolar transistor gate IGT or IGBT and MOS control thyristor MCT is also rising capacity has quite large These new devices have door very shutoff ability and can improve the working frequency power electronic circuits make more simple make of thepower electronic devices volume weight efficiency performance and so on various aspects index enhances unceasingly it will make power electronic technology development to a new stage Meanwhile power electronics device power electronic circuits and power electronics computer modeling and simulation technology is in the continuous developmentPower electronic technology innovationAt the end of 1998 premier zhu rongji future specificinstructions to accelerate the construction of national innovation system and therefore may be sure that at the beginning of the 21st century national development technology innovation will become the leading enterprise to work with content and establish the development suited to Chinas national conditions of the electrical industrial technology innovation mechanism through the power electronic technology rapid progress promoting new electrical industry constantly upgrade and progress into and to the world Powerelectronic technology although it has many common characters microelectronics technology such as the development and changes are very rapidly penetration and innovation performance is very outstanding particularly exuberant vitality in sunshine industry status and mutual harmony with other disciplines fits and development to produce new opportunities and power electronic technology has itsown some unique places such as high voltage large let quantity and control power range so difficult is technology innovation across high voltage power to a checkpoint and its technology such as materials comprehensive difficulty manufacturing process and industrial and reliability of the power electronics device is its extremely important a technical indicators Therefore power electronic technology innovation is mutual infiltration with various subjects of various industrial area has strong permeability So power electronic technology with the states basic industry and close relationship with the national development of each policy and industrial policy with the requirements in Taiwan in the 21st century it is more and more intense Power electronic technology called can flow technology therefore power electronic technology development and innovation of strategy of sustainable development in the 21st century is an important part of the programme At the beginning of the 21st century accelerate the transformation of modern power electronics of strength will form a chaoyang of high-tech industry chain to promote the countrys industrial technology innovationPower electronic technology innovation and power electronics device manufacturing process has become the world industrial automation control and electromechanical integrated the field the most competitive positions each developed countries in this area areinjected great human material and financial resources make into into a high-tech industry power electronic technology study of the theoryof the speech Japan the United States and France the Netherlands Denmark and other western European countries can say is in these countries has gone hand in hand with various advanced power electronic power volume constantly develop perfect promoting power electric son technology forward the realization of towards high frequency energy efficient electrical equipment for truly achieve the miniaturization of industrial control equipment lightweight intelligent laid an important technical foundation for the 21st century the expanding of the power electronic technology innovation described the broad prospect Our development power electronics device comprehensive technical ability and the foreign advanced countries there is still a big gap in China the development and the innovation and formed the power electronic technology dimensions that they must go industrialization of production and learning with Chinesecharacteristics namely firmly innovation persistence and master production study and research method of combining the walk the road of development together From tracking foreign advanced technology and gradually go on independent innovation from the interdisciplinary mutual infiltration of innovation from the device development selection and circuit structure transform to power on innovation and。
电力电子技术 名词解释
柔性交流输电系统柔性交流输电系统是Flexible AC Transmission Systems）中文翻译，英文简称FACTS，指应用于交流输电系统的电力电子装置，其中“柔性”是指对电压电流的可控性；如装置与系统并联可以对系统电压和无功功率进行控制，装置与系统串联可以对电流和潮流进行控制；FACTS通过增加输电网络的传输容量，从而提高输电网络的价值，FACTS控制装置动作速度快，因而能够扩大输电网络的安全运行区域；在电力电子装置最早用于直流输电系统中并实现了对输送功率的快速控制，由此人们想在交流系统中加装电力电子装置，寻求对潮流的可控，以获得最大的安全裕度和最小的输电成本，FACTS技术应运而生，静止无功补偿器（SVC），静止同步补偿器（STA TCON），晶闸管投切串联电容器（TCSC），统一潮流控制器（UPFC）就是基于FACTS技术的产品。
节能灯节能灯又叫紧凑型荧光灯（国外简称CFL灯）它是1978年由国外厂家首先发明的，由于它具有光效高（是普通灯泡的5倍），节能效果明显，寿命长（是普通灯泡的8倍），体积小，使用方便等优点，受到各国人民和国家的重视和欢迎，我国于1982年，首先在复旦大学电光源研究所成功研制SL型紧凑型荧光灯，二十年来，产量迅速增长，质量稳步提高，国家已经把它作为国家重点发展的节能产品（绿色照明产品）作为推广和使用。
现如今我们所讲的节能产品主要都是针对白炽灯来讲。
普通的白炽灯光效大约在每瓦10流明左右，寿命大约在1000小时左右，它的工作原理是：当灯接入电路中，电流流过灯丝，电流的热效应，使白炽灯发出连续的可见光和红外线，此现象在灯丝温度升到700K即可觉察，由于工作时的灯丝温度很高，大部分的能量以红外辐射的形式浪费掉了，由于灯丝温度很高，蒸发也很快，所以寿命也大缩短了，大约在1000小时左右。
节能灯主要是通过镇流器给灯管灯丝加热，大约在1160K温度时，灯丝就开始发射电子（因为在灯丝上涂了一些电子粉），电子碰撞氩原子产生非弹性碰撞，氩原子碰撞后获得了能量又撞击汞原子，汞原子在吸收能量后跃迁产生电离，发出253.7nm 的紫外线，紫外线激发荧光粉发光，由于荧光灯工作时灯丝的温度在1160K左右，比白炽灯工作的温度2200K-2700K低很多，所以它的寿命也大提高，达到5000小时以上，由于它不存在白炽灯那样的电流热效应，荧光粉的能量转换效率也很高，达到每瓦50流明以上。
外文翻译—电力电子技术（英文+译文）
1 Power Electronic ConceptsPower electronics is a rapidly developing technology. Components are tting higher current and voltage ratings, the power losses decrease and the devices become more reliable. The devices are also very easy tocontrol with a mega scale power amplification. The prices are still going down pr. kVA and power converters are becoming attractive as a mean to improve the performance of a wind turbine. This chapter will discuss the standard power converter topologies from the simplest converters for starting up the turbine to advanced power converter topologies, where the whole power is flowing through the converter. Further, different park solutions using power electronics arealso discussed.1.1 Criteria for concept evaluationThe most common topologies are selected and discussed in respect to advantages and drawbacks. Very advanced power converters, where many extra devices are necessary in order to get a proper operation, are omitted.1.2 Power convertersMany different power converters can be used in wind turbine applications. In the case of using an induction generator, the power converter has to convert from a fixed voltage and frequency to a variable voltage and frequency. This may be implemented in many different ways, as it will be seen in the next section. Other generator types can demand other complex protection. However, the most used topology so far is a soft-starter, which is used during start up in order to limit the in-rush current and thereby reduce the disturbances to the grid.1.2.1 Soft starterThe soft starter is a power converter, which has been introduced to fixedspeed wind turbines to reduce the transient current during connection or disconnection of the generator to the grid. When the generator speed exceeds the synchronous speed, the soft-starter is connected. Using firing angle control of the thyristors in the soft starter the generator is smoothly connected to the grid over a predefined number of grid periods. An example of connection diagram for the softstarter with a generator is presented in Figure1.Figure 1. Connection diagram of soft starter with generators.The commutating devices are two thyristors for each phase. These are connected in anti-parallel. The relationship between the firing angle (﹤) and the resulting amplification of the soft starter is non-linear and depends additionally on the power factor of the connected element. In the case of a resistive load, may vary between 0 (full on) and 90 (full off) degrees, in the case of a purely inductive load between 90 (full on) and 180 (full off) degrees. For any power factor between 0 and 90 degrees, w ill be somewhere between the limits sketched in Figure 2.Figure 2. Control characteristic for a fully controlled soft starter.When the generator is completely connected to the grid a contactor (Kbyp) bypass the soft-starter in order to reduce the losses during normal operation. The soft-starter is very cheap and it is a standard converter in many wind turbines.1.2.2 Capacitor bankFor the power factor compensation of the reactive power in the generator, AC capacitor banks are used, as shown in Figure 3. The generators are normally compensated into whole power range. The switching of capacitors is done as a function of the average value of measured reactive power during a certain period.Figure 3. Capacitor bank configuration for power factor compensation ina wind turbine.The capacitor banks are usually mounted in the bottom of the tower or in thenacelle. In order to reduce the current at connection/disconnection of capacitors a coil (L) can be connected in series. The capacitors may be heavy loaded and damaged in the case of over-voltages to the grid and thereby they may increase the maintenance cost.1.2.3 Diode rectifierThe diode rectifier is the most common used topology in power electronic applications. For a three-phase system it consists of six diodes. It is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4. Diode rectifier for three-phase ac/dc conversionThe diode rectifier can only be used in one quadrant, it is simple and it is notpossible to control it. It could be used in some applications with a dc-bus.1.2.4 The back-to-back PWM-VSIThe back-to-back PWM-VSI is a bi-directional power converter consisting of two conventional PWM-VSI. The topology is shown in Figure 5.To achieve full control of the grid current, the DC-link voltage must be boosted to a level higher than the amplitude of the grid line-line voltage. The power flow of the grid side converter is controlled in orderto keep the DC-link voltage constant, while the control of the generator side is set to suit the magnetization demand and the reference speed. The control of the back-to-back PWM-VSI in the wind turbine application is described in several papers (Bogalecka, 1993), (Knowles-Spittle et al., 1998), (Pena et al., 1996), (Yifan & Longya, 1992), (Yifan & Longya, 1995).Figure 5. The back-to-back PWM-VSI converter topology.1.2.4.1 Advantages related to the use of the back-to-back PWM-VSIThe PWM-VSI is the most frequently used three-phase frequency converter. As a consequence of this, the knowledge available in the field is extensive and well established. The literature and the available documentation exceed that for any of the other converters considered in this survey. Furthermore, many manufacturers produce components especially designed for use in this type of converter (e.g., a transistor-pack comprising six bridge coupled transistors and anti paralleled diodes). Due to this, the component costs can be low compared to converters requiring components designed for a niche production.A technical advantage of the PWM-VSI is the capacitor decoupling between the grid inverter and the generator inverter. Besides affording some protection, this decoupling offers separate control of the two inverters, allowing compensation of asymmetry both on the generator side and on the grid side, independently.The inclusion of a boost inductance in the DC-link circuit increases the component count, but a positive effect is that the boost inductance reduces the demands on the performance of the grid side harmonic filter, and offers some protection of the converter against abnormal conditions on the grid.1.2.4.2 Disadvantages of applying the back-to-back PWM-VSIThis section highlights some of the reported disadvantages of the back-to-back PWM-VSI which justify the search for a more suitable alternative converter:In several papers concerning adjustable speed drives, the presence of the DC link capacitor is mentioned as a drawback, since it is heavy and bulky, it increases the costs and maybe of most importance, - it reduces the overall lifetime of the system. (Wen-Song & Ying-Yu, 1998); (Kim & Sul, 1993); (Siyoung Kim et al., 1998).Another important drawback of the back-to-back PWM-VSI is the switching losses. Every commutation in both the grid inverter and the generator inverter between the upper and lower DC-link branch is associated with a hard switching and a natural commutation. Since the back-to-back PWM-VSI consists of two inverters, the switching losses might be even more pronounced. The high switching speed to the grid may also require extra EMI-filters.To prevent high stresses on the generator insulation and to avoid bearing current problems (Salo & Tuusa, 1999), the voltage gradient may have to be limited by applying an output filter.1.2.5 Tandem converterThe tandem converter is quite a new topology and a few papers only have treated it up till now ((Marques & Verdelho, 1998); (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a); (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998b)). However, the idea behind the converter is similar to those presented in ((Zhang et al., 1998b)), where the PWM-VSI is used as an active harmonic filter to compensate harmonic distortion. The topology of the tandem converter is shown inFigure 6.Figure 6. The tandem converter topology used in an induction generator wind turbine system.The tandem converter consists of a current source converter, CSC, in thefollowing designated the primary converter, and a back-to-back PWM-VSI, designated the secondary converter. Since the tandem converter consists of four controllable inverters, several degrees of freedom exist which enable sinusoidal input and sinusoidal output currents. However, in this context it is believed that the most advantageous control of the inverters is to control the primary converter to operate in square-wave current mode. Here, the switches in the CSC are turned on and off only once per fundamental period of the input- and output current respectively. In square wave current mode, the switches in the primary converter may either be GTO.s, or a series connection of an IGBT and a diode.Unlike the primary converter, the secondary converter has to operateat a high switching frequency, but the switched current is only a small fraction of the total load current. Figure 7 illustrates the current waveform for the primary converter, the secondary converter, is, and the total load current il.In order to achieve full control of the current to/from the back-to-back PWMVSI, the DC-link voltage is boosted to a level above the grid voltage. As mentioned, the control of the tandem converter is treated in only a few papers. However, the independent control of the CSC and the back-to-back PWM-VSI are both well established, (Mutschler & Meinhardt, 1998); (Nikolic & Jeftenic, 1998); (Salo & Tuusa, 1997); (Salo & Tuusa, 1999).Figure 7. Current waveform for the primary converter, ip, the secondary converter, is, and the total load current il.1.2.5.1Advantages in the use of the Tandem ConverterThe investigation of new converter topologies is commonly justifiedby thesearch for higher converter efficiency. Advantages of the tandem converter are the low switching frequency of the primary converter, and the low level of the switched current in the secondary converter. It is stated that the switching losses of a tandem inverter may be reduced by 70%, (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a) in comparison with those of an equivalent VSI, and even though the conduction losses are higher for the tandem converter, the overall converter efficiency may be increased.Compared to the CSI, the voltage across the terminals of the tandem converter contains no voltage spikes since the DC-link capacitor of the secondary converter is always connected between each pair of input- and output lines (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998b).Concerning the dynamic properties, (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a) states that the overall performance of the tandem converter is superior to both the CSC and the VSI. This is because current magnitude commands are handled by the voltage source converter, while phase-shift current commands are handled by the current source converter (Zhang et al., 1998b).Besides the main function, which is to compensate the current distortion introduced by the primary converter, the secondary converter may also act like an active resistor, providing damping of the primary inverter in light load conditions (Zhang et al., 1998b).1.2.5.2 Disadvantages of using the Tandem ConverterAn inherent obstacle to applying the tandem converter is the high number of components and sensors required. This increases the costs and complexity of both hardware and software. The complexity is justified by the redundancy of the system (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a), however the system is only truly redundant if a reduction in power capability and performance is acceptable.Since the voltage across the generator terminals is set by the secondary inverter, the voltage stresses at the converter are high.Therefore the demands on the output filter are comparable to those when applying the back-to-back PWM-VSI.In the system shown in Figure 38, a problem for the tandem converter in comparison with the back-to-back PWM-VSI is the reduced generator voltage. By applying the CSI as the primary converter, only 0.866% of the grid voltage can be utilized. This means that the generator currents (and also the current through the switches) for the tandem converter must be higher in order to achieve the same power.1.2.6 Matrix converterIdeally, the matrix converter should be an all silicon solution with no passive components in the power circuit. The ideal conventional matrix converter topology is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8. The conventional matrix converter topology.The basic idea of the matrix converter is that a desired input current (to/from the supply), a desired output voltage and a desired output frequency may be obtained by properly connecting the output terminals of the converter to the input terminals of the converter. In order to protect the converter, the following two control rules must be complied with: Two (or three) switches in an output leg are never allowed to be on at the same time. All of the three output phases must be connected to an input phase at any instant of time. The actual combination of the switchesdepends on the modulation strategy.1.2.6.1 Advantages of using the Matrix ConverterThis section summarises some of the advantages of using the matrix converter in the control of an induction wind turbine generator. For a low output frequency of the converter the thermal stresses of the semiconductors in a conventional inverter are higher than those in a matrix converter. This arises from the fact that the semiconductors in a matrix converter are equally stressed, at least during every period of the grid voltage, while the period for the conventional inverter equals the output frequency. This reduces thethermal design problems for the matrix converter.Although the matrix converter includes six additional power switches compared to the back-to-back PWM-VSI, the absence of the DC-link capacitor may increase the efficiency and the lifetime for the converter (Schuster, 1998). Depending on the realization of the bi-directional switches, the switching losses of the matrix inverter may be less than those of the PWM-VSI, because the half of the switchings become natural commutations (soft switchings) (Wheeler & Grant, 1993).1.2.6.2 Disadvantages and problems of the matrix converterA disadvantage of the matrix converter is the intrinsic limitation of the output voltage. Without entering the over-modulation range, the maximum output voltage of the matrix converter is 0.866 times the input voltage. To achieve the same output power as the back-to-back PWM-VSI, the output current of the matrix converter has to be 1.15 times higher, giving rise to higher conducting losses in the converter (Wheeler & Grant, 1993).In many of the papers concerning the matrix converter, the unavailability of a true bi-directional switch is mentioned as one of the major obstacles for the propagation of the matrix converter. In the literature, three proposals for realizing a bi-directional switch exists. The diode embedded switch (Neft & Schauder, 1988) which acts like a truebi-directional switch, the common emitter switch and the common collector switch (Beasant et al., 1989).Since real switches do not have infinitesimal switching times (which is not desirable either) the commutation between two input phases constitutes a contradiction between the two basic control rules of the matrix converter. In the literature at least six different commutation strategies are reported, (Beasant et al., 1990); (Burany, 1989); (Jung & Gyu, 1991); (Hey et al., 1995); (Kwon et al., 1998); (Neft & Schauder, 1988). The most simple of the commutation strategies are those reported in (Beasant et al., 1990) and (Neft & Schauder, 1988), but neither of these strategies complies with the basic control rules.译文1 电力电子技术的内容电力电子技术是一门正在快速发展的技术,电力电子元器件有很高的额定电流和额定电压,它的功率减小元件变得更加可靠、耐用.这种元件还可以用来控制比它功率大很多倍的元件。
自动化英语 专业电力电子技术在电力系统中的应用
Power electronic technology in the power systemAbstract:This paper aims at introducing the power electronic technology in electric power system of all kinds of application, the key is in power transmission link, link, link in the application and saving energy distribution in the link of use. Keywords:DC transmission; Power electronics; generatorIntroduction:Power electronic technology is a power semiconductor devices, circuit technology, computer technology and modern control technology for support technology platform. After 50 years of development, the traditional industry equipment in it, power quality control, issued new energy development and civil products have been applied more and more. The most successfully applied in the power system of power electronic technology is a high power dc transmission (HVDC). Since the 1980 s, flexible ac power (FACTS) concept is put forward, power electronic technology in power system, the application research was highly focused, a variety of equipment arise. This paper introduces the power electronic technology in power generation, transmission link, link in the application and saving energy distribution in the link of use. Second, the power electronic technology applicationPower electronic technology applications:Since the 1980 s, flexible ac power (FACTS) concept is put forward, power electronic technology in power system, the application research was highly focused, a variety of equipment arise. Has quite a few paper summarizes the related equipment and the basic principle and application situation. According to the power system of power generation, transmission and distribution and power saving link, the list of power electronic technology research and the application of the status quo.(A) In the power of the application of the linkThe power system of power generation link generator set a variety of equipment involved, the application of the power electronic technology to improve the equipment for the main purpose of the operation characteristic.1, Large generator excitation control of staticStatic excitation using thyristor rectifier since by way, the structure is simple, high reliability and low cost advantages, is the major world power system widely adopted. Due to tell the exciter among the inertial link, and thus has its unique speed adjustment, the control law to advanced provide fully play their part and produce good control effect of favorable conditions 2, The wind turbine hydraulic VSCF excitationThe hydraulic power effective power depends on the head pressure and flow, as head of the change to a larger extent (especially the pumped-storage unit), units of the best speed will change. Effective power of wind power and wind speed is directly proportional to the three times, the speed of the maximum wind power windmill capture with wind speed and change. In order to gain maximum effective power, can make the operation speed, by adjusting the rotor exciter current frequency, make its and the rotor speed stacked stator frequency output frequency that keep constant. The application of the technology is the key of the frequency conversion power.3, Power plant of variable frequency speed pump fanThe power plant factory electricity rates an average of 8%, and fan pump power consumption accounts for about 65% of total power consumption thermal power equipment, and low operation efficiency. Use the low voltage or high voltage inverter, the implementation of the pump fan variable frequency speed regulation, can achieve the purpose of saving energy.(B) In the application of transmission linkPower electronics device used in high voltage transmission system is called "caused by the silicon chips second revolution", greatly improved the stable operation of the grid characteristics.1, DC transmission (HVDC) and Light dc transmission (HVDC Light) technologyHVDC transmission capacity is big, good stability, flexible control regulation etc, and for long-distance transmission, submarine cable transmission and different frequency system networking, HVDC transmission with a unique advantage. The first thyristor change the flow, marking the formal power electronic technology used in dc transmission. From then on the world of the new HVDC project is using thyristor change flow valves.2, Flexible ac power (FACTS) technologyThe concept of dry FACTS technology came in the late 1980 s, is a based on power electronic technology and modern control technology for ac transmission system impedance, voltage and phase of the flexible regulate the transmission technology, can be used for communication with the trend of the power transmission flexible control greatly improve the level of the power system stability.(C) In the distribution of the application of the linkThe power distribution system is urgent needs to solve the question of how to strengthen the power supply reliability and improve power quality. Power quality control should not only meet the voltage, frequency, harmonic and asymmetric degree requirements, but also inhibit all kinds of transient fluctuations and interference. Power electronic technology and modern control technology in the distribution system of application, namely the user Power (custom Power) technology or say DFACTS technology, is in the mature technology FACTS developed on the basis of Power quality control of the new technology. DFACTS equipment can be understood as FACTS equipment smaller version, its principle, structure are the same, the function is similar. Due to the huge potential demand, market intervention in relative easy, investments in development and production cost is lower, with power electronics device prices lower, we can expect DFACTS equipment products will enter the rapid development.(D)In the use of energy saving link1, The variable load motor drive runningMotor power saving potential power saving just dig itself, through the variable load motor speed technology of power saving is another a only both up, motor power saving party more perfect. At present, exchange control in the metallurgy, mining and other departments and social life in a wide range of applications. First is fan and pump variable load in machinery such as the wind speed regulation control instead of board or throttle valve to control the wind flow and the flow of water has the remarkable effect. Foreign variable load of the fans and pumps is used mostly communication speed regulation, our country is the promoted application.Variable frequency speed advantage is wide speed range, high precision, high efficiency, can realize the continuous stepless speed regulation. In the process of poor transfer speed small loss, stator and rotor copper consumption is not large also, energy saving rate generally can reach up to about 30%.2, Reduce the reactive power loss, improve the power factorAt the electric equipment, transformer and exchange asynchronous motor belong to the perceptual load, the equipment in operation with not only the active power consumption, but also consume reactive power. Therefore, reactive power and active power supply, power quality guarantee is the indispensable part. In the power system should keep reactive power balance, otherwise, will make the system voltage reduction, equipment failure, power factor drops, will severely punished by voltage collapse, a system solution to crack, caused a big blackout accidents. So, when the power grid or electrical equipment reactive capacity is insufficient, should add outfit reactive compensation equipment, improve equipment power factor.Summary:Power electronic technology are developing continuously, new materials and new structure of the device was born in succession, computer technology progress for the practical application of modern control technology provide strong support in the application of all walks of life more and more widely.。
电力电子技术英文版 Chapter02
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A classification of power electronic devices
Power Electronics
Uncontrolled device: diode (Uncontrollable device)
has only two terminals and can not be controlled by control signal. The on and off states of the device are determined by the power circuit.
Need to be controlled by information electronic circuits. Very often, drive circuits are necessary to interface between information circuits and power circuits. Dissipated power loss usually larger than information electronic devices — special packaging and heat sink are necessary.
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电力电子技术范文
电力电子技术范文引导语：大家都知道什么是电力吗?下面就来跟着一起看看关于电力电子技术的有关介绍吧，希望可以帮助到大家!电力电子技术(Power Electronic Technology)——应用于电力领域的电子技术，使用电力电子器件(Power Electronic Device)对电能进行变换和控制的技术。
电力电子技术主要用于电力变换(Power Conversion)。
电力电子变流技术(Power Electronic Conversion Technique) 用电力电子器件(Power Electronic Device)构成电力变换电路(Power Conversion Circuit)和对其进行控制的技术，及构成电力电子装置(Power Electronic Equipment)和电力电子系统(Power Electronic System)的技术。
电力电子技术的核心，理论根底是电路理论(Theory of Electric circuit)。
电力电子器件制造技术(Manufacture Technique of Power Electronic Device)电力电子器件制造技术的根底，理论根底是半导体物理(Semiconductor Physics)交流→直流——整流直流→交流——逆变直流→直流——斩波交流→交流——交流调压、变频电力电子器件制造技术和电子器件(Electronic Device)制造技术的理论根底是一样的，大多数工艺也相同现代电力电子器件制造大都使用集成电路(Integrate Circuit-IC)制造工艺，采用微电子(Micro-electronics)制造技术，许多设备都和微电子器件制造设备通用，说明二者同根同源。
电力电子电路(Power Electronic Circuit)和电子电路(Electronic Circuit)许多分析方法一致，仅应用目的不同。
电力电子技术专业词汇翻译
DCChopping 直流斩波criticalclearingtime极限切除时间AbsorberCircuit 吸收电路AC/ACFrequencyConverter 交流变频电路ACpowercontrol 交流电力控制ACPowerController 交流调功电路ACPowerElectronicSwitch 交流电力电子开关ACVoltageController 交流调压电路AsynchronousModulation 异步调制BakerClampingCircuit 贝克箝位电路generatortriping切机highlimitedvalue高顶值reinforcedexcitation强行励磁LDC(linedropcompensation)线路补偿器Bi-directionalTriodeThyristor 双向晶闸管BipolarJunctionTransistor--BJT 双极结型晶体管Boost-BuckChopper 升降压斩波电路BoostChopper 升压斩波电路BoostConverter 升压变换器BridgeReversibleChopper 桥式可逆斩波电路BuckChopper 降压斩波电路BuckConverter 降压变换器Commutation 换流ConductionAngle 导通角ConstantVoltageConstantFrequency--CVCF 恒压恒频ContinuousConduction--CCM (电流)连续模式ControlCircuit 控制电路CukCircuitCUK 斩波电路CurrentReversibleChopper 电流可逆斩波电路CurrentSourceTypeInverter--CSTI 电流(源)型逆变电路Cycloconvertor 周波变流器DC-AC-DCConverter 直交直电路generatorterminal机端static(state)静态dynamic(state)动态onemachine-infinitybussystem单机无穷大系统AVR机端电压控制powerangle功角activepower有功(功率)reactivepower无功(功率)powerfactor功率因数reactivecurrent无功电流droopcharacteristics下降特性slope斜率rating额定ratio变比referencevalue参考值resistance电阻resistor电阻器impedance阻抗positivesequenceimpedance正序阻抗negativesequenceimpedance负序阻抗zerosequenceimpedance零序阻抗capacitance电容；容抗capacitor（condenser）电容器capacity容量shuntcapacitor并联电容器inductance电感；感抗inductor电感器reactance电抗reactor电抗器conductance电导susceptance电纳admittance导纳forwardconverter 正激电路frequencyconverter 变频器fullbridgeconverter 全桥电路fullbridgerectifier 全桥整流电路fullwaverectifier 全波整流电路fundamentalfactor 基波因数gateturn-offthyristor——GTO 可关断晶闸管generalpurposediode 普通二极管gianttransistor——GTR电力晶体管halfbridgeconverter 半桥电路hardswitching 硬开关highvoltageIC 高压集成电路hysteresiscomparison 带环比较方式PT电压互感器tap分接头drooprate下降率simulationanalysis仿真分析transferfunction传递函数blockdiagram框图receive-side受端margin裕度synchronization同步lossofsynchronization失去同步damping阻尼swing摇摆circuitbreaker保护断路器current电流AC(alternatingcurrent)交流DC(directcurrent)直流voltage电压indirectcurrentcontrol 间接电流控制indirectDC-DCconverter直接电流变换电路insulated-gatebipolartransistor---IGBT绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligentpowermodule---IPM智能功率模块integratedgate-commutatedthyristor---IGCT集成门极换流晶闸管inversion逆变latchingeffect擎住效应leakageinductance漏感lighttriggeredthyristo---LTT光控晶闸管linecommutation电网换流loadcommutation负载换流loopcurrent环流DCChoppingCircuit 直流斩波电路DC-DCConverter 直流-直流变换器DeviceCommutation 器件换流DirectCurrentControl 直接电流控制DiscontinuousConductionmode (电流)断续模式displacementfactor 位移因数distortionpower 畸变功率doubleendconverter 双端电路drivingcircuit 驱动电路electricalisolation 电气隔离fastactingfuse 快速熔断器fastrecoverydiode 快恢复二极管fastrevcoveryepitaxialdiodes 快恢复外延二极管fastswitchingthyristor 快速晶闸管fieldcontrolledthyristor 场控晶闸管flybackconverter 反激电流forcedcommutation 强迫换流three-columntransformerThrClnTrans三绕组变压器double-columntransformerDblClmnTrans双绕组变压器Busbar母线TransmissionLine输电线powerplant发电厂Breaker断路器Isolator刀闸(隔离开关)tap分接头motor电动机activepower有功reactivepower无功tapposition档位reactiveloss有功损耗activeloss无功损耗power-factor功率因数power功率power-angle功角voltagegrade电压等级no-loadloss空载损耗ironloss铁损copperloss铜损no-loadcurrent空载电流reactiveload/QLoad无功负载activeloadPLoad有功负载。
电力电子技术中英文词汇对照表
电力电子技术中英文词汇对照表中文英文词汇对照（按汉语拼音排序）A安全工作区 Safe Operating Area—SOAB半桥电路 Half Bridge Converter贝克箝位电路 Baker Clamping Circuit变频器Frequency Inverter变压变频 Variable V oltage Variable Frequency—VVVF并联谐振式逆变电路 Parallel-Resonant Inverter不间断电源 Uninterruptable Power Supply—UPSC场控晶闸管 Field Controlled Thyristor—FCT触发Trigger触发角Trigger Angle触发延迟角 Trigger Delay Angel磁心复位 Magnetic Core ResetD单端电路 Single End Converter单相半波可控整流电路 Single-phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier 单相半桥逆变电路 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter单相桥式全控整流电路 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Controlled Rectifier 单相全波可控整流电路 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier 单相全桥逆变电路 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter导通角Conduction Angle电力半导体器件 Power Semicondutor Device电力变换 Power Conversion电力场效应晶体管 Power MOSFET电力二极管 Power Diode电力电子技术 Power Electronic Technology电力电子器件 Power Electronic Device电力电子系统 Power Electronic System电力电子学 Power Electronics电力晶体管 Giant Transistor—GTR(电流)断续模式 Discontinuous Conduction Mode—DCM电流可逆斩波电路 Current Reversible Chopper(电流)连续模式 Continuous Conduction Mode—CCM电气隔离 Electrical Isolation电网换流 Line Commutation电压(源)型逆变电路 V oltage Source Type Inverter—VSTI电流(源)型逆变电路 Current Source Type Inverter—CSTI断态(阻断状态) Off-State多重化Multiplex多重逆变电路 Multiplex Inverter多电平逆变电路 Multi-Level InverterE二次击穿 Second BreakdownF反激电路 Flyback Converter负载换流 Load CommutationG高压集成电路 High V oltage IC—HVIC功率变换技术 Power Conversion Technique功率集成电路 Power Integrated Circuit—PIC功率模块 Power Module功率因数 Power Factor—PF功率因数校正 Power Factor Correction—PFC关断Turn-off光控晶闸管 Light Triggered Thyristor—LTT规则采样法 Rule Sampling MethodH恒压恒频 Constant V oltage Constant Frequency—CVCF缓冲电路 Snubber Current环流Loop Current换流CommutationJ畸变功率 Distortion Power基波因数 Fundamental Factor集成门极换流晶闸管 Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor—IGCT 间接电流控制 Indirect Current control间接直流变换电路 Indirect DC-DC Converter降压斩波器 Buck Chopper,step down chopper交流电力电子开关 AC Power Electronic Switch交流电力控制 AC Power Control交流调功电路 AC Power Controller交流调压电路 AC V oltage Controller交交变频电路 AC/AC Frequency Converter静电感应晶闸管 Static Induction Thyristor—SITH静电感应晶体管 Static Induction Transistor—SIT静止无功补偿器 Static Var Compensator —SVC晶闸管Thyristor晶闸管控制电抗器 Thyristor Controlled Reaction—TCR晶闸管投切电容器 Thyristor Switched Capacitor—TSC矩阵式变频电路 Matrix Frequency Converter绝缘栅双极晶体管 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor—IGBTK开通Turn-on开关电源 Switching Mode Power Supply开关损耗 Switching Loss开关噪声 Switching Noise可关断晶闸管 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor—GTO可控硅Silicon Controlled Rectifier—SCR控制电路 Control Circuit快恢复二极管 Fast Recovery Diode—FRD快恢复外延二极管 Fast Recovery Epitaxial Diode—FRED快速晶闸管 Fast Switching Thyristor—FST快速熔断器 Fast Acting FuseL零电流Zero Current零电压Zero V oltage零电压转换PWM电路 Zero V oltage Transition PWM Converter 零电压准谐振电路 ZVS Quasi-Resonant Converter零开关Zero Switching零转换Zero Transition漏感Leakage IndcutanceM脉冲宽度调制 Pulse-Width Modulation—PWMN逆变Inversion逆导晶闸管 Reverse Conducting Thyristor—RCTP普通二极管 General Purpose DiodeQ器件换流 Device Commutation强迫换流 Forced Commutation桥式可逆斩波电路 Bridge Reversible Chopper擎住效应 Latching Effect驱动电路 Driving Circuit全波整流电路 Full Wave Rectifier全桥电路 Full Bridge Converter全桥整流电路 Full Bridge RectifierR软开关Soft SwitchingS三相半波可控整流电路 Three-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier 三相桥式可控整流电路 Three-Phase Full-Bridge Controlled Rectifier 升降压斩波电路 Boost-Buck Chopper, Step Up & Down Chopper升压斩波电路 Boost Chooper,Step Up Chopper双端电路 Double End Converter双极结型晶体管 Bipolar Junction Transistor—BJT双向晶闸管 Triode AC Switch—TRIACT特定谐波消去PWM Seleted Harmonic Elimination PWM—SHEPWM 同步调制 Synchronous Modulation同步整流电路 Synchronous Rectifier通态(导通状态) On-State推挽电路 Push-Pull ConverterW位移因数 Displacement Factor无源逆变 Reactive InvertX吸收电路 Absorbe Circuit相控Phase Controlled肖特基二极管 Schottky Diode肖持基势垒二极管 Schottky Barrier Diode—SBD谐波Harmonics谐波电流总畸变率 Total Harmonic Distortion for i—THD谐振Resonation谐振直流环电路 Resonant DC LinkY异步调制 Asynchronous Modulation移相全桥电路 Phase Shift Controlled Full Bridge Converter 硬开关Hard Switching有源逆变 Regenerative InvertZ正激电路 Forward Converter正弦PWM Sinusoidal PWM—SPWM整流Rectification整流电路 Rectifier整流二极管 Rectifier Diode滞环比较方式 Hysteresis Comparison直交直电路 DC-AC-DC Converter直接电流控制 Direct Current Control直流—直流变换器 DC/DC Converter直流斩波 DC Chopping直流斩波电路 DC Chopping Circuit智能功率集成电路 Smart Power IC—SPIC智能功率模块 Intelligent Power Module—IPM中性点箝位型逆变电路 Neutral Point Clamped Inverter周波变流器 Cycloconvertor主电路Main Circuit, Power Circuit准谐振Quasi-Resonant自然采样法 Natural Sampling Method其他Boost变换器 Boost ConverterBuck变换器 Buck ConverterCuk斩波电路 Cuk ChopperMOS控制晶闸管 MOS Controlled Thyristor—MCTn次谐波电流含有率 Harmonic Ratio for In—HRInPWM跟踪控制 PWM Tracking controlPWM整流电路 PWM RectifierSepic斩波电路 Sepic ChopperZeta斩波电路 Zeta Chopper英文中文词汇对照AAbsorbe Circuit 吸收电路AC power control 交流电力控制AC Power Controller 交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch 交流电力电子开关AC V oltage Controller 交流调压电路AC/AC frequency Converter 交交变频电路Asynchronous Modulation 异步调制BBaker Clamping Circuit 贝克箝位电路Bipolar Junction Transistor—BJT 双极结型晶体管Boost Chooper, Step Up Chopper 升压斩波电路Boost Converter Boost变换器Boost-Buck Chopper, Step Up & Down Chopper 升降压斩波电路Bridge Reversible Chopper 桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper, Step Down Chopper 降压斩波器Buck Converter Buck变换器CCommutation 换流Conduction Angle 导通角Constant V oltage Constant Frequency—CVCF 恒压恒频Continuous Conduction Mode—CCM (电流)连续模式Control Circuit 控制电路Cuk Chopper Cuk斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper 电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter—CSTI 电流(源)型逆变电路Cycloconvertor 周波变流器DDC Chopping 直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit 直流斩波电路DC/DC Converter 直流—直流变换器DC-AC-DC Converter 直交直电路Device Commutation 器件换流Direct Current Control 直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction Mode—DCM (电流)断续模式Displacement Factor 位移因数Distortion Power 畸变功率Double End Converter 双端电路Driving Circuit 驱动电路EElectrical Isolation 电气隔离FFast Acting Fuse 快速熔断器Fast Recovery Diode—FRD 快恢复二极管Fast Recovery Epitaxial Diode—FRED 快恢复外延二极管Fast Switching Thyristor—FST 快速晶闸管Field Controllded Thyristor—FCT 场控晶闸管Flyback Converter 反激电路Forced Commutation 强迫换流Forward Converter 正激电路Frequency Inverter 变频器Full Bridge Converter 全桥电路Full Bridge Rectifier 全桥整流电路Full Wave Rectifier 全波整流电路Fundamental Factor 基波因数GGate Turn-Off Thyristor—GTO 可关断晶闸管General Purpose Diode 普通二极管Giant Transistor—GTR 电力晶体管HHalf Bridge Conwerter 半桥电路Hard Switching 硬开关Harmonic Ratio for In—HRIn n次谐波电流含有率Harmonics 谐波High V oltage IC—HVIC 高压集成电路Hysteresis Comparison 滞环比较方式IIndirect Current control 间接电流控制Indirect DC-DC Converter 间接直流变换电路Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor—IGBT 绝缘栅双极晶体管Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor—IGCT 集成门极换流晶闸管Intelligent Power Module—IPM 智能功率模块Inversion 逆变LLatching Effect 擎住效应Leakage Indcutance 漏感Light Triggered Thyristor—LTT 光控晶闸管Line Commutation 电网换流Load Commutation 负载换流Loop Current 环流MMagnetic Core Reset 磁心复位Main Circuit, Power Circuit 主电路Matrix Frequency Converter 矩阵式变频电路MOS Controlled Thyristor—MCT MOS控制晶闸管Multi-Level Inverter 多电平逆变电路Multiplex 多重化Multiplex Inverter 多重逆变电路NNatural Sampling Method 自然采样法Neutral Point Clamped Inverter 中性点箝位型逆变电路OOff-State 断态(阻断状态)On-State 通态(导通状态)PParallel-Resonant Inverter 并联谐振式逆变电路Phase Controlled 相控Phase Shift Controlled Full Bridge Converter 移相全桥电路Power Conversion 电力变换Power Conversion Technique 交流技术Power Diode 电力二极管Power Electronic Device 电力电子器件Power Electronic System 电力电子系统Power Electronic Technology 电力电子技术Power Electronics 电力电子学Power Factor—PF 功率因数Power Factor Correction—PFC 功率因数校正Power Integrated Circuit—PIC 功率集成电路Power Module 功率模块Power MOSFET 电力场效应晶体管Power Semicondutor Device 电力半导体器件Pulse-Width Modulation—PWM 脉冲宽度调制Push-Pull Converter 推挽电路PWM Rectifier PWM整流电路PWM Tracking Control PWM跟踪控制QQuasi-Resonant 准谐振RReactive Invert 无源逆变Rectification 整流Rectifier 整流电路Rectifier Diode 整流二极管Regenerative Invert 有源逆变Resonant DC Link 谐振直流环电路Resonation 谐振Reverse Conducting Thyristor—RCT 逆导晶闸管Rule Sampling Method 规则采样法SSafe Operating Area—SOA 安全工作区Schottky Barrier Diode—SBD 肖持基势垒二极管Schottky Diode 肖特基二极管Second Breakdown 二次击穿Seleted Harmonic Elimination PWM—SHEPWM 特定谐波消去PWM Sepic Chopper Sepic斩波电路Silicon Controlled Rectifier—SCR 可控硅Single End Converter 单端电路Single-Phase Full-Bridge Controlled Rctifier 单相桥式全控整流电路Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter 单相全桥逆变电路Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier 单相全波可控整流电路Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter 单相半桥逆变电路Single-phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier 单相半波可控整流电路Sinusoidal PWM—SPWM 正弦PWMSmart Power IC—SPIC 智能功率集成电路Snubber Current 缓冲电路Soft Switching 软开关Static Induction Thyristor—SITH 静电感应晶闸管Static Induction Transistor—SIT 静电感应晶体管Static Var Compensator —SVC 静止无功补偿器Switching Loss 开关损耗Switching Mode Power Supply 开关电源Switching Noise 开关噪声Synchronous Modulation 同步调制Synchronous Rectifier 同步整流电路TThree-Phase Full-Bridge Controlled Rectifier 三相桥式可控整流电路Three-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier 三相半波可控整流电路Thyristor 晶闸管Thyristor Controlled Reaction—TCR 晶闸管控制电抗器Thyristor Switched Capacitor—TSC 晶闸管投切电容器Total Harmonic Distortion for i—THD 谐波电流总畸变率Trigger 触发Trigger Angle 触发角Trigger Delay Angel 触发延迟角Triode AC Switch—TRIAC 双向晶闸管Turn-off 关断Turn-on 开通UUninterruptable Power Supply—UPS 不间断电源VVariable V oltage Variable Frequency—VVVF 变压变频V oltage Source Type Inverter—VSTI 电压(源)型逆变电路ZZero Current 零电流Zero Switching 零开关Zero Transition 零转换Zero V oltage 零电压Zero V oltage Transition PWM Converter 零电压转换PWM电路Zeta Chopper Zeta斩波电路ZVS Quasi-Resonant Converter 零电压准谐振电路。
电力电子技术外文翻译文献
电力电子技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：基于单片机的开关电源1 用途开关电源产品在工业自动化控制、军工设备、科研设备、LED照明、工控设备、通讯设备、电力设备、仪器仪表、医疗设备、半导体制冷制热、空气净化器，电子冰箱，液晶显示器，LED灯具，通讯设备，视听产品，安防，电脑机箱，数码产品和仪器类等领域中得到广泛应用。
2 简介随着电力电子技术的高速发展，电力电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切，而电子设备都离不开可靠的电源，进入80年代计算机电源全面实现了开关电源化，率先完成计算机的电源换代，进入90年代开关电源相继进入各种电子、电器设备领域，程控交换机、通讯、电子检测设备电源、控制设备电源等都已广泛地使用了开关电源，更促进了开关电源技术的迅速发展。
开关电源是利用现代电力电子技术，控制开关晶体管开通和关断的时间比率，维持稳定输出电压的一种电源，开关电源一般由脉冲宽度调制（PWM）控制IC和开关器件（MOSFET、BJT等）构成。
开关电源和线性电源相比，二者的成本都随着输出功率的增加而增长，但二者增长速率各异。
线性电源成本在某一输出功率点上，反而高于开关电源。
随着电力电子技术的发展和创新，使得开关电源技术在不断地创新，这一成本反转点日益向低输出电力端移动，这为开关电源提供了广泛的发展空间。
开关电源高频化是其发展的方向，高频化使开关电源小型化，并使开关电源进入更广泛的应用领域，特别是在高新技术领域的应用，推动了高新技术产品的小型化、轻便化。
另外开关电源的发展与应用在节约能源、节约资源及保护环境方面都具有重要的意义。
3 分类现代开关电源有两种：一种是直流开关电源；另一种是交流开关电源。
这里主要介绍的只是直流开关电源，其功能是将电能质量较差的原生态电源（粗电），如市电电源或蓄电池电源，转换成满足设备要求的质量较高的直流电压（精电）。
直流开关电源的核心是DC/DC转换器。
因此直流开关电源的分类是依赖DC/DC转换器分类的。
电力电子外文摘要综述翻译
综述1、Modeling, Control, and Implementation of DC–DC Converters for Variable Frequency Operation频率可变的DC-DC变换器的建模，和实现Abstract—In this paper, novel small-signal averaged models for dc–dc converters operating at variable switching frequency are derived. This is achieved by separately considering the on-time and the off-time of the switching period. The derivation is shown in detail for a synchronous buck converter and the model for a boost converter is also presented. The model for the buck converter is then used for the design of two digital feedback controllers, which exploit the additional insight in the converter dynamics. First, a digital multiloop PID controller is implemented, where the design is based on loop-shaping of the proposed frequency-domain transfer functions. And second, the design and the implementation of a digital LQG state-feedback controller, based on the proposed time-domain state-space model, is presented for the same converter topology. Experimental results are given for the digital multiloop PID controller integrated on an application-specified integrated circuit in a 0.13μmCMOS technology, as well as for the statefeedback controller implemented on an FPGA. Tight output voltage regulation and an excellent dynamic performance is achieved, as the dynamics of the converter under variable frequency operation are considered during the design of both implementations.本文中利用小信号的平均值通过变频开关实现DC-DC的变换，通过单独控制导通和关断时间，并建立了back拓扑模型和boost拓扑模型，该模型的buck转换器用于两个数字反馈控制器，实现变换器的动态控制。
电力专业英语阅读与翻译
电力专业英语阅读与翻译第一课一、Summary of glossary 术语1.电力系统(electric) power systempower generation 发电transmission system(network) 输电系统(网络)distribution system 配电系统2.发电power generationpower plant 发电厂powerhouse 发电站hydropower plant 水力发电厂nuclear plant 核电厂thermal plant 热电厂fossil-power plant火电厂3.负荷分类load classificationindustrial loads 工业负荷residential loads 居民负荷commercial loads 商业负荷4.拓扑结构system topologyradial system 辐射状系统loop system 环状系统network system 网状系统二、Wording-buildingGeneral Introduction 专业英语词汇和构词方法简介专业词汇的形成主要有三种情况：1.借用日常英语词汇或其他学科的专业词汇，但是词义和词性可能发生了明显的变化。
例如：在日常英语中表示“力量、权力”和在机械专业表示“动力”的power，数学上表示“幂”，在电力专业领域可以仍作为名词，表示“电力、功率、电能”；也可以作为动词，表示“供以电能”。
在日常英语中表示“植物”的plant，在电力专业领域中用来表示“电厂”等。
2.由日常英语词汇或其他学科的专业词汇，直接合成新的词汇。
例如：over和head组合成overhead，表示“架空（输电线）”；super和conductor 合成superconductor，表示“超导体”等。
3.由基本词根和前缀或后缀组成新的词汇。
大部分专业词汇属于这种情况。
电力电子技术简介英语作文
Introduction to Power Electronics Technology(电力电子技术简介)Power electronic technology is divided into two branches: power electronic device manufacturing technology and current conversion technology.Now it has become an indispensable professional basic course for the modern electrical engineering and automation specialty, and plays an important role in training the professional talents.Power electronics technology is a new discipline based on electronics, electrical principles and automatic control. Because it is a high-power electrical technology, and mostly serves the industry using strong electricity, it is often classified as electrician. Power electronic technology mainly includes power electronic devices, power electronic circuits, power electronic devices and systems. Semiconductor is the basic material of power electronic devices, and monocrystalline silicon is the most commonly used material; Its theoretical basis is semiconductor physics; Its technology is semiconductor device technology. Microelectronics technology has been widely used in modernnew power electronic devices. Power electronic circuits have absorbed the theoretical basis of electronics. According to the characteristics of devices and the requirements of power conversion, many power conversion circuits have been developed. These circuits also include various secondary circuits and peripheral circuits such as control, trigger, protection, display, information processing, relay contact, etc. According to different application objects, these circuits are used to form complete machines for various purposes, which are called power electronic devices. These devices often form a system with loads and supporting equipment. Electronics, electrotechnics, automatic control, signal detection and processing and other technologies are often widely used in these devices and systems.。
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电力电子技术（二）A部分晶闸管在晶闸管的工作状态，电流从阳极流向阴极。
在其关闭状态，晶闸管可以阻止正向导电，使其不能运行。
可触发晶闸管能使导通状态的正向电流在短时间内使设备处于阻断状态。
使正向电压下降到只有导通状态的几伏（通常为1至3伏电压依赖于阻断电压的速度）。
一旦设备开始进行，闸极电流将被隔离。
晶闸管不可能被闸关闭，但是可以作为一个二极管。
在电路的中，只有当电流处于消极状态，才能使晶闸管处于关闭状态，且电流降为零。
在设备运行的时间内，允许闸在运行的控制状态直到器件在可控时间再次进入正向阻断状态。
在逆向偏置电压低于反向击穿电压时，晶闸管有微乎其微的漏电流。
通常晶闸管的正向额定电压和反向阻断电压是相同的。
晶闸管额定电流是在最大范围指定RMS和它是有能力进行平均电流。
同样的对于二极管，晶闸管在分析变流器的结构中可以作为理想的设备。
在一个阻性负载电路中的应用中，可以控制运行中的电流瞬间传至源电压的正半周期。
当晶闸管尝试逆转源电压变为负值时，其理想化二极管电流立刻变成零。
然而，按照数据表中指定的晶闸管，其反向电流为零。
在设备不运行的时间中，电流为零，重要的参数变也为零，这是转弯时间区间从零交叉电流电压的参考。
晶闸管必须保持在反向电压，只有在这个时间，设备才有能力阻止它不是处于正向电压导通状态。
如果一个正向电压应用于晶闸管的这段时间已过，设备可能因为过早地启动并有可能导致设备和电路损害。
数据表指定晶闸管通过的反向电压在这段期间和超出这段时间外的一个指定的电压上升率。
这段期间有时被称为晶闸管整流电路的周期。
根据使用要求，各种类型的晶闸管是可得到的。
在除了电压和电流的额定率，转弯时间，和前方的电压降以及其他必须考虑的特性包括电流导通的上升率和在关闭状态的下降率。
1。
控制晶闸管阶段。
有时称为晶闸管转换器，这些都是用来要是整顿阶段，如为直流和交流电机驱动器和高压直流输电线路应用的电压和电流的驱动。
主要设备要求是在大电压、电流导通状态或低通态压降中。
这类型的晶闸管的生产晶圆直径到10厘米，其中平均电流目前大约是4000A，阻断电压为5之7KV。
2。
逆变级的晶闸管。
这些设计有小关断时间，除了低导通状态电压，虽然在设备导通状态电压值较小，可设定为2500V和1500A。
他们的关断时间通常在几微秒范围到100μs之间，取决于其阻断电压的速率和通态压降。
3。
光控晶闸管。
这些会被一束脉冲光纤触发使其被引导到一个特殊的敏感的晶闸管地区。
光化的晶闸管触发，是使用在适当波长的光的对硅产生多余的电子空穴。
这些晶闸管的主要用途是应用在高电压，如高压直流系统，有许多晶闸管被应用在转换器阀门上。
光控晶闸管已经发现的等级，有4kV的3kA，导通状态电压2V、光触发5毫瓦的功率要求。
还有其它一些晶闸管，如辅助型关断晶闸管（关贸总协定），这些晶闸管其他变化，不对称硅可控（ASCR）和反向进行，晶闸管（RCT）的。
这些都是应用。
B部分功率集成电路功率集成电路的种类现代半导体功率控制相当数量的电路驱动，除了电路功率器件本身。
这些控制电路通常由微处理器控制，其中包括逻辑电路。
这种在同一芯片上包含或作为功率器件来控制和驱动电路将大大简化了整个电路的设计和扩大潜在的应用范围。
这样的整合将会产生一个更便宜和更可靠的电源控制系统。
总的来说，将减少复杂性（较少独立电路和使用这类功率集成电路系统组件）。
这样的整合已经被证明有很多应用。
这里有三个类功率积体电路包括所谓的智能或智能开关，高电压集成电路（HVIC能够）和离散模块。
功率集成电路领域，特别是智能交换机和HVIC，被认为是500-100 A和目前的水平相差约1000伏或更少。
离散模块涵盖更广泛的电压电流范围。
智能开关垂直电力及其他组件的设备，而无需动力装置的垂直过程的顺序是可行的。
如片上的过流和过温传感器，以及驱动部分都是可用的，可以包含例子。
PN结形成的N - 漂移地区和P -区域始终是反向偏置，如果垂直功率场效应管的漏极是相对于电源，从而积极为这个路口提供了电气隔离之间的横向和纵向的场效应管。
高电压（HVIC）集成电路都采用传统的逻辑设备制造过程，但一些修改，使横向高电压设备也可兼容低电压的设备。
两个简单的例子，每个在其中的各种设备之间实现了电气隔离的方式不相同，HVIC有更多的复杂性。
离散模块是由多个芯片安装在一个共同的绝缘基板，密封成一个包。
他不包括各种芯片垂直器件，驱动电路芯片和控制电路芯片（甚至一个PWM控制器），以及其他可能的功能。
尽管这种方法并不是一个完全集成制造方法，但是我们有潜力，因为它目前广泛应用在智能开关或HVIC。
石化商业化所面临的挑战使用整合的电力电子电路面临几个经济和技术方面的挑战。
技术问题包括: 1。
电气隔离从低电压元件高压元件。
2。
热管理功率器件，通常工作在更高的温度下的成套设备。
3。
高压导线上的互连芯片运行在低电压设备或低电压地区。
4。
制造过程中必须提供的设备和组件的完整范围除了晶体管二极管、电阻、电容此外，功率集成电路使用面临许多经济问题。
这些包括：1。
大量的前期开发成本之前，任何生产运行。
2。
成本差异的三种类型。
3。
需要大批量应用到恢复大开发费用。
在解决挑战的研究进展低压设备与来自高压元素，也可以实现介电分离、PN结分离、或自己分离。
介质隔离能实现两种方式。
隔离主要由蚀刻切片或晶圆片上面生长着一层二氧化矽。
其次，把矽沉积在二氧化硅中。
沉积下来的硅退火后的，高温，在再结晶过程中，可以用于制作低压设备。
介质隔离是免费的寄生设备，如二极管。
C部分硅控整流器（SCR）SCR已成为大功率电器的重要组成部分和信号调理控制的一部分。
在某些方面，它是一个固态继电器的替换品，虽然在某些方面还有一些差距。
在理想中的标准二极管，是一个单向传导电流的器件。
在理想的意义上可控硅整流器，就像是一个二极管不会在任何一个方向进行，直到它被打开或关闭。
注相似一个二极管，但添加了终端，叫做门。
如果SCR是向前偏见，否则就无法行为。
现在，假设一个电压，就放在阴极门。
会有一些积极的电压值 - 触发电压 - 其中可控硅将开始进行阳极阴极和行为像一个正常的二极管。
即使门电压拿走，它也会继续进行这样一个二极管，这是，一旦打开，将为零，无论门。
只有这样，才能把可控硅回“关”是有正向偏压条件下带走。
这意味着电压必须跌破的可控硅的正向压降，使低于最低值，电流下降称为维持电流，或从阳极阴极必须实际极性相反。
认为可控硅不能轻易被关闭的事实限制了它在直流应用到那些下面的一些减少持有正向电流值的方法可以提供案件。
在交流电路中，可控硅整流器自动打开时，在每半个周期的交流电压施加到可控硅的极性就会相反。
可控硅的特点及规格如下。
1。
最大正向电流。
有一个最大电流可控硅可以放在正向电流中，不会损坏。
此值各不相同，从几百毫安还有千余毫安放大器，大型工业类型。
2。
反向峰值电压。
一个二极管，有一个额外相反偏差电压电压那能适用于控硅整流器无损害。
他们的值不同，几个伏特到几千伏特。
3。
触发电压。
最低栅极电压来驱动不同的可控硅导通类型之间的大小，从几伏到40V。
4。
触发电流。
有一个最低的触发电流，在提供电压源前必须SCR可以被关闭。
几个值有所不同，从几毫安到几百毫安。
5。
保持电流。
这是指最低阳极对阴极电流必要可控硅保持在正向导电状态进行。
该值从20到100毫安。
AC操作一个变化中的可控硅的是以半波运行的直流电压RMS操作。
触发电压是由一些电路研制生产在一定的外加交流信号选择阶段的脉冲。
因此，在可控硅打开一个重复的方式，如图所示。
SCR关闭，当然，在每半个周期当AC极性反转。
通过改变部分正半周时，触发应用，有效（RMS）的直流电压值应用于负载可提高。
当然，这可能是此直流电压半波整流电路的最大有效值。
如果需要更多的电源，可选用可控硅全波桥式电路。
触发电压，现在必须在每半个周期产生并应用到可控硅触发（门）终端。
在过程控制应用中，控制器的输出信号将被用来驱动电路，改变了在该脉冲被应用到门，从而改变了通电的载入时间。
加到负载上的电压脉动直流。
此配置不能用于带负荷操作，需要交流电压。
触发控制SCR在过程控制的应用，电路控制信号转换成合适的触发信号传送到SCR是必需的。
这样的电路通常是由电子系统组成，该系统使用的控制电压决定交流负载电压。
控制信号电压通过一个指示灯来提供相应的驱动器晶体管，从而确保了电源电路控制电路隔离。
在低基数驱动电容充电慢，直到不会达到周期后期的可控硅的触发电压（因此低负荷功率）。
一个大控制信号提供在高调速系统中，电容器收取的速率将要快得多。
然后，可控硅将打开更长的周期，将提供更多的能力来承担负载。
电力电子技术Power Electronic Technology (II)Part AThyristorsIn the on-state of the thyristor, t he main current flows from the anode to the cathode. In itsoff-state, the thyristor can block a forward polarity voltage and not conduct.The thyristor can be triggered into the on-state by applying a pulse of positive gate current for a short duration provided that the device is in its forward blocking state. The forward voltage drop in the on-state is only a few volts (typically 1 to 3 V depending on the device blocking voltage rating).Once the device begins to conduct, it is latched on and the gate current can be removed. T he thyristor cannot be turned off by the gate, and the thyristor conducts as a diode. Only when the anode current tries to go negative under the influence of the circuit in which the thyristor isconnected does the thyristor turn off and the current go to zero. This allows the gate to regaincontrol in order to turn the device on at some controllable time after it has again entered theforward blocking state.In reverse bias at voltages below the reverse breakdown voltage, only a negligibly smallleakage current flows in the thyristor. Usually the thyristor voltage rating for forward and reverse blocking voltages are the same. Usually the thyristor voltage rating for forward and reverse blocking voltages are the same. Using the same arguments as for diodes, the thyristor can be represented by the idealized characteristics in analyzing converter topologies.In an application of resistant load circuit, control can be exercised over the instant of current conduction during the positive half cycle of source voltage. When the thyristor current tries to reverse itself when the source voltage goes negative, theidealized thyristor would have its current become zero immediately.However, as specified in the thyristor data sheets, the thyristor current reverses itself beforebecoming zero. The important parameter is not the time it takes for the current to become zerofrom its negative value, but rather the turn-off time interval t q from the zero crossover of thecurrent to the zero crossover of the voltage across the thyristor. D uring t q a reverse voltage must bemaintained across the thyristor and only after this time is the device capable of blocking a forward voltage without going into its on-state.If a forward voltage is applied to the thyristor before this interval has passed, the device may prematurely turn on and damage to the device and circuit could result. Thyristor data sheets specify with a specified reverse voltage applied during this interval as well as a specified rate-of-rise of voltage beyond this interval. This interval is sometimes called the circuit-commutated-recovery time of the thyristor.Depending on the application requirements, various types of thyristor are available. Inaddition to voltage and current ratings, turn-off time , and the forward voltage drop, othercharacteristics that must be considered include the rate-of-rise of the current (d i /d t ) at turn-on and the rate-of-rise of voltage (d u /d t ) at turn-off.1. Phase-control thyristors. Sometimes termed converter thyristors, these are used primarily for rectifying line-frequency voltage and current in applications such as phase-controlle drectifiers for dc and ac motor drives and in high-voltage dc power transmission. T he main device requirements are large voltage and current handling capabilities and a low on-state voltage drop. T his type of thyristor has been produced in wafer diameters of up to 10 cm, where the average current is about 4000 A with blocking voltages of 5~7 kV.2. Inverter-grade thyristors. T hese are designed to have small turn-off times t q in addition tolow on-state voltages, although on-state voltages are larger in devices with shorter values of t.T hese devices are available with ratings up to 2500V and 1500A. Their turn-off times are usually in the range of a few microseconds to 100 μ s depending on their blocking voltage ratings and on-state voltage drops.3. Light-activated thyristors. These can be triggered on by a pulse of light guided by optical fibers to a special sensitive region of the thyristor. The light-activated triggering of the thyristor uses the ability of light of appropriate wavelengths to generate excess electron-hole pairs in the silicon. The primary use of these thyristors are in high-voltage applications such as high-voltage dc transmission where many thyristors are connected in series to make up a converter valve. Light-activated thyristors have been reported with ratings of 4kV and 3kA, on-state voltages of about 2V, and light trigger power requirements of 5 mW.There are other variations of these thyristors such as gate-assisted-turn-off thyristors (GATT),asymmetrical silicon-controlled-recrifiers (ASCR), and reverse-conducting-thyristors (RCT).T hese are utilized based on the application.Part BPower Integrated CircuitsTypes of Power Integrated CircuitsModern semiconductor power control circuits have a considerable amount of control drivecircuitry in addition to the power device itself. The control circuitry often includes logic circuitrycontrolled by microprocessors. The inclusion of such control and drive circuitry on the same chipor wafer as the power device would greatly simplify the overall circuit design and broaden the range of potential applications. A cheaper and more reliable power control system would result from such integration. Overall, there would be a reduction in the complexity (fewer separate components) of circuits and systems using such power integrated circuits.Such integration has already been demonstrated in many applications. There are three classesof power integrated circuits including so-called smart or intelligent switches , high voltageintegrated circuits (HVICs), and discrete modules. The domain of power integrated circuits,particularly smart switches and HVICs, is considered to be current levels less than 500-100 A andvoltages of approximately 1000 V or less. Discrete modules cover a much wider voltage-current range.Smart switches are vertical power devices onto which additional components are added to theextent feasible without requiring major changes to the vertical power device process sequence.F eatures such as on-chip sensors for overcurrents and overtemperature as well as portions of drive circuits are examples of things that can be included. The pn junction formed from the N — drift region and the P-body region is always reverse biased if the drain of the vertical power MOSFET is positive with respect to the source and thus, this junction provides the electrical isolation between the lateral and vertical MOSFETs.High-voltage integrated circuits (HVICs) are made using conventional logic-level devicefabrication process but with some modifications so that lateral high-voltage devices can also befabricated on the wafer compatibly with the low voltage devices. Two simple examples differ from each other in the manner in which electrical isolation between the various devices is realized.A ctual HVICs have considerably more complexity.Discrete modules are composed of multiple chips mounted on a common insulating substrateand hermetically sealed into a single package. The various chips may include vertical powerdevices, a drive circuit chip, and a control circuit chip (perhaps even a PWM controller), andpossibly other functionality. Although this approach is not a completely integrated fabrication method, we include it because of its potential and its current widespread application compared to smart switches or HVICs.Challenges Facing PIC Commercial CommercializationT he use of power-integrated circuits in power electronics applications faces several challenges both technical and economic. T he technical issues include:1. Electrical isolation of high-voltage components from low-voltage components.2. Thermal management-power devices usually operate at higher temperatures thanlow-voltage devices.3. On-chip interconnections with high-voltage conductor runs over low-voltage devices orlow-voltage regions.4. Fabrication process must provide full range of devices and components —transistors(BJT, MOSFETs, IGBTs) diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.I n addition, the use of power integrated circuits faces several economic issues. T hese include:1. Large up-front development costs prior to any production runs.2. Cost differentials between the three types of PICs.3. Need for high volume applications to recover large development expenses.Progress in Resolving ChallengesIsolation of low-voltage devices from high-voltage elements, can be accomplished by eitherdielectric isolation, pn junction isolation, or self-isolation. Dielectric isolation can be implemented in two ways. The isolation basically consists of etching a pocket in the chip or wafer and then growing a layer of silicon dioxide in it. Next, a layer of silicon is deposited over the SiO 2 . After annealing the deposited silicon at a high temperature, it becomes recrystallized and can then be used for fabricating the low-voltage devices. Dielectric isolation is free of parasitic devices such as diodes. Part CSilicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)The SCR has become an important part of high-power electrical signal conditioning andcontrol. In some regards, it is a solid-state replacement for the relay, although there are someproblems if that analogy is taken too far. The standard diode is, in the ideal sense, a device thatwill conduct current in only one direction. The SCR, again in the ideal sense, is like a diode thatwill not conduct in either direction until it is turned on or “ fired. ” Note the similarity to a diode,but with the added terminal, called the gate . If the SCR is forward biased ( that is, positive voltageon the anode with respect to the cathode), it will not conduct. Now, suppose a voltage is placed onthe gate with respect to the cathode. There will be some positive value of this voltage — the trigger voltage — at which the SCR will start conducting anode to cathode and behave like a normaldiode.Even if the gate voltage is taken away, it will continue to conduct like a diode; that is, once turned on it will stay on, regardless of the gate. The only way to turn the SCR back “ off ” is to have the forward-bias condition taken away. This means the voltage must drop below the forward-voltage drop of the SCR so that the current drops below a minimum value, called the holding current , or the polarity from anode to cathode must actually reverse. The fact that the SCR cannot be turned off easily limits its use in dc applications to those cases where some method of reducing the forward current to below the holding values can be provided. In ac circuits, the SCR will automatically turn off in every half cycle when the ac voltage applied to the SCR reverses polarity.Characteristics and specifications of SCRs are as follows.1. Maximum forward current. There is a maximum current that the SCR can carry in theforward direction without damage. This value varies from a few hundred milliamps to more than a thousand amps, for large industrial types.2. Peak reverse voltage. Like a diode, there is a perk reverse-bias voltage that can be applied to the SCR without damage. The value varies from a few volts to several thousand volts.3. Trigger voltage. The minimum gate voltage to drive the SCR into conduction varies between types and sizes, from a few volts to 40 V.4. Trigger current. There is a minimum current that the source of trigger voltage must beable to provide before the SCR can be fired. This varies from a few milliamps to severalhundred milliamps.5. Holding current . This refers to the minimum anode-to-cathode current necessary to keep the SCR conducting in the forward-conducting state. The value varies from 20 to 100 mA.AC OperationThe operation of an SCR varies in the rms dc voltage in half-wave operation. The triggervoltage is developed by some circuit that produces a pulse at a certain selected phase of theapplied ac signal. Thus, the SCR turns on in a repetitive fashion as shown. The SCR is turned back off, of course, in each half cycle when the ac polarity reverses. By changing the part of the positive half cycle when the trigger is applied, the effective (rms) value of dc voltage applied to the load can be increased. Of course, with this circuit the maximum possible rms dc voltage is that which would be developed by a half-wave rectifier. If more power is required, the SCR can be used with a full-wave bridge circuit. The trigger voltage must now be generated in each half cycle and applied to the SCR trigger (gate) terminal. In a process-control application, the controller output signal would be used to drive a circuit that changed the time at which the pulses were applied to the gates, and thus changed the power applied to the load. The voltage applied to the load is pulsating dc. This configuration could not beused with a load that required ac voltage for operation.Trigger ControlTo use the SCR in process-control applications, special circuitry to convert control signalsinto suitable trigger signals to the SCRs is required. These circuits are usually composed ofelectronic systems that use the control voltage to determine the phase of the ac load voltage atwhich the SCR should be turned on.The control-signal voltage is used to provide base drive to a transistor via an LED thatensures isolation of the control circuit from the power circuit. At low-base drive the capacitor ischarged slowly, and will not reach the SCR trigger voltage until late in the cycle (hence low load power).A large control signal will provide high base drive, and the capacitor will charge much more quickly. Then the SCR will turn on much earlier in the cycle, and more power will be delivered to the load.教师评语教师签名：20 年月日。