系统解剖 英文版 神经系统 脊髓.Spinal cord

★ Basic Terminology in Nervous System
In the CNS White matter 白质 collection of 白质: nerve fibers, white color during fresh condition Medulla 髓质 a central core 髓质: of white matter beneath the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum Fasciculus ( tract ) 纤维束: 纤维束 a bundle of nerve fibers which have the same origin, termination, pathway and function
Spinal Cord 脊髓
Zhaoxi Ding Department of Human Anatomy Medical School, Shandong University dingzhaoxi@
Position of Spinal Cord
★Position： ：
Lies in the upper 2/3 of the vertebral canal Continuous above with medulla oblongata at level of foramen magnum Ends below at the lower border of L1 in adult or at level of L3 at birth About 40~45cm in length Weights about 30 g.
Vertebral levels (spines) = C1 ~ C4 －1 = C4 ~ T3 －2 = T3 ~ T6 －3 = T6 ~ T9 = T10 ~ T12 = L1
Reflex反射 a reaction of the organism by the 反射: 反射 nervous system in response to a stimulus Reflex arc反射弧 has 5 basic components 反射弧: 反射弧 Receptor ↓ Sensory neurons ↓ CNS ↓ Motor neurons ↓ Effector
★ Basic Terminology in Nervous System
Reticular formation 网状结构 网状结构: an admixture of crosscrossing fibers with larger or smaller groups of nerve cells occupying the meshes
Relationship of spinal Cord Segments to Vertebral Numbers
Spinal segments Upper cervical region (C1~C4) Lower cervical and upper thoracic region (C5~T4) Middle thoracic region (T5~T8) Lower thoracic region (T9~T12) Lumber segments Sacral and coccygeal segments
anterior (motor) roots emerge serially
Posterolateral sulcus 后外侧沟
posterior (sensory) roots enter spinal cord, each bear a spinal ganglion which constitutes the first cell-station of the sensory nerves
Cellular Organization
Neuron 神经元 Cell body 胞体 Axon 轴突 Dendrites 树突 Neuroglia神经胶质 － 神经胶质 glial cell胶质细胞 胶质细胞
Classification of Neuron
Structural classification 双极神经元 Bipolar neuron has an axon and a dendrite 假单极神经元 Pseudounipolar neuron has a central branch and a peripheral branch 多极神经元Multipolar neuron 多极神经元 has an axon and two or more dendrites
Nervous System 神经系统
★Organizations
中枢神经系统Central nervous system 中枢神经系统 (CNS) 脑Brain 脊髓Spinal cord 脊髓 周围神经系统Peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统 (PNS) 脑神经Cranial n. (12 pairs) 脑神经 脊神经Spinal n. (31 pairs) 脊神经 内脏神经Visceral nerves 内脏神经
Classificatlassification 感觉神经元 Sensory (afferent) neuron 运动神经元 Motor (efferent) neuron 联络神经元 Association neuron
★Reflex and Reflex Arc
Posterior intermediate sulcus 后 中间沟
★ Segments of Spinal Cord
A portion of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerve constitutes a segment. There are 31 segments 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal Relationship of spinal Cord Segments to Vertebral Numbers
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)腰穿 腰穿
★ External Features of Spinal Cord
Fissure and sulci Anterior median fissure 前正中裂 Posterior median sulcus 后正中沟 Anterolateral sulcus 前外侧沟
Major Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
脑神经Cranial nerves (12 pairs) 脑神经 脊神经Spinal nerves (31 pairs) 脊神经 内脏神经Visceral nerves 内脏神经 Visceral sensory nerve Visceral motor nerve Sympathetic part 交感神经 Parasympathetic part 副交感神经
★ Relationship of spinal Cord Segments
to Vertebral Numbers
Spinal segments C1~C4 C5~T4 T5~T8 T9~T12 L1-L5 S1-S5 and Co Vertebral levels (spines) Lie opposite the corresponding vertebrae One lower in number than corresponding vertebrae Two lower in number than corresponding vertebrae Three lower in number than corresponding vertebrae T10~T12 L1
★脊髓圆锥Conus medullaris-the lower 脊髓圆锥 pyramid end of spinal cord 终丝Filum terminale-a delicate ★终丝 filament, about 20 cm in length, prolonged downward from the apex of the conus medullaris to the back of the first segment of the coccyx, continuous above with that of the pia mater. 马尾Cauda equina-collection of ★马尾 roots and rootlets of spinal n. (from L2-5, S1-5,Co1) around the filum terminale below the conus medullaris. These fibers gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column.
★ Basic Terminology in Nervous System
In the PNS Ganglion 神经节 a 神经节: collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS. eg. Spinal ganglion/ganglia Nerve 神经 a bundle of 神经: nerve fibers held together by connective tissue sheath. eg. Spinal nerve
External Features of Spinal Cord
A long cylindrical structure and slightly flattened anteroposteriorly ★ Two enlargements Cervical enlargement颈膨大 颈膨大 corresponds to the C4 - T1 segments sends fibers to supply the upper limbs Lumbosacral enlargement腰骶膨大 腰骶膨大 corresponds to the L2 - S3 segments sends fibers to supply the lower limbs