英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】

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左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)

Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英汉对比与翻译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左飚
上海建桥学院上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英汉对比与翻译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们我的爸爸、你的妈妈认真的态度、认真地学习

英汉词语对比与翻译

指称意义（referential meaning)或概念意义（ideational meaning)是语言符号和它所描绘叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体或事件之间的关系。
言内意义（intralingual meaning)或语篇意义是句子成分与句子成分之间或句与句之间的关系，它决定着行文的韵律节奏，如何衔接连贯，达到何种修辞效果等。
“三包”：包修、包退、包换
The three guaranteed R’s: repair, replacement and refund.
三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
Orient/gear educational work to the needs of modernization, the world, and the future
①She can be scornful of those ②who are not tough in either performance or philosophy, ③ reserving for them her ultimate pejorative, “wet”, ④which in her lexicon is an accusation of gutlessness.
三围
bust, waist and hips vital statistics 三资企业
Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises或 Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China

英汉成语对比与翻译

英汉成语对比与翻译爱屋及乌 love me, love my dog.百闻不如一见 seeing is believing.比上不足，比下有余 "worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst笨鸟先飞 a slow sparrow should make an early start.不眠之夜 white night不以物喜，不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best不打不成交 "no discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙 rob peter to pay paul辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener国泰民安 the country flourishes and people live in peace过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little功夫不负有心人 everything comes to him who waits.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more好事不出门，恶事传千里 good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.和气生财 harmony brings wealth活到老，学到老 one is never too old to learn.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones金无足赤,人无完人 gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.金玉满堂 treasures fill the home脚踏实地 be down-to-earth脚踩两只船 sit on the fence君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green老生常谈，陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché礼尚往来 courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 "where there is life, there is hope."马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened没有规矩不成方圆 nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.每逢佳节倍思亲on festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.it is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.谋事在人，成事在天 "the planning lies with man, the outcome with heaven. / man proposes, god disposes. "弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; cunning outwits itself.拿手好戏 masterpiece赔了夫人又折兵 throw good money after bad抛砖引玉 a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale破釜沉舟 cut off all means of retreat；burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities巧妇难为无米之炊 if you have no hand you can't make a fist./ one can't make bricks without straw.千里之行始于足下a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step前事不忘,后事之师 past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.前人栽树,后人乘凉 one generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.one sows and another reaps.前怕狼,后怕虎 fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind/ hesitate in doing something弱龙容易压地头蛇 even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies.强强联手 win-win co-operation瑞雪兆丰年 a timely snow promises a good harvest.人之初,性本善 man's nature at birth is good.人逢喜事精神爽 joy puts heart into a man.人海战术 huge-crowd strategy世上无难事，只要兹登山 "where there is a will, there is a way. "世外桃源 a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;死而后已 until my heart stops beating岁岁平安 peace all year round上有天堂，下有苏杭 "just as there is paradise in heaven, ther are suzhou and hangzhou on earth."塞翁失马，焉知非福 misfortune may be an actual blessing.三十而立 "a man should be independent at the age of thirty.at thirty, a man should be able to think for himself."升级换代 updating and upgrading (of products)四十不惑 life begins at forty.谁言寸草心，抓得三春晖 "such kindness of warm sun, can't be repaid by grass. "水涨船高 when the river rises, the boat floats high.时不我待 time and tide wait for no man.杀鸡用牛刀 break a butterfly on the wheel实事求是 seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts说曹操,曹操到 talk of the devil and he comes.实话实说 speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is实践是检验真理的唯一标准 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.山无此低，存有仙则名 "no matter how high the mountain is, its name will spread far and wide if there is a fairy; "韬光养晦 hide one's capacities and bide one's time糖衣炮弹 sugar-coated bullets天有不测风云 anything unexpected may happen. a bolt from the blue团结一致就是力量 unity is strength.“跳进黄河洗不清” "eve if one jumped into the yellow river, one can not wash oneself clean--there's nothing one can do to clear one's name "歪风邪气 unhealthy practices and evil phenomena物以类聚，人以群分 birds of a feather flock together.追忆例如风 "the past has vanished (from memory) like wind.; what in past, is past."望子成龙 hold high hopes for one's child屋漏又可逢连阴雨 misfortunes never come singly. when it rains it pours.文韬武略 military expertise; military strategy唯利是图 draw water to one's mill无源之水,无本之木 water without a source, and a tree wiithout roots无中生有 make/create something out of nothing无风不起浪 there are no waves without wind. there's no smoke without fire.徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends新官上任三把火 a new broom sweeps clean虚心并使人进步,自豪并使人滞后 modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.蓄势而发 accumulate strength for a take-off心想事成 may all your wish come true心照不宣 have a tacit understanding; give tacit consent; tacit understanding先入为主 first impressions are firmly entrenched.先下手为强 catch the ball before the bound像是热锅上的蚂蚁 like an ant on a hot pan现身说法 warn people by taking oneself as an example息事宁人 pour oil on troubled waters喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear循序渐进 step by step一路平安，一路顺风 speed somebody on their way; speed the parting guest严以律己,宽以待人 be strict with oneself and lenient towards others鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey有情人终成眷属 "jack shall have jill, all shall be well."有钱能使鬼推磨 money makes the mare go. money talks.有识之士 people of vision有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain有缘千里去相见 separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.与时俱进 advance with times以人为本 people oriented; people foremost因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude欲穷千里目，更上一层楼 "to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; ascend further, were you to look farther; would eye embrace a thousand miles? go up, one flight."欲速则不达 haste does not bring success.优胜劣汰 survival of the fittest英雄所见略同 great minds think alike.冤家宜求解不必结 better make friends than make enemies.冤假错案 "cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases"一言既出，驷马难追 a real man never goes back on his words.招财进宝 money and treasures will be plentiful债台高筑 become debt-ridden致命要害 achilles' heel众矢之的 target of public criticism知己知彼,百战不殆 know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.纸上谈兵 be an armchair strategist纸包不住火 truth will come to light sooner or later.左右为难 between the devil and the deep blue sea; between the rock and the hard place。

英汉对比与翻译(全)

Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
英汉对比与翻译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英汉对比与翻译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Please translate the following:

汉英广告形容词对比与翻译-精品文档

汉英广告形容词对比(duìbǐ)与翻译一、引言(yǐnyán)广告的主要文体功能是劝说，实现这一功能的基本手段是对商品的生动描写，作为重要修饰手段的形容词在广告语篇中被大量使用。

Leech（1966）将形容词作为广告文体的最重要词汇特征，吴朋（2007）亦证实形容词在广告中的使用远高于其他文体。

然而，目前学界对广告翻译的研究多集中于语篇层面，在研究框架上，多以社会学、修辞学、文体学、语用学等理论为背景，而对具体语言事实的研究较少。

本文基于英汉广告双向平行语料库，聚焦广告文体最重要的词汇特征――形容词，采用实证方法，通过英汉对比概括英汉广告形容词的使用异同，寻找总结广告形容词的翻译策略，为汉英广告翻译提供借鉴。

二、汉英广告形容词对比我们首先创建了汉英广告语料库。

从商品类型出发，我们选择了“食品、化妆品和旅游”三类广告作为研究对象。

为提高对比的客观性，语料库包括文体对等语料库和双向平行广告两部分。

文体对等语料库主要选自报刊和网络，英文报刊如《新闻周刊》（Newsweek）、《读者文摘》（Reader’s Digest）、《家的滋味》（Taste of Home）、《户外》（Outside）和《海岛旅游》（Islands）等，互联网广告主要来源于Yahoo。

双向平行语料库来自出口商品和进口商品的商标和机场、景点等处的宣传手册。

通过语料库检索，我们发现汉英广告形容词具有(jùyǒu)两点共性特征。

第一，汉英广告都大量使用褒义形容词，特别是褒义形容词的比较级和最高级来显化商品价值，以此突出产品优点和树立积极形象，如例（1）、例（2）。

“new，good，better，nice，fresh，rich，great，delicious”等词在英语广告中使用频繁。

同样(tóngyàng)，汉语广告也偏爱用“新，好，顶，美”等形容词。

（1）a.Better choice，better living――Vitasoyb.维他奶，更好选择(xuǎnzé)，更好生活――维他奶（2）凝聚新动力，文康展新姿――康乐(kānglè)及文化事务署第二，汉英广告都有大量由其他词类派生的或者新拟的形容词，如例（3）、例（4）。

英汉词汇对比与翻译

无坚固掩体的地面发射基地
ＴｈｅｏｄｈｓｂｅｏｓｄｒｄｓｆｅｅｉｃｓｓｔｌｔＭａ．ｅｒｃｒａｅｎｃｎｉｅｅｏｔｖｒｓｎｅｉｗａｅａｙｔｓ
个概念，在两种语言中，局部处于一个平面上，但更多的局部，却处在两个平面上。我们经常对英语这种多平面体系缺乏足够的认识。试举ｉｒｕｅｎｏｃ和 “ ｔｄ介绍 ” 一例来剖析：Ｌｔｅｎｏｅｍｔ－ｉｒｄｃｙｅ（ｕｅｓｌ请让我自我介绍）ｍｆ。这个局部概念上，ｉｒｄｃ和 “ ｎｏｕｅｔ介绍 ”处在一个平面上，是对应的。因为 “ 介绍 ”的意思是 “ 中从沟通，使双方相识 ” ｎｏｕｅ的意思是ｃｕｅｔｂｃｕｉｅ，两；ｉｔｄｃｒａｓｅｑａｔｏａｎｄ者的内涵吻合在一个平面上。问题在于英语的ｉｔｄｃ与汉语的ｎｒｕｅｏ “ 绍 ”两者并不完全对应，这就为我们造成了困难。例如 “ 、介市县官员向他介绍了它们的机构对塌方事件进行联合调查的进展情
文史研究
英汉词汇对比与翻译
林少娟
（福建广播电视大学晋安校区福建福州３００５００）
摘
要：英译汉的一切翻译理论、方法和技巧都是建立在英汉两种语言的对比上，因此对比英汉语言的异同，从而掌握它们的特点
是十分重要的。通过对比，重视难译的地方，认真研究同一思想内容如何用不同的语言形式来表达。关键词：词义搭配词序文化差异英汉翻译

英汉外来词的对比及翻译-2019年文档

英汉外来词的对比及翻译-2019年文档英汉外来词的对比及翻译随着世界各民族之间的各种形态接触，一个民族语言中的某些形式传至另一个民族的语言，于是就产生了外来词，吸收和使用外来词成为语言词汇变化的重要因素。

叶斯帕森说，“没有任何一种语言是绝对纯洁的，我们也找不出一个没有吸收外来词的民族。

”萨丕尔也曾指出, 由于交际的需要, 使说一种语言的人们直接或间接和那些邻近的或文化优越的语言说者发生接触。

然而各种语言对外来词语吸收、消化的能力，存在着很大差异。

1 汉字吸收外来词的主要方式汉字既有表意功能，又有表音功能。

因此，外来词要进入汉语的词汇系统，必须接受汉语的语音、语法和构词规则等各方面的改造，以符合汉语的发音习惯、语法和词汇规则。

因为现代汉字是“表意和表音文字”。

外来词有音译词、意译词、音意兼译词和直接借用四种主要形式。

通过音译借用吸收，语音和语义全部借自外族词，例如，“罗曼蒂克”，这四个字内部并无一定的语义关系，它只是音译了英语（romantic）。

音译是用发音近似的汉字将英语翻译过来，这种被译音了的汉字不再有其自身的原意，只是保留其语音和书写形式。

再如：歇斯底里（hysteric）、幽默（humor）、布丁(pudding)、康乃馨（carnation）、马赛克（mosaic）、扑克(poker)、马拉松（Marathon）等。

通过意译改造融合。

意译词是运用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成的新词，把外语中的某个意义移植进来。

例如，“传真（fax）”、“安乐死（euthanasia）”、工会（trade union）、篮球（basketball）等。

通过音意兼译。

用汉字记录外来词的读音的同时也用汉字的意义表示其意义。

如：奔驰（bonze）、香波(shampoo)、蹦极跳(bungee)。

也可采用半部分音译，半部分意译，如：呼拉圈(hula-hoop)、绷带（bandage）、白金汉宫(Buckingham Palace)、水上芭蕾 (water ballet)、奶昔 (milk shake)等。

英汉对比与翻译(全)

语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英汉对比与翻译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比）欢迎光临（对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。

汉英词汇比较与翻译

汉英词汇比较与翻译
例2：“轻巧”的译法
• 这摩托车很轻巧。 • The motorcycle is light and handy. • 她动作很轻巧。 • She is nimble in movement. • 你说得倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 • You talk as if it were just a walkover. Why
• 为了进行真实、细致的考察，他很少乘船、坐车。 • In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places
he visited, he usually travelled on foot even when carriages and boats were available. • 他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林进行考察。 • He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks, and into forests seldom visited by human beings.
汉英词汇比较与翻译
汉译英时，要注意动词和宾语的搭配：
进行社会主义革命进行一场激烈的争论进行实地调查进行亲切的谈话进行侵略进行协商进行核试验
汉英词汇比较与翻译
翻译练习
• 一窝蜜蜂 • 一窝小鸡 • 一窝幼犬 • 一群美女 • 一群猎狗 • 一群鸭 • 一群羚羊
• A swarm of bees • A brood of chickens • A litter of pups • A bevy of beautiful ladies • A pack of hounds • A team of ducks • A herd of antelopes

英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】

英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。

I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。

3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。

He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。

我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。

A Contrastive Study ofEnglish and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。

The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。

Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。

The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。

The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。

If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。

If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。

The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。

If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。

左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)ppt课件

Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
Please translate the following:
人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved.
Causes: • analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Examples of Negative Transfer
6. -- Your English is wonderful. -- No, no. My English is still poor. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Thank you, but I still need to improve my English. Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。

英汉词格对比翻译

metaphor
• Metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more unlike things achieved by identified one with the other • Eg. 1. That lady tries to make sheep’s eyes at her new boss. • 那位女士想向新老板献媚. • Don’t show the white feather to the enemy. • 不要向敌人示弱. • He is a regular oyster. • 他总是守口如瓶. • There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman. • 虎恶猿狡的性格,法国人兼而有之.
euphemism
• Eg, If you will allow me, I will call your carriage for you. You have lived so long abroad, Mrs, Cheveley, that you seem to be unable to realize that you are talking to an English gentleman. • 译文1：如果你允许，我要请你卷铺盖滚蛋了。谢佛利太太，你久居国外，看来已经意识不到你自己是在和一个英国绅士讲话。 • 译文2：如果你允许，谢佛利太太，我要为你叫来你的马车，请你走人，你已经在国外住的时间太长，看来已经意识不到自己正在和一个英国绅士说话。
• 1.Franklin Roosevelt listened with brighteyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest. • 富兰克林．罗斯福目光炯炯，满脸笑容，聚精会神得听着；他没说什么，只是跟大伙儿开心地跟大伙儿开心地鼓掌喝彩。 • 2.They talked to the foreign in hesitant English. • 他们用结结巴巴的英语同那个外国人交谈。

英汉词汇对比与翻译

英汉词汇对比与翻译根据《韦氏新世界词典》，词语的意义可以分为两大类：① 所指意义、字面意义(denotation );②内涵意义、隐含意义( connotation )。

语言中的许多词语，往往既有所指意义，又有内涵意义;或者说，既有字面意义，又有隐含意义。

从意义对应的角度看，英、汉两种语言的词语存在以下四种情况：1. 基本对应例如，汉语的“纸”对应英语中的“ paper ”，英语中的“steel ”对应汉语中的“钢”。

2. 没有对应词汇(词语对应缺省)例如，汉语中的“阴”、“阳”、“太极”、“八卦”、“武术”、“气功”等，在英语中就没有相对应的词语。

3. 部分对应一些词语在两种语言中的语义范围不同; 一些词语在一种语言中有内涵意义，在另一种语言里则没有内涵意义; 一些词语所指意义或字面意义相同，内涵意义或隐含意义却大相径庭。

例如：“sister ”一词在英语中的语义范围就大于汉语中的“姐姐” 或“妹妹”。

汉语中“红豆”象征“爱情”或“相思”的内涵意义、“鸳鸯”象征“恩爱”或“白头到老”的内涵意义在英语中就没有。

汉语“气管炎”的内涵意义，英语“ tracheitis ”就没有。

汉语的“梨”由于同“离”字谐音，有“离别”的隐含意义；而英语中的“ pear ”就没有这一层联想意义。

汉语中的“红”和英语中的“ red ”字面意义相同，内涵意义却大不相同：中国人往往用“红”象征“幸运”、“昌盛”、“幸福”，“红颜”、“红粉”喻指美丽的女子，“红楼”指闺房；而英语中的“ red ” 表示“极端危险”、“紧急”、“愤怒”等，如“ red light district ”（红灯区），“red alert ”（紧急警报），“see red” （发怒、冒火）。

英语中“ owl”、“bat ”、“old dog”、“west wind”、“yellow ”同汉语中“猫头鹰”、“蝙蝠”、“老狗”、“西风”、“黄色”等词语的隐含意义也大为不同。

第一章汉英词语对比与翻译

力戒虚假对应
1 外延意义不对应红茶；白酒；红眼 2 内涵意义不对应只要我们坚持改革开放政策，就一定能把我国建设成为强大的社会主义国家。 [译文] So long as we stick to the reform and opening-up policy， we will surely be able to build China into a powerful Socialist country．
中式英语chinglish-translationese
有的译文，从语法角度看是没有什么错误的，但外国人看不懂，毛病就出在不符合英语的习惯表达。例1: 我的心和你在一起 My heart is together with you． I shall be with you in spirit．例2: 她是一个大龄青年 She is a big-age youth． She is a single youth well above her matrimonial age．
由“族”的翻译说开去
Clan, tribe,-er, monger,freak why?
一、对应关系
1.对应式，契合式（equivalence）可译性基础translatability 不可译论公积金，剪刀差，牛市 Public accumulation fund,reserve fund scissors differences/gap; bull market 2.交叉式（intersection）翻译的魅力 3无对应 humor 阴阳虚假对应。Guangxi（关系）
2 看高论：白酒应翻译成“baijiu”,黄酒应是huangjiu— —黄？的博客

第一讲汉英词语比较与翻译-精品

2020/2/9
Type
• 汉语属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Family)，英语属印欧语系(Indo-European Family)，汉语是世界上最古老语言之一，英语是世界上使用最广的语言之一。
2020/2/9
• 汉语是分析型(analytic)语言，其典型特征是没有屈折变化即汉语的名词不会改变自身的形式 (form)变为(inflection)，复数，动词也不用改变自身的形式表示过去时、现在时或将来时；汉语的词没有阳性和阴性的变化，汉语中也没有表阳性和阴性的词缀。汉语词语组合成句依靠词序(word order)和虚词(empty word)。如：“鸟儿飞出了笼子。”是按正常词序组成的正确句子，若颠倒“ 鸟儿”和“笼子”的位置成为“笼子飞出了鸟儿 ”，该句则成了病句；然若加上“里”字，“笼子里飞出了鸟儿”，句子便又恢复正常，突出了鸟儿是从笼子里飞出来的信息。
2020/2/9
• 古汉字是一种用符号表示思想或概念的表意文字 (ideographic script)，因为它主要是象形字。P32
• 随着指事字、会意字和形声字的出现，且数目不断增多，汉字已不能简单地视为表意文字，而应该视为有表意倾向的音节文字(ideographicoriented syllabic script)。汉字一字一音，一字既可代表语素，又可代表音节。汉字是多功能的，它是字(character)，即构成文字的基本单位；有些汉字又是词(word)，如：句、书、打、走等；有些汉字既可作词单独使用，也可略变写法作偏旁部首(radical)使用，如金、木、日、米等；少数汉字只能作为语素(morpheme)与其他汉字组合成词语，如菩、乒、忐等。
2020/2/9
• 汉语还被认为是粘着型(agglutinative)语言，词的组合依靠词素的粘着。如光(+明)一光明(+正大)一光明正大；打(+击)一打击一 (+犯罪+分子)一打击犯罪分子。

汉英词语比较与翻译

汉译英中的词义选择
• 1. 根据语境选择合适词义
• “Each word is a new word in a new context.” (Firth, British linguist)
• 例1：“好” • ①. 好的开始是成功的一半。 • Well begun, half done. • ②. 邻居对我都很好。 • My neighbors are all very kind to me. • ③. 这个问题好解决。 • The problem can be easily solved.
• ④. 计划定好了。 • The plan has been drawn up. • ⑤. 你留个电话，有事好联系你。 • Give me your telephone number so that I can contact you
when necessary. • ⑥. 今天下午好几个人过来找你。 • Quite a few people came in looking for you this afternoon.
• Fengshui • 阴阳
• Yin-yang • 馄饨
• Wonton
• 有些词语，采用直译，既可以使译文简洁，又能保留汉语文化词语的原汁原味，不会产生文化误解。
• 易经 • Book of changes • 号脉 • Feel the pulse • 京剧 • Peking Opera • 龙舟 • Dragon boat • 春节 • Spring Festival • 站票 • Standing-room-only tickets
• 在直译无法达到效果的情况下，可采用意译。 • 意译法舍弃了词语的语言形式和字面意义，着眼于传

英汉对比与翻译_2

can can’t
can can’t
can can’t
can can’t
揍敢试瞧逃怕
Please compare:
• “Tom didn’t go to school today, did he?” asked the mother. • “No, he didn’t,” Mary said. • “汤姆今天没去上学，是吗？”母亲问。 • “不，他没去。” 玛丽说。 • “是的，他没去。”玛丽说。
“我会揍你的。” “不，你不会。” “是的，我会的。” “不，你不会的。” “我会的。” “你不会的。” “会！” “不会！”
Chinese: moving point of sight （视点流动）
“I can lick you.” “No, you can’t.” “Yes, I can.” “No, you can’t.” “I can.” “you can’t.” “Can!” “Can’t!” 我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！
Please compare:
“I can lick you.” “No, you can’t.” “Yes, I can.” “No, you can’t.” “I can.” “you can’t.” “Can!” “Can’t!” 我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！
English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic