英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉词语对比与翻译
言内意义（intralingual meaning)或语篇意义是句子成分与 句子成分之间或句与句之间的关系，它决定着行文的韵律节 奏，如何衔接连贯，达到何种修辞效果等。
“三包”：包修、包退、包换
The three guaranteed R’s: repair, replacement and refund.
三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
Orient/gear educational work to the needs of modernization, the world, and the future
①She can be scornful of those ②who are not tough in either performance or philosophy, ③ reserving for them her ultimate pejorative, “wet”, ④which in her lexicon is an accusation of gutlessness.
三围
bust, waist and hips vital statistics 三资企业
Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises或 Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China
英汉成语对比与翻译
英汉成语对比与翻译爱屋及乌 love me, love my dog.百闻不如一见 seeing is believing.比上不足，比下有余 "worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst笨鸟先飞 a slow sparrow should make an early start.不眠之夜 white night不以物喜，不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best不打不成交 "no discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙 rob peter to pay paul辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener国泰民安 the country flourishes and people live in peace过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little功夫不负有心人 everything comes to him who waits.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more好事不出门，恶事传千里 good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.和气生财 harmony brings wealth活到老，学到老 one is never too old to learn.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones金无足赤,人无完人 gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.金玉满堂 treasures fill the home脚踏实地 be down-to-earth脚踩两只船 sit on the fence君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green老生常谈，陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché礼尚往来 courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 "where there is life, there is hope."马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened没有规矩不成方圆 nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.每逢佳节倍思亲on festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.it is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.谋事在人，成事在天 "the planning lies with man, the outcome with heaven. / man proposes, god disposes. "弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; cunning outwits itself.拿手好戏 masterpiece赔了夫人又折兵 throw good money after bad抛砖引玉 a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale破釜沉舟 cut off all means of retreat；burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities巧妇难为无米之炊 if you have no hand you can't make a fist./ one can't make bricks without straw.千里之行始于足下a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step前事不忘,后事之师 past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.前人栽树,后人乘凉 one generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.one sows and another reaps.前怕狼,后怕虎 fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind/ hesitate in doing something弱龙容易压地头蛇 even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies.强强联手 win-win co-operation瑞雪兆丰年 a timely snow promises a good harvest.人之初,性本善 man's nature at birth is good.人逢喜事精神爽 joy puts heart into a man.人海战术 huge-crowd strategy世上无难事，只要兹登山 "where there is a will, there is a way. "世外桃源 a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;死而后已 until my heart stops beating岁岁平安 peace all year round上有天堂，下有苏杭 "just as there is paradise in heaven, ther are suzhou and hangzhou on earth."塞翁失马，焉知非福 misfortune may be an actual blessing.三十而立 "a man should be independent at the age of thirty.at thirty, a man should be able to think for himself."升级换代 updating and upgrading (of products)四十不惑 life begins at forty.谁言寸草心，抓得三春晖 "such kindness of warm sun, can't be repaid by grass. "水涨船高 when the river rises, the boat floats high.时不我待 time and tide wait for no man.杀鸡用牛刀 break a butterfly on the wheel实事求是 seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts说曹操,曹操到 talk of the devil and he comes.实话实说 speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is实践是检验真理的唯一标准 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.山无此低，存有仙则名 "no matter how high the mountain is, its name will spread far and wide if there is a fairy; "韬光养晦 hide one's capacities and bide one's time糖衣炮弹 sugar-coated bullets天有不测风云 anything unexpected may happen. a bolt from the blue团结一致就是力量 unity is strength.“跳进黄河洗不清” "eve if one jumped into the yellow river, one can not wash oneself clean--there's nothing one can do to clear one's name "歪风邪气 unhealthy practices and evil phenomena物以类聚，人以群分 birds of a feather flock together.追忆例如风 "the past has vanished (from memory) like wind.; what in past, is past."望子成龙 hold high hopes for one's child屋漏又可逢连阴雨 misfortunes never come singly. when it rains it pours.文韬武略 military expertise; military strategy唯利是图 draw water to one's mill无源之水,无本之木 water without a source, and a tree wiithout roots无中生有 make/create something out of nothing无风不起浪 there are no waves without wind. there's no smoke without fire.徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends新官上任三把火 a new broom sweeps clean虚心并使人进步,自豪并使人滞后 modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.蓄势而发 accumulate strength for a take-off心想事成 may all your wish come true心照不宣 have a tacit understanding; give tacit consent; tacit understanding先入为主 first impressions are firmly entrenched.先下手为强 catch the ball before the bound像是热锅上的蚂蚁 like an ant on a hot pan现身说法 warn people by taking oneself as an example息事宁人 pour oil on troubled waters喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear循序渐进 step by step一路平安，一路顺风 speed somebody on their way; speed the parting guest严以律己,宽以待人 be strict with oneself and lenient towards others鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey有情人终成眷属 "jack shall have jill, all shall be well."有钱能使鬼推磨 money makes the mare go. money talks.有识之士 people of vision有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain有缘千里去相见 separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.与时俱进 advance with times以人为本 people oriented; people foremost因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude欲穷千里目，更上一层楼 "to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; ascend further, were you to look farther; would eye embrace a thousand miles? go up, one flight."欲速则不达 haste does not bring success.优胜劣汰 survival of the fittest英雄所见略同 great minds think alike.冤家宜求解不必结 better make friends than make enemies.冤假错案 "cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases"一言既出，驷马难追 a real man never goes back on his words.招财进宝 money and treasures will be plentiful债台高筑 become debt-ridden致命要害 achilles' heel众矢之的 target of public criticism知己知彼,百战不殆 know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.纸上谈兵 be an armchair strategist纸包不住火 truth will come to light sooner or later.左右为难 between the devil and the deep blue sea; between the rock and the hard place。
英汉对比与翻译(全)
Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Please translate the following:
汉英广告形容词对比与翻译-精品文档
汉英广告形容词对比(duìbǐ)与翻译一、引言(yǐnyán)广告的主要文体功能是劝说，实现这一功能的基本手段是对商品的生动描写，作为重要修饰手段的形容词在广告语篇中被大量使用。
Leech（1966）将形容词作为广告文体的最重要词汇特征，吴朋（2007）亦证实形容词在广告中的使用远高于其他文体。
然而，目前学界对广告翻译的研究多集中于语篇层面，在研究框架上，多以社会学、修辞学、文体学、语用学等理论为背景，而对具体语言事实的研究较少。
本文基于英汉广告双向平行语料库，聚焦广告文体最重要的词汇特征――形容词，采用实证方法，通过英汉对比概括英汉广告形容词的使用异同，寻找总结广告形容词的翻译策略，为汉英广告翻译提供借鉴。
二、汉英广告形容词对比我们首先创建了汉英广告语料库。
从商品类型出发，我们选择了“食品、化妆品和旅游”三类广告作为研究对象。
为提高对比的客观性，语料库包括文体对等语料库和双向平行广告两部分。
文体对等语料库主要选自报刊和网络，英文报刊如《新闻周刊》（Newsweek）、《读者文摘》（Reader’s Digest）、《家的滋味》（Taste of Home）、《户外》（Outside）和《海岛旅游》（Islands）等，互联网广告主要来源于Yahoo。
双向平行语料库来自出口商品和进口商品的商标和机场、景点等处的宣传手册。
通过语料库检索，我们发现汉英广告形容词具有(jùyǒu)两点共性特征。
第一，汉英广告都大量使用褒义形容词，特别是褒义形容词的比较级和最高级来显化商品价值，以此突出产品优点和树立积极形象，如例（1）、例（2）。
“new，good，better，nice，fresh，rich，great，delicious”等词在英语广告中使用频繁。
同样(tóngyàng)，汉语广告也偏爱用“新，好，顶，美”等形容词。
（1）a.Better choice，better living――Vitasoyb.维他奶，更好选择(xuǎnzé)，更好生活――维他奶（2）凝聚新动力，文康展新姿――康乐(kānglè)及文化事务署第二，汉英广告都有大量由其他词类派生的或者新拟的形容词，如例（3）、例（4）。
英汉词汇对比与翻译
无 坚 固 掩 体 的 地 面 发 射 基 地
Ｔｈ ｅ ｏ ｄｈ ｓｂ ｅ ｏ ｓｄ ｒｄｓ ｆｅ ｅ ｉ ｃ ｓｓｔｌ ｔＭａ ． ｅｒｃ ｒ ａ ｅ ｎｃ ｎ ｉ ｅｅ ｏｔ ｖ ｒｓｎ ｅｉ ｗａ ｅ ａ ｙ ｔ ｓ
个 概念 ，在 两 种语 言 中 ，局 部 处 于一 个平 面上 ，但更 多 的 局 部 ，却 处在 两个 平 面 上 。我 们经 常对 英语 这种 多 平 面 体系 缺乏 足 够的认 识 。试 举 ｉ ｒ ｕｅ ｎ ｏ ｃ和 “ ｔｄ 介绍 ” 一例来剖 析 ：Ｌｔ ｅ ｎ ｏ ｅｍ ｔ － ｉｒ ｄｃ ｙｅ （ ｕｅ ｓｌ 请让 我 自我介绍 ） ｍ ｆ 。这个 局部概 念上 ，ｉｒｄｃ 和 “ ｎ ｏｕｅ ｔ 介 绍 ”处 在 一个 平 面上 ，是对 应 的 。 因为 “ 介绍 ”的 意思 是 “ 中 从 沟 通 ，使 双方相 识 ” ｎ ｏｕｅ的意思 是 ｃｕｅｔ ｂ ｃｕｉ ｅ ，两 ；ｉｔ ｄｃ ｒ ａｓ ｅ ｑａ ｔ ｏ ａ ｎｄ 者 的 内涵 吻合在 一个 平 面上 。 问题 在 于英 语 的 ｉｔ ｄ ｃ 与汉 语 的 ｎｒ ｕｅ ｏ “ 绍 ”两 者并 不 完 全对 应 ，这 就 为我 们 造成 了 困难 。例 如 “ 、 介 市 县 官员 向他介 绍 了它们 的 机构 对 塌方 事 件进 行 联 合调 查 的进 展 情
文 史 研 究
英汉词汇对比与翻译
林 少 娟
（ 福建 广播 电视 大学晋 安校 区 福 建 福 州 ３ ０ ０ ５ ０ ０）
摘
要 ：英译汉的一切翻译理论、方法和技巧都是建立在英汉 两种语言的对比上 ，因此对 比英汉语言的异 同，从而掌握它们的特点
是 十 分重 要 的 。通 过 对 比 ，重视 难 译 的 地 方 ，认 真 研 究 同一 思 想 内容 如 何 用不 同的 语 言 形 式 来 表 达 。 关 键词 ：词义 搭配 词序 文化 差异 英 汉翻译
英汉外来词的对比及翻译-2019年文档
英汉外来词的对比及翻译-2019年文档英汉外来词的对比及翻译随着世界各民族之间的各种形态接触，一个民族语言中的某些形式传至另一个民族的语言，于是就产生了外来词，吸收和使用外来词成为语言词汇变化的重要因素。
叶斯帕森说，“没有任何一种语言是绝对纯洁的，我们也找不出一个没有吸收外来词的民族。
”萨丕尔也曾指出, 由于交际的需要, 使说一种语言的人们直接或间接和那些邻近的或文化优越的语言说者发生接触。
然而各种语言对外来词语吸收、消化的能力，存在着很大差异。
1 汉字吸收外来词的主要方式汉字既有表意功能，又有表音功能。
因此，外来词要进入汉语的词汇系统，必须接受汉语的语音、语法和构词规则等各方面的改造，以符合汉语的发音习惯、语法和词汇规则。
因为现代汉字是“表意和表音文字”。
外来词有音译词、意译词、音意兼译词和直接借用四种主要形式。
通过音译借用吸收，语音和语义全部借自外族词，例如，“罗曼蒂克”，这四个字内部并无一定的语义关系，它只是音译了英语（romantic）。
音译是用发音近似的汉字将英语翻译过来，这种被译音了的汉字不再有其自身的原意，只是保留其语音和书写形式。
再如：歇斯底里（hysteric）、幽默（humor）、布丁(pudding)、康乃馨（carnation）、马赛克（mosaic）、扑克(poker)、马拉松（Marathon）等。
通过意译改造融合。
意译词是运用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成的新词，把外语中的某个意义移植进来。
例如，“传真（fax）”、“安乐死（euthanasia）”、工会（trade union）、篮球（basketball）等。
通过音意兼译。
用汉字记录外来词的读音的同时也用汉字的意义表示其意义。
如：奔驰（bonze）、香波(shampoo)、蹦极跳(bungee)。
也可采用半部分音译，半部分意译，如：呼拉圈(hula-hoop)、绷带（bandage）、白金汉宫(Buckingham Palace)、水上芭蕾 (water ballet)、奶昔 (milk shake)等。
英汉对比与翻译(全)
语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英汉词语对比与翻译 --- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces.问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once.你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件) 3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
Sickness comes like an avalanche(雪崩) , but goes like reeling silk. (Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)4．我来他已去。
He had left when I arrived.(Time Order 时间先后)5．他人老心不老。
Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart. (Concession 让步)Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:1．我的小子他很调皮。
My little grandson is very naughty.2．那所房子你们早该修了。
You should have repaired the house.3．英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。
It is by no means easy to learn the English language. 4．这里建大桥，我看行不通。
I don’t think it workable to build a bridge here.1．志同道合，友谊才会持久。
Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.2．天下雨，运动会延期了。
The sports meet was postponed because of rain.Because of rain, the sports meet was postponed.3．We saw many signs of occupation while strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts (棚户区)not far away from the Central Avenue.我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。
我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。
Contrast and Translation --- 对比与翻译【句法】Contrast Between English and Chinese：Difference 1English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称)1．Astonishment and even horror oppressed him. 他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。
2．Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。
3．The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。
Difference 2English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)4．They are paid for this.他们拿钱就是干这事的。
5．The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem solved.困难克服了，问题也解决了。
6．Table tennis is played all over China.打乒乓球风靡中国。
7．Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？Difference 3English : Static (静态) Chinese: Dynamic (动态)8．She is the best hater I’ve ever known. 我所认识的人中数她最会记仇。
9．There is a crying need for a new remedy. 现在急需想出新法子来补救。
10．It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal（辞退）.要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。
Difference 4English : Complex (繁复) Chinese: Simple (简明)11．It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble.上星期傍晚，有人看到某人在演讲厅取走雨伞一把，取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还是将伞放回原处为好。
12．The image of the rolling water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水连人带车一古脑儿都给冲走了。
这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。
Difference 5English : Abstract (抽象） Chinese: Concrete （具体）13．He was impressed by Deng Xiaoping’s flexibility.他对的灵活态度印象深刻。
14．Their eccentricity （古怪） often makes you frown.他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。
15．We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness.我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。
Difference 6English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合)Explicit cohesion （显性联接）Implicit coherence （隐性连贯）16．If you don’t compare, you’re in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock.不比不知道，一比吓一跳。
（比较：如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你会吓一跳。
）17．As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place. 汤姆突然病了，没能来，我们只好请你顶他。
（比较：因为汤姆突然病了，所以他没能来，因而我们只好请你顶他。
）Difference 7English : plain and Chinese: rhythmic andfactual symmetrical（讲平实）（重韵律）18．He is a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed lawyer.他是一位律师，脑子灵，口才好，为人正直，见多识广。
他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、正直，而且有见识。
19．She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor. 她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾气，是一个家道小康的医生的女儿。
Please translate the following sentences:1．Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.在教堂里不仅要有礼貌，而且要有一种虔诚的态度。
2．We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
3．It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来也没有想到她竟这么不老实。
4．My ignorance has made a fool of myself. 我孤陋寡闻，出洋相了。