《简明翻译教程(英文版)》(成昭伟)课本段落翻译

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简明商务英语口译教程Unit 3

12.The never-say-die approach is a must for the ultimate triumph in technological breakthrough.
13.The boss has been promising to give us an increase in salary, but nothing has happened so far.
5.We seek to build up the strength of our friendship, our cultural and commercial ties and our important strategic relationship.
6.We will implement the strategy of developing the country through science and technology.
简明商务英语口译教程Unit 3
Section A
Get Your Pronunciation Right
这个环节的练习将通过对比学习,进一步了解和掌握一些英语单词随着词性的转化而发生变音现象，主要表现在重音移位和元音变音。
1.From recorded time, man has been fascinated with music.
8.You can go to my office to fetch some reference book.
9.These represent humanity’s deepest aspirations for security and personal fulfillment: We want peace. We want freedom. We want a better life.

简明商务英语口译教程A Concise Interpreting Course Book for

（今晚我想感谢将“一国两制(yī ɡuó liǎnɡ zhì)”的理念发展成联合声明的人。）
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即学即练：
1.The best artists in the town// were employed// to teach him the art// in which he had shown so much skill.
（我们(wǒ men)的外交大臣有一次以三项我认为现在还适用的简单原则阐明了我们(wǒ men)的目标。）
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3. Japan surrendered// in 1945// after Americans dropped two atom bombs.
日本投降(tóuxiáng)了,//那是在1945年,//(在这)之前,美国人投了两颗原子弹。
简明商务英语口译(kǒuyì)教程
A Concise Interpreting Course Book for
Business English
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Unit 1
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Section A
Get Your Pronunciation Right
这一部分着重练习英语中字母组合 “con” 的不同发音，其发音原则是 “ con” 在重音位置上读作[kɔn] ，在非重音位置上读[kǝn] ，这也是许多(xǔduō)学生发音失误较多的部分。
2.The shaky voice of terrified acquaintance// told me// that the German troops// would begin the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia.
3.It’s a story// they tell// in the border countryside,// where Massachusetts joins Vermont and New Hampshire.

英汉互译简明教程TranslationTechniques-2023年学习资料

Choice of Word Meaning-In the practice of translation what perplexes us most-frequently is how to find an e uivalent in the language to-be translated into.Great are is called for in the-translation of "familiar"Eng ish into Chinese,as their-meaning vary with the chang in collocation or context.-By diction,generally spea ing,the following are some-commonly-used ways availab e to find an equivalent in-the TL.
Word Meanings-Conceptual Meaning:is the basic meaning and-the main information carried by linguistic signs. e.g.No smoking禁止吸烟-Stylistic Meaning:is communicated f the social-circumstance of language use.
Linguistic Meaning:is built on the relationships of-t e signs with each other in the same system.-e.g.-千山鸟飞，From hill to hill no bird in fight.-万径人踪灭。From path o path no man in sight..-■-Pragmatic Meaning:is the s udy of the "relation of-signs to interpreters".-大家见面，呼声“吃了吗？”透着和气。-They greet with each other with a "Hi"j st to show their-good neighbourly feelings.-年夜饭-famil reunion meal on the eve of the Spring Festival

简明商务英语口译教程Unit (11)

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• 5.But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and — until toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself — an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.
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• 1.I am certain that this annual meeting will prove to be constructive and significant.
• 2.I have no intention to persuade anyone, and I am not prepared to convince anyone, either.
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Section B Translation Skills 长句的译法
• 翻译长句时，首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容以及各层意思，然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系（因果、时间顺序等），再按照汉语特点和表达方式，正确地译出原文的意思，不拘泥于原文的形式。
• 长句的译法主要有几种：
• 2.Over the years, integrating high rank political and economic forum, product exhibition, and professional presentation, the international exhibition for trade and investment held in Macau has offered a service platform of information exchange and cooperation for the commercial and industrial sector. This year’s exhibition is to be held from October 18 to 21, during which time an international brand exhibition will be held concurrently.

《英汉翻译简明教程》学习辅导书（第二部分）【圣才出品】

《英汉翻译简明教程》学习辅导书（第二部分）【圣才出品】1. 实称、代称与重复（1）复习笔记★代词①英语和汉语中代词使用的区别a. 英语代词用得多，汉语代词用得少，尤其在文学作品中关于生活细节的描述时。

b. 英语有时在句子里先出代词，然后再出它所指的人或物。

汉语一般总是先出实词，然后才用代词。

例如：【英语】Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was ...【汉语】朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调说明自己的身份……评析：英语中先出现了代词him，然后再出现其指代的具体人物Chu Teh，汉语中先出现的是实词“朱德”，后出现的代词“他”和“自己”。

②翻译注意事项a. 英译汉有些代词可以不译。

例如：【原文】Permit me first to thank our Chinese hosts for your extraordinary arrangements and hospitality. My wife and I, as well as our entire party, are deeply grateful.【译文】首先，请允许我对中国主人十分出色的安排和款待表示感谢。

我的夫人和我以及全体随行人员都深为感激。

评析：原文中的代词your，our都没有译。

b. 汉译英时则要在适当的地方增加代词，特别是物主代词。

例如：【原文】有一年的冬初，四叔家里要换女工，做中人的卫老婆子带她进来了，头上扎着白头绳，乌裙，蓝夹袄，月白背心，年纪大约二十六七，脸色青黄，但两颊却还是红的。

卫老婆子叫她祥林嫂，说是自己母家的邻舍，死了当家人，所以出来做工了。

英汉互译简明教程(第二版)课件8 第二篇长句翻译

译文：由于人民生活水平的不断提高以及计划生育，中国的家庭
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结构发生这缓慢却又具有实质性的变化，必须根据这一历史背景
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1
考虑人到老年的问题。
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变序法
3. I consider a human soul without education, like marble in the quarry, which shows none of its inherent beauties, until the skill of the polisher fetches out the colors, makes the surface shine, and discovers every ornamental cloud, spot and vein that runs through the body. （P109）
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分句法
6. Having just left school or technical institute, where they had their place and a task to fulfill and where they were known and esteemed by their colleagues, those young people who do not land that first job they were so eagerly looking forward to have to face up for the first time to unemployment, a situation for which neither family nor school has prepared them. (P111-112)

新编简明英语语言学教程课文翻译

新编简明英语语言学教程课文翻译《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案Chapter 1 Introduction1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答：The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaningin communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representingsounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to formgrammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguisticcommunication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to reco rd speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is o nly the “revised” record of s peech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is nointrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system? 答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or thebasic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present ornot present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the spe aker. This is what “displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.答：Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified. For example: “China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive function supplies information about the user?s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which oneis primary and why?答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?答：V oicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ? 答：The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the four words leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], and health [helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] inall these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “leaf”. It is called dark[?] and in narrow transcription the diacritic [?] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination [helθ], the sound [l] is followed by the English dental sound [θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental [l], and in narrow transcription the diacritic [、] is used to indicate it.It is transcribed as [helθ].Another example is the consonant [p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transc ription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as [p h?t] and spit is transcribed as [sp?t].4. How are the English consonants classified?答：English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?答：V owels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricate2) voiceless labiodental fricative3) voiced alveolar stop4) front, close, short5) back, semi-open, long6) voiceless bilabial stopB. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1) [ t ] 2) [ l ] 3) [?] 4) [w] 5) [?] 6) [?]答：A. (1) [?] (2) [ f ] (3) [d ] (4) [ ?] (5) [?:] (6) [p]B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop (2) voiced alveolar liquid(3) voiceless palatal affricate (4) voiced bilabial glide(5) back, close, short (6) front, open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [?], [p h] and [p], a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?答：(1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language ––the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of the tasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governsthe distribution of [l] and [?], [p h] and [p].8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones relatedto a phoneme?答：A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [?], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.答：Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] [lkbi] are impossible combinations in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This “sloppy” tendency may become regularized as rules of language.We all know that nasalization is not a phonological featurein English, i.e., it does not distinguish meaning. But this does not mean that vowels in English are never nasalized in actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations. The rule is that within a word, the nasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it. We know that in English the prefix in- can be added to ma adjective to make the meaning of the word negative, e.g. discreet – indiscreet, correct – incorrect. But the [n] sound in the prefix in- is not always pronounced as an alveolar nasal. It is so in the word indiscreet because the consonant that follows it, i.e.[d], is an alveolar stop, but the [n] sound in the word incorrect is actually pronounced as a velar nasal, i.e. [?]; this is bec ause the consonant that follows it is [k], which is a velar stop. So we can see that while pronouncing the sound [n], we are “copying” a feature of the consonant that follows it.Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. We have noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. But in their corresponding forms signature, designation, and paradigmatic, the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced. The rule can be stated as: Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Given the rule, the phonemic representation of the stems in sign –signature, resign –resignation, phlegm – phlegmatic, paradigm – paradigmatic willinclude the phoneme /g/, which will be deleted according to the regular rule if no suffix is added.10. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features ofEnglish function in conveying meaning?答：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun, to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” betwee n each morpheme and the next:a. microfile e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + file b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.”translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of …free? ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry”asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or h armful to the laws and customs of anorganized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and redu ce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor?s, inventors, inventors?d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(略)6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes.Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer?s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words arecombined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...The general phrasal structural rule ( X stands for the head N, V, A or P): The XP rule: XP →(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.Conjunction exhibits four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior tothe conjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of theelements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role of each elementHead:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (orD-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntacticform of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A（以下8-12题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图, 仅供参考）8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, anda specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsXP(AP) →head (rich) A + complement (in minerals) PPb) often read detective storiesXP(VP) →specifier (often) Qual +head (read) V +complement (detective stories) NPc) the argument against the proposalsXP(NP) →specifier (the) Det + head (argument) N + complement (against the proposals) PPd) already above the windowXP(VP) →specifier (already) Deg + head (above) P + complement (the window)NP 9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（划底线的为动词的修饰语，斜体的为名词的修饰语）a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure foreach of the sentences. （划底线的为并列的范畴）a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function ascomplements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structurefor each sentence. （划底线的为补语从句）a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deepstructure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. （划底线的为关系从句）a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.b) Herbert bought a house that she lovedc) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation.Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.a) Would you come tomorrow? (surface structure)you would come tomorrow (deep structure)b) What did Helen bring to the party? (surface structure)Helen brought what to the party (deep structure)c) Who broke the window? (surface structure)who broke the window (deep structure)Chapter 5 Semantics1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used ina language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are justnames or labels for things.(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguistsfrom ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the realworld); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through themediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms ofsituation, use, context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour.The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famousBritish linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in thehearer.”This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked withpsychological interest.2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?答：The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms.Examples（略）3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms(2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same oneword may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemic words in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one。

《简明法语教程》下册课后阅读翻译

31Le voleur et Balzac小偷与巴尔扎克Je me rappelle toujours les anecdotes de grands auteurs que mon grand-père m'a racontée dans mon enfance. En voici une:Une nuit, un voleur est entré dans la maison de Balzac qui avait l'habitude de se coucher très tard et de ne pas fermer la porte.Cette nuit-là, Balzac était déjà au lit et semblait dormir profondément. Le voleur a cherché à ouvrir le bureau. Mais tout à coup, il a été interrompu par un gros rire. Il a vu Balzac qui riait de tout son cœur. Très effrayé, le voleur n'a pas; pu s'empêcher de lui demander:— Pourquoi donc riez-vous?—Je ris, lui a répondu l'auteurs, parce que vous venez la nuit, sans lumière, chercher de l'argent dans un bureau où, moi, je n'ai jamais pu en trouver en plein jour.我一直记得童年时祖父给我讲述的那些有关大文豪们的故事。

简明商务英语口译教程Unit 6

尼奥总是（用这样一句话来）结束自己的故事：“世道就是这样，善行往往得恶报。”
6.I had believed that it was an accident, but it seems not. 我本以为这是起事故，但（现在）看来不是。
7.Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity. 不要在过冷、(过)热、灰尘(过多)、湿度(过大)的情况下使用此
1.There is a grand task to perform and a long way to go in solving the environmental protection.
2.It gives me great pleasure to attend this luncheon, meeting all the friends, old and new.
10.They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines and canals. 他们修路、（盖）房、（架）桥、（造）船、（铺）管道、
（挖）运河。
即学即练：
1.It was strange that though they never had seen each other before, they seemed as brothers.
Without really understanding it, these two businessmen had discovered a previously untapped market: the “mush” market. People just loved their cards. They loved even messages in them. Who cared if they were sloppy and sentimental? Who cared if the verses were childishly simple? The important thing was that they expressed feelings in a way which the sender could understand. It was great to have someone else write a nice little poem for you and put it on a pretty card. After all, we can’t all be poets or artists. This simple idea soon made Hallmark into a billion-dollar business. The company is now the world’s leading manufacturer of greeting cards.

第1讲 basic knowledge of translation

“Did you say „pig‟ or „fig‟?” said the Cat. “I said „pig‟,” replied Alice... “你刚才是说‘猪’还是‘鼠/ 书’？”那只猫问道。 “我说的是‘猪’。”爱丽丝说。
Expressiveness
∆ 通顺的最低要求是译文的语言形式必须符合译入语的习惯，没有语法错误，不生硬牵强，诘屈聱牙，阅读时能知其所云。通顺的最高要求是译文语言要具有原文语言的流畅性，要以地道的译入语再现原文的内容。句子的安排，句式的选择，词语、节奏、韵律的搭配都很得当，易为译入语读者所接受。
Translation Teaching Prescribed in the Syllabus ∆ Band 6： 1. 初步了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同，并掌握常用的翻译技巧，能将中等难度的英语篇章或段落译成汉语。 2. 译文忠实原文，语言通顺，速度为每小时 250-300个英文单词；能将中等难度的汉语篇章或段落译成英语，速度和译文要求与英译汉相同。 3. 能担任外宾日常生活的口译。
4. “During ceremonies, I hold a glass in one hand and my bag in the other hand to avoid shaking women‟s hand,” Iran‟s former representative to the United Nation was quoted as saying by the Etemad daily. “接见时，我一手拿着玻璃杯，另一手拿着公文包，以此避免握女士的手，”《埃台马日报》援引前伊朗驻联合国代表的话说。
A.F.Tytler (18世纪英国爱丁堡大学教授泰特勒) 提出了翻译三原则： That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition. (textbook, page8)

简明法语教程课文翻译

Oui,c’ｅst Philｉppe．
Ｑueｆaｉt－iｌ?
Il esｔchercheｕr（aｃｔｅur,facteur）．
这是Fａnｎy吗？
是的，这是Fanny。
她是做什么的？
她是记者（演员，服装设计师)。
Ｅst-ceque c’estＦannｙ?
Ｏui,ｃ’ｅsｔFａnny.
Qｕefait-elle?
Oui, c’estlｅstyｌode Cｈarｌeｓ.
这是什么？
这是一条裙子（吉他,汽车，杂志）。
这是Ｇａbriｅllｅ的裙子吗？
是的,这是Ｇabriellｅ的裙子。
Ｑｕ’eｓt－ce quｅc’est?
C’ｅsｔune jｕpe．．
Ｅst-ceｑueｃ’est la jupｅdeGaｂrｉelle.
LeçｏnSepｔ
你是工程师吗?
是的，我是工程师。
Renｏu先生是工程师吗?
不，他不是工程师。他是技术员。
Est-ce quｅvoｕsêｔeｓinｇénｉeur？
Oui, jｅsuｉｓingéniｅuｒ．
Est-ｃe quemｏnｓｉeur Renoｕestｉngénieur?
Nｏn, il n’estpasｉngénieuｒ．Il est technicien.
Où habitｅ-t-ｉl ?
Iｌhａｂite àＰaris.
Ｍｏniｑue是经济学家（教师,电影编导）吗?
是的,她是经济学家(教师,电影编导）。
她住在哪里?
她住在RБайду номын сангаасｍｅ。
Esｔ-ceｑuｅMonｉqｕe éｃonomiｓte?
Ｏｕi,ｅlｌｅest éｃonomisｔｅ.

简明翻译教程

能够每天坚持收听VOA的Newsnow，Ourworld，BBS的24 Hour News和CNN的相关新闻广播。

如果辅助北外的Listen 2 This高级本是最好的了。

Week 01 简明翻译教程翻译的定义：翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。

这一活动分为口头与书面两种。

（Interpretation and translation）有时在不同国家的不同语言之间进行，有时在同一国家的不同民族或不同区域的语言之间进行，但这种实践活动更多的应用于前者。

翻译是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。

一篇译文在定稿之前，一般都要经过许多次修改，才能达到较高的水平。

一部名著经常会有树种译本并存。

一个译本的反复修改，同一原著的各有千秋的不同译本，都体现了翻译的艺术性。

如果说把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是带着手铐脚链在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。

因为原著的创作不受语言形式的限制，而翻译既要考虑到对原著的忠实，又要按照译文的语言规则来表达原文的意思。

从这个意义上来将，翻译并不比创作容易，有时甚至更难。

翻译的目的：世界语言繁多，导致了翻译的必要性。

我们翻译课的开设，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译中的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。

通过翻译，对已经掌握的听、说、读、写的能力可以进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在综合运用中得到巩固和提高。

学习英语的主要目的是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进英语学习。

翻译的标准：早在汉朝和唐朝，就有“文”与“质”之争。

文就是强调翻译的修辞和通顺，可读性。

质强调翻译的不增不减，忠实性。

体现了意译和直译之争，但有片面性。

1898年，严复（《天演论》）提出的“信”、“达”、“雅”，即忠实原文、文字典雅。

（适合部分文学作品）1951年，傅雷提出文学翻译应该“传神”论，“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。

简明法语教程下册课后翻译题课文翻译汇总

他没有做这些练习,因为他什么也没有懂。

Il n'a pas pu faire ces exercices, car il n'avait rien compris. 昨天她问我警察是不是已经逮住了小偷。

Hier elle m'a demandési la police avait déjàarrêtéle voleur.那一天,他问我是什么时候见到杜邦先生的。

Ce jour-làil m'a demandéquandj'avais vu M.Dupont.孩子们不在家时,她觉得时间过得很慢。

Quand les enfants ne sont pas là, elle a l'impression que le temps passe très lentement.他对我说这些菜都是他女儿做的,他什么也没干。

Il m'a dit que tous ces plats avaient étépréparés par sa fille et qu'il n'avait rien fait有人和我说,您正在写一本小说。

进展的怎么样了? On m'a dit que vous étiez en train d'écrire un roman. Oùen êtes-vous?那时她看上去身体健康,其实却不然。

Elle avait l'air en bonne santé, en fait elle ne l'était pas. 我下午可以把电脑还你。

Je peux te rendre l’ordinateur cetaprès-midi. 会议推迟到下星期举行. La réunion a étéreportée àla semaine prochaine不知道什么原因,他常常迟到。

简明第31到40课课文翻译

第31课拦车搭乘的风险@有很多年轻人拦车搭乘。

他们没有钱但是他们想旅行。

所以找到一位乐于助人的司机他们会很高兴的。

但是。

拦车搭乘对搭车人和开车人都是具有危险的。

下面这个故事发生在Albert 身上，乐于助人的司机之一。

@Albert 经常去南方，他经常会停下来来载一个或两个搭乘人。

他经常和他们交谈，时间对他来说似乎不那么长了。

@有一次，刚出里昂城，他察觉到有两个修女在向他招手示意。

一些修女，他可不能把他们孤零零的丢在公路上不管。

他让两位修女上了他的车。

他尝试着跟他们说话。

她们几乎一个词也不说，而且她们的嗓音非常的粗。

这非常奇怪。

Albert曾在报纸上看到一家银行被两位匪徒抢劫几天前。

（时态）这些匪徒，他想，可能穿着修女的衣服，坐在后面的两个可能就是他们。

（强调句型）所以Albert很害怕，一会儿后，他在一家旅馆前停下来了，向两位拦车搭乘者解释道他不再往前继续走了。

两人匆忙走了，连谢谢也没说。

@晚饭后，收音机广播：刚刚逮捕了抢劫人民银行的人。

劫匪曾穿着劫匪的服装，并经常拦车搭乘。

对他们来说不幸的是，他们拦了一辆警车，一位警察认出了他们：这两位修女穿着男人的大鞋。

啊，幸好，Albert侥幸脱险。

第32课拿破仑的午餐@拿破仑在当上法国皇帝之后，仍喜欢私访巴黎。

一天，他决定到旺多姆广场看看圆柱建造工程的进展情况，他让人用从奥斯特利茨战役中缴获的大炮铸成圆柱。

@在参观后，拿破仑饿了想吃午饭了。

在迪罗克元帅的陪同下，他走进了一家餐馆，点了一些羊排，一份炒鸡蛋，一些酒和咖啡。

这顿饭非常不错。

当服务生拿来账单时，迪罗克元帅意识到他忘了带皮夹，身上没有钱。

至于拿破仑，他从来都是不带钱的。

元帅向老板娘解释当时的情况：我们是禁卫军的军官，他说，我们有钱的，但今天我们忘带钱包了。

不幸的是，老板娘不相信他，并要求立刻交钱。

情况变得很令人尴尬。

此时，服务生向老板娘提出由他代两位军官付款。

他不是很富有，但是他相信迪罗克的解释。

简明翻译

4.1翻译的标准P31 The term "standard of translation" in fact covers two aspects: the principle of translation and the criterion of translation.术语“翻译标准”实际上包括两个方面：翻译与翻译标准的原则。

While the former guides the translator’s practice, the latter lays emphasis on readers’ or critics’ evaluation of the translated text.虽然以前的指南翻译的实践，后者强调读者和批评家的译文评价。

Thus the standard of translation functions as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and as a goal set for translators to strive after, though in most cases it is interchangeable with the so-called principle and criterion because of the identity of the ultimate pursuit: what on earth constitutes excellence in translation?因此，翻译标准作为铅垂线测量翻译的专业水平和作为一组译者努力追求的目标，虽然在大多数情况下，它可以用所谓的原则与标准由于其终极追求的身份：究竟什么是卓越的翻译？4.1.1严复关于翻译标准的论断P31 Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. 译者三难，信、达、雅。