变量

Variable 变量
英语课程与教学论 xx
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1 Definition of Variables
2
Different Types of Variables
I, Definition of Variables II, Variables Versus Constructs III, Operationalization
（构念代表的是人类实际的特征或能力）
Both variables and constructs vary over time or
among individuals.
The operationalization of variables is a researcher’s
chance to explain how each variable is being defined with respect to the construct in question.
such as sex (male or female), this is a variable that is often considered in studies.
Some of the many variables that differ both over time
and among individuals include language proficiency, motivation, self-esteem, and health. A few that typically vary only among individuals are sex, nationality, first-language background, intelligence, and language ability.
have a feel for what it is. Part of the problem is that it is an abstraction and is not directly observable because it has no tangible referent in reality. To take the variable out of the theory, operationalization is important.
We now have an observable and quantifiable definition of what the researcher means by this construct. This is an operational definition of the variable.
it has any effect on the dependent variable.
自变量是指研究者主动操纵，而引起因变量发
生变化的因素或条件
In this sample, Mr. Wang selected one year of Spanish study as the independent variable. Because when The SLAP test was first administered, the students had completed no Spanish study, the second SLAP test was administered to the same students after they had completed one year study. Thus, the investigator systematically varied, or manipulated, the independent( whether the students had studied one year of Spanish) to determine its effect on the dependent variable (proficiency in Spanish)
Dependent variables(因变量）
A dependent variable is observed to determine
what effect, if any, the other types of variables may
have on it. In other words, it is the variable of
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Moreover, an operational definition must be unique, or exclusive; the definition must not also fit other possible constructs.
We know construct is hard to define, yet we all
可操作化的变量就是给研究者一个机会来解释关 于构念问题中每一个变量如何定义的。
Such an operational definition should take a variable
out of the realm of theory and plant it squarely(明确 的，直截了当地，坚定的) in concrete reality. Basically, it must be a definition that is based on observable, testable, or quantifiable characteristics.
Second step, to bring this construct down to earth
and form a variable, the investigator might choose to define it as follows: overall proficiency in English as a foreign language as measured by the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL).
For example:
A construct called “overall proficiency in English
as a foreign language.” One step, in looking at a
researcher’s operational definition of variables is to evaluate whether the construct has been labeled with adequate precision, both theoretically and practically.
In this sample, the moderator variable is males
and females. Although it may turn out that there are
no differences between the sexes in terms of the
our filed,
we will view variables as human characteristics
or abilities that differ over time or among individuals.
作为统计研究的初步定义，我们认为变量就 是在不同的时间或个体中所展示出的人们的特性 或能力
language may differ over time as the person learns
more and more Spanish. Meanwhile, we can
expect individuals to vary in their respective levels
of proficiency in Spanish at any given time.
I, Definition of Variables
1） In the simplest terms: A variable is something that may vary, or differ.
For example:
A person’s proficiency in Spanish as a foreign
with the dependent variable
In short, an independent variable is one that is
selected and systematically manipulated by the
researcher to determine whether, or the degree to which,
focus—the central variable—on which other variables
will act if there is any relationship.
因变量是由自变量变化而产生变化的变量
Thus, a dependent variable cannot be identified in isolation. It makes sense only in the context of the other variables in the study.
Moderator variables(调节变量） A moderator variable is a special type of independent variable that the investigator has chosen to determine how, if at all, the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is affected, or modified, by the moderator variable. 调节变量指能对因变量与自变量之间的关系产 生影响的变量。
Thus, proficiency in Spanish can be considered a variable, because it may change over time or differ among individuals.
2） As a tentative definition for statistical research in
A variable is essentially what we can observe
or quantify of the human characteristics or abilities involved, A construct is the actual characteristics or ability that it represents in human beings.
2,Different Types of Variables
In statistical language studies, there are five different classifications of variables. They are dependent, independent, moderator, control, and intervening variables.
In this sample, the dependent variable is
proficiency in Spanish
Independent variables(自变量）
Independent variables are variables selected by the
researcher to determine their effect on or relationship