美国文学史及选读1.2
美国文学史及选读Herman Melville
3. Social Background
• Economic boom:
Industrialism Immigration Westward expansion
optimism and hope among people
4. Features
• American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.
下令攻打“叛乱”州。此战不但改变当时美国的
政经情势，导致奴隶制度在美国南方被最终废除， 也对日后美国的民间社会产生巨大的影响。
2. Ideals:
• Ideals: Democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation.
Moby Dick
is hidden all the time
Mirrors（反 映） its enviorment
unknown and
inscrutable,
unknowable truths mysterious
only the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretation
Some events in this period
• American Civil War (1861-1865)
• 南北战争，又称美国内战（American Civil War），是美国历史上一场大规模的内战，参战 双方为美利坚合众国（简称联邦）和美利坚联盟
国（简称邦联）。这场战争的起因为美国南部十 一州以亚伯拉罕·林肯于1861年就任总统为由而 陆续退出联邦，另成立以杰斐逊·戴维斯为“总 统”的政府，并驱逐驻扎南方的联邦军，而林肯
美国文学史及选读作品作者
一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America
1．船长约翰•史密斯 Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5．安妮•布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》 “Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗•哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”
《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》 “General History of Virginia”
2．威廉•布拉德福德 William Bradford
美国文学史及选读的名词解释(全)
The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in America in the mid-to-late 18th century (1715–1789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion.Politically, the age is distinguished by an emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance – culminating in the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence and Constitution. Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a rejection of prophecy, miracle and revealed religion, often in preference for Deism. Historians have considered how the ideas of John Locke and republicanism merged to form republicanism in the United States. The most important leaders of the American Enlightenment include Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.1.2. American Puritanismit comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.3. Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century inEurope who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.4. Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论): is a philosophic and literary movement thatflourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.5. Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), aslocal colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor 6. Stream of consciousness（意识流）：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is thestyle of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》章节题库(含考研真题)(理性时代和革命时期文学)【圣才出品】
第二章理性时代和革命时期文学填空题1. In Philadelphia, ______ edited the Pennsylvania Magazine, and contributed to the Pennsylvania Journal.【答案】Thomas Paine2. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet ______ appeared.【答案】Common Sense【解析】1776年美国独立的风潮开始，托马斯·潘恩支持美国独立，反对英国的殖民专政，撰写了他的成名小册子《常识》，为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。
3. Except Common Sense, Paine’s the other two famous works were______ and ______.【答案】The Rights of Man，The Age of Reason【解析】潘恩著名的作品包括，《常识》、《人的权利》、《理性的时代》。
4. Thomas Paine’s second most important work ______ was an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.【答案】The Rights of Man【解析】1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729-1797）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）（1790）。
《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。
美国文学选读复习
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学(at the beginning of 17th century)Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学(by the mid-18th century)1．Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 独立宣言(1776年18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思）Benjamin Franklin: The AutobiographyThomas Paine: The American Crisis*一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790Symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment殖民地时期作家。
独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.2．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.二、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment.2．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.3．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。
美国文学史及作品选读PPT7
◆ The profound portrait of Huck Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature. Huck’s inner struggle and growing opposition to slavery are the most interesting parts of the book. Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head, between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help salves escape. He is tortured between traditional values and his own sense of good and evil. With the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows.
● Life on the Mississippi (River) (1883), telling a story of Twain’s boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ● The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Twain’s masterwork, the milestone in American literature, marking the climax of Twain’s literary creativity, from which “all American literature comes” (Hemingway)
英美文学
• Part 4 The Modern Realism 现实主义 American Realism (1865-1914)=(Civil War－WWI) Local colorism (early realism): Mark Twain, Henry James Naturalism: Stephen Crane; Theodore Dreiser • Part 5 Twentieth-century Literature American Modernism 现代主义 (1914-1945)=(WWI－ WWII) Poetry: Imagism-Pound, T.S. Eliot, e.e.cummings Novel: Fitzgerald; Hemingway; Faulkner, etc. The 1930s Dos Passos, John Steinbeck Drama: Eugene O’Neill Post Modernism (1945- ) Saul Bellow, Arthur Miller, J. D. Salinger, etc.
Part IV The Renaissance (1485-1660) Part V The 17th Century (English Revolution & Restoration) (1603-1700) Part VI The 18th Century (The Age of Enlightenment) (1700-1798) Part VII The Romanic Period (Romanticism) (17981832) Part VIII The Victorian Age (Critical Realism) (18321901) Part IX Twentieth Century Literature (1900-1970)
美国文学史及选读
备课本教研室：文学教研室课程名称：美国文学史及选读任课教师：**德州学院外语系美国文学史及选读课程的教育目标：通过教学,使学生掌握美国文学的发展史及各阶段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色，具备一定的分析鉴赏英语文学作品的能力,帮助培养学生的英语思维能力,提高英语整体水平。
课程的基本要求：要求学生有目的、较系统地了解和掌握美国文学的发展史及各阶段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色。
课程的重点与难点：对具有代表性的作家的评价，对著名的美国小说和诗歌的分析、鉴赏及评价。
主要参考书目《美国文学简史》（第二版）常耀信南开大学出版社2004《美国文学选读》李宜燮南开大学出版社2000《牛津文学术语辞典》上海外语教育出版社2000《美国文学大纲》吴定柏上海外语教育出版社1998Introduction1.教学的目的和要求：简述美国文学史，包括美国文学史的5个主要阶段，每个阶段的起止时间，主要特点及代表作家，要求学生了解美国文学史概况2.教学重点：美国文学史的五个阶段及起止时间3.教学难点：各个阶段的主要特点4.教学内容Am literature is one lf the youngest national literature in the world. It became acolony of Britain in the early 17th century. And the American Independence War stretched from 1776 to 1783. The short history can be divided into several stages:• 1.the colonial period•It stretched roughly from the settlement of Am in the early 17th C through the endof the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607.(A group of people was sent by the English king James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607.They named the James River and build the James town.) Here the major topic will be about Am Puritanism .• 2.the Romantic Period•It covers the first half of the 19th C, which is a period following the national political independence. Around 1840s arose the culmination of the Romantic Period---New England Transcendentalism(1836-1855) .• 3.the Age of Realism•It was after the civil war (1861-1865) till the end of the 19th century, covering the latter half of the 19th C. The civil war brought the Romantic period to an end.4.Naturalism(the last decade of the 19th c)•In the last decade of the 19thc, the age of naturalism came into being. Naturalistssaw man’s life as governed by two forces---- heredity & environment.5.Modernism•In the decade of the 1920s,there came the age of modernism. (here are many eminent writers in this period, such as T.S Eliot, Earnest Hemingway, William Faulkner, etc.)6.思考题：简介美国文学史Chapter I Literature of Colonial America1.教学的目的和要求：介绍对美国文学及美国文化影响重大的清教主义，要求学生理解清教主义的教义，掌握清教主义对美国文学的影响，，殖民时代的主要作家及启蒙时代的特点2.教学重点：清教主义对美国文学的影响3.教学难点：清教主义的教义，爱德华兹和富兰克林各自的哲学思想4.教学内容•I American Puritanism1.origin of PuritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th C, the English King Henry VIII(At that time ,the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope’s permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn’t bear him a son. But the Pope didn’t allow him to divorce because his wife is the Pope’s niece. Henry VIII became very dissatisfied with the Pope, so he )broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of England. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of theChurch of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans…Of course they had different religious belief from that of the Catholic Church.2.Puritanism---based on Calvinism•1)predestination: God’s electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one’s business is the sign to show he is the God’s elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.•2)original sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determine some puritans pessimisitic attitude toward life. •3)limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)•4)theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one. •(The Puritans established Am tradition---intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment.Puritannism & ConfucianismConfucianism (修身齐家治国平天下) )3.Influence on Am literature•1)its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is bases on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(Adam and Eve used to live a carefree life in the Garden of Eden. lured by the snake, they atethe Forbidden Fruit in the apple tree. A peice of apple choked in Adam’s throat , thencame Adam’s apple. After knowing the truth, God became very angry and drove them all out of the Garden of Eden. The snake used to walk like man but after that the Godforce him to crawl. Then man was forced to suffer the labor to keep the whole family and Woman was forced to suffer the agony of baby bearing.) After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believeing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise , to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritans has exerted a great influence on American literature,•2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolismII Colonial LiteratureAmerican colonial literature is neither real literature nor Americanwhy?1.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,etc. personal literature in various forms2.Colonial Literature is mainly English literature tradition imitated & transplanted. Anne BradstreetEdward TaylorThey can be called servants of God. Their writings served either God or colonial expansion.Some other colonial writers wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some wrote for America shaking off the fetters of the savage British colonial rule.Roger WilliamsJohn WoolmanThomas PaineOne of most important American prose writers of the 18th Century. He wrote a number of revolutionary works to attack British colonial rule. 1776, he wrote ―Common Sense‖, which greatly encouraged the painfully fighting people.After the war, he participated in the French Revolution and wrote―The Rights of Man‖ and ―The Age of Reason‖ to spread the ideals of the French revolution among the people.Philip FreneauHe is the most important poet of the 18th Century, a notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.―The Rising Gl ory of America‖ is a good example.He is the transitional role b/w the neoclassism of the 18th C and the Romanticism of the 19th C. This is clearly manifested in his ―The Indian burying Ground‖ and ―The Wild Honey Suckle‖III Edwards and Franklin—two representatives of the age of Enlightenment(of the 18th Century)•(The 18th C Am history witnessed two great revolutions: one was Am IndependenceWar, the other was Enlightenment. Enlightenment was several decades earlier than the Revolution, and it helped paved the path for the Independence war in people’s war. (P.28))i.Background: the age of Enlightenment•Toward the latter part of the 17th century, with Newton’s laws of motion and the idea of gravity, a completely new view of the universe came into being. In the minds of some thinking people, the universe became something mechanical subject to certain physical laws instead of to the supervision of God. This brought about a whole set of new ideas, among which was deism（自然神论）。
美国文学史及选读
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands,Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians andPortuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Descriptionof the Country”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
吴伟仁美国文学史及选读重排版笔记和考研真题详解
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第一部分 殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章 约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第2章 威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第3章 约翰·科顿和罗杰·威廉姆斯 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第4章 安妮·布雷兹特里特和爱德华·泰勒 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 考研真题与典型题详解第二部分 理性时代和革命时期文学 第5章 本杰明·富兰克林 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第6章 托马斯·佩恩 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第7章 托马斯·杰斐逊 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第8章 菲利普·弗瑞诺 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 考研真题与典型题详解第三部分 浪漫主义文学 第9章 华盛顿·欧文 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第10章 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第11章 威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特 11.1 复习笔记 11.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第12章 埃德加·爱伦·坡 12.1 复习笔记 12.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第13章 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 13.1 复习笔记 13.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第14章 亨利·戴维·梭罗 14.1 复习笔记 14.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第15章 纳撒尼尔·霍桑 15.1 复习笔记 15.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第16章 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔 16.1 复习笔记 16.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第17章 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗 17.1 复习笔记 17.2 考研真题与典型题详解第四部分 现实主义文学 第18章 沃尔特·惠特曼 18.1 复习笔记 18.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第19章 艾米莉·狄金森 19.1 复习笔记 19.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第20章 哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托 20.1 复习笔记 20.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第21章 马克·吐温 21.1 复习笔记 21.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第22章 欧·亨利 22.1 复习笔记 22.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第23章 亨利·詹姆斯 23.1 复习笔记 23.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第24章 杰克·伦敦 24.1 复习笔记 24.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第25章 西奥多·德莱塞 25.1 复习笔记 25.2 考研真题与典型题详解第五部分 20世纪美国文学 第26章 埃兹拉·庞德 26.1 复习笔记 26.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第27章 埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊 27.1 复习笔记 27.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第28章 罗伯特·弗罗斯特 28.1 复习笔记 28.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第29章 卡尔·桑德堡 29.1 复习笔记 29.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第30章 华莱士·史蒂文斯 30.1 复习笔记 30.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第31章 托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特 31.1 复习笔记 31.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第32章 F．斯科特·菲茨杰拉德 32.1 复习笔记 32.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第33章 欧内斯特·海明威 33.1 复习笔记 33.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第34章 约翰·斯坦贝克 34.1 复习笔记 34.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第35章 威廉·福克纳 35.1 复习笔记 35.2 考研真题与典型题详解弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《美国文学史及选读》（吴伟仁主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
美国文学史及选读(下册)
--- Romantic Poetry
Whitman and Dickinson
• Whitman and Dickinson • Similarities: Both of them were distinctively American poets in theme and technique. Both of them were part of American Renaissance. • A. Themes: both praised in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism, and its Americanness. • B. Techniques: breaking free of the poetic tradition and pioneering American modernist poetry with their poetic innovation. • Differences: • A. Whitman kept his eye on society at large while Dickinson explored the inner life of the self and individual. • B. Whereas Whitman is national in his outlook, Dickinson is regional. • C. In formal terms, Whitman is characterized by his endless, allinclusive catalogs while Dickinson by her concise, direct, and simple diction and syntax.
美国文学史及选读henry james
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
Psychological Realism
Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.Such realism is therefore only the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it,which may not be the same life as it “really” is. “The Ambassadors” is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
Stage Three
The Wings of the Dove (鸽翼) The Ambassadors (专
使)
The Golden Bowl (金碗)
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
3. Intellectualized and Highly Sensitive Female Protagonists Most protagonists are females, such as Daisy in Daisy Miller, Isabel in The Portrait of a Lady, Milly in The wings of the Dove, and Maggie in The Golden Bowl. They are often wealthy enough to have wide freedom of choice in their personal lives, leisure for minute self scrutiny, and usually with enough intelligence to express subtle feelings and moral hesitation.
美国文学史及作品选读 PPT
The Literature of the Colonial America and of Reason and Revolution
Teaching Objectives and Requirements
1 Make the students know clear about American Puritanism and its influence on American Literature.
2 Help the students to know about the main literary form, content and theme in Colonial America and the representative writers of this period.
3 Help the students know about the American history of Independence War and the representatives in the period of Reason and Revolution, especially their influence on American Literature.
◆ They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. They wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They came to America out of various reasons.
American Puritanism: the practices and beliefs of the American Puritans
(完整word版)美国文学史及选读试卷(A卷)包含评分标准及答案
美国文学史及选读考试试题（卷）A卷院系：考试形式：闭卷专业试时间：100 分钟姓名：学号考试科目：美国文学史及选读考I. Blanks: ( 10points, 1 point for each blank)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 9 items and 10 blanks. Fill in the best answer on the Answer Sheet according to the knowledge you have learned.1. The first American literature was neither ___ nor really ___ .2. Of the immigrants who came to America in the first three quarters ofthe seventeenth century, the overwhelming majority was _______ .3. The English immigrants who settled on America 'n s orthern seacoast werecalled _______ , so named after those who wished to “purify ” theChurch of England.4. Washington Irving, the Father of American literature, developed the as agenre in American literature.5. Franklin 's best writing is found in his masterpiece ____ .6. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18 th century was ____ .th7. In the early 19 century, “Rip Van Winkle ”had established _______ 'sreputation at home and abroad, and designated the beginning ofAmerican Romanticism.8. __ has sometimes been considered the father of the modern shortstory.9. In 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought out his masterpiece ___ , thestory of a triangular love affair in colonial America.II. Multiple choice:(20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from the settlementof America in the early 17th century through the end of century.A. the 18thB. the 19ththC. the 20thD. 21th2. New-England 's Plantation was published in 1630 by ______A. Francis HigginsonB. William BradfordC. John SmithD. Michael Wigglesworth3. Of all the books written by Michael Wigglesworth the beat known isA. The Flesh and the SpiritB. The True TravelsC. The Day of DoomD. Christopher Columbus4. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ___ .A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist5. In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself6. During 1807-1808, Washington Irving wrote for his brother 's newspaper calledA. New York TimesB. Washington PostC. SalmagundiD. Daily News7. History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of _______A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier8. Rip Van Winkle was written by ______A. James Fenimore CooperB. Benjamin FranklinC. Washington IrvingD. Walt Whitman9. The Spy was written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1821. It is a novel aboutA. American Civil WarB. American RevolutionC. American West ExpansionD. The First World War10. Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper 's ______A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales11. ______ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg12. The Raven was written in 1844 by _____A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson13. The Minister 's Black Veil was written by ______A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Henry David ThoreauD. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the _____ who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse15. The ship ____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days tobeat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic16. A new ___ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18 th century.It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.A. RealismB. Critical realismC. RomanticismD. Naturalism17. Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van Winkle ,from a _______A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend18. Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving 's longer work, _______A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution19. _____ was often regarded as America 's first man of letters, devotingmuch of his career to literature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper20. All the following novels are in Cooper 's Leatherstocking Tales exceptA. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The SpyIII. Identification (20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty titles. Judge the authors of these works and fill them on the Answer Sheet.1. Gleanings in Europe2. Oliver Goldsmith3. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America4. “The Day of Doom ”5. A History of New York6. The Last of the Mohicans7. The House of the Night8. A Forest Hymn9. “The Raven”10. “The Cask of Amontillado ”11. Mosses from an Old Manse12. “Israfel ”13. “The Flesh and the Spirit ”14. Life of George Washington15. The Pathfinder16. “the Wild Honey Suckle ”17. The Flood of Years18. “The Poetic Principle ”19. The Blithedale Romance20. “The Indian Burying Ground ”IV. Terms (20 points, 4 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are f0ur terms. Please give the definition for these terms. Scores will be given for the related contents. Four individual contents will be enough for four points.1. Poor Richard 's Almanac2. Leatherstocking Tales3. Puritanism4. Benjamin FranklinV. Appreciation (10 points, 5 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by three questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AFrom morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.1. Who is the poet of the poem and what is the title of the poem? (2 points)2. Tell the metrical structure and rhyme scheme of the poem. (1 point)3. What does the “little being ”refer to? What meaning is suggested by the phrase “but an hour”? (2 points)Part BThe opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sundial. It is true he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed tosmoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquility of the assemblage and call the members all to naught; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.1. Who was the writer of this story? What is the title of this story? (2 points)2. Who was Nicholas Vedder? (1 point)3. How did he express his opinions on public matters? (2 points)VI. Comment. (20 points, 10 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, you are given five topics. Choose TWO of them and give a comment on the Answer Sheet. Scores will be given according to the content, grammar and the completeness of the related knowledge.1. What are the features of literature in Colonial America?2. Comment on Benjamin Franklin 's Autobiography .3. Comment on Nathaniel Hawthorne 's writing techniques.4. What philosophical meaning is implied in Philip Freneau's “The Wild HoneySuckle ”?5. What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?美国文学史及选读考试试题（卷）评分标准及标准答案A卷院系：专业：考试科目：美国文学史及选读考试形式：闭卷考试时间：100 分钟I. Blanks: （10%）（每题1分，共10分，答错不给分）1. American literature2. English3. Puritans4. short story5. Autobiography6. Philip Freneau7. Washington Irving8. Edgar Allan Poe9. The Scarlet LetterII. Multiple Choice: （ 20%）（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分）1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. DIII. Identification (20%) (每题1 分，共20分，答错不给分)1. James Fenimore Cooper2. Washington Irving3. Anne Bradstreet4. Michael Wigglesworth5. Washington Irving6. James Fenimore Cooper7. Philip Freneau8. William Cullen Bryant9. Edgar Allan Poe10. Edgar Allan Poe11. Nathaniel Hawthorne12. Edgar Allan Poe13. Anne Bradstreet14. Washington Irving15. James Fenimore Cooper16. Philip Freneau17. William Cullen Bryant18. Edgar Allan Poe19. Nathaniel Hawthorne20. Philip FreneauIV. Terms （20%）（每题4分，共20 分）1. Poor Richard 's Almanackey words: Benjamin Franklin, sayings, hard work, thrift, Puritan, quotes, printed himself, etc.2. Leatherstocking TalesKey words: Cooper, five novels, Natty Bumppo, frontier, frontiersman, life from youth to old age, The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc.3. Puritanismkey words: Calvin, purify, hard work, thrift, predestination, salvation, sin, God, from England to America, immigration, etc.4. Benjamin Franklinkey words: statesman, scientist and writer, Autobiography, Poor Richard 's Almanac, puritan, hard work and thrift, successful, contributions, printer, etc.V. Appreciation （10%）（每题5 分，共10 分）Part Aa） Philip Freneau 's（1 分）The Wild Honey Suckle （1分）b） It is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme is ababcc. （1 分）c）“Little being ” refers to the wild honey suckle. （1 分）“Butanhour ” means the lifespan of a flower is very short. （ 1 分）Part B1. Washington Irving 's（1 分）Rip Van Wingkle （1分）2. Nicholas Vedder is the owner of the inn/ a patriarch of the village/ and landlord of the inn, （ 1 分）3. He expressed his opinion by the way of smoking. / When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation. （ 2 分）VI. Comment. （20%）（每题10 分，此题共20 分）答案：（略）。
美国文学史及选读2
爱默生Emerson = The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism 超验主义He was a descendent of a long line of New England clergymen牧师【pastor】.American TranscendentalismAs a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.Transcendentalism 超验主义(+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; )The major features of Transcendentalism:①The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙②The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝Emerson’s代表作：Nature；Self-Reliance；The American Scholar；The Over-soul；H. D. Thoreau 梭罗and his workWalden 瓦尔登湖not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗费罗William Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel price“Stream of Consciousness”意识流or “interior monologue”,内心独白is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.The Sound and the Fury (1929) 人物??As I Lay Dying (1930)Light in the August ( 1932)Absalom, Absalom (1936)Go Down Moses (1942)Ernest HemingwayIceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.Code heroa noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”Major Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley)For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago)Herman Melville代表作：白鲸Moby Dick Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Symbolism in Moby Dick：It is regarded as the first American prose epic. 散文史诗？It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的, malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.Realism 浪漫主义之后，现代主义之前As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie”of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality”of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.Psychological RealismIt is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells豪威尔斯, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man.William Dean Howells：The Rise of Silas LaphamHenry James：The Portrait of a Lady (Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)Daisy Miller (Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne; Mr. Giovanelli)Mark Twain = Samuel Langhorne Clemens Missouri Writing: humor and local colorism 地方特色The characteristics of local colorismTwain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation of American literary realism. “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,”brought him recognition from a wider public. His best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life：Life on the Mississippi & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.Mark Twain’s most representative work：The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHis humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism, is remarkable.Nathaniel Hawthorne effected by 超验主义One of the most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.The Scarlet Letter:红字Other works: Mosses from an Old Manse; Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the Seven Gables He is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form.In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.American Naturalism 自然主义The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory达尔文进化论on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral与道德无关的, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity遗传and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮没in death. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.代表作家Stephen Crane；Frank Norris；Theodore Dreiser；Edwin Arlington Robinson；Upton Sinclair；Jack London；O’HenryStephen Crane：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets；The Red Badge of Courage；The Open Boat；The Black Riders and Other Lines；War Is KindEdwin Arlington Robinson：Richard CoryJack London：The Call of the Wild；The White Fang；The Sea Wolf；Martin EdenUpton Sinclair：The JungleO.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemTheodore Dreiser：Trilogy of Desire:1.The Financier2. The Titan3. The Stoic；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American TragedyThe 20th Century American Poets：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticismT.S.Eliot：The Waste LandImagism 意象派A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing”and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.Ezra Pound：Idaho爱达荷洲worked for the Italian government in WW II, engaged in some radio broadcasts of anti-Semitism and pro-Fascism.代表作:Cantos; Hugh Selwyn Mauberley; In a Station of the Metro; CathayWilliam Carlos Williams: The Red WheelbarrowWallace Stevens: Anecdote of the JarThe 20th Century American Poets:Major Features1. The relationship of art and life; reality and imagination; fact and miracle; chaos and order.2. References to painting, music, and color.3. Abstract, philosophical, and difficult. He saw poetry as a personal transaction between self and reality.4. Meticulous language, though frequently exotic; coined words, and some are employed simply for sound effects. Robert Frost: Fire and Ice; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening; The Road Not TakenMajor Features:1. His verse was terrifying at first, showing the dark side of human life and society. Later, filled with sunshine.2.New England as the setting; The subjects come from daily life of ordinary life;Rural poetry in pastoral tradition. ( Wordsworth; Emerson)3.His themes include landscape and people of New England, loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature.Simple language, a graceful style and traditional forms of poetry.诗歌鉴赏：In both "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "The Road Not Taken," the speaker hesitates on route. Compare the hesitations. Do they derive from the same impulse and misgiving or are they distinct?Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this periodSinclair Lewis (1930); Eugene O’Neill (1936); Pearl S. Buck (1938); T.S. Eliot (1948); William Faulkner (1949); Ernest Hemingway (1954); John Steinbeck (1962)Walt WhitmanThe first edition of Leaves of Grass was published in 1855.In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him.What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is “free verse”自由诗体, that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.The poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse”同一地of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself”.Writing features of Whitman1. A singer for the ideals of equality , democracy and human dignity.2. Songs for himself, for the labour of common American people, natural creation, the independence of the country, love and friendship, and for the memorizing of President Lincoln.3. Free verse, rhythmical unit, phonetic recurrence.Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I could not stop for DeathEmily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary.Most of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single image or symbol.。
美国文学史及选读(下册)PPT优秀课件
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Whitman and Dickinson
• 4. His ideas: • “a catalog and great acceptor” • Enlightenment, humanitarianism • Idealism and Transcendentalism
• Emerson and Whitman:
• 5. Whitman’s Poetic Experimentation
• He was a daring experimentalist who “broke the new wood”
• He began to experiment around 1847 which lead to a complete break with traditional poetics.
• A. Themes: both praised in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism, and its Americanness.
• B. Techniques: breaking free of the poetic tradition and pioneering American modernist poetry with their poetic innovation.
• Father of American Free Verse
• Celebrating America as a Poem
• 2. Life
• Working-class background
• He grew up in New York and worked there.