[语言学]语言学教程 测试题及答案
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 短语答案：C2. 语言学中，研究语言的结构和规律的学科是：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 应用语言学D. 结构语言学答案：D3. 语言的语音系统包括：A. 音位和音节B. 音素和音节C. 音素和音位D. 音节和音位答案：C4. 下列哪个选项不是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：D5. 语言的词汇系统包括：A. 基本词汇和一般词汇B. 基本词汇和古语词汇C. 一般词汇和古语词汇D. 基本词汇和新词新义答案：D6. 语言的语法系统主要研究：A. 词的构成B. 句子的构成C. 词和句子的构成D. 词、短语和句子的构成答案：D7. 语言的语用功能主要研究：A. 语言的形式B. 语言的意义C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：C8. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及：A. 语言的准确性B. 语言的清晰性C. 语言的生动性D. 语言的逻辑性答案：C9. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 人口迁移D. 所有以上因素答案：D10. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音标准化B. 词汇标准化C. 语法标准化D. 所有以上因素答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种__________的社会现象。
答案：符号系统2. 语言的语音单位包括音素、音节和__________。
答案：音位3. 语言的词汇系统由__________词汇和一般词汇构成。
答案：基本4. 语言的语法单位包括词、短语和__________。
答案：句子5. 语言的交际功能包括表达思想、传递信息、__________和娱乐消遣。
答案：表达情感6. 语言的语用功能主要研究语言的__________和语境的关系。
答案：使用7. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及语言的__________和表达效果。
语言学教程试题及答案
语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的中心是（）。
A. 语言B. 文字C. 语音D. 语法答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 词汇学C. 心理学D. 社会语言学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是（）。
A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会身份标识D. 艺术创作5. 以下哪个术语不是索绪尔语言学理论中的概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言行为D. 语言结构答案：C6. 语言的演变过程不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 文化变化答案：D7. 以下哪个选项不是语言的交际方式？A. 口头交流B. 书面交流C. 非言语交流D. 内心独白答案：D8. 语言的规范性主要体现在（）。
A. 语法规则B. 词汇使用C. 语音系统D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 以下哪个选项不是语言的变异现象？B. 社会方言C. 语言混合D. 语言的统一答案：D10. 语言的生成性是指（）。
A. 语言的创造性B. 语言的稳定性C. 语言的规范性D. 语言的交际功能答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的科学，其研究对象包括语言的结构、功能、起源和发展等。
2. 语言的音位学研究的是语言的_________系统。
答案：语音3. 语言的词汇学研究的是语言的_________单位。
答案：词4. 语言的句法学研究的是语言的_________结构。
答案：句子5. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在_________中的使用。
答案：交际6. 语言的语料库语言学研究的是语言的_________数据。
答案：实际7. 语言的语义学研究的是语言的_________关系。
答案：意义8. 语言的语篇分析研究的是语言的_________结构。
答案：连贯9. 语言的对比语言学研究的是不同语言之间的_________关系。
语言学教程试题及答案
语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的要素？A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 逻辑答案：D3. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的变异性指的是什么？A. 语言随时间的变化B. 语言在不同地域的变化C. 语言在不同社会群体中的变化D. 以上都是答案：D5. 以下哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 规律性D. 可变性答案：D6. 语言学中“音位”指的是什么？A. 语言中最小的音义结合单位B. 语言中最小的意义单位C. 语言中最小的语音单位D. 语言中最小的语法单位答案：C7. 语言的“语法”指的是什么？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的词汇规则C. 语言的句法规则D. 语言的语义规则答案：C8. 以下哪一项是语言的语义学研究的内容？A. 音位的分类B. 词义的演变C. 句法结构的规则D. 语言的交际功能答案：B9. 语言的“方言”是指什么？A. 一种语言的不同变体B. 一种语言的书面形式C. 一种语言的口头形式D. 一种语言的文学形式答案：A10. 以下哪一项不是语言的语用学研究的内容？A. 语境对语言使用的影响B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的词汇规则D. 语言的交际策略答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支学科包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言的任意性是指语言的______和意义之间没有必然的联系。
答案：形式3. 语言的创造性表现在人们可以创造新的______来表达新的概念。
答案：词汇4. 语言的规律性是指语言具有______的规则。
答案：系统性5. 语言的变异性包括语言随时间的______、地域的______以及社会群体的______。
语言学教程测试题及答案word精品
Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “ Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. ” isA. interrogative (疑问)B. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likelyto say 碎“碎(岁岁)平安” as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. Performative VD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?— A nice day, isn 't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. ________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user knowledge of the rules'sof his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that existshear and now. It couldn ' twbfuel sf or rsoome lost love or lost bone. This indicates the designfeature of _________ .A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. _________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. _______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.F12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.T F??13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communicationsystems.FT??14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of anylanguage system can be genetically transmitted. F16. Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20thcentury, was a French linguist. F Swiss18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare ' s time is an example of thediachronic study of language. F19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. FIII. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ _verbal_ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__creativity_ _____ .23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is___metalingual function_ _____ .24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy workhas been called the __yo-he-ho ________ theory.25. Linguistics is the _ scientific __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is _ descriptive _________ in the sense that the linguist tries todiscover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __ _speech _________ overwriting.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a_diachronic_linguistic ________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ langue _________ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure ' s langue and Chomsky ' s__competence _______ .IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design featureDesign feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the differencebetween human language and any system of animal communication.32. DisplacementDisplacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. CompetenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker ' s knowledge of his or he language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generallyunconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence. 34.Synchronic linguistics Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The timestudied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time. V. Answer the following questions. （20%）35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us whatlanguage will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学， 2004） Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements -for instanee, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomieal number of possible sentenees and phrases, whieh in turn ean eombine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal eommunieation systems do not have this design feature of human language. If language has no sueh design feature, then it will be like animal eommunieational system whieh will be highly limited. It eannot produee a very large number of sound eombinations, e.g. words, whieh are distinet in meaning.36. Why is it diffieult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学， 2004）It is diffieult to define language, as it is sueh a general term that eovers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own speeial emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations. VI. Analyze the following situation. （20%）37.How ean a linguist make his analysis seientifie? （青岛海洋大学， 1999）It should be guided by the four prineiples of seienee: exhaustiveness, eonsisteney, eeonomy and objectivity and follow the seientific procedure: form hypothesis -collect data -cheek against the observable facts -come to a con clusi on.6~10 BACAC16~20 FFFFF22. productivity / creativity 24. yo-he-ho 26. descriptive28. diachronic linguistic 30. competenceChapter 2 Speech Sounds I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophone B. phone [] C. phoneme // D. morphemeI.1~5 BACCC II.11~15 FFTFF III.21. verbal23. metalingual function 25. scientific 27. speech 29. langue3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to asA. glottis 声门B. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as diphthongs.??A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ________ .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units largerthan the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.T12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound. T13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do notcontrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. T17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. T18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. F20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. FIII. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either _voiceless _________ or ___voiced _______, while allvowel sounds are ___voiced _____ .22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are broughtclose together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _friction_ ______ .23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ___tongue ______ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highestpoint in the mouth. A second element is the __ _height__ _____ to which that part of the tongue israised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __obstruction_ .26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of thetwo phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __ minimal pairs _________ .27. In English there are a number of diphthongs ________ , which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. Coarticulation _________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show theinfluence of their neighbors.29. __Phonemes _______ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. Thesemovements have an effect on the __air stream _______ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental featureSuprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive featuresDistinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics? (中国人民大学，2003)Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (南开大学，2004)When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; thengive an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学，1999)(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.36.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______________ .A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ________________ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational3. There are ________ morphemes in the word denationalization.de+nation+al+iz+ation A. three B. four C. five D. six4.In English -se and -ion are called ___________ . A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ________ . A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation6._________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word. A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ . A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _________ .A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is _________ . A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 10.All of them are meaningful except for __________ . A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph 11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. 14.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-1~5 ACDAA II. 11~15 TTTFF III.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 23. tongue 25. obstruction 27. diphthongs 29. Phonemes6~10 DBABB 16~20 TTTFF 22. friction 24. height26. minimal pairs 28. Co-articulation 30. air streamclass of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An _________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with ________ .23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ___________ , _________ and24. All words may be said to contain a root _________ .25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to _______________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to ________ class.26. ________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. ________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a ________________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a ________ .30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: _________ and _________ .IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? (厦门大学，2003)36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II (武汉大学，2004)(1) acronym(2) free morpheme(3) derivational morpheme(4) inflectional morpheme(5) prefixKey:I.IIa. foeb. subconsciousc. UNESCOd. overwhelmede. calculation31.Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining themeanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch) 32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34.Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type ofbase to form a new word, e.g. -y can be added to a noun to form an adjective. V. Omit. VI. 37. (1) c(2) a(3) e(4) d(5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1.The sentence structure is _______ . A. only linear B. only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are __ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 3.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammaticalsentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational 4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A _________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ___ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional7.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ____________ .1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB II.11~15 FTFTT III.21. initialism, acronym 23. solid, hyphenated, open 25. close, open 27. conversion29. derivative, compound IV. 16~20 FTFFF22. vocabulary 24. morpheme26. back-formation 28. morpheme30. affix, bound rootA. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome ” is ____________ .A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf ”o b_e_l_o_n_g_s_t___ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “ Theywere wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves. is”a sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicateand stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words toform a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes thepredicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called _________________________________ .25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into theother.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called anclause. 27. Major lexical categories are ____________ categories in the sense that new words areconstantly added.28.________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. ________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only insubject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? (武汉大学， 2004)36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “ more beautiful flowers ” by means of IC analysis (北京第二外国语大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.6~10 ADDBA16~20 FTFTT 22. sentence 24. predicate 26. embedded 28. Adjacency 30. Case 31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in alanguage, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents - word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP. Key:I.1~5 DCDDDII.11~15 TTTTFIII.21. simple23. subject25. complex27. open29. ParametersIV.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G gr ammar. It ' s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from IxmlO OOw' s exercises, icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1, The naming theory is advanced by ________ ,A, Plato B, Bloomfield C, Geoffrey Leech D, Firth2, “We shall know a word by the company it keeps, ateme”nt rTehpirse s et nts ,A, the conceptualist view B, contexutalismC, the naming theory D, behaviorism3, Which of the following is NOT true?A, Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form,B, Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form,C, Sense is abstract and decontextualized,D, Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in,4, “Can I borrow your bike? ” _____________ “You have a bike, ”A, is synonymous with B, is inconsistent withC, entails D, presupposes5, __________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features,。
语言学教程测试题及答案
语言学教程测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 思考功能D. 娱乐功能答案：D5. 下列哪个术语用于描述一个语言项目在特定语境中的意义？A. 语义B. 句法C. 语音D. 语用答案：D6. 语言的系统性表现在哪些方面？A. 语言规则B. 语言结构C. 语言使用D. 所有选项答案：D7. 语言的变异性主要体现在哪些方面？A. 地域B. 社会C. 时间D. 所有选项答案：D8. 语言的任意性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言的变异性答案：C9. 语言的双重性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性与变异性B. 语言的任意性与象似性C. 语言的表达性与交际性D. 语言的系统性与使用性答案：B10. 下列哪个术语描述了语言符号与其所指对象之间的关系？A. 语义关系B. 句法关系C. 语音关系D. 语用关系答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、_______和语用学。
答案：语义学2. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系。
答案：任意3. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间存在某种程度的相似性。
答案：象似4. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于表达思想和情感。
答案：表达5. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于传递信息和交流思想。
答案：交际6. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于思考和认识世界。
答案：认知7. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于社会互动和建立社会关系。
语言学教程3试题及答案
语言学教程3试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 句法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 索绪尔认为语言的两个基本要素是什么？A. 语音和语义B. 符号和意义C. 语法和词汇D. 语言和言语答案：D4. 语言的任意性原则是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有必然联系答案：C5. 语言的层级结构理论是由哪位学者提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 德里达答案：B6. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 艺术欣赏答案：D7. 语言的同义现象是指什么？A. 同音词B. 同义词C. 反义词D. 多义词答案：B8. 语言的演变过程是：A. 从简单到复杂B. 从复杂到简单C. 从单一到多样D. 从多样到单一答案：A9. 语言的交际功能包括哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. 语言的方言差异主要体现在哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上选项答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 语言学是研究的科学。
答案：语言2. 语言的两个基本功能是和。
答案：表达思想、交流信息3. 语言的性是语言符号的一个显著特点。
答案：任意4. 语言的性决定了语言的多样性。
答案：社会5. 语言的性是语言能够传递信息的基础。
答案：结构6. 语言的性使得语言能够表达复杂的思想。
答案：创造性7. 语言的性使得语言能够适应不断变化的社会环境。
答案：动态8. 语言的性是语言学研究的重要内容。
答案：系统9. 语言的性是语言能够被学习和使用的基础。
答案：规则10. 语言的性是语言能够适应不同交际场合的关键。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案(可编辑修改word版)
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I.Choose the best answer. (20%)nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human .A.contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A.treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3.The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is.A.interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A.InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A.TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A.EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7.refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A.PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of .A.cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9.answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A.PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10.deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A.Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) nguage is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.nguage change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.nguage is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16.Only human beings are able to communicate.17.. De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III.Fill in the blanks. (10%)nguage, broadly speaking, is a means of communication.22.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed .nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is .24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the theory.25.Linguistics is the study of language.26.Modern linguistics is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of over writing.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s. IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Design feature32.Displacementpetence34.Synchronic linguisticsV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?（南开大学，2004）36.Why is it difficult to define language?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）第二章：语音I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Pitch variation is known as when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a is put in slashes (/ /).A.allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A.glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5.The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as diphthongs.A.wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6.A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called .A.minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A.Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17.When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19.Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20.The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to placea consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.Consonant sounds can be either or , while all vowel sounds are .22.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing.23.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the and the lips.24.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the to which that part of the tongue is raised.25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without.26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating .27.In English there are a number of , which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28.refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29.is the smallest linguistic unit.30.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the coming from the lungs.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental featureplementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开04）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative第三章：词汇I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as .A.lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called morpheme.A.inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3.There are morphemes in the word denationalization.A.threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4.In English –ise and –tion are called .A.prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5.The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and .A.derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6.is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A.affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7.The word TB is formed in the way of .A.acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8.The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by .A.blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9.The stem of disagreements isA.agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10.All of them are meaningful except for .A.lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.12.Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13.Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16.Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17.The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19.Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20.Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.An is pronounced letter by letter, while an is pronounced as a word.22.Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with .23.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ,and .24.All words may be said to contain a root .25.A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong toclass, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to class.26.is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27.is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28.Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on thelevel.29.A word formed by derivation is called a , and a word formed by compounding is called a .30.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: and . IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Blending32.Allomorph33.Closed-class word34.Morphological ruleV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?（厦门大学，2003）36.What are the main features of the English compounds?VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1)acronym a. foe(2)free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e.calculation第四章：句法I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.The sentence structure is .A.only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2.The syntactic rules of any language are in number.rgeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3.The rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A.lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4.A sentence is considered when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A.rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5.A in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A.coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6.Phrase structure rules have properties.A.recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand .A.how words and phrases form sentences.B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD.all of the above.8.The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is .A.the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9.The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to construction.A.endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10.The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is asentence.A.simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13.In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15.Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20.It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.A sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22.A is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23.A may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called .25.A sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an clause.27.Major lexical categories are categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28.condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29.are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between andamong natural languages.30.The theory of condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Syntax32.IC analysis33.Hierarchical structure34.Trace theoryV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京二外国语大学，2004）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.第五章：意义I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.The naming theory is advanced by .A.PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2.“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents.A.the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3.Which of the following is NOT true?A.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C.Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4.“Can I borrow your bike?”“You have a bike.”A.is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5.is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic features.A.Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.“Alive” and“dead” are.A.gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7.deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non- linguistic world of experience.A.ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8.refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A.PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9.Words that are close in meaning are called .A.homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by .A.grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19.“It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.20.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.can be defined as the study of meaning.22.The conceptualist view holds that there is no link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23.means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24.Words that are close in meaning are called .25.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called .26.opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27.analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calledrestrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.29.A(n) is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence.30.According to the theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Entailment32.Propositionponential analysis34.ReferenceV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots （青岛海洋大学，1999）36.What are the three kinds of antonymy? （武汉大学，2004）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a)words and (b) words.(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb.bull, rooster, drake, ram(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, cark, alcohol, rice, soup(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractorb.idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear （青岛海洋大学，1999）第七章：语言、文化和社会[注：第六章无测试题]I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A.PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. General linguistics2.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its .e of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3.is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A.Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4.are the major source of regional variation of language.A.Geographical barriersB.Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC.Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD.Social barriers5.means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.nguage interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6.in a pers on’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A.Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7.A is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A.lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8.Although are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A.vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9.In normal situations, speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than theircounterparts with the same social background.A.female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10.A linguistic refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A.slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) nguage as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.12.The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.13.From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.14.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.15.A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.16.Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.17.A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.18.A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.19.Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.20.The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech .22.Speech refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.23.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than avariety of a language.nguage standardization is also called language .25.Social variation gives rise to which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.26.variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.27.A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national orlanguage of a country.28.The standard language is a , socially prestigious dialect of language.nguage varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or languages.30.A pidgin typically lacks in morphemes.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Lingua franca32.Regional dialect33.Register34.SociolinguisticsV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not? （中国人民大学，2003）36.If we take it as rule that language is intimately related to culture, then how do the kinship words, such as uncle and aunt, reflect the cultural differences between English and Chinese? （东北师范大学，2004）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Explain the differences between registers and regional/social dialects. Give examples if necessary. （东北师范大学，2005）。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题（1-12章,含答案）
胡壮麟《语⾔学教程》（修订版）测试题（1-12章,含答案）胡壮麟《语⾔学教程》（修订版）测试题(1-12章，含答案）胡壮麟《语⾔学教程》（修订版）测试题Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?— A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开⼤学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第⼆外国语⼤学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋⼤学，1999）Key:[In the reference keys, I won’t give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. –icywarmtea]I.1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations,e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciation2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________. 27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国⼈民⼤学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开⼤学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phoneticdescriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋⼤学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect.Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants. VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门⼤学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉⼤学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation Key:I.1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective. V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.”is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉⼤学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第⼆外国语⼤学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.Key:I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBAII.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTTIII.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded27. open 28. Adjacency29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP,VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. Reference。
胡壮麟语言学教程测试题及答案
胡壮麟语言学教程测试题及答案胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ r efers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. . De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study oflanguage.19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members ofa speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s__________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34.Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36.Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）第二章：语音I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllablescontain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing__________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without__________.26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which areproduced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开04）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative第三章：词汇I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as__________.A. lexical wordsB. grammaticalwordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed fromalready existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________,__________ and __________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to__________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English hadlost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the__________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a__________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation第四章：句法I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expo se themselves.” is a __________sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker areknown as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.第五章：意义I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2.“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it containsno argument.20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called__________.26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called__________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence.30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Entailment32. Proposition33. Componential analysis34. ReferenceV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots （青岛海洋大学，1999）36. What are the three kinds of antonymy? （武汉大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a)words and (b) words.(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, carb. milk, alcohol, rice, soup(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractorb. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear （青岛海洋大学，1999）第七章：语言、文化和社会[注：第六章无测试题]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. General linguistics2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its__________.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6._________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges o n a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8.Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can n ot be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammarand uses of vocabulary.15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his ch oice of linguistic features.16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water b oils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people presentare likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which theybelieves feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcomethe barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functionsof language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonals knowledge7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole。
语言学教程试题及答案
语言学教程试题及答案作为一名语言学教程的教师，我了解到测试是帮助学生巩固知识和提高能力的重要手段。
为了帮助学生更好地备考，我为大家准备了一套语言学教程试题及答案。
希望这套试题对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、选择题1. 语言学的研究对象是：A. 辞典与语法B. 语音、词汇、句法、语义等语言的实质C. 中文与外语D. 文学作品和口语交际答案：B2. 下列哪个不属于语音学研究范畴？A. 音素B. 语音环境C. 语调D. 韵律答案：B3. "语法关系"是指：A. 语句中不同成分之间的关系B. 语句的构成与语法规则的联系C. 语言的音、调、律的关系D. 语义关系的表现形式答案：A4. 下列哪项不是语义学关注的重点？A. 逻辑关系B. 词汇关系C. 句子结构D. 句子意义答案：C5. 人类语言的主要特点是：A. 声音符号、社会符号、有限可组合、稳定可持续B. 声音符号、手势符号、无限可组合、不稳定可持续C. 声音符号、手势符号、有限可组合、稳定可持续D. 图形符号、手势符号、有限可组合、不稳定可持续答案：A二、简答题1. 解释语言的交际功能。
答：语言的交际功能是指通过语言来进行人际交往与沟通的能力。
它包括表达思想、交流信息、取得共识、表达情感等，是语言最基本的功能。
通过语言的运用，人们可以分享知识、传递信息、表达心情，以及建立和维持彼此之间的关系。
2. 解释语音学与音系学的区别。
答：语音学是研究语言中的音素和音的规律的学科，它关注语言中声音的发声、发音、听觉特征等方面。
而音系学是语音学的一个分支学科，它研究音素在一定语言系统中的组合与分布规律。
简单来说，语音学关注单个音素及其特征，而音系学则关注音素之间的关系及其在具体语言系统中的表现。
三、论述题1. 语言作为一种符号系统，具有哪些基本特征？答：语言作为一种符号系统，具有以下基本特征：首先，语言是声音符号系统，通过发声来传递信息。
不同语言以不同的声音符号表示不同的意义，这是语言的基本特征之一。
语言学教程3试题及答案
语言学教程3试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的结构系统C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的地理分布答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线性C. 离散性D. 连续性答案：D3. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇系统C. 语言的发音规律D. 语言的书写形式答案：C4. 语法学的研究对象是什么？A. 语言的声音系统B. 语言的词汇系统C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：C5. 语用学主要研究什么？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法规则C. 语言的使用环境D. 语言的书写规则答案：C6. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 教育指导答案：B8. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 地理隔离C. 文化交流D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 语言的同源词指的是什么？A. 同一词根派生出的词B. 词义相近的词C. 形式和意义相同的词D. 形式和意义都不同的词答案：A10. 下列哪项是社会语言学的研究内容？A. 语言的语音变化B. 语言的词汇变化C. 语言与社会的关系D. 语言的语法变化答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究________的科学。
答案：人类语言2. 语言的任意性是指语言的________与________之间没有必然的联系。
答案：形式意义3. 语言的线性是指语言在时间上是________的。
答案：连续4. 语言的离散性是指语言的单位是________的。
答案：有限5. 语音学是研究人类语言的________规律的学科。
答案：发音6. 语法学是研究语言的________和________的学科。
答案：结构规律7. 语用学是研究语言在________中的使用情况的学科。
《语言学教程》测试题答案
第一章：语言学导论参考答案I.1~5 B A C C C 6~10 B A C A CII.11~15 F F T F F 16~20 F F F F FIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity 23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive 27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the differencebetween human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events andconcepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s kn owledge of his or herlanguage; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious.A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The timestudied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds,around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus,definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy andobjectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against theobservable facts – come to a conclusion.第二章：语音参考答案I1~5 A C D A A 6~10 D B A B BII.11~15 T T T F F 16~20 T T T F FIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction 23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs 27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influenceof their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process iscalled sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are calledsuprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the samephonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we cangroup the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35. Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech soundis produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). V arious instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Soundsproduced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI. 37.Omit.第三章：词汇参考答案I1~5 A A C B B 6~10 B C A D BII. 11~15 F T F T T 16~20 F T F F FIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. v ocabulary 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation 27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining themeanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoiningsounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to forma new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.VI .37. (1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b第四章：句法参考答案I1~5 D C D D D 6~10 A D D B AII.11~15 T T T T F 16~20 F T F T TIII.21. simple 22. sentence 23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded 27. open 28. Adjacency29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.语言学教程测试题31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in alanguage, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence interms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into theimmediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience. 33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents andshows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the originalposition. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. Thepassive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typicalexample is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowers第五章：意义参考答案I1~5 A B D D B 6~10 C A C D AII. 11~15 F F T F T 16~20 T F T T TIII.21. Semantics 22. direct 23. Reference 24. synonyms 25.homophones26. Relational27. Componential 28. selectional29. argument 30. namingIV.31. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified withthe following sentences:a. T om divorced Jane.b. Jane was T om’s wife.In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true,B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false.Therefore we can say A entails B.32. Proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs andwhich some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences“Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold the same proposition.33. Compositional analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, orsemantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG andFEMALE.34. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationshipbetween the form and the reality.V.35. Hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship36. (Omit.)3VI.37. (1) The (a) words and (b) words are male.The (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.(2) The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.The (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.(3) The (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual.The (a) words are material, while the (b) words are spiritual.第七章：语言、文化和社会参考答案I1~5 B C A A C 6~10 D A C A DII. 11~15 F T F F F 16~20 T F T F FIII.21. community 22. variety23. dialectal 24.planning25.sociolects26. Stylistic27. official 28. superposed29. vernacular 30. inflectionalIV.31. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for socialcontact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.32. Regional dialect: Regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by themembers of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.33. Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particularspeech situations on which degrees of formality depends.34. Sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the studyof language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.V. 35. American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.36. In China, Chinese has a more strict and complex relationship system. So in Chinese there are a lot morekinship words than in English.VI.37. (Omit.)第八章：语言的使用参考答案I1~5 D B C B A 6~10 C B C A DII. 11~15 F T T F F 16~20 F F F T TIII.21. context 22. utterance 23. abstract 24. Constatives 25. Performatives26. locutionary 27. illocutionary 28. commissive 29. expressive 30. quantityIV.31. Conversational implicature: In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation aregenerally cooperating with each other. In other words, when people are talking with each other, they must try to converse smoothly and successfully. In accepting speak ers’ presuppositions, listenershave to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense of cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are not normally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, or withhold relevant information from one another. However, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The real intention implied in the words is called conversational implicature.32. Performative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as W atch out (= a warning).33. Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can beunderstood.语言学教程测试题5 34. Horn’s Q -principle: (1) Make your contribution sufficient (cf. quantity); (2) Say as much as you can(given R).V .35. Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationshipsbetween sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of(1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world;(2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and thehearer.Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without referenceto the users and communicative functions of sentences.36. Y es, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A ’s question. B doesn’t say“when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “trafficjam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus comes.”VI.37. It occurs before and / or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or a text. The context oftenhelps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.(1) a. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy .”c. The room was wanted for a meeting. (2) a. A mild way to express disagreement with someone w ho has complimented on a lady’sappearance. b. A regret that the customer had not taken the dress. c. That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion.第十二章：现代语言学理论与流派 参考答案I1~5 B A C A A 6~10 A B D C CII. 11~15 F F T T F 16~20 F T T T FIII.21. synchronic 22. phonetics 23. J. R. Firth 24. systemic 25. sociologically26. distribution 27. Bloomfieldian 28. Descriptivism29. innateness 30. hypothesis-maker IV .31. FSP: It stands for Functional Sentence Perspective. It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to ananalysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain.32. Cohesion: The Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating other tagmemes or isdominated by others.33. LAD: LAD, that is Language Acquisition Device, is posited by Chomsky in the 1960s as a deviceeffectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their native language is constructed.34. Case Grammar: It is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type ofgenerative grammar developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late 1960s.V . VI. Omit.。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。
答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。
答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。
答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。
答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。
答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。
答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。
答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。
答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。
(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contact C. relationB. communication D. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. tree C. crashB. typewriter D. bang3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”sA. interrogative C. informativeB. directiveD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. Interpersonal C. PerformativeB. EmotiveD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability C. DisplacementB. DualityD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn 't it?Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive C. PerformativeB. PhaticD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. Performance C. LangueB. Competence D. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.It couldn ' t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of .A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. _______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our firstlanguage.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. ________ deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. . De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare ' s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed .23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is .24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___________________________ theory.25. Linguistics is the ________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is ________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discoverwhat language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ overwriting.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _________ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure ' s langue and Chomsky ' s ___________ IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开大学，2004 )36. Why is it difficult to define language? (北京第二外国语大学，2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? (青岛海洋大学，1999)第二章：语音I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a _________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the pphoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ________ .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ________ .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. [i:] B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of aspeech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax orlong vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either ________ or __________ , while all vowelsounds are _________ .22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _______________________ to which that part ofthe tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _________________ .27. In English there are a number of _________ , which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. ________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influenceof their neighbors.29. ________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic pho netics?(中国人民大学，2003)36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?(南开04)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学，1999 )(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative第三章：词汇I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ________ morpheme. A. inflectionalC. boundB. free D. derivational3. There are _________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English -se and -ion are called ___________ .A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ________ .A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ .A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _________ .A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is ________A. agreementB. agreeC. disagree10. All of them are meaningful except for ________ .A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morpheme II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.D. disagreement D. allomorph15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An ________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _________ .23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ________ , _________ and _________ .24. All words may be said to contain a root ________ .25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to _________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to class.26. ________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. ________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a ________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a _________ .30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: _________ and _________ . IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. An swer the followi ng questi ons. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the En glish Ian guage? What are they? (厦门大学，2003)36. What are the main features of the En glish compo un ds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms un der COLUMN I with the un derli ned forms from COLUMN II (武汉大学，2004)(1)IacronymIIa. foe⑵free morpheme b. subc onscious⑶derivatio nal morpheme c. UNESCO⑷in flecti onal morpheme d. overwhelmed⑸prefix e. calculati on第四章：句法I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is _______ . A. only linear C. complex B. only hierarchical D. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ___ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The _______ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexical C. linguisticB. morphological D. combinational4. A sentence is considered __ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical5. A ________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ___ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ___A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “ the city Rome ” is ___A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “ on the shellfongs ”tob_e ________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence is a __________sentence. A.simple “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves. B. coordinate C. compound D. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A ________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A ________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A ________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called ________ .25. A ________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an clause.27. Major lexical categories are ________ categories in the sense that new wordsare constantly added.28. ________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. ________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operatein one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between andamong n atural la nguages.30. The theory of _________ con diti on expla ins the fact that noun phrases appearonly in subject and object positi ons.IV. Expla in the followi ng terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sy ntax32. IC an alysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. An swer the followi ng questi ons. (20%)35. What are en doce ntric con struct ion and exoce ntric con structio n?(武汉大学，2004)36. Disti nguish the two possible meanings ofmore beautiful flowers by mea ns IC analysis.(北京二外国语大学，2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram accordi ng to the PS rules to show the deep structure of thesenten ce:The stude nt wrote a letter yesterday.第五章：意义I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced byA. PlatoB. Bloomfield 2. “ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.A. the conceptualist viewC. the naming theory 3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “ Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike. ” A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes 5. ________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components,called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “ Alive ” and “ dead ” are _________________ .A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. ______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. __________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ____________ .A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _____ .A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresC. Geoffrey LeechD. FirthThis statement represents B. contexutalism D. behaviorismII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19. “ It is hot. ”-pislaacenporedication because it contains no argument.20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. _______ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no ________ link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.23. ________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called ________ .25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called _____________ .26. ________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27. ________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called_________ r estricti ons, which are con stra ints on what lexical items can go with what others.29. A(n) __________is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical withthe nominal eleme nt(s)in a sen ten ce.30. Accord ing to the _________ theory of meaning, the words in a Ian guage aretaken to be labels of the objects they stand for.IV. Expla in the followi ng terms, using examples. (20%)31. En tailme nt32. Propositi on33.Comp onen tial an alysis34. Refere neeV. An swer the followi ng questi ons. (20%)35. What are the sense relati ons betwee n the followi ng groups of words?Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots (青岛海洋大学，1999)36. What are the three kinds of an to nymy?(武汉大学，2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. For each group of words give n below, state what sema ntic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what sema ntic property or properties dist in guish betwee n the classes of (a)words and (b) words.(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram⑵ a. table, stone, pen cil, cup, house, ship, carb. milk, alcohol, rice, soup⑶ a. book, temple, moun tai n, road, tractorb. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear (青岛海洋大学，1999)第七章：语言、文化和社会[注：第六章无测试题]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. _____ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. General linguistics2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________ .A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3. ________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4. _____ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in one ' s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers5. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6. _______ in a person ' s speech or writing usually ranges on a cmonfrtionmuu casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7. A __ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9. In normal situations, __ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10. A linguistic ______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“ polite ” society fgreonmeral use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation andlanguage use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the termcan n “ speeocthbveauriseetyd to ”refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar anduses of vocabulary.15. A person 's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communicationamong groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in itslexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech ________ .22. Speech _________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by aspeaker or group of speakers.23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a varietyof a language.24. Language standardization is also called language ________ .25. Social variation gives rise to ________ which are subdivisible into smallerspeech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.26. ________ variation in a person ' s speech or writing ussuaollny arange continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or。
语言学入门考试题及答案
语言学入门考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 数学答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学研究的是哪类现象？A. 物理现象B. 自然现象C. 社会现象D. 文化现象答案：C4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A5. 以下哪个术语不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言死亡答案：D6. 语言的哪一层级负责表达意义？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 描述事物C. 命令他人D. 所有选项答案：D8. 以下哪个选项是语言的内部结构？A. 音位B. 词汇C. 语音D. 语法答案：D9. 以下哪个选项是语言的外部功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令控制D. 所有选项答案：D10. 语言的哪一层级负责表达关系？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的最小意义单位是________。
答案：音素2. 语言学研究的最小语音单位是________。
答案：音位3. 语言学研究的最小语法单位是________。
答案：词4. 语言学研究的最小语义单位是________。
答案：词义5. 语言学研究的最小语用单位是________。
答案：句子6. 语言学研究的最小社会单位是________。
答案：方言7. 语言学研究的最小文化单位是________。
答案：语言8. 语言学研究的最小交际单位是________。
答案：话语9. 语言学研究的最小心理单位是________。
答案：概念10. 语言学研究的最小认知单位是________。
答案：思维三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言学的主要研究内容。
《语言学教程》测试题答案
第一章：语言学导论参考答案I.1~5 B A C C C 6~10 B A C A CII.11~15 F F T F F 16~20 F F F F FIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity 23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive 27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the differencebetween human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events andconcepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s kn owledge of his or herlanguage; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious.A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The timestudied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds,around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus,definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy andobjectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against theobservable facts – come to a conclusion.第二章：语音参考答案I1~5 A C D A A 6~10 D B A B BII.11~15 T T T F F 16~20 T T T F FIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction 23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs 27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influenceof their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process iscalled sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are calledsuprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the samephonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we cangroup the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35. Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech soundis produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). V arious instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Soundsproduced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI. 37.Omit.第三章：词汇参考答案I1~5 A A C B B 6~10 B C A D BII. 11~15 F T F T T 16~20 F T F F FIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. v ocabulary 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation 27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining themeanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoiningsounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to forma new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.VI .37. (1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b第四章：句法参考答案I1~5 D C D D D 6~10 A D D B AII.11~15 T T T T F 16~20 F T F T TIII.21. simple 22. sentence 23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded 27. open 28. Adjacency29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in alanguage, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence interms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into theimmediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience. 33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents andshows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the originalposition. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. Thepassive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typicalexample is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowers第五章：意义参考答案I1~5 A B D D B 6~10 C A C D AII. 11~15 F F T F T 16~20 T F T T TIII.21. Semantics 22. direct 23. Reference 24. synonyms 25.homophones26. Relational27. Componential 28. selectional29. argument 30. namingIV.31. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified withthe following sentences:a. T om divorced Jane.b. Jane was T om’s wife.In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true,B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false.Therefore we can say A entails B.32. Proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs andwhich some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences“Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold the same proposition.33. Compositional analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, orsemantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG andFEMALE.34. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationshipbetween the form and the reality.V.35. Hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship36. (Omit.)VI.37. (1) The (a) words and (b) words are male.The (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.(2) The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.The (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.(3) The (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual.The (a) words are material, while the (b) words are spiritual.第七章：语言、文化和社会参考答案I1~5 B C A A C 6~10 D A C A DII. 11~15 F T F F F 16~20 T F T F FIII.21. community 22. variety23. dialectal 24.planning25.sociolects26. Stylistic27. official 28. superposed29. vernacular 30. inflectionalIV.31. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for socialcontact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.32. Regional dialect: Regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by themembers of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.33. Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particularspeech situations on which degrees of formality depends.34. Sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the studyof language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.V. 35. American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.36. In China, Chinese has a more strict and complex relationship system. So in Chinese there are a lot morekinship words than in English.VI.37. (Omit.)第八章：语言的使用参考答案I1~5 D B C B A 6~10 C B C A DII. 11~15 F T T F F 16~20 F F F T TIII.21. context 22. utterance 23. abstract 24. Constatives 25. Performatives26. locutionary 27. illocutionary 28. commissive 29. expressive 30. quantityIV.31. Conversational implicature: In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation aregenerally cooperating with each other. In other words, when people are talking with each other, they must try to converse smoothly and successfully. In accepting speak ers’ presuppositions, listenershave to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense of cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are not normally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, or withhold relevant information from one another. However, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The real intention implied in the words is called conversational implicature.32. Performative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as W atch out (= a warning).33. Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can beunderstood.34. Horn’s Q-principle: (1) Make your contribution sufficient (cf. quantity); (2) Say as much as you can(given R).V.35. Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationshipsbetween sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of(1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world;(2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and thehearer.Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.36.Y es, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say“when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus comes.”VI.37.It occurs before and / or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or a text. The context oftenhelps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.(1) a. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy.”c. The room was wanted for a meeting.(2) a. A mild way to express disagreement with someone w ho has complimented on a lady’sappearance.b. A regret that the customer had not taken the dress.c. That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion.第十二章：现代语言学理论与流派参考答案I1~5 B A C A A 6~10 A B D C CII. 11~15 F F T T F 16~20 F T T T FIII.21. synchronic 22. phonetics23. J. R. Firth 24. systemic25. sociologically26. distribution27. Bloomfieldian 28. Descriptivism29. innateness 30. hypothesis-makerIV.31. FSP: It stands for Functional Sentence Perspective. It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to ananalysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain.32. Cohesion: The Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating other tagmemes or isdominated by others.33. LAD: LAD, that is Language Acquisition Device, is posited by Chomsky in the 1960s as a deviceeffectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their native language is constructed.34. Case Grammar: It is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type ofgenerative grammar developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late 1960s.V. VI. Omit.。
(完整word版)[语言学]语言学教程测试题及答案
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1.判断题：We were all born with the ability to acquire language，which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted。
正确错误参考答案：错误2。
单选题：__________ deals with language application to other fields，particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD。
Applied linguistics参考答案：D3.单选题：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB。
communicationC. relationD. community参考答案: B4。
判断题：Only human beings are able to communicate。
正确错误参考答案：错误5.填空题：Saussure put forward two important concepts。
_____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.参考答案：langue6.判断题：The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear's play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"。
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1.判断题：We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.正确错误参考答案：错误2.单选题：__________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD. Applied linguistics参考答案：D3.单选题：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community参考答案：B4.判断题：Only human beings are able to communicate.正确错误参考答案：错误5.填空题：Saussure put forward two important concepts. _____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.参考答案：langue6.判断题：The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear’s play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.正确错误参考答案：正确7.填空题：Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s_______参考答案：competence8.判断题：Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.正确错误参考答案：错误9.填空题：The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______ study.参考答案：diachronic10.填空题：Linguistics is the______ study of language.参考答案：scientific11.填空题：One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _______ over writing. 参考答案：speech12.填空题：Modern linguistics is _______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.参考答案：descriptive13.单选题：Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang参考答案：A14.判断题： F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.正确错误参考答案：错误15.单选题：__________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole参考答案：A16.判断题：Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.正确错误参考答案：错误17.单选题：Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness参考答案：C【quiz2 phonology】测试总分：18 分【jenny1027】的测试概况：(得分：18 分)1.填空题：In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _______参考答案：minimal pairs2.填空题：Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the coming ______from the lungs.参考答案：air stream3.判断题：According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into long vs. short or tense vs. lax.正确错误参考答案：正确4.判断题：In English, all the back vowels are rounded.正确错误参考答案：错误5.填空题：In English there are a number of_________, which are produced by moving from onevowel position to another through intervening positions.参考答案：diphthongs6.填空题：According to the feature of voicing, consonant sounds can be either ____ or ____ , while all vowel sounds are ____ .参考答案：voiced voiceless voiced7.单选题：Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice参考答案：A8.单选题：Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]参考答案：A9.判断题：In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded.正确错误参考答案：正确10.单选题：Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above参考答案：B11.单选题：What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant参考答案：B12.填空题：Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without ______ .参考答案：obstruction13.判断题：Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.正确错误参考答案：正确14.判断题：[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.正确错误参考答案：错误15.判断题：Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.正确错误参考答案：错误16.单选题：Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]参考答案：B【quiz3 Morphology】1.填空题：Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ______ and ______.参考答案：derivational morphemes inflectional morphemes2.填空题：______is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.参考答案：Back-formation3.单选题：The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation参考答案：C4.单选题：Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. content wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words参考答案：A5.填空题：______is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of the Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.参考答案：Conversion6.单选题：__________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition参考答案：B7.填空题：A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to ______class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belong to______ class.参考答案：closed open8.单选题：The words like smog and motel are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy参考答案：A9.单选题：In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems参考答案：B10.填空题：A word formed by derivation is called a ______, and a word formed by compounding is called a ______.参考答案：derivative compound11.单选题：The word DINK is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. compoundingD. blending参考答案：A12.单选题：There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six参考答案：C13.单选题：Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational参考答案：A【quiz4-syntax】1.填空题：Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed ______参考答案：complementizers2.判断题：Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.正确错误参考答案：错误3.填空题：______is "a syntactic unit that functions as part of a larger unit within a sentence"参考答案：Constituent4.填空题：There are two levels of syntactic structures. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties, is called ______. The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called ______.参考答案：deep structure surface structure5.填空题：Infl is the short form of ______, an abstract category which indicates ______ and ______.参考答案：inflection tense agreement6.填空题：Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation. They differ from minor lexical categories in that they are often ______ assumed to be the around which phrases are built.参考答案：heads7.判断题：In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.正确错误参考答案：错误8.判断题： A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.正确错误参考答案：正确9.填空题：______ is the inversion operation involving the movement of a word from the head position in one phrase into the head position in another phrase.参考答案：head movement10.填空题：Sentence head---- ______ position can be taken by an ______ or an abstract category encoded in a verb which indicates the sentence’s ______.参考答案：Infl auxiliary tense11.填空题：Syntax is ______ that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the ______ the formation of sentences.参考答案：a branch of linguistics rules that govern12.判断题：Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.正确错误参考答案：正确13.判断题：In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.正确错误参考答案：正确14.判断题：The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.正确错误参考答案：正确15.填空题：the XP rule (revised): XP--> ______ + ______ + ______参考答案：(Specifier) X (Complement*)16.填空题：Wh-movement: Move a wh-phrase to the position under CP.参考答案：specifier【quiz5 semantics】1.填空题：_______ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.参考答案：Gradable2.单选题：The semantic components of the word “man”can be expressed as________.A. +human, +male, -adultB. +human, -male, -adultC. +human, +male, +adultD. +human, -male, +adult参考答案：C3.填空题：_______ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.参考答案：componential4.单选题： A word with several meaning is called___________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemic wordC. a synonymous wordD. None of the above参考答案：B5.单选题：What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy参考答案：C6.填空题：The semantic component of the word _______ are +Human, +Adult, +male, -Married.参考答案：bachelor7.填空题：According to the “semantic triangle”presented by Ogden and Richards, the symbol or _______ refers to the linguistic elements(words, sentences, etc.), the _______ refers to the object in the world of experience and the thought or reference refers to concept.参考答案：form referent8.单选题：We call the relation between “animal”and “cow”as___________.A. polysemyB. antonymyC. homophonyD. hyponymy参考答案：D9.单选题：Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman”is right?A. +human, -adult, -maleB. +human, +adult, -maleC. +human, +adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male参考答案：B10.单选题：What is the meaning relationship between the two words “rose/tulip”?A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homophonyD. co-hyponyms参考答案：D11.单选题：The pair of words “wide/narrow”are called__________.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites参考答案：A12.单选题：The pair of words “borrow/lend”are called __________.A. relational oppositesB. synonymsC. complementariesD. gradable opposites参考答案：A【quiz6 Pragmatics】1.单选题：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context参考答案：D2.单选题：According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs参考答案：B3.填空题：A(n) _______ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.参考答案：locutionary4.单选题： A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual参考答案：B5.填空题：A(n) _______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.参考答案：illocutionary6.填空题：There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of _______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.参考答案：quantity7.判断题：The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent正确错误参考答案：错误8.填空题：_______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.参考答案：Performatives9.判断题：It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.正确错误参考答案：正确10.单选题：When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures参考答案：D11.判断题：The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.正确错误参考答案：错误12.填空题：A(n) _______ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.参考答案：expressive13.填空题：_______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.参考答案：Constatives14.判断题：Utterances always take the form of complete sentences.正确错误参考答案：错误15.判断题：Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.正确错误参考答案：错误16.单选题：All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about参考答案：C17.单选题：If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive参考答案：C18.判断题：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.正确错误参考答案：错误19.单选题：__________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act参考答案：C20.填空题：A(n) _______ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.参考答案：commissive21.判断题：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.正确错误参考答案：正确。