高级英语写作_Argumentation

3. A convincing argument
facts,statistics,testimony,examples
4. A reasonable tone
I belive· · · · · · I think· · · · · ·
CONTENTS目录
1. Definition 2. Principles and Conventions 3. Argument structures 4. Strategy 5. Common logical fallacies and weakness in argument 6. An example
Examples of argumentation writing are:
Critical review
Editorials
Job evaluation Job application letter Letter of recommendation Letters to the editors Resume
Lindsay Lohan Between
Lance Armstrong use performance enhancing drugs.
Should Smoking Be Banned?
It has become fashionable in the world today to condemn smoking. However, although I feel that smoking can be harmful, I do not think it should be banned.
SUPER NANNIES
To keep up with the times,Norland College in England,trainning nannies,has added two new classes to its curriculum:martial arts and stunt driving(特技驾驶).Why?
A well-defined,controversial issue
2 3
A clear position taken by the writer
A convincing argument
4
A reasonable toຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidue
1. A well-defined,controversial issue:
2. Chain argument
A chain argument contains more than one layers of argument.The support of the first layer becomes the claim of the second layer,which needs further support,as shown in the following:
Phil Spector is currently in prison for murder.
2003 and 2005,Lindsay Lohan starred in a string of highly successful films and became known as the "teen move queen"……Unfortunately,in 2006,Lindsay started drinking and doing drugs;and since 2007,she's been arrested over twenty times.
2. Principles and Conventions
A good argumentation should abide by the following conventions:
Three kinds of evidence:objective data,social consensus,personal credibility and experience
Argument structures
1. Simple argument
A simple argument only contains a claim,a support and a inference,as shown in the following:
Claim
inference Support
Support
I would also argue that people should have the right to choose whether they smoke or not. People should not smoke · · · · · ·.
Support
4. Convergent argument
What is argumentation ?
• Argumentation is analyzed, review of a problem or something, that a style of their own point of view, position, attitude, views and propositions.
Clai m
inference
Support
Support
rather than it tells you a structure,it teaches you a way to think：well-knit（严谨）
Claim
inference
Suppor t
Suppor t
Suppor t
CELEBRITIES WHO FELL FROM GRACE 那些自毁前途的明星
• “The higher you go,the harder you fall”is a common English expression.It means the more successful you become,the more you have to lose.And it's an experience shared by many celebrities who have ruined their careers by doing something stupid or illegal.Here are some famous people who have fallen from grace.
Introduction of
ARGUMENTATION
CONTENTS目录
1. Definition 2. Principles and Conventions 3. Argument structures 4. Strategy 5. Common logical fallacies and weakness in argument 6. An example
A debatable point
• Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations. • Acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations.
A convergent argument requires two supports to work together for a claim. In other words,only one support cannot stand well without the other,as shown in the following.
Tiger Woods In 2009,Tiger Woods was the best golfer in the world……But then he had an affair.In December2009,the tabloids（小报） revealed that Woods had cheated on his wife with more than 12 women……
兄弟，来 一根呀！
Claim
First, smoking undoubtedly helps many people to relax. For some, it · · · · · ·.
Support
A further point is that governments throughout the world make huge profits from levying taxes on cigarettes. This provides funds · · · · · ·.
e.g. First children are smarter---But why? Marriage makes our children richer — Here's why Eating popcorn in the cinema makes people immune to advertising Men and women can't be 'just friends'
2. A clear position taken by the writer
e.g. Correct Can heterosexual men and women ever be “just friends”? a
new study suggests that men, relative to women, have a particularly hard time being “just friends.”
Because the children of the rich and famous are often targeted by the paparazzi(狗 仔队) ,and could potentially become victims of kidnapping （绑架）attempts. So,Noland thinks its naannies need to know how to handle these high-risk situations.
e.g. Error XXX is one of the most important things in people’s life. It has many advantages.However,just as every coin has two sides,XXX also has some disadvantages.
Support
inference
Support/Claim
inference
Claim
relay race 接力比赛
小伙伴，此处有视频哦~！！
3. Compound argument
A compound argument contains more than one support for the same claim,as shown in the following:
Follow the rules of reason
Evidence must be presented logically
Three types of appeals:ethos( 喻德）,logos （喻理）,pathos （喻情）
1
A good argumentation should include:
A debatable point
• Lady Gaga is my favorite star. • Lady Gaga is the most popular star of the 21th century.
A debatable point
• Noise pollution is harmful to people's health. • Noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution.