高级英语写作_Argumentation
雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解
雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解雅思写作大作文Argumentation题型讲解Argumentation题型是雅思大作文命中率特别高的题型，所以分享给大家关于雅思大作文大作文Argumentation题型的详细讲解，主要是关于Discuss both views and give your own opinion，(To what extent) do you agree or disagree两种提问方式的讲解，具体内容一起来看正文。
Discuss both views and give your own opinionSome people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. (C6-4) ❶ Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations…. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.(背景描述+过渡，表明变化是无处不在的')❷Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. … (分析第一种观点的弊端)❸However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevit able is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better.’… (反驳第二种观点)❹ In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energizing for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes. (得出自己的结论：变化确实能带来好处，但是并不是所有变化都一定会带来好的结果)本文实际上指出了题目当中的两种观点都有局限之处，从而引出自己的看法。
高级英语写作2argumentation
Inductive Argumentation
归纳论证
从个别事例中推导出一般结论的推理过程。
特点
基于观察、经验和证据，逐步推导结论。
例子
通过观察一组数据，发现某种趋势，从而得 出结论。
Interpretation
解释论证
对某个观点、文本或事件进行深入分析和解释，以证 明其合理性的推理过程。
特点
需要深入挖掘信息，理解背景和语境，提供全面解释。
I will seek opportunities to write and receive feedback on argumentative essays, focusing on areas where I need the most improvement.
01
introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
Argumentation in Advanced English Writing
Description
This course focuses on the art of persuasive writing, including the structure, logic, and language of argumentation.
要点二
Key Concepts
Important concepts such as the use of logical fallacies and the development of counterarguments were thoroughly explained and discussed.
Building Argumentation Structure
(argumentation议论文
Group Competition
Find out the key words of the sentences. Bicycles are very popular around the world nowadays. People ride bicycles for exercise and enjoyment.
Summary of Argumentation
Exercise: 1. Read Text 1 and find out the topic sentences or summarize the main idea of each paragraph Para 1 : Honesty is one of the most treasured traditional values in China. Para 2: With the development of society, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. Para 3: Dishonest people can get benefit sometimes, but they will surely be disclosed and punished. Para 4: Dishonest people will become infamous, while only honest people will earn respect and trust.
Summary of Argumentation
Step 2: Writing a Summary Read the passage and decide what kind of article it is. (argumentation议论文 议论文, (argumentation议论文, narration 记叙文,exposition说明文) 记叙文,exposition说明文) ,exposition说明文 Find out the topic sentences or summarize the main idea of each part Write it in the third person
银川海派英语【雅思写作】命题形式
银川海派英语【雅思写作】命题形式扫描下方二维码关注海派国际英语官方微信公众账号，更多精彩内容不容错过！！雅思写作，话题远处不在，从命题形式上看，可以分为三大类：1.辩论型题目（argumentation）两个事物或两个观点，让你任选其一。
或者是一个事物或一个观点，问你支持或反对。
这类试题在考试中占70%左右。
例: Modern lifestyles mean that many parents have little time for their children. Many children do not get as much attention from their parents as children did in the past. To what extent do you agree or disagree?例:Some people say the government should not put money in the Arts such as music opera and paintings but instead should spend more money on construction of public facilities. Discuss.2．解释型题目（explanation）一个现象，让你说明原因或/和给出解决方法等。
这类试题在考试中占20%。
例:为什么现在很多的年青人从学校毕业以后很难找到工作，分析个人原因和社会原因，可以采取什么措施来解决。
例:What are the causes of water shortages? Please also offer some solutions to deal with this problem.3．混合型题目（Mixed）即题目中包含两个问号或要求，一个是辩论型题目，一个是解释型题目。
例:In some countries sports and entertainment personalities earn higher salaries than professionals like doctors nurses and teachers. Why do you think this happens in some societies and do you consider it is good or bad?例:In some countries the national traditional arts are facing extinction. Some people think that the government should support them. Do you agree or disagree? What should the government do?。
[实用参考]雅思写作经典模板
![[实用参考]雅思写作经典模板](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0832b77dae1ffc4ffe4733687e21af45b307fe70.png)
[实⽤参考]雅思写作经典模板Argumentation模板第⼀段：（引⼦）第⼀句：描述背景Therearevariousdifferentopinionsonthesubjectof…替换句型：therearewidelPdifferingviewsontheissueofwhether…ornot. Theissueofwhether…ornotiscertainlPacontentiousone. Thepast20Pearshaveseenadramaticincreasein…Thepast20Pearshaveseenaconsiderableincreasein…ThesedaPs,itseemsthat…第⼆句：引⼊话题whilesomepeoplemightsuggestthat…,替换句型：1.whilesomestillholdtotheviewthat…2.thisraisescertainquestionabout…3.Despitetheargumentsofsomepeoplethat…第三句：表达观点IpersonallPbelievethat…替换句型：1.InthisessaP,Iintendtoarguethat…2.Iwouldarguethattheoverallimpactof…hasinfactbeennegative/positive.TwooftheprimarPdrawbacksassociatedwiththistrendareasfollows.3.AlthoughtherearevalidargumentstothecontrarP,inthispaperIwillarguethat4.ItismPbelievethat…5.PersonallPIdonotagreewiththisopinion,forthefollowingreasons6.However,Iamnotabelieverintheargumentthat…7.Idisagreewiththispointofviewforthefollowingreasons第⼆段：(说理)第⼀句：FirstlP,obviousisasightthat…替换句型：1.firstofall,itisindisputablefactthat…2.firstofall,itisanundeniablefactthat…3.itisanirrefutablefactthat…4.itisvitallPimportantthat…5.onepointwhichIbelievetobeabsolutelPpivotalisthefactthat…6.itisvitalthat…+第⼆句：Thisisbecause…第三句：foreGample…替换句型：ThisisparticularlPsogiventhefactthat…第三段：（举例）第⼀句：Inadditiontothis…替换句型：1.EquallPimportantlP,…2.furtherandevenmoreimportantlP,3.evenmoredisturbing,is4.secondlPandmoreimportantlP,though,inorderto…,itisessentialthat…第⼆句：foreGample,替换句型：1.oneparticularlPgoodeGampleofthisis…2.oneparticularlPsalienteGampleofthisis第三句：…第四段：（反⽅观点）第⼀句：Itisalsotruethat…(反⽅观点)替换句型：1.However,perhapsthestrongestargumentinfavorof…isthat…2.Pet,perhapsthestrongestargumentinfavorof…isthat…第⼆句：if…(极端，特殊情况下的⼀些合理性，进⼀步说明该段第⼀句话)第三句：however,替换句型：however,thisisunlikelPtooccurwhile…第五段：（结论）第⼀句：bPwaPofconclusion,IonceagainreaffirmmPpositionthat…because…第⼆句：AlthoughtheParebPnomeansinsurmountable,itishighlPunlikelPthatthePw illberesolvedinforeseeablefuture.结尾补充句型：1.It,therefore,demandsourfurtherconsideration.2.Giventheseriousnessoftheproblemsthatitcauses,Ibelievethatthisshouldbetheultimategoal.3.therefore,itisclearlPinourownintereststodosth.Report模板⾸段:（引⼦）第⼀句：描述背景（引⼦）itisindisputablefactthat…替换句型：itisanundeniablefactthat…itisanirrefutablefactthat第⼆句：(可有可⽆)theseriousconsequencesofareoftenfeltinourlife.第三句：承上启下：InthisessaP,IintendtoeGplorethesourcesofthisproblema longwithsomepossiblesolutiontoit.替换句型：InthefollowingessaP,IaimtoidentifPthesourcesofthisproblemaswellassomeviablesolutiontoit.第⼆段：分析原因第⼀句：Chiefamongthecausesofthisproblemis….替换句型：第⼆句：Inthepast,…第三句：ConsequentlP,…第四句：Anothermajorcontributingfactoristhat…第三段：提供解决⽅案第⼀句：Inordertoaddressitsrootcauses.Perhapsthemosteffectivemethodofdoingthiswouldbeforpeopletodosth.第⼆句：Since…,第三句：onefurthermeasurewouldbeto…替换句型：onefurthermethodof…wouldbeforpeopletodo第四段：总结第⼀句：Inconclusion,IbelievethatthisisclearlPaproblemofsuchcompleG itPthatnosolutionislikelPintheshortterm.替换句型：InrealitP,thisproblemisunlikelPtoberesolvedintheshortterm. 第⼆句：However,Ibelievethatthemeasuresoutlinedabovewouldconstituteagoodfi rststep.However,itisbPnomeansinsurmountable,andIamconvincedthat…替换句型：however,IbelievethatthehardwaPissometimesthatthebestwaP. 主体段思路拓展⽅法：1.举例⼦(foreGample)2.对⽐（inthepast,now过去和现在对⽐）3.假设（if如果…,）。
英语高分四级作文万能模板及范文应用之三Argumentation
英语高分四级作文万能模板及范文应用之三Argumentation3．Argumentation型1）some, others, I 型（1）模版一There is no consensus among the people as to the view of _________ (主题). Some people hold the idea that __________ _____________ (观点A). A case in point is that _____________ ________________ (支持观点A的例子).On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them, ______________ (观点B). The most typical example is that __________ (支持观点B的例子).Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclin ed to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extent, but the latter is m ore convincing.（2）模版二___________ (主题) is a common occurrence in our lives. T he attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Som e people tend to ______________ when they are asked ______ ___________ (观点A) because _______________________ (支持观点A的原因). The most typical example is that ______________ ______________ (支持观点A的例子).However, others argue that ________________________(观点B). They point out that _______________________ (重申观点B) for the reason that _______________ (支持观点B的原因).As far as I am concerned, I will choose to ______________ ____ (你的观点) because this choice fits my personality and my l ife-long belief.2）My View 型（1）模版一When asked about ______________ (主题), some people hol d the idea that _________________________ (观点A). As far a s they are concerned, _________________________ (展开观点A). But I could not agree with them in several points. In my op inion, ______________________________ (观点B). The reasons for my choice are listed as follows.In the first place, ___________________________ (支持观点B的理由1). In the second place, __________________________ ____ (支持观点B的理由2). In the third place, ________________ _______________ (支持观点B的理由3).For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe ________ ____ (重申观点B).（2）模版二Some people believe that __________________________ (观点A). For instance, they hold the idea that ______________________________ (支持观点A的例子). And it may bring them __ ___________________________ (A带给他们的好处).In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. F or one thing, _____________________________ (我不同意的理由1). For another, _____________________________ (我不同意的理由2).As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explai n my choice. For me, I agree to the thought that ___________ ___________________ (重申自己的观点).3）利弊型（1）模版一Nowadays many people prefer __________ (主题) because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantag es can be seen as follows. On the one hand, _______________ _ (主题的优点1). On the other hand, ___________________ (主题的优点2).But everything can be divided into two. The negative aspect s are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ___________________ (主题的缺点1). To make matters worse, __________________________ (主题的缺点2).Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspe cts far outweigh its negative aspects. Whatever effects it has, o ne thing is certain, ________ (主题) itself is neither good nor b ad. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to our society.（2）模版二With the development of science and human civilization, ma ny formerly unimaginable things come into reality. Some of the m have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful. Th e phenomenon of ___________ (主题现象) is an example of the former / latter one.There are many factors that may account for it, and the foll owing are the most conspicuous aspects. To start with, ______ ____________ (原因1). Furthermore, ______________________ (原因2). Eventually, ________________________________ (原因3).Good as ____________ (主题现象) is, it has, unfortunately, i ts disadvantages. The apparent example is that _____________ _ (缺点例子1). In addition, _____________________ (缺点例子2).On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society. There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate __________ (主题现象) and make our life more comfortable.21st century has brought with it an unprecedented variety o f recreational activities ranging from traditional outdoor activities such as playing ball games to all kinds of online ones, the latt er of which is a great appeal to the young generatio n. So I’d lik eto narrow my topic down to online recreational activities.It goes without saying that various activities brought by mo dern technology have greatly broadened our horizon and brough t much excitement to us. With access to the Internet, you can get to know people from any country in the world and you can talk with them, play games with them --- a temptation very har d to resist, and even see them via web cam. The disadvantage, however, is that anyone who lacks self-control would very easil y get lost and become addicted to the online world, which in tu rn might seriously affect their life, work and interpersonal relati onships.As a college student, I think what really matters is to make better choice and exert more discipline. We’d better tak e adva ntage of good online recreational activities to enrich our lives an d broaden the scope of knowledge. When it comes to those add ictive, time-consuming and less meaningful activities, I think to stay away from them is a wise decision.With the development of living standard, people spend more time on various forms of recreational activities. People can do sports, singing karaoke, go dancing, go to the movies, play vide o games or online games, or surf the Internet.Recreational activities are good to people’s health, both phy sically and mentally. Sports and dancing can keep people fit. Si nging karaoke, playing video games or online games can satisfy people’s imagination. Surfing the Internet can bring people a lo t of information and knowledge.However, recreational activities might be harmful if people a re addicted. Spending too much time on recreational activities w ill seriously influence people’s normal lives, especially work and study. Therefore, people will benefit from recreational activitiesonly if they take part in them properly.。
argumentation英语作文范文
The Power of Argumentation in EnglishEssaysIn the realm of academic writing, the art of argumentation holds a pivotal position. It is not merely a technique to persuade others but a means to explore ideas, critically analyze them, and present a well-reasoned stance. The essence of argumentation lies in the careful balancingof claims, evidence, and logic to arrive at a convincing conclusion. This balancing act is particularly crucial in English essays, where the language itself often poses challenges due to its nuances and subtleties.The foundation of any argumentative essay is a clear, focused claim that the writer intends to defend. This claim should be stated explicitly in the introduction, settingthe tone for the entire essay. From there, the writer must build a robust framework by providing evidence thatsupports the claim. This evidence could be statistical data, quotes from experts, or anecdotal experiences thatillustrate the point. However, it is crucial to ensure that the evidence is relevant, credible, and sufficient to strengthen the argument.The art of argumentation in English essays alsoinvolves the careful manipulation of language. The writer must choose their words carefully, using precise vocabulary that conveys the intended meaning without ambiguity. Additionally, sentence structure and paragraph organization play a crucial role in maintaining the flow of the argument. Effective transition words and phrases help readers follow the thread of the argument, while well-structured paragraphs ensure that the essay remains focused and coherent.Moreover, argumentative essays require a certain degree of objectivity. The writer must present both sides of the argument fairly, acknowledging opposing viewpoints and addressing them with logic and evidence. This balanced approach not only enhances the credibility of the argument but also encourages critical thinking among readers.In conclusion, the power of argumentation in English essays lies in its ability to persuade, explore, andanalyze ideas in a clear, coherent, and objective manner.By mastering the art of argumentation, writers can convey their thoughts effectively, engage readers deeply, andcontribute to the larger discourse within their field of study.**中文翻译：****英语议论文中的论证力量**在学术写作领域，论证的艺术占据着核心地位。
英语Argumentation写作
Lastly，in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation for students to cheat in an examination. Indeed，such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers，their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair our moral standards.
A. enough in quantity B. typical / representative in quality
enhance the persuasiveness
Forceful reasoning
Induction & deduction
1. Cite examples 2. Examplify from an idiom, saying or common sense… 3. Rebuttal approach 4. Comparison or contrast 5. Analogy 6. Causal relation
The so-called clever students devote
themselves to the study of textbooks only. They，of course，know nothing but the skeleton of knowledge. The end and aim of education，however，is to enable students to learn how to live.
argumentation英语写作议论文
Argumentation is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue. A piece of argumentative written work expresses the writer’s own idea on a subject instead of merely assembling facts.
Examination – Harmful or Useful? A My Views on Examinations E Which Weighs More – School Brand or Major? Why I Came to College E A Should Class Attendance Be Required? E Laid-off Workers Have to Face Reality Internet – the Indispensable of Our Life E Should Euthanasia (安乐死) Be Legalized? A
OR
The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the merit in their position, you are decreasing readers’ resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no arguable position is absolutely right.
高级英语写作-ArgumentationPPT课件
Claim
Support
inference
SUPER NANNIES
To keep up with the times,Norland College in England,trainning nannies,has added two new classes to its curriculum:martial arts and stunt driving(特技驾驶).Why?
So,Noland thinks its naannies need to know how to handle these high-risk situations.
2. Chain argument
A chain argument contains more than one layers of argument.The support of the first layer becomes the claim of the second layer,which needs further support,as shown in the following:
What is argumentation ?
•
Argumentation is analyzed,
review of a problem or something,
that a style of their own point of
英语写作2(argumentation)
Protecting the Environment: Who is Responsible?
❖ Intro 1 ❖ Today we live in a global consumer society. People
across the world purchase, use, and dispose of a huge variety of products which make our lives easier and more comfortable. However, the result of this is massive damage to our environment. This essay will examine how authorities and individuals need to work together to protect our resources and our planet.
❖ Beating children brutalizes parents, damages the parent-child relationship, and is completely unnecessary. (be strong!)
❖ Words to use in the thesis sentence
❖ This essay will discuss the benefits of having universal free health care.
❖ I am going to analyse the effects of drugs on the individual, the family, and society.
❖ 3773 means ❖ a 3-sentence Intro ❖ a 7-sentence para ❖ a 7-sentence para ❖ a 3-sentence conclusion
英语Argumentation写作
Clear argumentation
A clear argumentation is a premise to forceful reasoning.
Eg: Social practice cannot improve a college student’s ability
Enough evidence
The so-called clever students devote
themselves to the study of textbooks only. They，of course，know nothing but the skeleton of knowledge. The end and aim of education，however，is to enable students to learn how to live.
Lastly，in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation for students to cheat in an examination. Indeed，such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers，their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair our moral sts
Has travel become part of our life ？ Can travel broaden one’s mind？ Is smoking expensive？ Is smoking harmful to people’s health？
Argumentation 写作模板
Argumentation1。
What's your opinion? My view 型--- agree or disagree型/ some …others型介绍双方观点-——提出你支持的观点 ___________________（主题)is a common occurrence in our lives。
The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ （观点A）。
However, others argue that ______________（观点B）。
As far as I am concerned， I will choose to___________（你的观点）/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter。
介绍对方观点及其1—2个理由介绍背景句.Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______。
They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/ claim that ______（理由）From my own perspective./ Speaking for myself,________________________.(你的观点）。
I would like to present 2-3 explanations to confirm that I am right。
/ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussedabove, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other。
Argumentation.议论文特征
Argumentation.议论文特征ArgumentationAims：1．Knowing to define the term,2．Comparing this style of writing with exposition, description, and narration3．Knowing requirements of a GOOD argumentative essay 4．Knowing how to outline an augmentative essay: three parts.Procedure: （theory-practice）The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative.Argumentation frequently makes use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are very closely related --- argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.Although they can take different shapes, argumentative essays have certain basic features in common. If you wish to write a good argumentative essay, you should do your best to meet the following requirements:(1) A debatable pointIt is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point, that is, something which can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute. Generally speaking, the following are not good themes.1) Mere statements of facts“Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations”is a fact that cannot be debated. But if it is changed into “acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations”, it becomes debatable.2) Statements of personal preference“Ba Jin is my favorite author” expresses personal preference which does not lead to dispute. But a statement like “Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century” is disputable and sufficient evidence should be provided.3) Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verifiedIt is universally known that “noise pollution is harmful to people’s health”, but it is not generally accepted that “noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution”. The former viewpoint can be proved, but the later is arguable.(2)Sufficient evidenceSince the point of your paper is not a fact, a statement of personal taste, or a viewpoint universally accepted, you will have to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader. Sufficient evidence includes common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative; statistics; and quotations from authorities. Valid evidence is that which is clearly and directly connected with the point to be proved.(3)Good logicIt is obvious that good logic is even more important to argumentation than to any other typesof writing. All the facts and reasons that are given as evidence should be logically connected with the conclusion and with each other. Any fallacy in logic or wrong step in reasoning would leave the reader in doubt about the whole argument.There are generally two ways of reasoning:1)Inductive reasoning (from specific facts to a general conclusion)Inductive reasoning is the more common way. When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.2)Deductive reasoning (from a general statement to a specific conclusion)The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning --- it moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism --- a three-part argument in which there are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion.Here is an example of a syllogism:A.All human beings make mistakes. (a general statement)B.X is a human being.C.Therefore, X makes mistakes. (a specific conclusion)From the above example we can see that the major premise must be an accepted generalization, and the minor, a factual example of that generalization. If A and B are true, C, the conclusion, is bound to be true.You must be very careful about your premises, especiallyyour major premise, such statements as “all students love to study” and “women are more imaginative than men” are not generally accepted, and therefore cannot be used as major premises.(4)Clear logicA typical argumentative essay consists of three parts:an introduction which identifies the issue to be discussed and explains the importance of such a discussion; a body which presents the evidence; and a conclusion in which the proposition, if it is stated at the beginning, is reaffirmed.In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views. Then in each paragraph that follows, you add something new and important to your argument. The evidence you provide should be arrangedA.from the least important to the most important,B.from the most familiar to the least familiar, andC.from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult.(5)Good use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, andespecially the various methods of exposition(6)An honest and friendly attitudeTo argue is not to quarrel or fight. The force of an argument does not come from abuse, sarcasm, exaggeration, or fierce attack, but from solid evidence, logical reasoning, and careful analysis. A domineering or hostile tone could only raise doubts about your good faith and impair the credibility of your argument, whereas an honest and friendly attitude will help win the trust of your readers.Take care that you neither overstate or understate, and avoid overuse of such words and phrases as “perhaps”, “maybe”, “sometimes”, “more often”, “nearly always”, “I think”, or “in myopinion”, which invariably weaken the force of your argument.ModelsThe Harmful Effects of the Multiple-Choice TestThe multiple-choice test is a common examination form that is widely used as a standard international testing method in various academic fields, especially in language testing. Some educators and teachers embrace it as a most scientific test form for its objectivity, accuracy and high efficiency of grading test papers. However, after many years of application, investigation and research, other teachers and educators have admitted that to judge students’ real and practical abilities, such testing method has many limitations and drawbacks. In my opinion, for all its efficiency, objectivity and validity, the multiple-choice test should not be widely used for the examinations of academic courses on campus.Those who argue for the advantages of the multiple-choice test believe that such tests can greatly improve the accuracy and speed of test paper grading. The standardized answer sheets of such test make it possible for computers to replace men to grade the papers. Undoubtedly, the computerization of test paper grading not only improve the speed of grading test papers, but also eliminates the subjective factors of bias or preference that can not be totally avoided by those who grade them. Here, computers or electronic devices are considered as the norm for scientific testing method. It may be safe to check manufacturedproducts by electronic devices for their qualities. Yet, to check the real abilities and potentials of complex human beings, such devices and such testing method are far from enough. In fact, many problems from such testing do exist.First of all, it is convenient for students to cheat in the multiple-choice test. The standardization of answer sheets makes it easier for students to plagiarize others’ answers. The choices of A. B. C. D. are most clearly printed on the answer sheets or test papers. With only a quick glance, any student who attempts to cheat in the exam can surely steal the correct choice from whoever is nearby and whoever is considered as a good student. What’s more, some students may have some secret deal among themselves in the exam, delivering generous service to the needed. In this case, even when they are separated from each other with considerable distance by the proctor/invigilator, they can still succeed. The proctor may feel quite helpless because even though they sometimes see or feel students cheating, they cannot pinpoint or prove how the students are cheating in the exam. This in a way encourages the students’ misconduct and leads to their ethical degradation.Secondly, the multiple-choice test is often like a gambling. Doing well in such an exam is in some way becoming a matter of chance. According to the law of probability, if a question has four choices, then the probability of the right answer will be as high as 25%. Even is a person, absolutely ignorant of knowledge of that subject, take part in the multiple-choice test, he will have 25% chances of getting the right answer, just by guess. Because of this characteristic, some students’ attitude and attention to study may be quite misled and their capability and flexibility may be weakened. For example, we used to answer the multiple-choicetests at middle schools. When we come to college and face a problem of answering various questions in more details by writing or by speaking, we are at a loss, not to mention our difficulty in writing Englishcompositions.Thirdly, the multiple-choice test fails to evaluate the students’ abilities thoroughly, especially their potential abilities. Owing to the nature of such a test form, the four letters on the answer sheet cannot reveal the thought process of the students who take the exams. We all know that thought process is the reflection of one’s abilities and potentials in many different ways, and that process is often much more important than the test results themselves in telling the real abilities of the students. Therefore, the answers chosen on the answer sheet do not truly correspond to the students’ practical abilities.Fourthly, such a method of testing can seriously affect the students’ way of studying. Since the multiple-choice test demands no writing, students tend to develop a very passive way of receiving knowledge and responding to the questions related to the knowledge, and therefore neglect the abilities of actively and creatively using what they have learned. This is especially harmful for language study that requires constant actual practice. It may lower the students’interest and intelligence in their studies and lead to the failure of our educational purposes. After all, how can we meet the complex challenge of modern society with simple “A. B. C. D.” ?From the above cases of evidence and analysis, it is clear that the multiple-choice test should not dominate the examinations of our academic courses. It may be used partially for some specific purposes for some courses, but extensive use of themultiple-choice test at various levels of our educational institutions will surely impoverish the quality of our education and of our students.Is English Writing Necessary for English Majors?English writing is generally the most difficult one in the language competence required for the students majoring in English, considering the great pains student writers take and the slight progress they make in their practice. Most of the beginners think there is no need to practice writing English compositions since their writing skills in Chinese are quite sufficient, and English writing is after all not quite practical for their future work. However, English writing, as a very important part of students’ general language competence and as a means of expressing oneself andof spreading knowledge and information, is necessaryand essential for English majors.1)T he difficulty ofEnglish writing baffles(=confuses) some students so much that they turn to their Chinese skills for help. That is natural. In fact, their Chinese writingskills do help their English writing, especially in generating and organizing ideas and details. Meanwhile, Chinese writing is different from English writing in sentence structure and paragraph organizations and their differences in expressions are certainly even bigger. Simply translating Chinese word for word into English cannot make good English writing. Other students hold a wrong view of English learning. They think to learn English is just to memorize a large vocabulary, to master the grammar and to speak fluent English. Once they are proficient in thoseareas of English, they can naturally handle English writing well. To correct such a one-sided view, one thing must be kept in mind, that is, spoken English is not equal to written English. Oral speech is often rather loose and flexible withoutprecise and proper arrangement. Oral English uses simple everydaylanguage while written English comprises complicated words andsentence structures. Therefore, written English is more demanding,and it requires intentional and intensive practice. English writingcourse can serve this purpose.The students’laziness in observing and thinking partly accounts for their reluctance to practice writing. Writing sharpens and improves thinking. English writing canhelp students develop the habit and ability of thinking in English and become generally more competent in English. Composition topics can be varied yet close to life. If students have a good habit of observing life and thinking constantly, they won’t bump into (=accidentally meet) topics with empty heads. Keen observation and deep thoughts are necessary for good English writing, and they are also signs for well-educated people.Writing can also strengthen students’abilities in comprehension and oral English. Writing is creative work. After brainstorming, various ideasand pictures may pop into their minds and some beautiful sentences may be written down on a piece of paper, which will last long in their memory. Their written English skills may help to polish and beautify their spoken English and make their oralexpression precise and elegant. Writing involves lots of reading. When reading others’ writing, they will be sensitive to various styles and that will quicken their reading speed and comprehension.Furthermore, English writing is in fact a most practical tool in students’future career. It willbe used in writing telexes, business letters, research papers and public speeches. Every kind of writing has its special style, which needs a careful study and strenuous practice. yet all those are based on essential skills in English writing that will be covered in an English writing course.Finally, the required competence forEnglish majors differs from other English learners. English majors are not limited to the command of anyparticular sphere of the English language, but they must have all-round competence in terms of listening and reading comprehension, spoken abilities and writing skills in English, so that they can adopt themselves to various situations in their future work.No one is born capable of everything. Hard work is the premise of success. To be able to use English freely, we do not only have to read a lot, speaka lot, but also write a lot. English writing practice consolidates(=strengthen)students’overall En glish competence and enables them to express their ideas and feelings in a more precise, graceful and permanent form.。
Argumentation 写作模板
Argumentation1. What’s your opinion? My view 型--- agree or disagree型/ some …others 型介绍双方观点---提出你支持的观点___________________（主题）is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ (观点A). However, others argue that ______________（观点B）. As far as I am concerned, I will choose to ___________（你的观点）/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.介绍对方观点及其1-2个理由介绍背景句。
Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______. They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/ claim that ______（理由）From my own perspective./ Speaking for myself,________________________.(你的观点)。
I would like to present 2-3 explanations to confirm that I am right./ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other. So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:WILL PHONES KILL LETTER WRITING?Presently, most of the young people tend to phone more frequently than write to each other./At present,( there are )more and more young people (who)prefer to use phones instead of writing a letter, which has become a fashion.One of the reasons is that people choose to live in a highly efficient way. Communication by phones is more efficient and convenient and prompt. It just takes one some seconds or minutes to settle a matter or to inform /deliver an important notice or message. On the contrary, if people write, it will cost them more time or take more trouble to send the letter.Topic TwoAt present, there is a widespread concern over the issue as to/about whether college students should hire cleaners, for it is much to do with /closely related to the fostering /cultivation of a spirit of independence/self-reliance among the youth. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to approve of the choice, while others contend (坚决主张/advocate)that it’s risky to deprive students of the right to do manual work, for this will make them unable to taste the pleasure of physical labor.As for me, I stand on the latter side. My arguments for this point are listed as follow s.The first reason is that there is growing concern about the lack of independence among young people, who are the only child of their family. (人们越来越担忧独生子女缺乏自立精神) They are mostly spoilt by their family, seldom even never involved in the housework. They devoted all their time to getting prepared for Gaokao. So it is high time that they learnt to be self-reliant from doing some cleaning. It is an essential skill for them to grow up.Still, college students should learn to shoulder their own responsibilities. If they hire cleaners on campus, they will put more financial pressure on their parents. It will induce/lead to extra expense. As adults, college students had better learn to be independent of their parents, trying every effort to reduce the financial burden on their family.However,some people may argue that hiring cleaners may save more time for study. As a matter of fact, doing some cleaning doesn’t need much time. It can be done in your spare/free time. It won’t take long. What really matters is one’s attitude towards manual labor.To conclude,it is not necessary for college students to hire cleaners. They should learn to do it by themselves. By doing so, they are likely to be enjoyable and to be independent. (326 words)[From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that it is not advisable/sensible for students to hire cleaners.]2. 利弊型写法1：分别阐述利与弊背景介绍。
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Support
I would also argue that people should have the right to choose whether they smoke or not. People should not smoke · · · · · ·.
Support
4. Convergent argument
A my favorite star. • Lady Gaga is the most popular star of the 21th century.
A debatable point
• Noise pollution is harmful to people's health. • Noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution.
2. A clear position taken by the writer
e.g. Correct Can heterosexual men and women ever be “just friends”? a
new study suggests that men, relative to women, have a particularly hard time being “just friends.”
Phil Spector is currently in prison for murder.
2003 and 2005,Lindsay Lohan starred in a string of highly successful films and became known as the "teen move queen"……Unfortunately,in 2006,Lindsay started drinking and doing drugs;and since 2007,she's been arrested over twenty times.
Claim
inference
Suppor t
Suppor t
Suppor t
CELEBRITIES WHO FELL FROM GRACE 那些自毁前途的明星
• “The higher you go,the harder you fall”is a common English expression.It means the more successful you become,the more you have to lose.And it's an experience shared by many celebrities who have ruined their careers by doing something stupid or illegal.Here are some famous people who have fallen from grace.
What is argumentation ?
• Argumentation is analyzed, review of a problem or something, that a style of their own point of view, position, attitude, views and propositions.
e.g. First children are smarter---But why? Marriage makes our children richer — Here's why Eating popcorn in the cinema makes people immune to advertising Men and women can't be 'just friends'
Follow the rules of reason
Evidence must be presented logically
Three types of appeals:ethos( 喻德）,logos （喻理）,pathos （喻情）
1
A good argumentation should include:
e.g. Error XXX is one of the most important things in people’s life. It has many advantages.However,just as every coin has two sides,XXX also has some disadvantages.
Clai m
inference
Support
Support
rather than it tells you a structure,it teaches you a way to think：well-knit（严谨）
A debatable point
• Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations. • Acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations.
Lindsay Lohan Between
Lance Armstrong use performance enhancing drugs.
Should Smoking Be Banned?
It has become fashionable in the world today to condemn smoking. However, although I feel that smoking can be harmful, I do not think it should be banned.
兄弟，来 一根呀！
Claim
First, smoking undoubtedly helps many people to relax. For some, it · · · · · ·.
Support
A further point is that governments throughout the world make huge profits from levying taxes on cigarettes. This provides funds · · · · · ·.
A convergent argument requires two supports to work together for a claim. In other words,only one support cannot stand well without the other,as shown in the following.
Support
inference
Support/Claim
inference
Claim
relay race 接力比赛
小伙伴，此处有视频哦~！！
3. Compound argument
A compound argument contains more than one support for the same claim,as shown in the following:
2. Principles and Conventions
A good argumentation should abide by the following conventions:
Three kinds of evidence:objective data,social consensus,personal credibility and experience
Because the children of the rich and famous are often targeted by the paparazzi(狗 仔队) ,and could potentially become victims of kidnapping （绑架）attempts. So,Noland thinks its naannies need to know how to handle these high-risk situations.
2. Chain argument
A chain argument contains more than one layers of argument.The support of the first layer becomes the claim of the second layer,which needs further support,as shown in the following:
Examples of argumentation writing are:
Critical review
Editorials
Job evaluation Job application letter Letter of recommendation Letters to the editors Resume
Argument structures
1. Simple argument
A simple argument only contains a claim,a support and a inference,as shown in the following:
Claim
inference Support
Tiger Woods In 2009,Tiger Woods was the best golfer in the world……But then he had an affair.In December2009,the tabloids（小报） revealed that Woods had cheated on his wife with more than 12 women……