操作系统概念(英文)——大纲及总结
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操作系统概念(英文)
Operating System Concepts - Chapter 9 Memory Management 1
November 2005
9.1 Background (cont.)
/*原理 程序并不需要一开始就将全部指令和数据都装入内 存后再执行。在单CPU若干个功能上相对独立 的程序段，按照程序的逻辑结构让那些不会同时执行的 程序段共享同一块内存区。 由程序员将一个程序划分成不同的程序段，并规定好 执行和覆盖顺序。操作系统根据程序员提供的覆盖结构 来完成程序段之间的覆盖。
Overlays
A memory extending/enlarging mechanism, enabling limited memory to support concurrent execution of more processes when the size of process is larger than the amount of memory allocated to it, keep in memory only those instructions and data that are needed at any given time. implemented by user, no special support needed from operating system, programming design of overlay structure is complex. E.g. Fig. 9.3 Overlays for a Two-Pass Assembler
November 2005
Operating System Concepts - Chapter 9 Memory Management -
November 2005
9.1 Background (cont.)
/*原理 程序并不需要一开始就将全部指令和数据都装入内 存后再执行。在单CPU若干个功能上相对独立 的程序段，按照程序的逻辑结构让那些不会同时执行的 程序段共享同一块内存区。 由程序员将一个程序划分成不同的程序段，并规定好 执行和覆盖顺序。操作系统根据程序员提供的覆盖结构 来完成程序段之间的覆盖。
Overlays
A memory extending/enlarging mechanism, enabling limited memory to support concurrent execution of more processes when the size of process is larger than the amount of memory allocated to it, keep in memory only those instructions and data that are needed at any given time. implemented by user, no special support needed from operating system, programming design of overlay structure is complex. E.g. Fig. 9.3 Overlays for a Two-Pass Assembler
November 2005
Operating System Concepts - Chapter 9 Memory Management -
操作系统概念(英文)
October 2012 Operating System Concepts- Chapter4 Threads 10
a traditional process as a single-thread
more than one thread in one process
Fig.4.1 Single and Multithreaded Processes
+
resource shared by all threads in the process
Traditional process, also named heavyweight process, has a single thread of control A thread is also called a lightweight process (LWP)
October 2012 Operating System Concepts- Chapter4 Threads 9
Basic concepts (cont.)
线程内容 tID 程序计数器 堆栈 寄存器组 状态 子线程
进程内容 PID 地址空间 全局变量 打开文件 子进程 定时器 信号 信号量 记账信息
October 2012
Operating System Concepts- Chapter4 Threads -
3
4.1 Overview
4.1.1Why thread needed As described in Chapter 3, the process is as the unit of resource allocation unit of CPU scheduling The costs of process management, such as costs of process creation, cancellation, process switch and process communication, are somewhat high, refer to Fig.3.4, and the concurrency (or multiprogramming degree) may be limited. To reduce costs of process management and improve degrees of concurrency and parallelism, the thread is presented
操作系统概念(英文)
Oct. 2012
Operating System Concepts- Chapter 6 Process Synchronization -
2
An Introduction to Chapter 6 (cont.)
Processes/programs synchronizing mechanisms on application program-level software algorithms (§6.3) (*了解*) on hardware-level synchronization hardware (§6.4) (*了解*) on OS-level semaphores (信号量，§6.5) (*精通*) on programming environments or system software-levels high-level language synchronization constructs, including — monitors (管程§6.7) (*掌握*)
Oct. 2012
Operating System Concepts- Chapter 6 Process Synchronization -
10
Producer-consumer problem (cont.)
counter is shared data, the statements counter++; counter--; must be performed atomically Atomic operation means an operation that completes in its entirely without interruption. Otherwise, data inconsistency will occur. An Example. Executing of counter++ and counter -- atomically the statement ―count++‖ may be implemented in machine language as: register1 = counter register1 = register1 + 1 counter = register1
操作系统概念(第七版_英文版)ch3
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.21
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Process Termination
Process executes last statement and asks the operating system to
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.2
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Process Concept
An operating system executes a variety of programs:
Short-term scheduler is invoked very frห้องสมุดไป่ตู้quently (milliseconds)
(must be fast)
Long-term scheduler is invoked very infrequently (seconds,
minutes) (may be slow)
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.5
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Process Control Block (PCB)
Information associated with each process
while switching
Time dependent on hardware support
操作系统内容提纲
操作系统复习大纲作业提交格式压缩文件命名学号+姓名地址ftp://172.16.191.18/操作系统要点总结一．操作系统概述计算机系统包括硬件系统和软件系统，硬件系统分为哪些部分？软件系统分为哪些部分？硬件：运算器、控制器、储存器、I/O系统软件：系统软件、应用软件什么是操作系统？操作系统（英语；Operating System，简称OS）是一组方便用户控制和管理计算机软硬件资源，合理地组织计算机工作流程，控制程序的执行，并提供各种服务功能，使得用户能够灵活、有效地使用计算机的程序模块集合。
操作系统在计算机软件系统中的地位？操作系统是最基本的系统软件，其它的所有软件都建立在操作系统的基础上什么是多道程序设计？在系统内（主存）同时存放和运行几道相互独立的程序，使它们在管理程序控制之下，相互穿插的运行。
操作系统按功能分类？批处理操作系统、分时操作系统、实时操作系统、网络操作系统、分布式操作系统（网格）什么是分时操作系统？使一台计算机同时为几个、几十个甚至几百个用户服务的一种操作系统。
把计算机与许多终端用户连接起来，分时操作系统将系统处理机时间与内存空间按一定的时间间隔，轮流地切换给各终端用户的程序使用。
操作系统的五大功能？1．存储管理的功能2．进程管理的功能3．设备管理的功能4．文件管理的功能5. 作业管理的功能二．对比DOS,WINDOWS,LINUX操作系统二．你认为常用的WINDOWS系统设置有哪些？列举5个并简单描述设置步骤。
1、调整桌面背景：在桌面上→点击鼠标右键→属性→桌面一项→找自己喜欢的图片，也可以在自定义桌面中，自己规划。
2、调节鼠标：开始→控制面板→鼠标→根据你的需要，调整鼠标“移动”标签：设置鼠标的移动速度。
“按钮”标签：选择左手型或右手型鼠标，调整双击速度。
“指针”标签：改变鼠标指针的大小和形状。
3、清理桌面图标：桌面右击菜单→排列图标→运行桌面清理向导4、调整键盘：开始→控制面板→键盘→按照自己需要调整“速度”标签：设置延缓时间，重复速度和光标闪烁速度。
操作系统概念(英文)
December 2012
Operating System Concepts - Chapter9 Virtual Memory -
3
An Introduction to Chapter 9 (cont.)
In multiprogramming VM systems, four issues must be addressed on when a process is to execute a instruction that is not in memory, OS loads the page or the segment in which the instruction exists by means of demand-paging(§9.2) or demand-segmentation. OS uses frame-allocation policies/algorithms (§9.5) to allocate free frames for the loaded pages, and a frame can be shared by more than one process in the system. if there are not enough free frames for allocation, OS uses page-replacement (§9.4) policies/algorithms to find some free frames.
Paging or segmentation vs. Demand paging or demand segmentation real memory schemes vs virtual memory schemes
操作系统概念(英文)
December 2010
Operating System Concepts - Chapter9 Virtual Memory -
2
Solution (cont.)
(2) 若再增加300K内存，系统可容纳４个进程同时并发执 行 4 此时，CPU的利用率为 (1— (80%) ) = (1— 0.4096) = 0.5904 所以，若再增加300K内存，cpu利用率可提高： (0.5904—0.488) / 0.488 = 20.98%
Operating System Concepts - Chapter9 Virtual Memory 1
December 2010
Solution
(1) 当系统内存为900K时, 系统可容纳3个进程同时并发执 行 根据题意，进程在执行过程中有80%的I/O等待时间, 表明进程等待I/O的时间占其生命周期时长的80%, 进 程处于waiting状态的概率为0.8 对系统内并发执行的n个进程, 当这n个进程同时处于 I/O等待时, cpu是空闲的 系统内3个并发进程同时处于I/O等待态而导致CPU空闲 的概率为(80%)3=0.512 因此，系统有51.2%的CPU时间被浪费掉了，系统CPU 的利用率为(1—51.2%)＝48.8%。
Operating System Concepts - Chapter9 Virtual Memory 4
December 2010
December 2010
Operating System Concepts - Chapter9 Virtual Memory -
3
Solution (cont.)
(3)根据题意，设系统内每个进程在其生命周期内处于 running态执行程序指令的总时间均为T 当系统内存为900K时, 系统可容纳3个进程并发执行。如 果3个进程全部执行完所需时间为L3，则： CPU的利用率=3T / L3=48.8%, L3 = 3T / (48.8%), , 系统吞吐量Th3=3/ L3= (48.8%) / T 当系统内存由900K增至1200K时，系统可容纳４个进程 同时并发执行。设4个进程全部执行完所需时间为L4，则: CPU的利用率 = 4T / L4=59.04%, L4=4T / (59.04%), 系统吞吐量Th4=4/ L4= (59.04%) / T 因此，若再增加300K内存，系统吞吐量可提高： ［(59.04%) / T —(48.8%) / T］/ [(48.8%) / T] = (0.5904—0.488) / 0.488 = 20.98% = 20.98%
操作系统概念(第七版_英文版)ch2
System Programs
Operating System Design and Implementation Operating System Structure Virtual Machines
Operating System Generation
System Boot
Operating System Concepts – 7th Edition, Jan 14, 2005
2.6
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
User Operating System Interface - CLI
CLI(Command Line Interface) allows direct command entry
பைடு நூலகம்
processes, and other systems
To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating system To explain how operating systems are installed and customized
and how they boot
Operating System Concepts – 7th Edition, Jan 14, 2005
2.3
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Operating System Services
One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
Program Interface (API) rather than direct system call use
操作系统概念(英文)
October 2012
Operating System Concepts-Chapter 6 CPU Scheduling -
3
5.1 Basic Concepts (cont.)
5.1.2 The cycle of process execution Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait, i.e., CPU burst and I/O burst e.g. Fig.5.1
October 2012
Operating System Concepts-Chapter 6 CPU Scheduling -
7
5.1 Basic oncepts (cont.)
5.1.3 Who conduct CPU Scheduling As components of OS, scheduler (§5.1.2) and dispatcher (§ 5.1.4, 分配器，调度器）are responsible for CPU scheduling
October 2012 Operating System Concepts-Chapter 6 CPU Scheduling 10
5.1 Basic Concepts (cont.)
Scheduling under condition 1 and 2 is nonpreemptive (非抢占 式), because the CPU becomes in idle All other scheduling is preemptive (抢占式）， often used in real-time systems
操作系统概念整理
操作系统概念整理操作系统（Operating System）是计算机系统中的基础软件，它负责管理计算机硬件资源，为应用程序提供运行环境，并通过用户接口使用户能够与计算机进行交互。
操作系统的功能包括进程管理、内存管理、文件系统管理、设备管理和用户界面等。
1.进程管理：操作系统通过进程管理来控制计算机系统中的各个进程。
进程是指正在运行的程序的实例，操作系统负责分配处理器时间片、管理进程的状态转换、调度进程执行顺序等。
通过进程管理，操作系统能够保证在多任务环境下各个进程能够公平分享处理器资源，提高计算机系统的运行效率。
2.内存管理：操作系统通过内存管理来管理计算机系统的主存储器。
内存管理的主要任务包括内存分配和回收、地址映射、内存保护和虚拟内存管理等。
通过内存管理，操作系统能够最大限度地利用计算机系统的主存储器，为应用程序提供合适的内存空间，提高系统的运行效率。
3.文件系统管理：操作系统通过文件系统管理来管理计算机系统中的文件和目录。
文件系统管理的主要任务包括文件的创建、读取、写入、删除和共享等。
通过文件系统管理，操作系统能够为用户提供方便的文件访问接口，确保文件的安全性和完整性。
4.设备管理：操作系统通过设备管理来管理计算机系统中的各种设备，包括输入设备、输出设备和存储设备等。
设备管理的主要任务包括设备的初始化、分配和释放等。
通过设备管理，操作系统能够为应用程序提供统一的设备访问接口，降低应用程序对设备的直接管理难度。
5.用户界面：操作系统通过用户界面使用户能够与计算机系统交互。
用户界面可以分为命令行界面（CLI）和图形用户界面（GUI）两种形式。
通过用户界面，操作系统向用户提供了方便、友好的操作环境，使用户能够方便地使用计算机系统的各种功能。
除了以上功能，操作系统还具有中断处理、并发控制、资源管理、安全性和可靠性等方面的功能。
1.中断处理：操作系统能够对中断信号进行响应和处理。
中断是指在计算机系统运行过程中发生的一些特殊事件，如硬件故障、外部信息传入等。
操作系统概念(英文)
Process Concept (cont.)
3.1.5 Process vs program dynamic vs static process: lifecycle being created —— executing —— being deleted composition： program + data + PCB A program may correspond to several processes; a process may also contains several programs (e.g. main routines, subroutines and procedures )
The process is characterized with dynamic and concurrent features Roles of processes unit of running entity in system, i.e., CPU allocation unit of resource (e.g. memory, files, devices,…) allocation
3.1.2 Process Definition A process is a program in execution the unit of resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices) allocation runs concurrently with other processes
October 2012
Operating System Concepts- Chapter3 Processes -
19
§3.2 Process Scheduling
操作系统概念(英文)
Operating System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction 9
September 2012
§1.2 Computer-System Organization
1.2.1 Computer-System Operation Fig. 1.2 A modern computer system
Commonly acknowledged classifications of OS PC/Desktop OS : Windows, Linux，Mac OS X Server OS : Unix, Linux, Windows NT Mainframe OS : Unix, Linux——open source！！ Embedded OS : Vxworks, (Palm OS), (Symbian), (WinCE)/Windows Mobile/Phone, Android, iOS, embedded Linux (e.g. μcLinux)
September 2012 Operating System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction 8
1.1.2 OS Concepts (cont.)
For OS definitions in other textbooks, refer to Appendix 1.B OS definitions
September 2012
Operating System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction -
3
Fig.1.1-1 Components of a computer system
Application Software
September 2012
§1.2 Computer-System Organization
1.2.1 Computer-System Operation Fig. 1.2 A modern computer system
Commonly acknowledged classifications of OS PC/Desktop OS : Windows, Linux，Mac OS X Server OS : Unix, Linux, Windows NT Mainframe OS : Unix, Linux——open source！！ Embedded OS : Vxworks, (Palm OS), (Symbian), (WinCE)/Windows Mobile/Phone, Android, iOS, embedded Linux (e.g. μcLinux)
September 2012 Operating System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction 8
1.1.2 OS Concepts (cont.)
For OS definitions in other textbooks, refer to Appendix 1.B OS definitions
September 2012
Operating System Concepts- Chapter1 Introduction -
3
Fig.1.1-1 Components of a computer system
Application Software
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CPU
main memory
summary
OS
DOS
features
simple/ill-structured
Unix
Mach OS2
kernel
micro-kernel layered
Solaris
Windows NT/XP， Mac OS X
Jan 2010
module
(micro-)kernel + layered
accounting User interfaces file system manipulation I/O operations program Execution (dynamic) resource allocation protection and security
services
(§2.1) (§1.2) hardware
Jan 2010
Operating System Concepts-
1
CHAPTER 1
Interrupt vs. trap(陷阱、内部中断) Storage structure and hierarchy caching, Fig. 1.4 Dual mode operation and privileged instructions (1.5) System call
communication
error detection
OS components/functions
networking
Command-interpreter system
file
management Secondary storage management
process management
main memory management
(6.2) Critical-Section Problem : three requirements for solutions to critical-section problem（P194), general structure of the process (Fig.6.1)
Operating System Concepts11
process, I/O, memory, file, protection, networking (GUI, MMI)
Text editors
System libraries
Operating system Hardware
Command-interpreter
system( or Shell, §2.2.1 )
Jan 2010 Operating System Concepts12
CHAPTER 7
Resource-allocation and Deadlock: concept of deadlocks, resource-allocation model (§7.1); Necessary conditions for deadlock (§7.2); resource-allocation graph Three methods for deadlock handling(§7.3, 原理) Deadlock prevention (§7.4): no preemption based, circular wait based (有序资源使用法) 主要破坏的条件： hold-and-wait, circular wait
CHAPTER 1
OS definition, functionalities Classification of computer systems and operating systems (multiprogramming, , time-sharing/interactive systems, (hard, soft) real time systems/embedded systems, batch systems, distributed systems, parallel systems) Parallel vs. Concurrent, multiple programming
Jan 2010
Operating System Concepts-
13
CHAPTER 7
Deadlock avoidance (§7.5) principle, resource-allocation state, safe state, safe sequence; Resource-Allocation Graph Algorithm for the systems with only one instance; banker’s Algorithm 做题！ Deadlock detection-recovery (§7.6, §7.7) principle, detection for single-instance-resource system (waitfor graph ), detection for multiple-instance-resource system ( the detection algorithm), methods for recovery 做题！
Jan 2010
Operating System Concepts-
7
CHAPTER 3
process cooperating : independent process or cooperating process I/O bound process, CPU bound process Interprocess Communication : message-passing system memory-sharing pipe, signal
Jan 2010
CHAPTER 6
Semaphores: definitions, wait/signal operators, physical implications for semaphores Two types of semaphores, usage in mutual exclusion and synchronization, Semaphore implementation ：busy-waiting, non-busy- waiting Concepts of deadlock and starvation Bounded-Buffer Problem, Readers-Writers Problem, DiningPhilosophers Problem： （1）基于信号量、管程的求解 （2） 应用题 Monitors：概念、原理, structure
Jan 2010
Operating System Concepts-
8
CHAPTER 4
definition of thread, benefits of thread, process vs. thread user-level threads (ULT) and kernel-level threads (KLT) multithreading models
Jan 2010
Operating System Concepts-
3
Services:
what functions does the OS provide for OS users, or supporting programs executing , viewpoints of OS users components: how to provide these services, viewpoints of OS designers/developers
Jan 2010
Operating System Concepts-
9
CHAPTER 5
Concepts about CPU scheduling§5.1: CPU-I/O bursts, scheduling, scheduler vs. dispatcher, preemptive vs. nonpreemptive when CPU scheduling occurs Scheduling Criteria (§5.2) Several scheduling algorithms (§5.3): FIFO, SJFS, priority, RR, HRRF（做题）
Jan 2010
Operating System Concepts-
10
CHAPTER 6
Concepts of synchronization shared/nonshared resources, mutual exclusively, synchronization in producer-consumer problem (Bounded-Buffer) Processes synchronizing methods on four levels of computer systems: hardware, OS, system programs or programming environments, application software
system calls (or API, §2.3/2.4 )
OS kernels (parts of OS components
drivers (chapter13)
device controllers I/O devices
, §2.7)
memory controllers secondary memory (disk, tape)
I/O system management