经济学交通拥堵 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
英语作文交通拥堵政府采取应对措施
英语作文交通拥堵政府采取应对措施Traffic congestion has been a major issue in many cities around the world, causing frustration and delays for commuters and negative impacts on the environment. As a result, governments have been taking various measures to address this problem and improve the situation. In this essay, I will discuss some of the actions that governments can take to combat traffic congestion.One of the most important measures that governments can implement is the improvement of public transportation systems. By investing in the expansion and enhancement of bus and subway networks, governments can provide more alternatives to driving a car, thus reducing the number of vehicles on the road. Additionally, improving the frequency and efficiency of public transport services can make them more attractive to commuters, further incentivizing them to leave their cars at home.Another effective measure is the implementation of congestion pricing schemes. By charging drivers a fee to enter certain congested areas or travel during peak hours, governments can reduce traffic volumes and encourage people to use alternative modes of transportation. This has been successfully implemented in cities like Singapore and London,where traffic congestion has significantly decreased since the introduction of congestion pricing.In addition to these measures, governments can also promote carpooling and ridesharing as ways to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. By providing incentives such as HOV lanes and discounts on tolls for carpoolers, governments can encourage more people to share rides and reduce congestion. Furthermore, promoting cycling and walking as alternative modes of transportation can also help alleviate traffic congestion and improve air quality in cities.Furthermore, governments can invest in infrastructure projects to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. This includes building new roads and highways, upgrading existing ones, and implementing intelligent transportation systems to better manage traffic flow. By investing in these projects, governments can enhance connectivity and reduce travel times, ultimately alleviating traffic congestion.Overall, addressing traffic congestion requires a multifaceted approach that involves improving public transportation, implementing congestion pricing schemes, promoting carpooling and ridesharing, investing in infrastructure projects, and encouraging alternative modes of transportation.By adopting these measures, governments can effectively reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and enhance the overall quality of life for residents in urban areas.。
造成城市交通拥堵的主要原因英语作文
Urban Congestion: A Multi-FacetedPhenomenonUrban congestion, a persistent and vexing issue, has become a hallmark of modern cities. The underlying causesof this congestion are diverse and interconnected, ranging from the rapid growth of urban populations to the limited infrastructure capacity. This essay delves into the primary reasons behind the congestion and suggests potential solutions to mitigate its impact.Firstly, the rapid urbanization process has led to a significant influx of people into cities. As more people migrate to urban centers seeking better employment and educational opportunities, the demand for transportation increases exponentially. This demand outpaces the supply of transportation infrastructure, leading to overcrowded roads and public transportation systems.Secondly, the limited infrastructure capacity isanother major contributor to urban congestion. Many cities struggle with outdated and inadequate transportation systems that cannot handle the increasing volume of traffic.The lack of investment in infrastructure development and maintenance further compounds this problem.Thirdly, the rise of private vehicle ownership has also played a significant role in causing congestion. With the increasing affordability of automobiles, more people choose to drive private vehicles instead of using public transportation. This shift in travel patterns adds to the already burdened road network, leading to frequent traffic jams and delays.Lastly, the inefficient traffic management system is another factor contributing to urban congestion. Poortraffic planning and management lead to混乱 traffic patterns and frequent accidents, further aggravating the congestion issue.To mitigate the impact of urban congestion, several solutions can be considered. Firstly, cities need to invest in infrastructure development and maintenance to expand the capacity of their transportation systems. This includes building more roads, upgrading public transportation systems, and providing alternative modes of transportation such as cycling and walking paths.Secondly, cities should encourage the use of public transportation and non-motorized modes of transportation. This can be achieved through policies such as congestion pricing, which charges higher fees for using privatevehicles in congested areas, and providing incentives for using public transportation.Thirdly, cities need to adopt smart traffic management systems that can effectively manage and direct traffic flow. These systems can use real-time data to identify congestion patterns and implement measures such as traffic lights and lane closures to optimize traffic flow.In conclusion, urban congestion is a complex issue that requires a multi-pronged approach to address. By investingin infrastructure development, encouraging the use ofpublic transportation, and adopting smart traffic management systems, cities can mitigate the impact of congestion and create more efficient and sustainable transportation systems.**城市交通拥堵：一个多维度的现象**城市交通拥堵，这一持续而棘手的问题，已成为现代城市的标志。
城市交通拥堵状况英语作文
城市交通拥堵状况英语作文In the heart of the city, the roads are often choked with a sea of vehicles. The once smooth flow of traffic has become a distant memory, replaced by a slow crawl that frustrates drivers and passengers alike.The causes of urban congestion are multifaceted. Rapid urbanization has led to an increase in the number of vehicles on the road, while inadequate infrastructure struggles tokeep pace. The result is a daily battle for space that leaves many feeling stranded in their own city.Efforts to alleviate the situation are underway. Public transportation is being expanded, and initiatives toencourage carpooling and the use of bicycles are gaining traction. Yet, the challenge remains to balance the need for mobility with the desire for a less congested urban landscape.Technology also plays a role in the quest for smoother traffic. Smart traffic management systems are being implemented, using data to optimize traffic flow and reduce bottlenecks. These systems analyze real-time traffic patterns and adjust signals accordingly.Despite these advancements, the problem persists. Commuters often find themselves trapped in a cycle of delay, with each passing day bringing new stories of gridlock. The impact on productivity and quality of life is significant,prompting a call for more innovative solutions.One such solution is the development of alternative transportation methods, such as electric scooters and shared e-bikes, which can navigate the congested streets with greater ease. These options not only reduce the number of cars on the road but also promote a greener, more sustainable urban environment.The future of city transportation is a canvas for innovation. Autonomous vehicles and drone deliveries are on the horizon, promising to revolutionize the way we movewithin our cities. Yet, the transition to such a future requires careful planning and a commitment to sustainable urban development.In conclusion, the battle against urban traffic congestion is a complex one, requiring a combination of infrastructure improvements, technological innovation, and a shift in societal attitudes towards transportation. It is a challenge that demands our attention, as the quality of life in our cities hangs in the balance.。
交通拥堵英语高中作文
交通拥堵英语高中作文Traffic congestion is a common problem in many cities around the world. It occurs when there are too manyvehicles on the road at the same time, leading to slow-moving or even stationary traffic. This can be frustrating for drivers and can also have a negative impact on the environment.There are several reasons why traffic congestion occurs. One of the main reasons is the increase in the number of vehicles on the road. As more and more people own cars, the roads become more crowded, especially during peak hours. Another reason is the lack of efficient publictransportation options. If people do not have access to reliable public transportation, they are more likely to use their cars, which can contribute to traffic congestion.In addition, poor road infrastructure can alsocontribute to traffic congestion. Roads that are poorly designed or maintained can lead to bottlenecks and trafficjams. Construction work and accidents can also causetraffic congestion, as they can block lanes and slow down traffic flow.There are several ways to address the issue of traffic congestion. One possible solution is to improve public transportation options. By investing in reliable and efficient public transportation systems, more people may choose to use public transportation instead of drivingtheir cars. This can help reduce the number of vehicles on the road and alleviate traffic congestion.Another solution is to invest in road infrastructure. By building new roads, widening existing roads, and improving traffic management systems, traffic congestion can be reduced. In addition, implementing traffic control measures, such as congestion pricing and carpool lanes, can also help alleviate traffic congestion.Furthermore, promoting alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling and walking, can help reduce the number of vehicles on the road and ease trafficcongestion. Encouraging telecommuting and flexible work hours can also help reduce traffic congestion by spreading out the demand for transportation.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a major issue that affects many cities around the world. By implementing solutions such as improving public transportation options, investing in road infrastructure, and promoting alternative modes of transportation, we can work towards reducingtraffic congestion and creating a more sustainable and efficient transportation system.。
交通拥堵的英语作文
Traffic congestion is a growing concern in many urban areas around the world.It not only affects the daily commute of millions of people but also has significant economic and environmental implications.Heres a detailed essay on the issue of traffic congestion.Introduction:The phenomenon of traffic congestion has become a common sight in cities,where the number of vehicles on the road far exceeds the capacity of the existing infrastructure. This essay will explore the causes,consequences,and potential solutions to the problem of traffic congestion.Causes of Traffic Congestion:1.Population Growth:Rapid urbanization has led to an increase in the number of people living in cities,which in turn has increased the number of vehicles on the roads.2.Economic Growth:As economies grow,more people can afford personal vehicles, leading to a surge in the number of cars on the road.3.Inadequate Infrastructure:Many cities have not been able to keep up with the pace of development,resulting in insufficient roads and public transportation systems.4.Traffic Accidents:Accidents can cause significant delays,especially during peak hours when roads are already congested.5.Poor Traffic Management:Inefficient traffic signals,lack of enforcement of traffic rules,and inadequate planning contribute to congestion.Consequences of Traffic Congestion:1.Time Loss:Commuters spend hours stuck in traffic,which could have been used for productive activities.2.Economic Costs:Congestion leads to increased fuel consumption,higher vehicle maintenance costs,and lost productivity.3.Environmental Impact:Increased emissions from idling vehicles contribute to air pollution and climate change.4.Health Issues:Prolonged exposure to vehicle emissions can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues.5.Decreased Quality of Life:Traffic congestion can cause stress and reduce the overall quality of life for urban residents.Potential Solutions to Traffic Congestion:1.Improving Public Transportation:Investing in efficient and reliable public transport systems can reduce the reliance on private vehicles.2.Promoting Carpooling and Ridesharing:Encouraging people to share rides can decrease the number of vehicles on the road.3.Implementing Traffic Management Systems:Advanced traffic management systems can optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion.4.Expanding and Upgrading Infrastructure:Building more roads and improving existing ones can accommodate the growing number of vehicles.5.Promoting Sustainable Transportation:Encouraging the use of bicycles,electric vehicles,and walking can reduce the number of conventional vehicles on the road.6.Implementing Congestion Pricing:Charging a fee for using certain roads during peak hours can deter some drivers and reduce traffic.Conclusion:Traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach.By understanding the causes and consequences,and by implementing a combination of the solutions mentioned,cities can work towards alleviating this problem.It is essential for the wellbeing of urban residents,the economy,and the environment that we address traffic congestion effectively and promptly.。
关于交通拥堵的英文作文
关于交通拥堵的英文作文英文：Traffic congestion has become a major issue in many cities around the world. As someone who lives in a busy city, I have experienced the frustration of being stuck in traffic for hours on end. There are several reasons for traffic congestion, including the increase in population, the rise of personal vehicles, and poor infrastructure.One of the main causes of traffic congestion is the increase in population. As more people move into cities, the number of vehicles on the road also increases. This puts a strain on the road network, causing traffic jams and delays. Another reason for traffic congestion is the rise of personal vehicles. Many people now own cars, which they use to commute to work or run errands. This has led to an increase in traffic on the roads, making it more difficult to get around.Poor infrastructure is also a contributing factor to traffic congestion. In many cities, the roads are not designed to handle the volume of traffic that theycurrently experience. This leads to bottlenecks and delays, which make it difficult for drivers to get to their destinations on time.To address the issue of traffic congestion, there are several solutions that can be implemented. One solution is to improve public transportation. This would encourage people to use public transport instead of their personal vehicles, reducing the number of cars on the road. Another solution is to invest in better infrastructure, including wider roads and better traffic management systems. This would help to reduce bottlenecks and improve the flow of traffic.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a major issue that affects many cities around the world. While there are several reasons for this problem, there are also solutions that can be implemented to reduce congestion and make our cities more livable.中文：交通拥堵已经成为世界上许多城市的主要问题。
交通拥堵的原因以及解决办法英语作文
交通拥堵的原因以及解决办法英语作文Here is an essay on the causes of traffic congestion and solutions, written in English with more than 1000 words, without including the title and avoiding unnecessary punctuation marks.Traffic congestion has become a pressing issue in many cities around the world as the number of vehicles on the roads continues to increase. This problem can be attributed to a variety of factors and addressing it requires a multifaceted approach. In this essay, we will examine the primary causes of traffic congestion and explore potential solutions to alleviate this growing concern.One of the primary reasons for traffic congestion is the rapid urbanization and population growth experienced in many regions. As more people migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities, the demand for transportation infrastructure has surged, often outpacing the capacity of existing roads and public transit systems. This influx of vehicles on the roads leads to increased congestion, longer commute times, and environmental pollution.Another significant factor contributing to traffic congestion is the reliance on private vehicles as the dominant mode of transportation.Many individuals prefer the convenience and flexibility of driving their own cars, which can lead to a higher number of vehicles on the roads during peak hours. This trend is exacerbated by the lack of efficient and accessible public transportation options in some areas, forcing more people to rely on private vehicles.Moreover, the design and management of transportation infrastructure can also play a role in traffic congestion. Poorly planned road networks, inadequate signaling systems, and a lack of investment in maintaining and upgrading transportation infrastructure can all contribute to the problem. Outdated traffic signal timing, outdated road designs, and a lack of alternative routes can lead to bottlenecks and gridlock.Weather conditions can also exacerbate traffic congestion, especially in areas prone to adverse weather events such as heavy rain, snowstorms, or natural disasters. These conditions can impede the smooth flow of traffic, leading to longer travel times and increased risk of accidents.Furthermore, the prevalence of single-occupancy vehicles on the roads is a significant contributor to traffic congestion. Many commuters prefer to drive alone, rather than sharing rides or using public transportation, which increases the number of vehicles on the roads and reduces the overall efficiency of the transportation system.To address these challenges, a multifaceted approach is necessary, involving a combination of infrastructure improvements, policy changes, and behavioral modifications. One potential solution is to invest in the expansion and enhancement of public transportation systems, including the development of efficient bus networks, light rail, or metro systems. This can provide commuters with a viable alternative to private vehicles and reduce the overall number of cars on the roads.Another strategy is to encourage the use of carpooling, ride-sharing, and other forms of shared mobility. By promoting the idea of shared transportation, the number of single-occupancy vehicles can be reduced, leading to a more efficient use of the existing road network.Implementing congestion pricing or road pricing schemes can also be an effective way to manage traffic congestion. By charging a fee for vehicles to enter certain congested areas or during peak hours, the demand for driving can be reduced, encouraging people to seek alternative modes of transportation or adjust their travel patterns.Improving the design and management of transportation infrastructure is also crucial. This can involve optimizing traffic signal timing, implementing smart traffic management systems, and investing in the maintenance and expansion of roads and highways.By addressing these infrastructural issues, the flow of traffic can be improved, reducing congestion and travel times.In addition, promoting the use of alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling and walking, can contribute to the reduction of traffic congestion. By creating safe and accessible pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, cities can encourage residents to choose these environmentally-friendly options for shorter commutes, relieving the pressure on the road network.Finally, educating the public and promoting behavioral changes can also play a significant role in addressing traffic congestion. By raising awareness about the environmental and societal impacts of traffic congestion, and encouraging individuals to adopt more sustainable transportation habits, the overall demand for private vehicle use can be reduced.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. By addressing the underlying causes, such as rapid urbanization, reliance on private vehicles, and inadequate transportation infrastructure, and implementing a combination of policy interventions, infrastructure improvements, and behavioral modifications, cities can work towards a more efficient and sustainable transportation system. Through a collaborative effort involving policymakers, urban planners,transportation experts, and the public, we can strive to alleviate the burden of traffic congestion and create more livable and accessible communities.。
英语作文交通拥堵的原因和建议
The Causes of Traffic Congestion andProposed SolutionsTraffic congestion has become a pervasive issue in many cities worldwide, causing inconvenience, delay, and environmental pollution. Understanding the reasons behind this problem and exploring potential solutions is crucial for improving the quality of life in urban areas.**Causes of Traffic Congestion:**1. **Increasing Urbanization:** As cities grow, more people migrate to urban centers, leading to a significant increase in the number of vehicles on the roads.2.**Insufficient Infrastructure:** Inadequate road networks, limited parking facilities, and a lack of public transportation options contribute to traffic congestion. 3. **Inefficient Traffic Management:** Poor traffic signaling, inadequate enforcement of traffic rules, and a lack of intelligent transportation systems can exacerbate congestion. 4. **Commuter Behavior:** Drivers' habits, such as not following traffic rules, frequent lane changes, and unnecessary stops, also contribute to congestion.**Proposed Solutions:**1. **Enhanced Infrastructure:** Investing in better road networks, expanding public transportation systems, and creating more parking facilities can help alleviate congestion.2. **Intelligent Transportation Systems:** Implementing intelligent traffic management systems, including real-time traffic monitoring and adaptive traffic signaling, can improve traffic flow.3. **Encouraging Alternative Modes of Transportation:** Encouraging the use of bicycles, walking, and public transportation can reduce the number of private vehicles on the roads.4. **Education and Enforcement:** Educating drivers about traffic rules and regulations and enforcing them strictly can help improve traffic flow and reduce congestion.5. **Congestion Charging:** Introducing congestion charges in highly congested areas can discourage unnecessary driving and encourage the use of alternative modes of transportation. In conclusion, traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. By investing in infrastructure, implementing intelligent transportation systems, encouraging alternative modes oftransportation, educating drivers, and introducing congestion charges, we can hope to reduce trafficcongestion and improve the quality of life in urban areas.**交通拥堵的原因与建议**交通拥堵已成为世界各地许多城市普遍存在的问题，它给人们带来不便、延误和环境污染。
交通拥堵的影响英语作文
交通拥堵的影响英语作文English: Traffic congestion has a significant impact on both individuals and the society as a whole. Firstly, it leads to wasted time and increased stress for commuters, as they are often stuck in traffic jams for hours each day, resulting in decreased productivity and overall well-being. Secondly, traffic congestion contributes to air pollution, as vehicles emit harmful pollutants while idling in traffic, leading to health issues such as respiratory problems and exacerbating climate change. Furthermore, the economic cost of traffic congestion is immense, as it leads to increased fuel consumption, higher transportation costs, and lost revenue for businesses due to delayed deliveries. In addition, traffic congestion also hinders emergency response times, putting lives at risk in case of accidents or medical emergencies. In order to mitigate the negative impacts of traffic congestion, it is essential to invest in sustainable transportation infrastructure, promote public transportation usage, implement smart traffic management systems, and encourage carpooling and telecommuting options.中文翻译: 交通拥堵对个人和整个社会都有重要影响。
描述城市交通的拥堵状况英语作文
描述城市交通的拥堵状况英语作文Traffic Congestion in Urban Areas: A Growing Concern。
The rapid urbanization and economic development of modern cities have brought about a significant increase in the number of vehicles on the roads. As a result, traffic congestion has become a pervasive issue, causing a myriad of problems for both individuals and the community as a whole. The impact of this growing problem is far-reaching, affecting daily commutes, the environment, and the overall quality of life in urban areas.One of the primary factors contributing to the worsening traffic congestion is the sheer volume of vehicles on the roads. As the population in urban centers continues to expand, the demand for personal transportation has skyrocketed. Many individuals opt for private vehicles as their preferred mode of transportation, often due to the convenience and flexibility they offer. However, this surge in the number of cars has led to a significant strain on the existing infrastructure, with roads and highways struggling to accommodate the increasing traffic.Moreover, the problem is exacerbated by the limited availability of public transportation options in many cities. While some urban areas have invested in the development of efficient and reliable public transit systems, such as buses, trains, and subways, the coverage and accessibility of these services are often inadequate, leaving a significant portion of the population reliant on private vehicles. This, in turn, adds to the congestion on the roads, as more cars compete for the limited space.Another contributing factor to the traffic congestion crisis is the inefficient design and layout of many urban areas. Many cities were not originally planned with the current level of vehicular traffic in mind, leading to a road network that is ill-equipped to handle the demands of modern transportation. Poorly designed intersections, lack of dedicated turning lanes, and insufficient parking facilities all contribute to the overall gridlock experienced by commuters.The consequences of this traffic congestion are far-reaching and detrimental to both individuals and the community as a whole. One of the most immediate and tangible impacts is the increased travel time for commuters. Lengthy delays and slow-moving traffic can significantly impact the daily routines and productivity of individuals, as they spend more time in their vehicles and less time engaged in other activities. This, in turn, can lead to increased stress, frustration, and a reduced quality of life for those affected.Furthermore, the environmental impact of traffic congestion cannot be overlooked. The prolonged idling of vehicles and the stop-and-go nature of congested traffic result in higher fuel consumption and increased emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. This has a direct impact on air quality, contributing to the deterioration of the local environment and potentially posing health risks to the surrounding population.The economic consequences of traffic congestion are also significant. The lost productivity and wasted time spent in traffic can have a detrimental effect on businesses and the local economy. Delays in the transportation of goods and services can lead to increased costs and reduced efficiency, ultimately impacting the overall competitiveness of the region.In response to this growing problem, many cities have implemented various strategies and initiatives to address the issue of traffic congestion. These efforts range from infrastructure improvements, such as the construction of new roads, highways, and public transportation systems, to the implementation of traffic management policies, including congestion pricing, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, and the promotion of alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling and walking.While these measures have had some success in mitigating the problem, the challenge of traffic congestion remains a persistent and complex issue that requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. Effective solutions will likely involve a combination of infrastructure investments, policy changes, and behavioral modifications, all aimed at reducing the reliance on private vehicles and promoting more sustainable and efficient modes of transportation.In conclusion, the problem of traffic congestion in urban areas is a growing concern that requires immediate attention and concerted efforts from both policymakers and the public. By addressing the underlying causes and implementing a range of solutions, cities can work towards reducing the negative impacts of congestion and creating more livable, sustainable, and efficient urban environments for all.。
因为交通太拥挤英文作文
因为交通太拥挤英文作文英文：Traffic congestion has become a major problem in many cities around the world. This is due to a variety of factors, including population growth, urbanization, and inadequate transportation infrastructure. As a result, people are spending more time stuck in traffic, leading to increased stress and decreased productivity.One solution to this problem is to invest in public transportation. By providing reliable and efficient buses, trains, and subways, more people will be encouraged to use public transportation instead of driving their own cars. This will not only reduce traffic congestion, but also improve air quality and reduce carbon emissions.Another solution is to implement policies that encourage carpooling and the use of alternative modes of transportation, such as biking or walking. This can be doneby providing incentives for carpooling, such as designated carpool lanes on highways or reduced tolls for carpoolers. In addition, cities can invest in bike lanes and pedestrian walkways to make it easier and safer for people to bike or walk to work or school.中文：交通拥堵已经成为世界许多城市的主要问题。
大城市拥堵有关的英语作文
大城市拥堵有关的英语作文Congestion in Big CitiesThe rapid urbanization and economic growth experienced by many countries around the world have led to a significant increase in the population of major cities. This influx of people has resulted in a range of challenges, one of the most pressing being the issue of traffic congestion. Big cities are now grappling with the consequences of having too many vehicles on the roads, leading to lengthy commute times, increased pollution, and a host of other problems.One of the primary causes of traffic congestion in big cities is the sheer number of vehicles on the roads. As more people move to urban areas, the demand for personal transportation has skyrocketed, with many individuals opting to own and use their own cars rather than relying on public transportation. This has led to a situation where the infrastructure of these cities, which was often designed decades ago, is simply unable to accommodate the current volume of traffic. Roads and highways become clogged, causing delays and frustration for drivers and commuters alike.Another factor contributing to the problem of congestion is the lack of efficient and comprehensive public transportation systems in many big cities. While some cities have made strides in improving their public transit options, such as expanding metro or light rail networks, the reality is that these systems often fall short of meeting the needs of the entire population. Many commuters still find it more convenient to use their personal vehicles, further exacerbating the traffic problems.The consequences of traffic congestion in big cities are far-reaching and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for residents. One of the most immediate effects is the increased time it takes for people to get to their destinations. Lengthy commute times can lead to a decrease in productivity, as workers spend more time stuck in traffic and less time actually working. This can have a negative impact on the local economy, as businesses may struggle to attract and retain employees who are frustrated by the daily grind of navigating congested roads.In addition to the economic impacts, traffic congestion also contributes to a range of environmental and health-related issues. The emissions from the countless vehicles idling in traffic jams can lead to a significant increase in air pollution, which can have detrimental effects on the health of residents, particularly those with respiratory conditions. The noise pollution generated by the constantflow of traffic can also be a source of stress and discomfort for those living in the affected areas.To address the problem of traffic congestion in big cities, a multifaceted approach is required. One potential solution is to invest in the expansion and improvement of public transportation systems. By making it easier and more convenient for people to use buses, trains, and other forms of public transit, the number of vehicles on the roads can be reduced, leading to a decrease in congestion.Another strategy is to implement policies and initiatives that encourage the use of alternative modes of transportation, such as walking, cycling, and carpooling. This could involve the creation of dedicated bike lanes, the implementation of congestion pricing schemes, or the promotion of ride-sharing programs. By making it more attractive and accessible for people to choose these alternative options, the overall demand for personal vehicles can be reduced.Furthermore, city planners and policymakers can also explore the possibility of implementing traffic management systems that utilize technology to optimize the flow of vehicles on the roads. This could include the use of intelligent traffic signals, real-time traffic monitoring, and dynamic pricing models to encourage drivers to adjust their routes and travel times.In conclusion, the issue of traffic congestion in big cities is a complex and multifaceted problem that requires a comprehensive and coordinated response. By addressing the root causes of the issue, such as the overreliance on personal vehicles and the lack of efficient public transportation, and by implementing a range of innovative solutions, cities can work to alleviate the burden of congestion and improve the quality of life for their residents. It is a challenge that will require sustained effort and collaboration, but the potential benefits to the environment, the economy, and the overall well-being of the population make it a worthy endeavor.。
交通拥堵的原因和措施英文作文
交通拥堵的原因和措施英文作文Traffic congestion is a growing concern in many cities around the world. It not only causes frustration and delays for commuters but also has a negative impact on the environment and economy. In this article, we will explore the causes of traffic congestion and discuss possible measures to address this issue.One of the main causes of traffic congestion is the increasing number of vehicles on the road. As the population grows and more people can afford cars, the roads become overcrowded. This leads to slower traffic flow and longer travel times. Additionally, the lack of efficient public transportation systems in many cities forces people to rely on their cars, further exacerbating the problem.Another factor contributing to traffic congestion is the inadequate road infrastructure. Many cities were not designed to handle the volume of traffic they experience today. Narrow roads, insufficient lanes, and poorly planned intersections all contribute to bottlenecks and traffic jams. Moreover, the lack of proper maintenance and repair of roads leads to potholes and other road hazards, which further slow down traffic.Furthermore, the behavior of drivers plays a significant role in causing traffic congestion. Aggressive driving, such as speeding, tailgating, and frequent lane changing, not only increases the risk of accidents but also disrupts the flow of traffic. Additionally, distracted driving, particularly the use of mobile phones while driving, leads to slower reaction times and increases the likelihood of traffic congestion.To alleviate traffic congestion, several measures can be implemented. Firstly, improving public transportation systems can encourage people to leave their cars at home. Investing in the expansion of bus and train networks, as well as implementing policies to make public transportation more affordable and convenient, can help reduce the number of private vehicles on the road.Secondly, investing in infrastructure upgrades and expansion is crucial. Widening roads, building new highways, and improving intersections can help increase the capacityof the road network and improve traffic flow. Additionally, implementing intelligent transportation systems, such as traffic signal synchronization and real-time traffic information, can help optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion.Moreover, promoting alternative modes of transportation, such as cycling and walking, can also help alleviate traffic congestion. Building dedicated bicycle lanes and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure can encourage people to choose these modes of transport for short trips, reducing the number of cars on the road.In addition to these measures, it is essential to educate and enforce traffic regulations to discourage aggressive and distracted driving. Strict enforcement of speed limits, penalties for reckless driving, and public awareness campaigns can help create a culture of responsible driving and reduce traffic congestion.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a complex issue with multiple causes. The increasing number of vehicles, inadequate road infrastructure, and driver behavior all contribute to this problem. However, through a combination of improving public transportation, investing in infrastructure upgrades, promoting alternative modes of transport, and enforcing traffic regulations, we can work towards reducing traffic congestion and creating a more efficient and sustainable transportation system.。
关于交通拥堵的英语作文
Traffic congestion has become a pressing issue in many urban areas around the world,affecting both the daily life of citizens and the economic development of cities. Here are some key points to consider when discussing this topic in an English essay:1.Causes of Traffic Congestion:Begin by identifying the primary reasons for traffic congestion.This could include rapid urbanization,an increase in the number of vehicles on the road,poor city planning,and inadequate public transportation systems.2.Impact on Daily Life:Discuss how traffic jams affect daily muters may experience increased travel times,leading to stress and a reduction in productivity.It can also impact the quality of life by increasing air pollution and noise levels.3.Economic Implications:Analyze the economic consequences of traffic congestion.It can lead to increased fuel consumption,higher transportation costs for businesses,and reduced economic productivity due to time wasted in traffic.4.Environmental Effects:Traffic congestion contributes significantly to environmental pollution.Vehicle emissions are a major source of air pollution,which can lead to health problems and climate change.5.Solutions to Traffic Congestion:Propose various solutions to alleviate traffic congestion.These may include improving public transportation,implementing congestion pricing,encouraging carpooling,promoting the use of bicycles,and investing in better urban planning.6.Role of Technology:Discuss how technology can help manage traffic congestion. Intelligent traffic systems,realtime traffic information,and the use of autonomous vehicles are examples of technological advancements that could improve traffic flow.7.Cultural Shifts:Suggest that a cultural shift towards more sustainable modes of transportation is necessary.This could involve changing attitudes towards the use of private cars and promoting a more ecofriendly lifestyle.ernment Policies and Regulations:Highlight the role of government in addressing traffic congestion through policymaking and enforcement of regulations.This could include stricter emission standards,incentives for using public transport,and zoning regulations that promote mixeduse development to reduce the need for commuting.9.International Comparisons:Compare how different cities or countries have tackled traffic congestion.Look at successful examples and learn from their strategies.10.Conclusion:Summarize the main points and emphasize the importance of addressing traffic congestion for the wellbeing of both individuals and the environment.Remember to use a variety of vocabulary and sentence structures to make your essay engaging and wellrounded.Additionally,providing reallife examples or case studies can add depth to your discussion.。
英语作文交通拥堵
英语作文交通拥堵Traffic congestion is a nightmare for many people. It's frustrating to be stuck in traffic for hours, especially when you're in a hurry. The honking of horns, the endless line of cars, and the slow crawl forward can drive anyone crazy.One of the main reasons for traffic congestion is the sheer number of vehicles on the road. With more and more people owning cars, the roads are becoming increasingly crowded. This leads to gridlock, as everyone tries to get to their destination at the same time.Another factor that contributes to traffic congestionis the lack of efficient public transportation. Many people rely on their cars to get around because the public transportation system is unreliable or inconvenient. This only adds to the number of vehicles on the road, making the traffic situation even worse.In addition, road construction and maintenance can also contribute to traffic congestion. When lanes are closed for repairs or new infrastructure projects, it can disrupt the flow of traffic and cause major delays. While theseprojects are necessary for the long-term improvement of the road system, they can be a major inconvenience in the short term.The impact of traffic congestion goes beyond just being late for work or appointments. It also has environmental and economic consequences. The idling cars release harmful emissions into the air, contributing to air pollution and climate change. In addition, the time and fuel wasted in traffic jams cost individuals and businesses a significant amount of money.In conclusion, traffic congestion is a major issue that affects millions of people every day. It's a complex problem with no easy solution, but it's clear that something needs to be done to alleviate the gridlock on our roads. Whether it's investing in public transportation, improving road infrastructure, or promoting alternativemodes of transportation, addressing traffic congestion is crucial for the well-being of our cities and the people who live in them.。
造成城市交通拥堵的原因及解决方案英语作文
造成城市交通拥堵的原因及解决方案英语作文Urban Traffic Congestion: Causes and SolutionsUrban traffic congestion has become a persistent problem in many cities worldwide, posing significant challenges to commuters, businesses, and the environment. Understanding the root causes of this congestion and exploring effective solutions is crucial for creating a more efficient and sustainable urban transportation system.Firstly, let's delve into the causes of urban traffic congestion. One of the primary reasons is the increasing population and urbanization. As cities grow, more people move into urban areas, leading to a higher demand for transportation. However, the expansion of transportation infrastructure often lags behind population growth, resulting in overcrowded roads and intersections.Another significant cause is the rising number of private vehicles. With improved economic conditions, more people can afford to own cars, which has led to a surge in the number of private vehicles on the road. These vehicles compete for limited road space, causing congestion and delays.Moreover, inefficient traffic management and planning also contribute to congestion. Some cities lack a comprehensive transportation plan that considers all modes of transportation. This can result in bottlenecks, poorly designed intersections, and unnecessary traffic diversions.To address these issues, several solutions can be implemented. Firstly, investing in public transportation is crucial. A robust public transportation system can reduce the number of private vehicles on the road, thus alleviating congestion. This includes improving bus services, expanding metro rail networks, and providing convenient bike-sharing and walking infrastructure.Secondly, traffic management strategies should be improved. Implementing intelligent traffic systems, such as traffic lights that adjust timing based on traffic flow, can help reduce congestion. Additionally, carpooling and ride-sharing programs can encourage people to share rides and reduce the number of vehicles on the road.Thirdly, urban planning should prioritize pedestrian and cyclist safety. Creating pedestrian-friendly areas and providing safe cycling infrastructure can encourage people to walk orcycle instead of driving. This not only reduces congestion but also improves air quality and public health.Finally, technological advancements can play a significant role in reducing congestion. Autonomous vehicles and connected car technology have the potential to improve traffic flow and reduce accidents. Additionally, data-driven solutions, such as traffic prediction algorithms, can help cities plan and manage their transportation systems more effectively.In conclusion, urban traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. By investing in public transportation, improving traffic management, prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist safety, and leveraging technological advancements, we can create a more efficient and sustainable urban transportation system that benefits everyone.。
城市交通拥堵的主要原因英语作文
城市交通拥堵的主要原因英语作文Title: The Primary Causes of Urban Traffic CongestionUrban traffic congestion has become a pervasive issue in many cities worldwide, plaguing commuters, residents, and city planners alike. This phenomenon, characterized by slow-moving or stationary traffic on roads and highways, not only wastes valuable time but also exacerbates air pollution, increases fuel consumption, and negatively impacts the overall quality of life in urban areas. Several primary factors contribute to this persistent problem, and understanding them is crucial for devising effective solutions.1. Rapid Urbanization and Population GrowthOne of the primary drivers of urban traffic congestion is the rapid pace of urbanization and population growth. As people migrate to cities seeking better job opportunities, education, and lifestyle amenities, cities experience a surge in population. This growth puts immense pressure on existing transportation infrastructure, leading to overcrowded roads and highways. The demand for transportation services far outstrips the supply, resulting in chronic congestion.2. Inadequate Transportation InfrastructureAnother significant cause of traffic congestion is the inadequacy of transportation infrastructure. Many cities have failed to keep pace with the rapid growth in population and vehicle ownership. Roads and highways are not expanded or upgraded to accommodate the increasing number of vehicles, resulting in bottlenecks and gridlock. Additionally, the lack of public transportation options, such as efficient bus and railsystems, forces more people to rely on private vehicles, further exacerbating congestion.3. Inefficient Traffic ManagementInefficient traffic management systems also contribute to urban traffic congestion. Poorly designed intersections, inadequate traffic signals, and a lack of real-time traffic information can all lead to delays and congestion. Furthermore, inadequate enforcement of traffic rules and regulations, such as speed limits and lane discipline, can disrupt the flow of traffic and create chaos on the roads.4. Increasing Car OwnershipThe rising affordability of cars and the convenience they offer have led to a significant increase in car ownership worldwide. As more and more people own cars, the number of vehicles on the road increases exponentially, straining the existing transportation infrastructure. This trend is particularly evident in developing countries where economic growth has fueled a surge in car purchases.5. Inadequate Urban PlanningInadequate urban planning is another root cause of traffic congestion. Cities that lack comprehensive and forward-thinking urban plans often fail to anticipate the future growth of transportation demand. This can result in the development of residential and commercial areas without adequate consideration for transportation infrastructure, leading to increased traffic volumes and congestion.ConclusionUrban traffic congestion is a complex issue with multiple underlying causes. Rapid urbanization, inadequate transportation infrastructure, inefficient traffic management, increasing car ownership, andinadequate urban planning all contribute to this pervasive problem. To tackle traffic congestion effectively, cities must adopt a holistic approach that addresses these root causes through a combination of measures, including expanding and upgrading transportation infrastructure, improving traffic management systems, promoting public transportation, and implementing smart urban planning strategies. Only by addressing these challenges comprehensively can we hope to alleviate the burden of urban traffic congestion and create more livable and sustainable cities.。
经济学交通拥堵 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
外文出处：Li, Jin, Jin, Ning, Tian, & Yanbao. (2005). Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic View. 第五届交通运输领域国际学术会议Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic ViewAbstract：Traffic is an important resource ．Within many reasons of traffic crowding．The arrangement of property right of roads is of primary importance．Illegibility of property right is the fundamental reason of roads crowding．Due to traffic crowding，the volume in deed is more than that of in need. And there exists excessive using of roads．Crowding is resulted from the failure to allocate road resource The loss due to traffic crowding appears as waste of traffic resource and reduction of benefit of economy．To solve the problem．it needs not only construction of road but also controlling the traffic demand．It is of most importance that the property right of roads should be arranged renewed in the case of system．Economically．This paper explains the traffic crowding and analyses traffic crowding problems．It tries to find a reasonable way for solving the problem of crowding accordingly．Key words：Traffic crowding；System of property right；Management of demand；StrategyEconomic Explanation and Analysis on Road Traffic CrowdingEconomic Explanation of Road Traffic CrowdingTaking urban traffic crowding as all example．The average time that the residents take on the bus to their working places is 10 minutes．if few people take cars．there will be no affect to the ones who take buses．But if too many cars go to the roads in the rush hours，which will cause traffic crowding on the roads，then the time they spend in the cars on their way to their working places will not only be shortened，but be prolonged and longer than taking buses，that is，15 minutes，while the time for taking buses on their way to the working places will be 25 minutes．From this simple example．we can analyze the prerequisites and reasons for the traffic crowding．The basic reason lies in the arrangement of the road property right．As long as the road property right belongs to the government，the road property right will not be clearly determined．The obscure property system is the basic reason of the traffic crowding on the road．When the property right is not determined．the road are absolutely public articles，so the fee collection for the public articles will become very difficult．The biggest difficulty is that they cannot consider the cost when they are using the roads，and they need not bear any responsibility for using the roads. Furthermore, they need not consider the long-term development issues of the roads，such as capital payback，maintenance and re—production．To each owner of the automobile．This motive and behavior caused by the road property right arrangement obviously embodied on the point of view of the cost．Economic Analysis of traffic CrowdingTo the drivers，they cannot see the whole cost for driving out，and neglect the fact that it is because of their joining in the driving flow that makes the other vehicles lower their speed the owners of the cars just calculate their marginal personal cost，and they never consider the extra cost to other ear owners due to the increasing of road crowding level．As long as the personal driving benefit is than the marginal personal cost，the individuals will continuously join in the driving flows．In the eyes of each individual，the marginal personal cost(MPC)of himself is always lower than the actual expenses occurred to others due to the joining of his car，that is，the marginal social cost(MSC)，so the cost for the crowding equals to the balance obtained by MSC minus MPC．The characteristic of the urban traffic demand causes the road resource to be un-sufficiently used in the non—rush hours and over-crowded in the rush hours．Actually, the traffic volume in the rush hours that is determined by traffic demand curve and marginal personal cost make it impossible to make the urban traffic reach the best economic benefit．After the simple analysis on the traffic crowding．we can get down to the discussion on the arrangement of the property right．As above stated，the over-use of the roads is resulted from the arrangement of the road property right，and the arrangement of road property right will inevitably cause the non—cooperation of the road users，which is embodied as the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost．So，to solve the crowding problem is to overcome the difference between personal cost and social cost and to change the arrangement of the property right of the roads from the system．To clearly determine the property right is the sufficient prerequisite for removing the crowding．When the road property right belongs to the government．But the government does not collect fees from the road users，thus the rare road resource is offered free of charge，the road will be crowded and even jammed．Solving methods of the traffic crowdingAccording the above analysis，We must collect extra pass fees from the road users in order to solve the problem of road crowding，letting them bear another kind of fees Oil the basis of marginal personal cost．This part of fees shall be equal to the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost，that is，the outer effect of the crowding．This part of fees is usually called crowding fees．Fees for Using the RoadMany economists have ever advocated 801ving the traffic crowding problem by collecting fees for the use of the road．The so-called policy of road usage fees refer8 to the fees collected by the government，which is equivalent to C1-C2，thus increasing the marginal personal fees to the level of the marginal social fees and decreasing the driving flow rate from Q2 to Q1．It will face some policy limitation problems to solve traffic crowding problem with road tinge fees．Firstly the road usage fees come into being in the transportation market structure in which the private cars occupy a large proportion．Through the way of traffic demand transfer or substitute，that is，by increasing the driving fees，to make part of the private car owners give up private traffic and change to take public traffic buses．In the developing countries, Such as China，the proportion of private cars is low，so it is very limited to solve the traffic crowding by just collecting road usage fees from the private car owners，furthermore，it will also be criticized and opposed by public opinions．In China，the collection of road usage fees shall be mainly focused on the vehicles of enterprises and public institution．By increasing the car usage fees，the economic advantage for using cars in these units will be eliminated. Thus making them so]re the traffic demand by taking public transportation vehicles or specialized transportation companies．The road usage fee is used to solve traffic crowding problem with pricing lever. Which may drive away the people with lower income from the road and make driving as a privilege of the rich．Thus a problem related to social fairness will occur．When the traffic demand has a lower flexibility，the traffic paupers will occur．Obviously，how to use road user fee is a crucial problem．The ideal result is to give a certain subsidy to the traffic paupers，making up the loss from being driven away from the road，meanwhile not making them go back to drive Oil the road．So the economists suggest the government u8e this part of tax Oil the improvement of public communication system，thus the people with lower income will utilize the public communications system offered by the government，and the people with higher income will maintain the road usage right by paying a certain cost．To increase the fees for road usage，making MPC move upwards to determine the reasonable driving flow rate，which can not only solve the problem of over-load of the road to some extent，prolong the service life of the roads，make the traffic volume move to the best level Q1，but also let the car owners pay reasonable driving fees including reasonable road usage fee，thus reducing the financial burden of the city and achieving double economic benefits．At the same time．the decreasing of driving flow rate will also produce such effect as reducing environmental pollution(such as noises and exhaust gas)．Levying traffic Crowding TaxThe traffic crowding usually comes up in a certain period of time when large amount of traffic demand 0ccurs. In order to solve the traffic crowding problem resulted from the uneven of time. Some economists proposal to adopt the method of levy traffic crowding tax, the core of which is to solve the time contradiction of the traffic demand by adjusting the traffic fees of the rush hours and non—rush hours，thus guiding the travelers to use the traffic devices in non-rush hours more frequently．By levying traffic crowding tax from the vehicles running in the rush hours，some of the vehicles that run in rush hours will choose to run in the non—rashhours.In this way．the traffic tension in rush hours will be reduced to some extent，at the same time，the roads will be sufficiently used in the non-rush hours，thus making the economic efficiency as highest as possible．After the vehicles run in the rush hours are levied the traffic crowding tax，the net gains responding to a certain traffic volume will be decreased，consequently the traffic demand in the rush hours will decrease．the demand curve will move leftward；if the total traffic demand does not change，the traffic demand in the non-rush hours will accordingly increase，then the traffic demand difference between the rush hours and non．rush hours will be reduced．It should be noted that，if the demand in rush hours and non—rush hours is equal，it will have a cross point with time cost curve at point E，each time traffic volume is indicated as Q0，the largest economic benefit will be achieved．But，as a kind of time difference pricing policy，the traffic crowding tax will also face many problems in practice．The crowding tax is levied from the traffic users crowded the traffic is. The higher the tax will be levied. While traffic crowding is produced by the behavior of traveling to work，so it will cause abuse from the working people．But if the traffic fees are born by the enterprises and the public institutions，the condition will be chased essentially and in practice this method is very popular．The traffic crowding tax levied from the vehicles run in rush hours can be levied directly from the vehicles traveling in the rush hours，or collect higher license fees from the vehicles traveling in rush hours than from those traveling in non—rush hours．As to the former condition，stations for collecting fees shall be set up at the crucial places where the vehicles must pass through．But obviously it needs some cost for collecting the fees. Such as the cost for setting up the stations，salaries for the staff and time cost for paying the fees for the vehicles etc, sometimes it will increase traffic crowding level．In the latter condition, no corresponding fees collecting cost is needed，but a certain of traffic monitoring technology must be prepared in order to distinguish and inspect the plates of the vehicles in different periods．The prerequisite for the implementation of crowding tax is that the travelers must have reasonable prediction on the road traffic status and the cost of different traveling routes．In order to effectively implement traffic crowding tax policy，all intellectual communications system must be established and perfected，and the traffic information broadcasting system must be perfected．thus the travelers can choose the economical traveling route in advance．基于经济学的交通拥挤问题的思考摘要：交通是一种重要的资源。
英语作文描述城市交通的拥堵状况
英语作文描述城市交通的拥堵状况Urban Traffic Congestion: A Challenge for Modern CitiesUrban traffic congestion has become a common sight in many cities around the world. With the rapid growth of urbanization and motorization, the number of vehicles on the road has increased significantly, leading to heavy traffic jams and long commuting times.In most major cities, the morning and evening rush hours are particularly challenging, as commuters try to get to and from their workplaces. During these times, roads are often clogged with cars, buses, and other vehicles, creating a gridlock that can last for hours. The situation is further worsened by bad weather conditions, road accidents, and roadworks. Traffic congestion not only affects commuters but also has a negative impact on the environment and the economy. It leads to increased fuel consumption and air pollution, affecting the health of city residents. Additionally, it can lead to decreased productivity and increased stress levels among workers who spend a considerable amount of time commuting. To address this issue, many cities are implementing various strategies such as improving public transportation systems, promoting carpooling and cycling, and developing smart traffic management systems. These measures aim to reduce the number of private vehicles on the road, improve traffic flow, and ultimately make commuting more efficient and less stressful. However, implementing these strategies requires a concerted effort from government agencies, private sector players, and the community at large. It is only through collective action and cooperation that we can hope to address the problem of urban traffic congestion and create more liveable and sustainable cities.。
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外文出处：Li, Jin, Jin, Ning, Tian, & Yanbao. (2005). Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic View. 第五届交通运输领域国际学术会议Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic ViewAbstract：Traffic is an important resource ．Within many reasons of traffic crowding．The arrangement of property right of roads is of primary importance．Illegibility of property right is the fundamental reason of roads crowding．Due to traffic crowding，the volume in deed is more than that of in need. And there exists excessive using of roads．Crowding is resulted from the failure to allocate road resource The loss due to traffic crowding appears as waste of traffic resource and reduction of benefit of economy．To solve the problem．it needs not only construction of road but also controlling the traffic demand．It is of most importance that the property right of roads should be arranged renewed in the case of system．Economically．This paper explains the traffic crowding and analyses traffic crowding problems．It tries to find a reasonable way for solving the problem of crowding accordingly．Key words：Traffic crowding；System of property right；Management of demand；StrategyEconomic Explanation and Analysis on Road Traffic CrowdingEconomic Explanation of Road Traffic CrowdingTaking urban traffic crowding as all example．The average time that the residents take on the bus to their working places is 10 minutes．if few people take cars．there will be no affect to the ones who take buses．But if too many cars go to the roads in the rush hours，which will cause traffic crowding on the roads，then the time they spend in the cars on their way to their working places will not only be shortened，but be prolonged and longer than taking buses，that is，15 minutes，while the time for taking buses on their way to the working places will be 25 minutes．From this simple example．we can analyze the prerequisites and reasons for the traffic crowding．The basic reason lies in the arrangement of the road property right．As long as the road property right belongs to the government，the road property right will not be clearly determined．The obscure property system is the basic reason of the traffic crowding on the road．When the property right is not determined．the road are absolutely public articles，so the fee collection for the public articles will become very difficult．The biggest difficulty is that they cannot consider the cost when they are using the roads，and they need not bear any responsibility for using the roads. Furthermore, they need not consider the long-term development issues of the roads，such as capital payback，maintenance and re—production．To each owner of the automobile．This motive and behavior caused by the road property right arrangement obviously embodied on the point of view of the cost．Economic Analysis of traffic CrowdingTo the drivers，they cannot see the whole cost for driving out，and neglect the fact that it is because of their joining in the driving flow that makes the other vehicles lower their speed the owners of the cars just calculate their marginal personal cost，and they never consider the extra cost to other ear owners due to the increasing of road crowding level．As long as the personal driving benefit is than the marginal personal cost，the individuals will continuously join in the driving flows．In the eyes of each individual，the marginal personal cost(MPC)of himself is always lower than the actual expenses occurred to others due to the joining of his car，that is，the marginal social cost(MSC)，so the cost for the crowding equals to the balance obtained by MSC minus MPC．The characteristic of the urban traffic demand causes the road resource to be un-sufficiently used in the non—rush hours and over-crowded in the rush hours．Actually, the traffic volume in the rush hours that is determined by traffic demand curve and marginal personal cost make it impossible to make the urban traffic reach the best economic benefit．After the simple analysis on the traffic crowding．we can get down to the discussion on the arrangement of the property right．As above stated，the over-use of the roads is resulted from the arrangement of the road property right，and the arrangement of road property right will inevitably cause the non—cooperation of the road users，which is embodied as the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost．So，to solve the crowding problem is to overcome the difference between personal cost and social cost and to change the arrangement of the property right of the roads from the system．To clearly determine the property right is the sufficient prerequisite for removing the crowding．When the road property right belongs to the government．But the government does not collect fees from the road users，thus the rare road resource is offered free of charge，the road will be crowded and even jammed．Solving methods of the traffic crowdingAccording the above analysis，We must collect extra pass fees from the road users in order to solve the problem of road crowding，letting them bear another kind of fees Oil the basis of marginal personal cost．This part of fees shall be equal to the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost，that is，the outer effect of the crowding．This part of fees is usually called crowding fees．Fees for Using the RoadMany economists have ever advocated 801ving the traffic crowding problem by collecting fees for the use of the road．The so-called policy of road usage fees refer8 to the fees collected by the government，which is equivalent to C1-C2，thus increasing the marginal personal fees to the level of the marginal social fees and decreasing the driving flow rate from Q2 to Q1．It will face some policy limitation problems to solve traffic crowding problem with road tinge fees．Firstly the road usage fees come into being in the transportation market structure in which the private cars occupy a large proportion．Through the way of traffic demand transfer or substitute，that is，by increasing the driving fees，to make part of the private car owners give up private traffic and change to take public traffic buses．In the developing countries, Such as China，the proportion of private cars is low，so it is very limited to solve the traffic crowding by just collecting road usage fees from the private car owners，furthermore，it will also be criticized and opposed by public opinions．In China，the collection of road usage fees shall be mainly focused on the vehicles of enterprises and public institution．By increasing the car usage fees，the economic advantage for using cars in these units will be eliminated. Thus making them so]re the traffic demand by taking public transportation vehicles or specialized transportation companies．The road usage fee is used to solve traffic crowding problem with pricing lever. Which may drive away the people with lower income from the road and make driving as a privilege of the rich．Thus a problem related to social fairness will occur．When the traffic demand has a lower flexibility，the traffic paupers will occur．Obviously，how to use road user fee is a crucial problem．The ideal result is to give a certain subsidy to the traffic paupers，making up the loss from being driven away from the road，meanwhile not making them go back to drive Oil the road．So the economists suggest the government u8e this part of tax Oil the improvement of public communication system，thus the people with lower income will utilize the public communications system offered by the government，and the people with higher income will maintain the road usage right by paying a certain cost．To increase the fees for road usage，making MPC move upwards to determine the reasonable driving flow rate，which can not only solve the problem of over-load of the road to some extent，prolong the service life of the roads，make the traffic volume move to the best level Q1，but also let the car owners pay reasonable driving fees including reasonable road usage fee，thus reducing the financial burden of the city and achieving double economic benefits．At the same time．the decreasing of driving flow rate will also produce such effect as reducing environmental pollution(such as noises and exhaust gas)．Levying traffic Crowding TaxThe traffic crowding usually comes up in a certain period of time when large amount of traffic demand 0ccurs. In order to solve the traffic crowding problem resulted from the uneven of time. Some economists proposal to adopt the method of levy traffic crowding tax, the core of which is to solve the time contradiction of the traffic demand by adjusting the traffic fees of the rush hours and non—rush hours，thus guiding the travelers to use the traffic devices in non-rush hours more frequently．By levying traffic crowding tax from the vehicles running in the rush hours，some of the vehicles that run in rush hours will choose to run in the non—rashhours.In this way．the traffic tension in rush hours will be reduced to some extent，at the same time，the roads will be sufficiently used in the non-rush hours，thus making the economic efficiency as highest as possible．After the vehicles run in the rush hours are levied the traffic crowding tax，the net gains responding to a certain traffic volume will be decreased，consequently the traffic demand in the rush hours will decrease．the demand curve will move leftward；if the total traffic demand does not change，the traffic demand in the non-rush hours will accordingly increase，then the traffic demand difference between the rush hours and non．rush hours will be reduced．It should be noted that，if the demand in rush hours and non—rush hours is equal，it will have a cross point with time cost curve at point E，each time traffic volume is indicated as Q0，the largest economic benefit will be achieved．But，as a kind of time difference pricing policy，the traffic crowding tax will also face many problems in practice．The crowding tax is levied from the traffic users crowded the traffic is. The higher the tax will be levied. While traffic crowding is produced by the behavior of traveling to work，so it will cause abuse from the working people．But if the traffic fees are born by the enterprises and the public institutions，the condition will be chased essentially and in practice this method is very popular．The traffic crowding tax levied from the vehicles run in rush hours can be levied directly from the vehicles traveling in the rush hours，or collect higher license fees from the vehicles traveling in rush hours than from those traveling in non—rush hours．As to the former condition，stations for collecting fees shall be set up at the crucial places where the vehicles must pass through．But obviously it needs some cost for collecting the fees. Such as the cost for setting up the stations，salaries for the staff and time cost for paying the fees for the vehicles etc, sometimes it will increase traffic crowding level．In the latter condition, no corresponding fees collecting cost is needed，but a certain of traffic monitoring technology must be prepared in order to distinguish and inspect the plates of the vehicles in different periods．The prerequisite for the implementation of crowding tax is that the travelers must have reasonable prediction on the road traffic status and the cost of different traveling routes．In order to effectively implement traffic crowding tax policy，all intellectual communications system must be established and perfected，and the traffic information broadcasting system must be perfected．thus the travelers can choose the economical traveling route in advance．基于经济学的交通拥挤问题的思考摘要：交通是一种重要的资源。