英文论文大纲(案例)

The Outline of the Thesis (A Sample)

Title:

A Content-analysis of EFL Student-Teachers’ Questioning in the Classroom

Abstract: This paper introduces the difference in classroom questioning between EFL student-teachers and in-service teachers in middle schools by comparative analysis of their classroom discourse focusing on the features of student-teachers’questioning strategies (for linguistic knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation) in three aspects: (1) the purposes of questioning, (2) the waiting time for students’responses and (3) the feedback to students’responses. It aims at clarifying what’s lacking in student teachers’ classroom questioning skills & strategies and the reasons why they have the problems. The research may help EFL teachers understand classroom questioning and the way of classroom-teaching investigation by content analysis of classroom discourse is introduced.

Key words: questioning; question types; waiting time; feedback

1.Introduction

1.1. Understanding “interaction”

1.1.1. “Interaction” in socio-culture theory

1.1.

2. Classroom interactions

1.2. Classroom discourse

1.2.1. What is classroom discourse?

1.2.2. IRF Content-analysis of classroom discourse

2.Classroom questioning and the function

2.1. Definition of classroom questioning

2.1.1. Conception of classroom questioning and its development

2.1.2. The criteria for effective questioning in the classroom

2.2. Categories of questioning and their functions

2.2.1 Questioning for linguistic knowledge (for students to recall or remember

the previously learnt structural knowledge)

2.2.2 Questioning for comprehension (for students to translate, to grasp the

meaning of materials)

2.2.3 Questioning for application (for students to generalize, or to use learnt

materials in new and concrete situations)

2.2.4 Questioning for analysis (for students to discover the material into its

component parts so that it may be more easily understood)

2.2.5 Questioning for synthesis (for students to compose, to put materials

together, to form a new one)

2.2.6 Questioning for evaluation (for students to judge the value of the

material for a given purpose)

3. Investigation on classroom questioning

3.1 Purpose and object of investigation

2.1.1 The purposes

2.1.2 The object

3.2 Method of investigation

2.2.1 IRF (Initiate-Response-Feedback) analysis on classroom discourse

2.2.2 The transcription of student-teacher’s classroom discourse

2.2.3 The transcription of in-service teacher’s classroom discourse

3.3 Procedures of investigation

3.3.1 Investigation on student-teacher’s classroom questioning

3.3.2 Investigation on in-service teacher’s classroom questioning

3.3.3 The findings of the investigation

2.3.3.1 Findings on student-teacher’s classroom questioning

2.3.3.2 Findings on in-service teacher’s classroom questioning

4. The analysis on the findings

4.1 The difference in classroom questioning between EFL student-teachers and the

in-service teachers

4.1.1 Differences in the types of questions

4.1.2 Differences in the waiting time for Ss’ responses

4.1.3 Differences in T’s feedback to Ss’ responses

4.2 Main problems of EFL student-teacher’s classroom questioning

4.2.1 Lacking clear objectives

4.2.2 Lacking patience for waiting

4.2.3 Lacking clear points in feedbacks

4.3 Analysis on student-teacher’s classroom questioning

4.3.1 The teachers’ intention & effectiveness of classroom questioning